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Bharadwaj S, Groza Y, Mierzwicka JM, Malý P. Current understanding on TREM-2 molecular biology and physiopathological functions. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112042. [PMID: 38703564 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2), a glycosylated receptor belonging to the immunoglobin superfamily and especially expressed in the myeloid cell lineage, is frequently explained as a reminiscent receptor for both adaptive and innate immunity regulation. TREM-2 is also acknowledged to influence NK cell differentiation via the PI3K and PLCγ signaling pathways, as well as the partial activation or direct inhibition of T cells. Additionally, TREM-2 overexpression is substantially linked to cell-specific functions, such as enhanced phagocytosis, reduced toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory cytokine production, increased transcription of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reshaped T cell function. Whereas TREM-2-deficient cells exhibit diminished phagocytic function and enhanced proinflammatory cytokines production, proceeding to inflammatory injuries and an immunosuppressive environment for disease progression. Despite the growing literature supporting TREM-2+ cells in various diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, substantial facets of TREM-2-mediated signaling remain inadequately understood relevant to pathophysiology conditions. In this direction, herein, we have summarized the current knowledge on TREM-2 biology and cell-specific TREM-2 expression, particularly in the modulation of pivotal TREM-2-dependent functions under physiopathological conditions. Furthermore, molecular regulation and generic biological relevance of TREM-2 are also discussed, which might provide an alternative approach for preventing or reducing TREM-2-associated deformities. At last, we discussed the TREM-2 function in supporting an immunosuppressive cancer environment and as a potential drug target for cancer immunotherapy. Hence, summarized knowledge of TREM-2 might provide a window to overcome challenges in clinically effective therapies for TREM-2-induced diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Yaroslava Groza
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna M Mierzwicka
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.
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Lei X, Gou YN, Hao JY, Huang XJ. Mechanisms of TREM2 mediated immunosuppression and regulation of cancer progression. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1375729. [PMID: 38725629 PMCID: PMC11079285 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1375729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as a key strategy for cancer treatment. TREM2, a key target for regulating the tumor immune microenvironment, is important in cancer treatment and progression. TREM2 is an immune signaling hub that regulates multiple pathological pathways. It not only suppresses anti-tumor immune responses by inhibiting T cell-mediated immune responses, but it also influences tumorigenesis by affecting NK cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Noticeably, TREM2 expression levels also vary significantly among different tumor cells, and it can regulate tumor progression by modulating various signaling pathways. Above all, by summarizing the role of TREM2 in cancer immunotherapy and the mechanism by which TREM2 regulates tumor progression, this paper clarifies TREM2's role in both tumor progression and cancer therapy, identifying a new therapeutic target for oncology diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiao Jun Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Lei X, Wang Y, Broens C, Borst J, Xiao Y. Immune checkpoints targeting dendritic cells for antibody-based modulation in cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 382:145-179. [PMID: 38225102 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells which link innate to adaptive immunity. DC play a central role in regulating antitumor T-cell responses in both tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) and the tumor microenvironment (TME). They modulate effector T-cell responses via immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs) that can be either stimulatory or inhibitory. Functions of DC are often impaired by the suppressive TME leading to tumor immune escape. Therefore, better understanding of the mechanisms of action of ICPs expressed by (tumor-infiltrating) DC will lead to potential new treatment strategies. Genetic manipulation and high-dimensional analyses have provided insight in the interactions between DC and T-cells in TDLN and the TME upon ICP targeting. In this review, we discuss (tumor-infiltrating) DC lineage cells and tumor tissue specific "mature" DC states and their gene signatures in relation to anti-tumor immunity. We also review a number of ICPs expressed by DC regarding their functions in phagocytosis, DC activation, or inhibition and outline position in, or promise for clinical trials in cancer immunotherapy. Collectively, we highlight the critical role of DC and their exact status in the TME for the induction and propagation of T-cell immunity to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yizhi Wang
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chayenne Broens
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yanling Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Zhang H, Liu L, Liu J, Dang P, Hu S, Yuan W, Sun Z, Liu Y, Wang C. Roles of tumor-associated macrophages in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for solid cancers. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:58. [PMID: 36941614 PMCID: PMC10029244 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has made significant progress. However, tumor immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors), benefits only a tiny proportion of patients in solid cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME) acts a significant role in tumor immunotherapy. Studies reported that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), as one of the main components of TME, seriously affected the therapeutic effect of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. In this review, we analyzed TAMs from epigenetic and single-cell perspectives and introduced the role and mechanisms of TAMs in anti-programmed death protein 1(anti-PD-1) therapy. In addition, we summarized combination regimens that enhance the efficacy of tumor PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and elaborated on the role of the TAMs in different solid cancers. Eventually, the clinical value of TAMs by influencing the therapeutic effect of tumor PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors was discussed. These above are beneficial to elucidate poor therapeutic effect of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in solid tumors from the point of view of TAMs and explore the strategies to improve its objective remission rate of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Henan Institute of Interconnected Intelligent Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pengyuan Dang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shengyun Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Weitang Yuan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhenqiang Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Henan Institute of Interconnected Intelligent Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Chengzeng Wang
- Henan Institute of Interconnected Intelligent Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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TREM2 as a Prognostic Biomarker for Osteosarcoma Microenvironment Remodeling. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:3677789. [PMID: 36844870 PMCID: PMC9957636 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3677789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) acts as a crucial role in the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma (OS). Despite this, the mechanism controlling the components of immunity and stroma in the tumor microenvironment remains a mystery. To conduct this study, we download and collate transcriptome data from the TARGET database, whose full name is Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments, as well as available clinical information of OS. The CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE methodology are used to acquire the proportions of components of immunity and stroma and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and Cox regression analysis are used to select differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A prognostic biomarker is determined by intersecting univariate COX and PPI results, which lead to the finding of Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2). Based on the next analysis, TREM2 expression is positively correlated with OS survival time. Immune function-related genes have enrichment in the group with high expression of TREM2, according to gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The percentage of TICs by CIBERSORT methodology revealed that the expression of TREM2 is positively associated with follicular helper T cells, CD8-positive T cells, and M2 macrophages and negatively correlated with plasma cells, M0 macrophages, and naive CD4-positive T cells. All results suggest a possible integral role of TREM2 in the immune-related events of TME. Therefore, TREM2 may be a potential indicator of remodeling of TME in osteosarcoma, which is useful and helpful in predicting the clinical prognostic outcome of OS patients and provide a unique perspective for immunotherapy for OS.
