1
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Gu Y, Benavente CA. Landscape and Treatment Options of Shapeshifting Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3120. [PMID: 38892831 PMCID: PMC11173155 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a deadly neuroendocrine malignancy, notorious for its rapid tumor growth, early metastasis, and relatively "cold" immune environment. Only standard chemotherapies and a few immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for SCLC treatment, revealing an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Moreover, SCLC has been recently recognized as a malignancy with high intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity, which explains the modest response rate in some patients and the early relapse. Molecular subtypes defined by the expression of lineage-specific transcription factors (ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3, and, in some studies, YAP1) or immune-related genes display different degrees of neuroendocrine differentiation, immune cell infiltration, and response to treatment. Despite the complexity of this malignancy, a few biomarkers and targets have been identified and many promising drugs are currently undergoing clinical trials. In this review, we integrate the current progress on the genomic landscape of this shapeshifting malignancy, the characteristics and treatment vulnerabilities of each subtype, and promising drugs in clinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Claudia A. Benavente
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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2
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Garralda E, Beaulieu ME, Moreno V, Casacuberta-Serra S, Martínez-Martín S, Foradada L, Alonso G, Massó-Vallés D, López-Estévez S, Jauset T, Corral de la Fuente E, Doger B, Hernández T, Perez-Lopez R, Arqués O, Castillo Cano V, Morales J, Whitfield JR, Niewel M, Soucek L, Calvo E. MYC targeting by OMO-103 in solid tumors: a phase 1 trial. Nat Med 2024; 30:762-771. [PMID: 38321218 PMCID: PMC10957469 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Among the 'most wanted' targets in cancer therapy is the oncogene MYC, which coordinates key transcriptional programs in tumor development and maintenance. It has, however, long been considered undruggable. OMO-103 is a MYC inhibitor consisting of a 91-amino acid miniprotein. Here we present results from a phase 1 study of OMO-103 in advanced solid tumors, established to examine safety and tolerability as primary outcomes and pharmacokinetics, recommended phase 2 dose and preliminary signs of activity as secondary ones. A classical 3 + 3 design was used for dose escalation of weekly intravenous, single-agent OMO-103 administration in 21-day cycles, encompassing six dose levels (DLs). A total of 22 patients were enrolled, with treatment maintained until disease progression. The most common adverse events were grade 1 infusion-related reactions, occurring in ten patients. One dose-limiting toxicity occurred at DL5. Pharmacokinetics showed nonlinearity, with tissue saturation signs at DL5 and a terminal half-life in serum of 40 h. Of the 19 patients evaluable for response, 12 reached the predefined 9-week time point for assessment of drug antitumor activity, eight of those showing stable disease by computed tomography. One patient defined as stable disease by response evaluation criteria in solid tumors showed a 49% reduction in total tumor volume at best response. Transcriptomic analysis supported target engagement in tumor biopsies. In addition, we identified soluble factors that are potential pharmacodynamic and predictive response markers. Based on all these data, the recommended phase 2 dose was determined as DL5 (6.48 mg kg-1).ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04808362 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Víctor Moreno
- START Madrid-FJD-Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Guzman Alonso
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernard Doger
- START Madrid-FJD-Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Oriol Arqués
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Soucek
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Peptomyc S.L., Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Emiliano Calvo
- START Madrid-CIOCC-Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Tiwari A, Kumari B, Nandagopal S, Mishra A, Shukla KK, Kumar A, Dutt N, Ahirwar DK. Promises of Protein Kinase Inhibitors in Recalcitrant Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Recent Scenario and Future Possibilities. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:963. [PMID: 38473324 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SCLC is refractory to conventional therapies; targeted therapies and immunological checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) molecules have prolonged survival only marginally. In addition, ICIs help only a subgroup of SCLC patients. Different types of kinases play pivotal roles in therapeutics-driven cellular functions. Therefore, there is a significant need to understand the roles of kinases in regulating therapeutic responses, acknowledge the existing knowledge gaps, and discuss future directions for improved therapeutics for recalcitrant SCLC. Here, we extensively review the effect of dysregulated kinases in SCLC. We further discuss the pharmacological inhibitors of kinases used in targeted therapies for recalcitrant SCLC. We also describe the role of kinases in the ICI-mediated activation of antitumor immune responses. Finally, we summarize the clinical trials evaluating the potential of kinase inhibitors and ICIs. This review overviews dysregulated kinases in SCLC and summarizes their potential as targeted therapeutic agents. We also discuss their clinical efficacy in enhancing anticancer responses mediated by ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Tiwari
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, Rajasthan, India
| | - Beauty Kumari
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, Rajasthan, India
| | - Srividhya Nandagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342005, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kamla Kant Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342005, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Naveen Dutt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342005, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Ahirwar
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, Rajasthan, India
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Lang C, Megyesfalvi Z, Lantos A, Oberndorfer F, Hoda MA, Solta A, Ferencz B, Fillinger J, Solyom-Tisza A, Querner AS, Egger F, Boettiger K, Klikovits T, Timelthaler G, Renyi-Vamos F, Aigner C, Hoetzenecker K, Laszlo V, Schelch K, Dome B. C-Myc protein expression indicates unfavorable clinical outcome in surgically resected small cell lung cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2024; 22:57. [PMID: 38369463 PMCID: PMC10875875 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-024-03315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By being highly involved in the tumor evolution and disease progression of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), Myc family members (C-Myc, L-Myc, and N-Myc) might represent promising targetable molecules. Our aim was to investigate the expression pattern and prognostic relevance of these oncogenic proteins in an international cohort of surgically resected SCLC tumors. METHODS Clinicopathological data and surgically resected tissue specimens from 104 SCLC patients were collected from two collaborating European institutes. Tissue sections were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for all three Myc family members and the recently introduced SCLC molecular subtype-markers (ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3, and YAP1). RESULTS IHC analysis showed C-Myc, L-Myc, and N-Myc positivity in 48%, 63%, and 9% of the specimens, respectively. N-Myc positivity significantly correlated with the POU2F3-defined molecular subtype (r = 0.6913, p = 0.0056). SCLC patients with C-Myc positive tumors exhibited significantly worse overall survival (OS) (20 vs. 44 months compared to those with C-Myc negative tumors, p = 0.0176). Ultimately, in a multivariate risk model adjusted for clinicopathological and treatment confounders, positive C-Myc expression was confirmed as an independent prognosticator of impaired OS (HR 1.811, CI 95% 1.054-3.113, p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insights into the clinical aspects of Myc family members in surgically resected SCLC tumors. Notably, besides showing that positivity of Myc family members varies across the patients, we also reveal that C-Myc protein expression independently correlates with worse survival outcomes. Further studies are warranted to investigate the role of Myc family members as potential prognostic and predictive markers in this hard-to-treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria.
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Ráth György u. 7-9, Budapest, 1122, Hungary.
| | - Andras Lantos
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Mir Alireza Hoda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Anna Solta
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Bence Ferencz
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Ráth György u. 7-9, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Janos Fillinger
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Alessandro Saeed Querner
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Felix Egger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Kristiina Boettiger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Thomas Klikovits
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Clinic Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ferenc Renyi-Vamos
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Ráth György u. 7-9, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
- National Institute of Oncology and National Tumor Biology Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Clemens Aigner
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Viktoria Laszlo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Ráth György u. 7-9, Budapest, 1122, Hungary
| | - Karin Schelch
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balazs Dome
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria.
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, Ráth György u. 7-9, Budapest, 1122, Hungary.
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Gutiérrez M, Zamora I, Freeman MR, Encío IJ, Rotinen M. Actionable Driver Events in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:105. [PMID: 38203275 PMCID: PMC10778712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) stands out as the most aggressive form of lung cancer, characterized by an extremely high proliferation rate and a very poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate that falls below 7%. Approximately two-thirds of patients receive their diagnosis when the disease has already reached a metastatic or extensive stage, leaving chemotherapy as the remaining first-line treatment option. Other than the recent advances in immunotherapy, which have shown moderate results, SCLC patients cannot yet benefit from any approved targeted therapy, meaning that this cancer remains treated as a uniform entity, disregarding intra- or inter-tumoral heterogeneity. Continuous efforts and technological improvements have enabled the identification of new potential targets that could be used to implement novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we provide an overview of the most recent approaches for SCLC treatment, providing an extensive compilation of the targeted therapies that are currently under clinical evaluation and inhibitor molecules with promising results in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Gutiérrez
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.); (I.Z.)
| | - Irene Zamora
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.); (I.Z.)
| | - Michael R. Freeman
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ignacio J. Encío
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.); (I.Z.)
- IdiSNA, Navarre Institute for Health Research, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mirja Rotinen
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.); (I.Z.)