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Specialized functions and sexual dimorphism explain the functional diversity of the myeloid populations during glioma progression. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111971. [PMID: 36640350 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are aggressive, hard-to-treat brain tumors. Their tumor microenvironment is massively infiltrated by myeloid cells, mostly brain-resident microglia, bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells that support tumor progression. Single-cell omics studies significantly dissected immune cell heterogeneity, but dynamics and specific functions of individual subpopulations were poorly recognized. We use Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) to precisely dissect myeloid cell identities and functionalities in murine GL261 gliomas. We demonstrate that the diversity of myeloid cells infiltrating gliomas is dictated by cell type and cell state. Glioma-activated microglia are the major source of cytokines attracting other immune cells, whereas BM-derived cells show the monocyte-to-macrophage transition in the glioma microenvironment. This transition is coupled with a phenotypic switch from the IFN-related to antigen-presentation and tumor-supportive gene expression. Moreover, we found sex-dependent differences in transcriptional programs and composition of myeloid cells in murine and human glioblastomas.
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TREM2 as an independent predictor of poor prognosis promotes the migration via the PI3K/AKT axis in prostate cancer. Am J Transl Res 2023; 15:779-798. [PMID: 36915769 PMCID: PMC10006782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) is one of the most common cancers, with high morbidity and mortality. Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is upregulated in various malignancies, however its effect on PRAD remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of TREM2 in PRAD. METHODS PRAD samples were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Oncomine, and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) to analyze the differences in TREM2 expression between normal and tumor tissues. The influence of TREM2 on the clinicopathological characteristics and its prognostic value were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier curve, Cox regression analysis, ROC (receiver operating characteristic) plot, and nomogram. Gene Ontology (GO), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) were conducted to screen biological functions and pathways. The relationship between TREM2 and tumor microenvironment (TME) characteristics was explored. The TREM2 expression in PRAD specimens and cell lines was assessed by immunohistochemistry staining and western blot. TREM2-specific siRNAs were used to evaluate the effects of TREM2 on cell function. RESULTS TREM2 was upregulated and positively associated with poor clinicopathologic characteristics. Overexpression of TREM2 is an independent biomarker for the prognosis of PFI (progression-free interval). Moreover, TREM2 expression was positively correlated with various TME characteristics. Knockdown of TREM2 inhibited the migration of PRAD cell lines via the PI3K/AKT axis. CONCLUSION High TREM2 expression may represent a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and serve as a potential target gene for PRAD therapy.
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Wu CG, Casanova R, Mairinger F, Soltermann A. Lung adenocarcinoma patients with malignant pleural effusions in hot adaptive immunity status have a longer overall survival. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1031094. [PMID: 36267973 PMCID: PMC9577289 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1031094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is a common complication of lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) which is associated with a dismal prognosis. We investigated the prognostic role of PD-L1 and other immunomodulators expression in the immune compartment of MPE immune composition. MPE cytologic cell blocks of 83 LADC patients were analysed for the mRNA expression of 770 cancer-immune genes by the NanoString nCounter platform. The expression of relevant immune cell lineage markers was validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using quantitative pathology. The mRNA immune profiling identified four MPE patient clusters (C). C1/2 (adaptive+, hot) showed better overall survival (OS) than C3/4 (adaptive-, cold). Additionally, cold immunity profiles (adaptive-), C4 (innate+) were associated with worse OS than C3 (innate-). High PD-L1 expression was linked to the regulation of T cell activation and interferon signalling pathways. Genes of pattern recognition receptor and type I interferon signalling pathways were specifically upregulated in the long-survival (≥90 days) patient group. Moreover, immunomodulators were co-activated and highly expressed in hot adaptive immunity patient clusters, whereas CD274 (PD-L1), TNFRSF9 (4-1BB), VEGFA (VEGF-A) and CD276 (B7-H3) were upregulated in the groups referred as cold. The patient cluster, age and PD-L1 expression were independent prognosticators for LADC MPE patients (p-value < 0.05). Our study sheds light on the variances of immune contexture regarding different PD-L1 expression and survival conditions. It revealed four distinct prognostic patient clusters with specific immune cell components and immunomodulator expression profiles, which, collectively, is supportive for future therapeutic and prognosis for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Guang Wu
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Cheng-Guang Wu, ; Alex Soltermann,
| | - Ruben Casanova
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alex Soltermann
- Facharzt Foederatio Medicorum Helveticorum (FMH) Pathologie, Pathologie Länggasse, Ittigen, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Cheng-Guang Wu, ; Alex Soltermann,
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Struckmeier AK, Radermacher A, Fehrenz M, Alansary D, Wartenberg P, Wagner M, Scheller A, Hess J, Moratin J, Freudlsperger C, Hoffmann J, Thurner L, Roemer K, Freier K, Horn D. TREM2 Is Associated with Advanced Stages and Inferior Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194635. [PMID: 36230558 PMCID: PMC9561992 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is suggested to hamper antitumor immune response in multiple cancers. However, the role of TREM2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its expression in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are unknown. In this study, TREM2 expression was analyzed in the primary tumors and corresponding lymph-node metastases of OSCC patients via immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and single-cell suspensions of tumor and healthy adjacent tissues were analyzed for the presence of TREM2+ macrophages and TAMs using flow cytometry. The serum levels of soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High TREM2 expression was associated with advanced UICC stages (Spearman’s rank correlation (SRC), p = 0.04) and significantly reduced survival rates in primary tumors (multivariate Cox regression, progression-free survival: hazard ratio (HR) of 2.548, 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.089−5.964, p = 0.028; overall survival: HR of 2.17, 95% CI of 1.021−4.613, p = 0.044). TREM2 expression was significantly increased in the PBMCs of OSCC patients in UICC stage IV compared with healthy controls (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The serum levels of sTREM2 were higher in advanced UICC stages, but they narrowly missed significance (SRC, p = 0.059). We demonstrated that TREM2 was multi-factorially associated with advanced stages and inferior prognosis in OSCC patients and that it could serve as a prognostic biomarker in OSCC patients. Targeting TREM2 has the potential to reshape the local and systemic immune landscape for the potential enhancement of patients’ prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Struckmeier
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Anne Radermacher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Fehrenz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Dalia Alansary