- IdiSNA, Navarre Institute for Health Research, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Schultz CW, Zhang Y, Elmeskini R, Zimmermann A, Fu H, Murai Y, Wangsa D, Kumar S, Takahashi N, Atkinson D, Saha LK, Lee C, Elenbaas B, Desai P, Sebastian R, Sharma AK, Abel M, Schroeder B, Krishnamurthy M, Kumar R, Roper N, Aladjem M, Zenke FT, Ohler ZW, Pommier Y, Thomas A. ATR inhibition augments the efficacy of lurbinectedin in small-cell lung cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17313. [PMID: 37491889 PMCID: PMC10405061 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202217313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most lethal type of lung cancer. Specifically, MYC-driven non-neuroendocrine SCLC is particularly resistant to standard therapies. Lurbinectedin was recently approved for the treatment of relapsed SCLC, but combinatorial approaches are needed to increase the depth and duration of responses to lurbinectedin. Using high-throughput screens, we found inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad3 related (ATR) as the most effective agents for augmenting lurbinectedin efficacy. First-in-class ATR inhibitor berzosertib synergized with lurbinectedin in multiple SCLC cell lines, organoid, and in vivo models. Mechanistically, ATR inhibition abrogated S-phase arrest induced by lurbinectedin and forced cell cycle progression causing mitotic catastrophe and cell death. High CDKN1A/p21 expression was associated with decreased synergy due to G1 arrest, while increased levels of ERCC5/XPG were predictive of increased combination efficacy. Importantly, MYC-driven non-neuroendocrine tumors which are resistant to first-line therapies show reduced CDKN1A/p21 expression and increased ERCC5/XPG indicating they are primed for response to lurbinectedin-berzosertib combination. The combination is being assessed in a clinical trial NCT04802174.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Schultz
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Rajaa Elmeskini
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, IncFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
| | - Astrid Zimmermann
- Translational Innovation Platform OncologyMerck KGaA, Biopharma R&DDarmstadtGermany
| | - Haiqing Fu
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Yasuhisa Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Darawalee Wangsa
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
- Medical Oncology BranchNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Devon Atkinson
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, IncFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
| | - Liton Kumar Saha
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Chien‐Fei Lee
- Translational Innovation Platform OncologyEMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Biopharma R&DBillericaMAUSA
| | - Brian Elenbaas
- Translational Innovation Platform OncologyEMD Serono Research and Development Institute Inc., Biopharma R&DBillericaMAUSA
| | - Parth Desai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Robin Sebastian
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Ajit Kumar Sharma
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Melissa Abel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Brett Schroeder
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Manan Krishnamurthy
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Nitin Roper
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Mirit Aladjem
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Frank T Zenke
- Translational Innovation Platform OncologyMerck KGaA, Biopharma R&DDarmstadtGermany
| | - Zoe Weaver Ohler
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, IncFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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Celikkaya B, Durak T, Farooqi AA, Inci K, Tokgun PE, Tokgun O. The effects of MYC on exosomes derived from cancer cells in the context of breast cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:65-75. [PMID: 37118982 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
MYC amplification and overexpression in breast cancer occur 16% and 22%, respectively, and MYC has a linchpin role in breast carcinogenesis. Emerging evidence has started to shed light on central role of MYC in breast cancer progression. On the contrary, tumor-derived exosomes and their cargo molecules are required for the modulation of the tumor environment and to promote carcinogenesis. Still, how MYC regulates tumor-derived exosomes is still a matter of investigation in the context of breast cancer. Here, we investigated for the first time how MYC affects the biological functions of normal breast cells cocultured with exosomes derived from MYC-expression manipulated breast cancer cells. Accordingly, exosomes were isolated from MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells that MYC expression was manipulated through siRNAs or lentiviral vectors by using exosome isolation reagent. Then, normal breast epithelial MCF-10A cells were treated with breast cancer cell-derived exosomes. The cellular activity of MCF-10A was investigated by cell growth assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assay. Our results suggested that MCF-10A cells treated with exosomes derived from MYC-overexpressing breast cancer cells demonstrated higher proliferation and migration capability compared with nontreated cells. Likewise, MCF-10A cells treated with exosomes derived from MYC-silenced cancer cells did not show high proliferation and invasive capacity. Overall, MYC can drive the functions of exosomes secreted from breast cancer cells. This may allow exploring a new mechanism how tumor cells regulate cancer progression and modulate tumor environment. The present study clears the way for further researches as in vivo studies and multi-omics that clarify exosomal content in an MYC-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Celikkaya
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institution of Health Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Taner Durak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicinePamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | | | - Kubilay Inci
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institution of Health Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Pervin Elvan Tokgun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicinePamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Onur Tokgun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicinePamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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8
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Vízkeleti L, Spisák S. Rewired Metabolism Caused by the Oncogenic Deregulation of MYC as an Attractive Therapeutic Target in Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:1745. [PMID: 37443779 PMCID: PMC10341379 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC is one of the most deregulated oncogenes on multiple levels in cancer. As a node transcription factor, MYC plays a diverse regulatory role in many cellular processes, including cell cycle and metabolism, both in physiological and pathological conditions. The relentless growth and proliferation of tumor cells lead to an insatiable demand for energy and nutrients, which requires the rewiring of cellular metabolism. As MYC can orchestrate all aspects of cellular metabolism, its altered regulation plays a central role in these processes, such as the Warburg effect, and is a well-established hallmark of cancer development. However, our current knowledge of MYC suggests that its spatial- and concentration-dependent contribution to tumorigenesis depends more on changes in the global or relative expression of target genes. As the direct targeting of MYC is proven to be challenging due to its relatively high toxicity, understanding its underlying regulatory mechanisms is essential for the development of tumor-selective targeted therapies. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the diverse forms of MYC oncogenic deregulation, including DNA-, transcriptional- and post-translational level alterations, and their consequences for cellular metabolism. Furthermore, we also review the currently available and potentially attractive therapeutic options that exploit the vulnerability arising from the metabolic rearrangement of MYC-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vízkeleti
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Sándor Spisák
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Lu Y, Yang Y, Zhu G, Zeng H, Fan Y, Guo F, Xu D, Wang B, Chen D, Ge G. Emerging Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies to Overcome Undruggable Proteins in Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3360-3382. [PMID: 37496997 PMCID: PMC10367563 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.83026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies in cancer treatment can improve in vivo efficacy and reduce adverse effects by altering the tissue exposure of specific biomolecules. However, there are still large number of target proteins in cancer are still undruggable, owing to the following factors including (1) lack of ligand-binding pockets, (2) function based on protein-protein interactions (PPIs), (3) the highly specific conserved active sites among protein family members, and (4) the variability of tertiary docking structures. The current status of undruggable targets proteins such as KRAS, TP53, C-MYC, PTP, are carefully introduced in this review. Some novel techniques and drug designing strategies have been applicated for overcoming these undruggable proteins, and the most classic and well-known technology is proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs). In this review, the novel drug development strategies including targeting protein degradation, targeting PPI, targeting intrinsically disordered regions, as well as targeting protein-DNA binding are described, and we also discuss the potential of these strategies for overcoming the undruggable targets. Besides, intelligence-assisted technologies like Alpha-Fold help us a lot to predict the protein structure, which is beneficial for drug development. The discovery of new targets and the development of drugs targeting them, especially those undruggable targets, remain a huge challenge. New drug development strategies, better extraction processes that do not disrupt protein-protein interactions, and more precise artificial intelligence technologies may provide significant assistance in overcoming these undruggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lu
- Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuewen Yang
- Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Guanghao Zhu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203 Shanghai City, China
| | - Hairong Zeng
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203 Shanghai City, China
| | - Yiming Fan
- Dalian Harmony Medical Testing Laboratory Co., Ltd, 116620 Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fujia Guo
- Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dongshu Xu
- Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Boya Wang
- Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Dalian Medical University, 116044 Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203 Shanghai City, China
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10
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Li H, Cheng ZJ, Liang Z, Liu M, Liu L, Song Z, Xie C, Liu J, Sun B. Novel nutritional indicator as predictors among subtypes of lung cancer in diagnosis. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1042047. [PMID: 36776604 PMCID: PMC9909296 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1042047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lung cancer is a serious global health concern, and its subtypes are closely linked to lifestyle and dietary habits. Recent research has suggested that malnutrition, over-nutrition, electrolytes, and granulocytes have an effect on the development of cancer. This study investigated the impact of combining patient nutritional indicators, electrolytes, and granulocytes as comprehensive predictors for lung cancer treatment outcomes, and applied a machine learning algorithm to predict lung cancer. Methods 6,336 blood samples were collected from lung cancer patients classified as lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). 2,191 healthy individuals were used as controls to compare the differences in nutritional indicators, electrolytes and granulocytes among different subtypes of lung cancer, respectively. Results Our results demonstrated significant differences between men and women in healthy people and NSCLC, but no significant difference between men and women in SCLC patients. The relationship between indicators is basically that the range of indicators for cancer patients is wider, including healthy population indicators. In the process of predicting lung cancer through nutritional indicators by machine learning, the AUC of the random forest model was as high as 93.5%, with a sensitivity of 75.9% and specificity of 96.5%. Discussion This study supports the feasibility and accuracy of nutritional indicators in predicting lung cancer through the random forest model. The successful implementation of this novel prediction method could guide clinicians in providing both effective diagnostics and treatment of lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangkai J. Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiman Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingtao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenfeng Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanbo Xie
- Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Chuanbo Xie ✉
| | - Junling Liu
- Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Junling Liu ✉
| | - Baoqing Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Baoqing Sun ✉
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11
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Marchesi I, Fais M, Fiorentino FP, Bordoni V, Sanna L, Zoroddu S, Bagella L. Bromodomain Inhibitor JQ1 Provides Novel Insights and Perspectives in Rhabdomyosarcoma Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073581. [PMID: 35408939 PMCID: PMC8998669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common type of pediatric soft tissue sarcoma. It is classified into two main subtypes: embryonal (eRMS) and alveolar (aRMS). MYC family proteins are frequently highly expressed in RMS tumors, with the highest levels correlated with poor prognosis. A pharmacological approach to inhibit MYC in cancer cells is represented by Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal motif (BET) protein inhibitors. In this paper, we evaluated the effects of BET inhibitor (+)-JQ1 (JQ1) on the viability of aRMS and eRMS cells. Interestingly, we found that the drug sensitivity of RMS cell lines to JQ1 was directly proportional to the expression of MYC. JQ1 induces G1 arrest in cells with the highest steady-state levels of MYC, whereas apoptosis is associated with MYC downregulation. These findings suggest BET inhibition as an effective strategy for the treatment of RMS alone or in combination with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Marchesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.M.); (M.F.); (F.P.F.); (V.B.); (L.S.); (S.Z.)