- Institute of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Wartenberg
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Wagner
- Department of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julius Moratin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Freudlsperger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hoffmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Thurner
- Department of Internal Medicine 1 (Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Rheumatology), Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Roemer
- José Carreras Center for Immuno and Gene Therapy, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Kolja Freier
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Horn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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10
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Wolf EM, Fingleton B, Hasty AH. The therapeutic potential of TREM2 in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:984193. [PMID: 36119485 PMCID: PMC9479103 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.984193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a substantial health concern and a leading cause of death in the United States and around the world. Therefore, it is important to continue to explore the potential of novel therapeutic targets and combinatorial therapies. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily that associates with DNAX activation protein (DAP) 12 and DAP10 to propagate signals within the cell. TREM2 has primarily been recognized for its expression on cells in the monocyte-macrophage lineage, with the majority of work focusing on microglial function in Alzheimer’s Disease. However, expansion of TREM2 research into the field of cancer has revealed that epithelial tumor cells as well as intratumoral macrophages and myeloid regulatory cells also express TREM2. In this review, we discuss evidence that TREM2 contributes to tumor suppressing or oncogenic activity when expressed by epithelial tumor cells. In addition, we discuss the immunosuppressive role of TREM2-expressing intratumoral macrophages, and the therapeutic potential of targeting TREM2 in combination with immune checkpoint therapy. Overall, the literature reveals TREM2 could be considered a novel therapeutic target for certain types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysa M. Wolf
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Barbara Fingleton
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alyssa H. Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Alyssa H. Hasty,
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11
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Wang Y, Johnson KCC, Gatti-Mays ME, Li Z. Emerging strategies in targeting tumor-resident myeloid cells for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:118. [PMID: 36031601 PMCID: PMC9420297 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death-ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 provide deep and durable treatment responses which have revolutionized oncology. However, despite over 40% of cancer patients being eligible to receive immunotherapy, only 12% of patients gain benefit. A key to understanding what differentiates treatment response from non-response is better defining the role of the innate immune system in anti-tumor immunity and immune tolerance. Teleologically, myeloid cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, and neutrophils, initiate a response to invading pathogens and tissue repair after pathogen clearance is successfully accomplished. However, in the tumor microenvironment (TME), these innate cells are hijacked by the tumor cells and are imprinted to furthering tumor propagation and dissemination. Major advancements have been made in the field, especially related to the heterogeneity of myeloid cells and their function in the TME at the single cell level, a topic that has been highlighted by several recent international meetings including the 2021 China Cancer Immunotherapy workshop in Beijing. Here, we provide an up-to-date summary of the mechanisms by which major myeloid cells in the TME facilitate immunosuppression, enable tumor growth, foster tumor plasticity, and confer therapeutic resistance. We discuss ongoing strategies targeting the myeloid compartment in the preclinical and clinical settings which include: (1) altering myeloid cell composition within the TME; (2) functional blockade of immune-suppressive myeloid cells; (3) reprogramming myeloid cells to acquire pro-inflammatory properties; (4) modulating myeloid cells via cytokines; (5) myeloid cell therapies; and (6) emerging targets such as Siglec-15, TREM2, MARCO, LILRB2, and CLEVER-1. There is a significant promise that myeloid cell-based immunotherapy will help advance immuno-oncology in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Margaret E Gatti-Mays
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Zihai Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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12
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Ford JW, Gonzalez-Cotto M, MacFarlane AW, Peri S, Howard OMZ, Subleski JJ, Ruth KJ, Haseebuddin M, Al-Saleem T, Yang Y, Rayman P, Rini B, Linehan WM, Finke J, Weiss JM, Campbell KS, McVicar DW. Tumor-Infiltrating Myeloid Cells Co-Express TREM1 and TREM2 and Elevated TREM-1 Associates With Disease Progression in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 11:662723. [PMID: 35223446 PMCID: PMC8867210 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.662723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) contribute to cancer-related inflammation and tumor progression. While several myeloid molecules have been ascribed a regulatory function in these processes, the triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs) have emerged as potent modulators of the innate immune response. While various TREMs amplify inflammation, others dampen it and are emerging as important players in modulating tumor progression-for instance, soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1), which is detected during inflammation, associates with disease progression, while TREM-2 expression is associated with tumor-promoting macrophages. We hypothesized that TREM-1 and TREM-2 might be co-expressed on tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and that elevated sTREM-1 associates with disease outcomes, thus representing a possibility for mutual modulation in cancer. Using the 4T1 breast cancer model, we found TREM-1 and TREM-2 expression on MDSC and TAM and that sTREM-1 was elevated in tumor-bearing mice in multiple models and correlated with tumor volume. While TREM-1 engagement enhanced TNF, a TREM-2 ligand was detected on MDSC and TAM, suggesting that both TREM could be functional in the tumor setting. Similarly, we detected TREM-1 and Trem2 expression in myeloid cells in the RENCA model of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We confirmed these findings in human disease by demonstrating the expression of TREM-1 on tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells from patients with RCC and finding that sTREM-1 was increased in patients with RCC. Finally, The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis shows that TREM1 expression in tumors correlates with poor outcomes in RCC. Taken together, our data suggest that manipulation of the TREM-1/TREM-2 balance in tumors may be a novel means to modulate tumor-infiltrating myeloid cell phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill W Ford
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Marieli Gonzalez-Cotto
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Alexander W MacFarlane
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Suraj Peri
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - O M Zack Howard
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Subleski
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Karen J Ruth
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mohammed Haseebuddin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tahseen Al-Saleem
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Youfeng Yang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pat Rayman
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brian Rini
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James Finke