- Kitos Biotech Srls, Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy
| | - Milena Fais
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.M.); (M.F.); (F.P.F.); (V.B.); (L.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Fiorentino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.M.); (M.F.); (F.P.F.); (V.B.); (L.S.); (S.Z.)
- Kitos Biotech Srls, Tramariglio, 07041 Alghero, Italy
| | - Valentina Bordoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.M.); (M.F.); (F.P.F.); (V.B.); (L.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Luca Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.M.); (M.F.); (F.P.F.); (V.B.); (L.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Stefano Zoroddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.M.); (M.F.); (F.P.F.); (V.B.); (L.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Luigi Bagella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.M.); (M.F.); (F.P.F.); (V.B.); (L.S.); (S.Z.)
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Dynamical Analysis of a Boolean Network Model of the Oncogene Role of lncRNA ANRIL and lncRNA UFC1 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030420. [PMID: 35327612 PMCID: PMC8946683 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) such as ANRIL and UFC1 have been verified as oncogenic genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is well known that the tumor suppressor microRNA-34a (miR-34a) is downregulated in NSCLC. Furthermore, miR-34a induces senescence and apoptosis in breast, glioma, cervical cancer including NSCLC by targeting Myc. Recent evidence suggests that these two lncRNAs act as a miR-34a sponge in corresponding cancers. However, the biological functions between these two non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have not yet been studied in NSCLC. Therefore, we present a Boolean model to analyze the gene regulation between these two ncRNAs in NSCLC. We compared our model to several experimental studies involving gain- or loss-of-function genes in NSCLC cells and achieved an excellent agreement. Additionally, we predict three positive circuits involving miR-34a/E2F1/ANRIL, miR-34a/E2F1/UFC1, and miR-34a/Myc/ANRIL. Our circuit- perturbation analysis shows that these circuits are important for regulating cell-fate decisions such as senescence and apoptosis. Thus, our Boolean network permits an explicit cell-fate mechanism associated with NSCLC. Therefore, our results support that ANRIL and/or UFC1 is an attractive target for drug development in tumor growth and aggressive proliferation of NSCLC, and that a valuable outcome can be achieved through the miRNA-34a/Myc pathway.
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13
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Massó-Vallés D, Beaulieu ME, Jauset T, Giuntini F, Zacarías-Fluck MF, Foradada L, Martínez-Martín S, Serrano E, Martín-Fernández G, Casacuberta-Serra S, Castillo Cano V, Kaur J, López-Estévez S, Morcillo MÁ, Alzrigat M, Mahmoud L, Luque-García A, Escorihuela M, Guzman M, Arribas J, Serra V, Larsson LG, Whitfield JR, Soucek L. MYC Inhibition Halts Metastatic Breast Cancer Progression by Blocking Growth, Invasion, and Seeding. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:110-130. [PMID: 36860495 PMCID: PMC9973395 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MYC's role in promoting tumorigenesis is beyond doubt, but its function in the metastatic process is still controversial. Omomyc is a MYC dominant negative that has shown potent antitumor activity in multiple cancer cell lines and mouse models, regardless of their tissue of origin or driver mutations, by impacting on several of the hallmarks of cancer. However, its therapeutic efficacy against metastasis has not been elucidated yet. Here we demonstrate for the first time that MYC inhibition by transgenic Omomyc is efficacious against all breast cancer molecular subtypes, including triple-negative breast cancer, where it displays potent antimetastatic properties both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, pharmacologic treatment with the recombinantly produced Omomyc miniprotein, recently entering a clinical trial in solid tumors, recapitulates several key features of expression of the Omomyc transgene, confirming its clinical applicability to metastatic breast cancer, including advanced triple-negative breast cancer, a disease in urgent need of better therapeutic options. Significance While MYC role in metastasis has been long controversial, this manuscript demonstrates that MYC inhibition by either transgenic expression or pharmacologic use of the recombinantly produced Omomyc miniprotein exerts antitumor and antimetastatic activity in breast cancer models in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Massó-Vallés
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain.,Peptomyc S.L., Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marie-Eve Beaulieu
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain.,Peptomyc S.L., Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Jauset
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain.,Peptomyc S.L., Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Fabio Giuntini
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariano F. Zacarías-Fluck
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Foradada
- Peptomyc S.L., Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Martínez-Martín
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Erika Serrano
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Génesis Martín-Fernández
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jastrinjan Kaur
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Morcillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohammad Alzrigat
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Loay Mahmoud
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Luque-García
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Escorihuela
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Guzman
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Violeta Serra
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lars-Gunnar Larsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan R. Whitfield
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Soucek
- Preclinical & Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, C/ Natzaret, Barcelona, Spain.,Peptomyc S.L., Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Corresponding Author: Laura Soucek, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), C/ Natzaret, 115-117, CELLEX Centre, Barcelona 08035, Spain. Phone: 349-3254-3450; E-mail:
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14
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Epstein–Barr Virus Infection in Lung Cancer: Insights and Perspectives. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020132. [PMID: 35215076 PMCID: PMC8878590 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Tobacco smoke is the most frequent risk factor etiologically associated with LC, although exposures to other environmental factors such as arsenic, radon or asbestos are also involved. Additionally, the involvement of some viral infections such as high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV), John Cunningham Virus (JCV), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been suggested in LC, though an etiological relationship has not yet been established. EBV is a ubiquitous gamma herpesvirus causing persistent infections and some lymphoid and epithelial tumors. Since EBV is heterogeneously detected in LCs from different parts of the world, in this review we address the epidemiological and experimental evidence of a potential role of EBV. Considering this evidence, we propose mechanisms potentially involved in EBV-associated lung carcinogenesis. Additional studies are warranted to dissect the role of EBV in this very frequent malignancy.
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15
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Llombart V, Mansour MR. Therapeutic targeting of "undruggable" MYC. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103756. [PMID: 34942444 PMCID: PMC8713111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
c-MYC controls global gene expression and regulates cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell cycle, metabolism and apoptosis. According to some estimates, MYC is dysregulated in ≈70% of human cancers and strong evidence implicates aberrantly expressed MYC in both tumor initiation and maintenance. In vivo studies show that MYC inhibition elicits a prominent anti-proliferative effect and sustained tumor regression while any alteration on healthy tissue remains reversible. This opens an exploitable window for treatment that makes MYC one of the most appealing therapeutic targets for cancer drug development. This review describes the main functional and structural features of the protein structure of MYC and provides a general overview of the most relevant or recently identified interactors that modulate MYC oncogenic activity. This review also summarizes the different approaches aiming to abrogate MYC oncogenic function, with a particular focus on the prototype inhibitors designed for the direct and indirect targeting of MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Llombart
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Department of Haematology, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Marc R Mansour
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Department of Haematology, London WC1E 6DD, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Developmental Biology and Cancer, London, UK.
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16
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Ortiz-Estévez M, Towfic F, Flynt E, Stong N, Jang IS, Wang K, Trotter MWB, Thakurta A. Integrative multi-omics identifies high risk multiple myeloma subgroup associated with significant DNA loss and dysregulated DNA repair and cell cycle pathways. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:295. [PMID: 34922559 PMCID: PMC8684160 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite significant therapeutic advances in improving lives of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, it remains mostly incurable, with patients ultimately becoming refractory to therapies. MM is a genetically heterogeneous disease and therapeutic resistance is driven by a complex interplay of disease pathobiology and mechanisms of drug resistance. We applied a multi-omics strategy using tumor-derived gene expression, single nucleotide variant, copy number variant, and structural variant profiles to investigate molecular subgroups in 514 newly diagnosed MM (NDMM) samples and identified 12 molecularly defined MM subgroups (MDMS1-12) with distinct genomic and transcriptomic features. Results Our integrative approach let us identify NDMM subgroups with transversal profiles to previously described ones, based on single data types, which shows the impact of this approach for disease stratification. One key novel subgroup is our MDMS8, associated with poor clinical outcome [median overall survival, 38 months (global log-rank p-value < 1 × 10−6)], which uniquely presents a broad genomic loss (> 9% of entire genome, t-test p value < 1e−5) driving dysregulation of various transcriptional programs affecting DNA repair and cell cycle/mitotic processes. This subgroup was validated on multiple independent datasets, and a master regulator analyses identified transcription factors controlling MDMS8 transcriptomic profile, including CKS1B and PRKDC among others, which are regulators of the DNA repair and cell cycle pathways. Conclusion Using multi-omics unsupervised clustering we were able to discover a new high-risk multiple myeloma patient segment. This high-risk group presents diverse previously known genetic markers, but also a new characteristic defined by accumulation of genomic loss which seems to drive transcriptional dysregulation of cell cycle, DNA repair and DNA damage. Finally, our work identified various master regulators, including E2F2 and CKS1B as the genes controlling these key biological pathways. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-021-01140-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ortiz-Estévez
- BMS Center for Innovation and Translational Research Europe (CITRE), A Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Erin Flynt
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 181 Passaic Ave, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA
| | - Nicholas Stong
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 181 Passaic Ave, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA
| | | | - Kai Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Matthew W B Trotter
- BMS Center for Innovation and Translational Research Europe (CITRE), A Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anjan Thakurta
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 181 Passaic Ave, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA.