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan M Weiss
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Kerry S Campbell
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Frederick, MD, United States
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13
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Shi D, Si Z, Xu Z, Cheng Y, Lin Q, Fu Z, Fu W, Yang T, Shi H, Cheng D. Synthesis and Evaluation of 68Ga-NOTA-COG1410 Targeting to TREM2 of TAMs as a Specific PET Probe for Digestive Tumor Diagnosis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3819-3830. [PMID: 35195007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is an important method for the discovery and diagnosis of digestive system tumors. However, the shortage of specific imaging tracer limits the effectiveness of PET. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) as an M2-type macrophage biomarker is receiving much attention considering its high abundance and specificity, which could be an ideal target for PET imaging. First, the expression of TREM2 in tumors and corresponding normal tissues was analyzed using a database and was verified by tissue microarrays and murine model slices, and we found that the expression of TREM2 in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in normal tissues and enteritis tissues. Then, we established a macrophage co-culture system to obtain tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Compared with M1-type macrophages and tumor cells, TAMs had a higher expression level of TREM2. The novel radioligand 68Ga-NOTA-COG1410 was successfully synthesized for TREM2 targeting PET imaging. The biodistribution and micro-PET/CT results showed high uptake of 68Ga-NOTA-COG1410 in the tumor but not in areas of inflammation. The data testified that 68Ga-NOTA-COG1410 was a specific radioligand targeting TREM2, which could be used to distinguish tumors from inflammation. Using 68Ga-NOTA-COG1410, the effectiveness of PET on digestive tumors imaging may be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhan Si
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhan Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingyu Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhequan Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenhui Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongcheng Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dengfeng Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai 200032, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Ferrara SJ, Chaudhary P, DeBell MJ, Marracci G, Miller H, Calkins E, Pocius E, Napier BA, Emery B, Bourdette D, Scanlan TS. TREM2 is thyroid hormone regulated making the TREM2 pathway druggable with ligands for thyroid hormone receptor. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:239-248.e4. [PMID: 34375614 PMCID: PMC8818810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a cell surface receptor on macrophages and microglia that senses and responds to disease-associated signals to regulate the phenotype of these innate immune cells. The TREM2 signaling pathway has been implicated in a variety of diseases ranging from neurodegeneration in the central nervous system to metabolic disease in the periphery. Here, we report that TREM2 is a thyroid hormone-regulated gene and its expression in macrophages and microglia is stimulated by thyroid hormone and synthetic thyroid hormone agonists (thyromimetics). Our findings report the endocrine regulation of TREM2 by thyroid hormone, and provide a unique opportunity to drug the TREM2 signaling pathway with orally active small-molecule therapeutic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Acetates/chemical synthesis
- Acetates/pharmacology
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/pathology
- Models, Molecular
- Phenols/chemical synthesis
- Phenols/pharmacology
- Phenoxyacetates/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Response Elements
- Retinoid X Receptors/chemistry
- Retinoid X Receptors/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptors/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Hormones/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar J Ferrara
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L334, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Priya Chaudhary
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Margaret J DeBell
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L334, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gail Marracci
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Hannah Miller
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L334, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Evan Calkins
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Edvinas Pocius
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Brooke A Napier
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, OR 97201, USA
| | - Ben Emery
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L334, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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15
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Li XX, Zhang F. Targeting TREM2 for Parkinson's Disease: Where to Go? Front Immunol 2022; 12:795036. [PMID: 35003116 PMCID: PMC8740229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of most common neurodegenerative disorders caused by a combination of environmental and genetic risk factors. Currently, numerous population genetic studies have shown that polymorphisms in myeloid cell-triggered receptor II (TREM2) are associated with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, TREM2 has been verified to represent a promising candidate gene for PD susceptibility and progression. For example, the expression of TREM2 was apparently increased in the prefrontal cortex of PD patients. Moreover, the rare missense mutations in TREM2 (rs75932628, p.R47H) was confirmed to be a risk factor of PD. In addition, overexpression of TREM2 reduced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of PD. Due to the complex pathogenesis of PD, there is still no effective drug treatment. Thus, TREM2 has received increasing widespread attention as a potential therapeutic target. This review focused on the variation of TREM2 in PD and roles of TREM2 in PD pathogenesis, such as excessive-immune inflammatory response, α-Synuclein aggregation and oxidative stress, to further provide evidence for new immune-related biomarkers and therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xian Li
- Laboratory Animal Center and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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16
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The emerging role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-2 in malignant tumor. Cent Eur J Immunol 2022; 47:373-381. [PMID: 36817396 PMCID: PMC9901261 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2022.124387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane receptor which is specifically expressed on myeloid cells. To date, TREM2 has been confirmed as a key factor in many pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease, obesity-related metabolic syndrome, fatty liver and atherosclerosis. However, the role of TREM2 in tumors remains poorly understood. TREM2 is highly expressed in more than 200 primary and metastatic tumors, a feature that makes TREM2 a potential clinical target for tumor immunotherapy. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the "soil" which tumors survive on and exhibits immunosuppressive characteristics. During the development of a tumor, TME will secrete various chemotactic factors to recruit myeloid cells. It is clear now that cancer progression and metastasis depend on the interactions between cancer cells and myeloid cell infiltration in TME. As an important receptor involved in inflammatory suppression signaling pathways, TREM2 may play an important role in immune escape by the tumor. Recently, several studies have illustrated that TREM2 expressed on tumor infiltrated myeloid cells acts as a crucial regulator of the antitumor immune response. In this review, we systematically summarize recent publications about the latest advances in knowledge of TREM2 in cancer, especially focusing on its role in tumor associated myeloid cells and tumor immunotherapy.
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17
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Liu H, Zhou YC, Song W. Involvement of IL-10R/STAT3 pathway in amyloid β clearance by microlgia in Alzheimer's disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108263. [PMID: 34710847 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Both the total amount and annual growth rate of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients in China are much higher than in other regions in the world. This trend of rapid growth will be difficult to change in the next few decades, hence the prevention and treatment situation of AD patients in China is more severe. Maintaining the balance between the production and removal pathways of Aβ is an important guarantee for the body to maintain its normal physiological state. The dysfunction of Aβ clearance is an important factor of Aβ accumulation in brain tissue of AD patients causing neurotoxicity of synaptic damage and neuronal death. Based on the literature review, it introduced the important role of microglias in clearing Aβ deposits in the process of Alzheimer's disease. And most of these phagocytic cells were the specific phenotype of disease-related microglia (DAM-I/DAM-II) that induced microglial differentiation after activation. IL-10KO promoted the transformation of microglial phenotype DAM-II, and enhanced its phagocytosis for Aβ oligomers. There is a hypothesis that IL-10R/STAT3 negatively regulates microglial phagocytosis. It was learnt that blocking the IL-10R/STAT3 pathway promoted microglial activation and enhanced phagocytosis. The comprehensive review on the involvement of IL-10R/STAT3 pathway in the process of AD would open up new ideas and discover new targets for the development of new therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Translational Medicine Center of Pain, Emotion and Cognition, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Yu-Cong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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18
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Qiu H, Shao Z, Wen X, Jiang J, Ma Q, Wang Y, Huang L, Ding X, Zhang L. TREM2: Keeping Pace With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716710. [PMID: 34539652 PMCID: PMC8446424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been successively approved and widely used in clinical cancer treatments, however, the overall response rates are very low and almost all cancer patients eventually progressed to drug resistance, this is mainly due to the intricate tumor microenvironment and immune escape mechanisms of cancer cells. One of the main key mechanisms leading to the evasion of immune attack is the presence of the immunosuppressive microenvironment within tumors. Recently, several studies illustrated that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), a transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, was a crucial pathology-induced immune signaling hub, and it played a vital negative role in antitumor immunity, such as inhibiting the proliferation of T cells. Here, we reviewed the recent advances in the study of TREM2, especially focused on its regulation of tumor-related immune signaling pathways and its role as a novel target in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Shao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jinghua Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qinggong Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Long Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xin Ding
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Longzhen Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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19
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Taank Y, Agnihotri N. Understanding the regulation of β-catenin expression and activity in colorectal cancer carcinogenesis: beyond destruction complex. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:2448-2459. [PMID: 34426910 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling is central to colorectal cancer carcinogenesis. The well-known potential of targeting the canonical Wnt signaling pathway for the treatment of CRC is largely attributed to the ability of this pathway to regulate various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, immune response, apoptosis, and cellular metabolism. However, with the current approach of targeting this pathway, none of the Wnt-targeted agents have been successfully implicated in clinical practice. Instead of using classical approaches to target this pathway, there is a growing need to find new and modified approaches to achieve the same. For this, a better understanding of the regulation of β-catenin, a major effector of the canonical Wnt pathway is a must. The present review addresses the importance of understanding the regulation of β-catenin beyond the destruction complex. Few recently discovered β-catenin regulators such as ZNF281, TTPAL, AGR2, ARHGAP25, TREM2, and TIPE1 showed significant potential in regulating the development of CRC through modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Although the expression and activity of β-catenin is influenced by many protein regulators, the abovementioned proteins not only influence its expression and activation but are also directly involved in the development of CRC and various other solid tumors. Therefore, we hypothesise that focusing the current research on finding the detailed mechanism of action of these regulators may assist in providing with a better treatment approach or improve the current therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Taank
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - N Agnihotri
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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20
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Esparza-Baquer A, Labiano I, Sharif O, Agirre-Lizaso A, Oakley F, Rodrigues PM, Zhuravleva E, O'Rourke CJ, Hijona E, Jimenez-Agüero R, Riaño I, Landa A, La Casta A, Zaki MYW, Munoz-Garrido P, Azkargorta M, Elortza F, Vogel A, Schabbauer G, Aspichueta P, Andersen JB, Knapp S, Mann DA, Bujanda L, Banales JM, Perugorria MJ. TREM-2 defends the liver against hepatocellular carcinoma through multifactorial protective mechanisms. Gut 2021; 70:1345-1361. [PMID: 32907830 PMCID: PMC8223629 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent and aggressive cancer usually arising on a background of chronic liver injury involving inflammatory and hepatic regenerative processes. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2) is predominantly expressed in hepatic non-parenchymal cells and inhibits Toll-like receptor signalling, protecting the liver from various hepatotoxic injuries, yet its role in liver cancer is poorly defined. Here, we investigated the impact of TREM-2 on liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis. DESIGN TREM-2 expression was analysed in liver tissues of two independent cohorts of patients with HCC and compared with control liver samples. Experimental HCC and liver regeneration models in wild type and Trem-2-/- mice, and in vitro studies with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and HCC spheroids were conducted. RESULTS TREM-2 expression was upregulated in human HCC tissue, in mouse models of liver regeneration and HCC. Trem-2-/- mice developed more liver tumours irrespective of size after diethylnitrosamine (DEN) administration, displayed exacerbated liver damage, inflammation, oxidative stress and hepatocyte proliferation. Administering an antioxidant diet blocked DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in both genotypes. Similarly, Trem-2-/- animals developed more and larger tumours in fibrosis-associated HCC models. Trem-2-/- livers showed increased hepatocyte proliferation and inflammation after partial hepatectomy. Conditioned media from human HSCs overexpressing TREM-2 inhibited human HCC spheroid growth in vitro through attenuated Wnt ligand secretion. CONCLUSION TREM-2 plays a protective role in hepatocarcinogenesis via different pleiotropic effects, suggesting that TREM-2 agonism should be investigated as it might beneficially impact HCC pathogenesis in a multifactorial manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Esparza-Baquer
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ibone Labiano
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Omar Sharif
- Institute for Vascular Biology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Arginine Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aloña Agirre-Lizaso