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17
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Ciaccio R, De Rosa P, Aloisi S, Viggiano M, Cimadom L, Zadran SK, Perini G, Milazzo G. Targeting Oncogenic Transcriptional Networks in Neuroblastoma: From N-Myc to Epigenetic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12883. [PMID: 34884690 PMCID: PMC8657550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most frequently occurring neurogenic extracranial solid cancers in childhood and infancy. Over the years, many pieces of evidence suggested that NB development is controlled by gene expression dysregulation. These unleashed programs that outline NB cancer cells make them highly dependent on specific tuning of gene expression, which can act co-operatively to define the differentiation state, cell identity, and specialized functions. The peculiar regulation is mainly caused by genetic and epigenetic alterations, resulting in the dependency on a small set of key master transcriptional regulators as the convergence point of multiple signalling pathways. In this review, we provide a comprehensive blueprint of transcriptional regulation bearing NB initiation and progression, unveiling the complexity of novel oncogenic and tumour suppressive regulatory networks of this pathology. Furthermore, we underline the significance of multi-target therapies against these hallmarks, showing how novel approaches, together with chemotherapy, surgery, or radiotherapy, can have substantial antineoplastic effects, disrupting a wide variety of tumorigenic pathways through combinations of different treatments.
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18
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Herzog BH, Devarakonda S, Govindan R. Overcoming Chemotherapy Resistance in SCLC. J Thorac Oncol 2021; 16:2002-2015. [PMID: 34358725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
SCLC is an aggressive form of lung cancer with a very poor prognosis. Although SCLC initially responds very well to platinum-based chemotherapy, it eventually recurs and at recurrence is nearly universally resistant to therapy. In light of the recent advances in understanding regarding the biology of SCLC, we review findings related to SCLC chemotherapy resistance. We discuss the potential clinical implications of recent preclinical discoveries in altered signaling pathways, transcriptional landscapes, metabolic vulnerabilities, and the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett H Herzog
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Siddhartha Devarakonda
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ramaswamy Govindan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
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19
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Circulating tumor cell copy-number heterogeneity in ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer resistant to ALK inhibitors. NPJ Precis Oncol 2021; 5:67. [PMID: 34272470 PMCID: PMC8285416 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-021-00203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gatekeeper mutations are identified in only 50% of the cases at resistance to Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are relevant tools to identify additional resistance mechanisms and can be sequenced at the single-cell level. Here, we provide in-depth investigation of copy number alteration (CNA) heterogeneity in phenotypically characterized CTCs at resistance to ALK-TKIs in ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Single CTC isolation and phenotyping were performed by DEPArray or fluorescence-activated cell sorting following enrichment and immunofluorescence staining (ALK/cytokeratins/CD45/Hoechst). CNA heterogeneity was evaluated in six ALK-rearranged patients harboring ≥ 10 CTCs/20 mL blood at resistance to 1st and 3rd ALK-TKIs and one presented gatekeeper mutations. Out of 82 CTCs isolated by FACS, 30 (37%) were ALK+/cytokeratins-, 46 (56%) ALK-/cytokeratins+ and 4 (5%) ALK+/cytokeratins+. Sequencing of 43 CTCs showed highly altered CNA profiles and high levels of chromosomal instability (CIN). Half of CTCs displayed a ploidy >2n and 32% experienced whole-genome doubling. Hierarchical clustering showed significant intra-patient and wide inter-patient CTC diversity. Classification of 121 oncogenic drivers revealed the predominant activation of cell cycle and DNA repair pathways and of RTK/RAS and PI3K to a lower frequency. CTCs showed wide CNA heterogeneity and elevated CIN at resistance to ALK-TKIs. The emergence of epithelial ALK-negative CTCs may drive resistance through activation of bypass signaling pathways, while ALK-rearranged CTCs showed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition characteristics potentially contributing to ALK-TKI resistance. Comprehensive analysis of CTCs could be of great help to clinicians for precision medicine and resistance to ALK-targeted therapies.
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20
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Whitfield JR, Soucek L. The long journey to bring a Myc inhibitor to the clinic. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212429. [PMID: 34160558 PMCID: PMC8240852 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene Myc is deregulated in the majority of human tumors and drives numerous hallmarks of cancer. Despite its indisputable role in cancer development and maintenance, Myc is still undrugged. Developing a clinical inhibitor for Myc has been particularly challenging owing to its intrinsically disordered nature and lack of a binding pocket, coupled with concerns regarding potentially deleterious side effects in normal proliferating tissues. However, major breakthroughs in the development of Myc inhibitors have arisen in the last couple of years. Notably, the direct Myc inhibitor that we developed has just entered clinical trials. Celebrating this milestone, with this Perspective, we pay homage to the different strategies developed so far against Myc and all of the researchers focused on developing treatments for a target long deemed undruggable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Soucek