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Pedro M Rodrigues
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ekaterina Zhuravleva
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Colm J O'Rourke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Hijona
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Jimenez-Agüero
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ioana Riaño
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ana Landa
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Adelaida La Casta
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marco Y W Zaki
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Patricia Munoz-Garrido
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Andrea Vogel
- Institute for Vascular Biology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Arginine Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Schabbauer
- Institute for Vascular Biology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Arginine Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Lejona, Spain
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Derek A Mann
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Lejona, Spain
| | - Jesus Maria Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Lejona, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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21
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Obradovic A, Chowdhury N, Haake SM, Ager C, Wang V, Vlahos L, Guo XV, Aggen DH, Rathmell WK, Jonasch E, Johnson JE, Roth M, Beckermann KE, Rini BI, McKiernan J, Califano A, Drake CG. Single-cell protein activity analysis identifies recurrence-associated renal tumor macrophages. Cell 2021; 184:2988-3005.e16. [PMID: 34019793 PMCID: PMC8479759 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) is a heterogeneous disease with a variable post-surgical course. To assemble a comprehensive ccRCC tumor microenvironment (TME) atlas, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic subpopulations from tumor and tumor-adjacent tissue of treatment-naive ccRCC resections. We leveraged the VIPER algorithm to quantitate single-cell protein activity and validated this approach by comparison to flow cytometry. The analysis identified key TME subpopulations, as well as their master regulators and candidate cell-cell interactions, revealing clinically relevant populations, undetectable by gene-expression analysis. Specifically, we uncovered a tumor-specific macrophage subpopulation characterized by upregulation of TREM2/APOE/C1Q, validated by spatially resolved, quantitative multispectral immunofluorescence. In a large clinical validation cohort, these markers were significantly enriched in tumors from patients who recurred following surgery. The study thus identifies TREM2/APOE/C1Q-positive macrophage infiltration as a potential prognostic biomarker for ccRCC recurrence, as well as a candidate therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Apolipoproteins E/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cohort Studies
- Female
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Complement/genetics
- Receptors, Complement/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods
- Single-Cell Analysis/methods
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/metabolism
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Obradovic
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology (CCTI), Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUMC), New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, HICC, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nivedita Chowdhury
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology (CCTI), Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUMC), New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Casey Ager
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology (CCTI), Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUMC), New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vinson Wang
- Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (HICC), New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lukas Vlahos
- Department of Systems Biology, HICC, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xinzheng V Guo
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology (CCTI), Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUMC), New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David H Aggen
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology (CCTI), Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUMC), New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Eric Jonasch
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Marc Roth
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Brian I Rini
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James McKiernan
- Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (HICC), New York, NY 10032, USA; HICC, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, HICC, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; HICC, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; J.P. Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Charles G Drake
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology (CCTI), Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUMC), New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (HICC), New York, NY 10032, USA; HICC, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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22
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Li C, Hou X, Yuan S, Zhang Y, Yuan W, Liu X, Li J, Wang Y, Guan Q, Zhou Y. High expression of TREM2 promotes EMT via the PI3K/AKT pathway in gastric cancer: bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification. J Cancer 2021; 12:3277-3290. [PMID: 33976737 PMCID: PMC8100818 DOI: 10.7150/jca.55077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To date, the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. We combined public database resources and bioinformatics analysis methods, explored some novel genes and verified the experiments to further understand the pathogenesis of GC and to provide a promising target for anti-tumor therapy. Methods: We downloaded the chip data related to GC from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, extracted differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and then determined the key genes in the development of GC via PPI networks and model analysis. Functional annotation via GO and KEGG enrichment of DEGs was used to understand the latent roles of DEGs. The expression of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) gene in GC cell lines was verified via RT-PCR and western blotting. Moreover, the CCK-8, wound healing assay, and transwell migration and invasion assays were used to understand the changes in the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of GC cells after silencing TREM2. Western blotting verified the interaction between TREM2 and PI3K predict of the string website, as well as the effect of TREM2 on EMT. Finally, a lung metastasis model was used to explore the relationship between TREM2 and metastasis. Results: Our study identified 16 key genes, namely BGN, COL1A1, COL4A1, COL5A2, NOX4, SPARC, HEYL, SPP1, TIMP1, CTHRC1, TREM2, SFRP4, FBXO32, GPX3, KIF4A, and MMP9 genes associated with GC. The EMT-related pathway was the most significantly altered pathway. TREM2 expression was higher in GC cell lines and was remarkably associated with tumor invasion depth, TNM stage, histological grade, histological type, anatomic subdivision, and Helicobacter pylori state. Knockdown of TREM2 expression inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells as well as the progression of EMT by PI3K/AKT signaling in vitro. In addition, lung metastasis were decreased in vivo. Conclusions: We identified some important genes associated with the progression of GC via public database analysis, explored and verified the effects of proto-oncogene TREM2 on EMT via the PI3K/AKT pathway. TREM2 may be a novel target in the GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuqiao Yuan
- Department of medical laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yigan Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenzhen Yuan
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Rheumatology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Quanlin Guan
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongning Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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23
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Cheng X, Wang X, Nie K, Cheng L, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Peng W. Systematic Pan-Cancer Analysis Identifies TREM2 as an Immunological and Prognostic Biomarker. Front Immunol 2021; 12:646523. [PMID: 33679809 PMCID: PMC7925850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.646523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily and a crucial signaling hub for multiple pathological pathways that mediate immunity. Although increasing evidence supports a vital role for TREM2 in tumorigenesis of some cancers, no systematic pan-cancer analysis of TREM2 is available. Thus, we aimed to explore the prognostic value, and investigate the potential immunological functions, of TREM2 across 33 cancer types. Based on datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas, and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, Genotype Tissue-Expression, cBioPortal, and Human Protein Atlas, we employed an array of bioinformatics methods to explore the potential oncogenic roles of TREM2, including analyzing the relationship between TREM2 and prognosis, tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), DNA methylation, and immune cell infiltration of different tumors. The results show that TREM2 is highly expressed in most cancers, but present at low levels in lung cancer. Further, TREM2 is positively or negatively associated with prognosis in different cancers. Additionally, TREM2 expression was associated with TMB and MSI in 12 cancer types, while in 20 types of cancer, there was a correlation between TREM2 expression and DNA methylation. Six tumors, including breast invasive carcinoma, cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, skin cutaneous melanoma, and stomach adenocarcinoma, were screened out for further study, which demonstrated that TREM2 gene expression was negatively correlated with infiltration levels of most immune cells, but positively correlated with infiltration levels of M1 and M2 macrophages. Moreover, correlation with TREM2 expression differed according to T cell subtype. Our study reveals that TREM2 can function as a prognostic marker in various malignant tumors because of its role in tumorigenesis and tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kechao Nie
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheyu Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijun Peng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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24
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Ferrara SJ, Chaudhary P, DeBell MJ, Marracci G, Miller H, Calkins E, Pocius E, Napier BA, Emery B, Bourdette D, Scanlan TS. TREM2 is thyroid hormone regulated making the TREM2 pathway druggable with ligands for thyroid hormone receptor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33532772 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.25.428149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a cell surface receptor on macrophages and microglia that senses and responds to disease associated signals to regulate the phenotype of these innate immune cells. The TREM2 signaling pathway has been implicated in a variety of diseases ranging from neurodegeneration in the central nervous system to metabolic disease in the periphery. We report here that TREM2 is a thyroid hormone regulated gene and its expression in macrophages and microglia is stimulated by thyroid hormone. Both endogenous thyroid hormone and sobetirome, a synthetic thyroid hormone agonist drug, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production from myeloid cells including macrophages that have been treated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein which produces a strong, pro-inflammatory phenotype. Thyroid hormone agonism was also found to induce phagocytic behavior in microglia, a phenotype consistent with activation of the TREM2 pathway. The thyroid hormone antagonist NH-3 blocks the anti-inflammatory effects of thyroid hormone agonists and suppresses microglia phagocytosis. Finally, in a murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) multiple sclerosis model, treatment with Sob-AM2, a CNS-penetrating sobetirome prodrug, results in increased Trem2 expression in disease lesion resident myeloid cells which correlates with therapeutic benefit in the EAE clinical score and reduced damage to myelin. Our findings represent the first report of endocrine regulation of TREM2 and provide a unique opportunity to drug the TREM2 signaling pathway with orally active small molecule therapeutic agents.
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25
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Function of TREM1 and TREM2 in Liver-Related Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122626. [PMID: 33297569 PMCID: PMC7762355 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TREM1 and TREM2 are members of the triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) family. Both TREM1 and TREM2 are immunoglobulin superfamily receptors. Their main function is to identify foreign antigens and toxic substances, thereby adjusting the inflammatory response. In the liver, TREM1 and TREM2 are expressed on non-parenchymal cells, such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells, and cells which infiltrate the liver in response to injury including monocyte-derived macrophages and neutrophils. The function of TREM1 and TREM2 in inflammatory response depends on Toll-like receptor 4. TREM1 mainly augments inflammation during acute inflammation, while TREM2 mainly inhibits chronic inflammation to protect the liver from pathological changes. Chronic inflammation often induces metabolic abnormalities, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis. The above physiological changes lead to liver-related diseases, such as liver injury, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we review the function of TREM1 and TREM2 in different liver diseases based on inflammation, providing a more comprehensive perspective for the treatment of liver-related diseases.
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26
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TREM-1 and TREM-2 Expression on Blood Monocytes Could Help Predict Survival in High-Grade Glioma Patients. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:1798147. [PMID: 32684831 PMCID: PMC7350089 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1798147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In recent years, the role of the modern inflammatory markers TREM-1 (triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells) and HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1 protein) in tumorigenesis has begun to be studied. Their role in gliomas is not clear. The aim of our study was to find the role of inflammation in gliomas. Patients and Methods. In 63 adult patients with gliomas and 31 healthy controls, the expressions of TREM-1 and TREM-2 on CD14+ blood cells (method: flow cytometry) and the levels of soluble sTREM-1, HMGB1, IL-6, and IL-10 (Elisa tests) were analyzed. Results Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that a TREM-1/TREM-2 ratio was associated with reduced overall survival (HR = 1.001, P = 0.023). Patients with a TREM-1/TREM-2 ratio above 125 survived significantly shorter than patients with a TREM-1/TREM-2 ratio below 125. The percentage of CD14+ TREM-1+ cells was strongly associated with a plasma IL-6/IL-10 ratio (positively) and with IL-10 (negatively). Conversely, we found a higher percentage of CD14+ TREM-2+ monocytes in better surviving patients; these cells could downregulate the exaggerated inflammation and potentiate the phagocytosis in the tumor. The serum levels of HMGB1 negatively correlated with the percentage of CD14+ TREM-1+ cells and with the TREM-1/TREM-2 ratio. The positive correlation between the serum levels of a late proinflammatory cytokine HMGB1 with the percentage of TREM2+ CD14+ monocytes can be explained as an effort for suppression of systemic inflammation by anti-inflammatory acting CD14+ TREM-2+ cells. Conclusion We showed that the TREM-1/TREM-2 ratio (expression on the surface of blood monocytes) could help predict prognosis in patients with gliomas, especially in high-grade gliomas, and that systemic inflammation has an impact on the patient's overall survival. This is the first study that showed that TREM expression on monocytes in peripheral blood could help predict prognosis in patients with gliomas.
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27
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Győri DS, Mócsai A. Osteoclast Signal Transduction During Bone Metastasis Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:507. [PMID: 32637413 PMCID: PMC7317091 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are myeloid lineage-derived bone-resorbing cells of hematopoietic origin. They differentiate from myeloid precursors through a complex regulation process where the differentiation of preosteoclasts is followed by intercellular fusion to generate large multinucleated cells. Under physiological conditions, osteoclastogenesis is primarily directed by interactions between CSF-1R and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, CSF-1), receptor activator of nuclear factor NF-κB (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL), as well as adhesion receptors (e.g., integrins) and their ligands. Osteoclasts play a central role in physiological and pathological bone resorption and are also required for excessive bone loss during osteoporosis, inflammatory bone and joint diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis) and cancer cell-induced osteolysis. Due to the major role of osteoclasts in these diseases the better understanding of their intracellular signaling pathways can lead to the identification of potential novel therapeutic targets. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases and lipid kinases play major roles in osteoclasts and small-molecule kinase inhibitors are emerging new therapeutics in diseases with pathological bone loss. During the last few years, we and others have shown that certain lipid (such as phosphoinositide 3-kinases PI3Kβ and PI3Kδ) and tyrosine (Src−family and Syk) kinases play a critical role in osteoclast differentiation and function in humans and mice. Some of these signaling pathways shows similarity to immunoreceptor-like receptor signaling and involves important other enzymes (e.g., PLCγ2) and adapter proteins (such as the ITAM−bearing adapters DAP12 and the Fc-receptor γ-chain). Here, we review recently identified osteoclast signaling pathways and their role in osteoclast differentiation and function as well as pathological bone loss associated with osteolytic tumors of the bone. A better understanding of osteoclast signaling may facilitate the design of novel and more efficient therapies for pathological bone resorption and osteolytic skeletal metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid S Győri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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28
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Deczkowska A, Weiner A, Amit I. The Physiology, Pathology, and Potential Therapeutic Applications of the TREM2 Signaling Pathway. Cell 2020; 181:1207-1217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Cigarette smoke alters the transcriptome of non-involved lung tissue in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13039. [PMID: 31506599 PMCID: PMC6736939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the gene expression of organs in contact with the environment may signal exposure to toxins. To identify genes in lung tissue whose expression levels are altered by cigarette smoking, we compared the transcriptomes of lung tissue between 118 ever smokers and 58 never smokers. In all cases, the tissue studied was non-involved lung tissue obtained at lobectomy from patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Of the 17,097 genes analyzed, 357 were differentially expressed between ever smokers and never smokers (FDR < 0.05), including 290 genes that were up-regulated and 67 down-regulated in ever smokers. For 85 genes, the absolute value of the fold change was ≥2. The gene with the smallest FDR was MYO1A (FDR = 6.9 × 10−4) while the gene with the largest difference between groups was FGG (fold change = 31.60). Overall, 100 of the genes identified in this study (38.6%) had previously been found to associate with smoking in at least one of four previously reported datasets of non-involved lung tissue. Seven genes (KMO, CD1A, SPINK5, TREM2, CYBB, DNASE2B, FGG) were differentially expressed between ever and never smokers in all five datasets, with concordant higher expression in ever smokers. Smoking-induced up-regulation of six of these genes was also observed in a transcription dataset from lung tissue of non-cancer patients. Among the three most significant gene networks, two are involved in immunity and inflammation and one in cell death. Overall, this study shows that the lung parenchyma transcriptome of smokers has altered gene expression and that these alterations are reproducible in different series of smokers across countries. Moreover, this study identified a seven-gene panel that reflects lung tissue exposure to cigarette smoke.
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30
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TREM2 acts as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting the PI3K/Akt/β-catenin pathway. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:9. [PMID: 30683932 PMCID: PMC6350080 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is involved in nonmalignant pathological processes. However, TREM2’s function in malignant diseases, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. In the present study, we report that TREM2 is a novel tumor suppressor in HCC. TREM2 expression was obviously decreased in hepatoma cells (especially metastatic HCC cells), and in most human HCC tissues (especially extrahepatic metastatic tumors). Reduced tumor TREM2 expression was correlated with poor prognosis of HCC patients, and with aggressive pathological features (BCLC stage, tumor size, tumor encapsulation, vascular invasion, and tumor differentiation). TREM2 knockdown substantially promoted cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo, while TREM2 overexpression produced the opposite effect. TREM2 suppressed HCC metastasis by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, accompanied by abnormal expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Further study revealed that downregulation of TREM2 in HCC was regulated by miR-31-5p. Moreover, by directly interacting with β-catenin, TREM2 attenuated oncogenic and metastatic behaviors by inhibiting Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation, and activating β-catenin. TREM2 suppressed carcinogenesis and metastasis in HCC by targeting the PI3K/Akt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, we propose that TREM2 may be a candidate prognostic biomarker in malignant diseases and TREM2 restoration might be a prospective strategy for HCC therapy.
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31
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Zhang X, Wang W, Li P, Wang X, Ni K. High TREM2 expression correlates with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Hum Pathol 2018; 72:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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32
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Yun Y, Wuchao W, Yafei W, Lei Z. [Research progress on the relationship between triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 and 2 and malignant tumors]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 35:648-653. [PMID: 29333781 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing scientific evidence supports the positive relationship between inflammation and cancer development. The immune response initiated by pattern recognition receptors is critical to triggering of tumor-associated inflammation. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) is an immunoglobulin of the super transmembrane glycoprotein family, which is mainly expressed on select groups of myeloid cells. The most important members of TREM comprise TREM-1 and TREM-2. Activation of TREM-1 and TREM-2 signaling is initiated upon binding of their ligands. Subsequently, cross-linking reactions of downstream effectors occur, resulting in inflammation regulation. Recently, the connection between TREM and malignant tumors has been widely noticed and studied. This review summarizes studies of association between TREM-1, TREM-2, and malignant tumors in the medical field to provide new ideas for study on the correlation between periodontitis and oral cavity cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wu Wuchao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wu Yafei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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