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Edifici Cellex, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Peptomyc S.L., Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Tokgun O, Tokgun PE, Inci K, Akca H. lncRNAs as Potential Targets in Small Cell Lung Cancer: MYC -dependent Regulation. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:2074-2081. [PMID: 32698750 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200721130700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive malignancy. MYC family oncogenes are amplified and overexpressed in 20% of SCLCs, showing that MYC oncogenes and MYC regulated genes are strong candidates as therapeutic targets for SCLC. c-MYC plays a fundamental role in cancer stem cell properties and malignant transformation. Several targets have been identified by the activation/repression of MYC. Deregulated expression levels of lncRNAs have also been observed in many cancers. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to investigate the lncRNA profiles which depend on MYC expression levels in SCLC. METHODS Firstly, we constructed lentiviral vectors for MYC overexpression/inhibition. MYC expression is suppressed by lentiviral shRNA vector in MYC amplified H82 and N417 cells, and overexpressed by lentiviral inducible overexpression vector in MYC non-amplified H345 cells. LncRNA cDNA is transcribed from total RNA samples, and 91 lncRNAs are evaluated by qRT-PCR. RESULTS We observed that N417, H82 and H345 cells require MYC for their growth. Besides, MYC is not only found to regulate the expressions of genes related to invasion, stem cell properties, apoptosis and cell cycle (p21, Bcl2, cyclinD1, Sox2, Aldh1a1, and N-Cadherin), but also found to regulate lncRNAs. With this respect, expressions of AK23948, ANRIL, E2F4AS, GAS5, MEG3, H19, L1PA16, SFMBT2, ZEB2NAT, HOTAIR, Sox2OT, PVT1, and BC200 were observed to be in parallel with MYC expression, whereas expressions of Malat1, PTENP1, Neat1, UCA1, SNHG3, and SNHG6 were inversely correlated. CONCLUSION Targeting MYC-regulated genes as a therapeutic strategy can be important for SCLC therapy. This study indicated the importance of identifying MYC-regulated lncRNAs and that these can be utilized to develop a therapeutic strategy for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Tokgun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey,Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Pervin E Tokgun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Kubilay Inci
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Hakan Akca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey,Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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22
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Schenk EL, Patil T, Pacheco J, Bunn PA. 2020 Innovation-Based Optimism for Lung Cancer Outcomes. Oncologist 2021; 26:e454-e472. [PMID: 33179378 PMCID: PMC7930417 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both males and females in the U.S. and worldwide. Owing to advances in prevention, screening/early detection, and therapy, lung cancer mortality rates are decreasing and survival rates are increasing. These innovations are based on scientific discoveries in imaging, diagnostics, genomics, molecular therapy, and immunotherapy. Outcomes have improved in all histologies and stages. This review provides information on the clinical implications of these innovations that are practical for the practicing physicians, especially oncologists of all specialities who diagnose and treat patients with lung cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Lung cancer survival rates have improved because of new prevention, screening, and therapy methods. This work provides a review of current standards for each of these areas, including targeted and immunotherapies. Treatment recommendations are provided for all stages of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Schenk
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Tejas Patil
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Jose Pacheco
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Paul A. Bunn
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
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23
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Madden SK, de Araujo AD, Gerhardt M, Fairlie DP, Mason JM. Taking the Myc out of cancer: toward therapeutic strategies to directly inhibit c-Myc. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:3. [PMID: 33397405 PMCID: PMC7780693 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Myc is a transcription factor that is constitutively and aberrantly expressed in over 70% of human cancers. Its direct inhibition has been shown to trigger rapid tumor regression in mice with only mild and fully reversible side effects, suggesting this to be a viable therapeutic strategy. Here we reassess the challenges of directly targeting c-Myc, evaluate lessons learned from current inhibitors, and explore how future strategies such as miniaturisation of Omomyc and targeting E-box binding could facilitate translation of c-Myc inhibitors into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Madden
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Aline Dantas de Araujo
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology and ARC 1066 Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mara Gerhardt
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology and ARC 1066 Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jody M Mason
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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24
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Whitfield J, Soucek L. An "-omycs" Toolbox to Work with MYC. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2318:1-11. [PMID: 34019283 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1476-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The MYC transcription factor coordinates a wide range of intra- and extracellular processes associated with tissue proliferation and regeneration. While these processes are typically tightly regulated in physiological conditions, they become deregulated in cancer, where MYC is oncogenically activated.The last decade has seen MYC progress from a renowned undruggable target to a hot topic in the cancer therapy field, as proof emerged from mouse models that its inhibition constitutes an effective and broadly applicable approach to fight cancer. However, there are several aspects of MYC biology that still appear to be elusive and maintain the interest in further studying this intriguing protein. Since MYC's discovery, more than four decades ago, multiple strategies have been developed to study it, related to the many and varied facets of its biology. This new version of The Myc gene: Methods and Protocols provides valuable tips from key "inhabitants of the MYC world," which significantly increase the reach of our investigative tools to shed light on the mysteries still surrounding MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Whitfield
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Soucek
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Peptomyc S.L., Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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25
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BET-Inhibitor I-BET762 and PARP-Inhibitor Talazoparib Synergy in Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249595. [PMID: 33339368 PMCID: PMC7766292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive type of lung cancer with high mortality that is caused by frequent relapses and acquired resistance. Despite that several target-based approaches with potential therapeutic impact on SCLC have been identified, numerous targeted drugs have not been successful in providing improvements in cancer patients when used as single agents. A combination of targeted therapies could be a strategy to induce maximum lethal effects on cancer cells. As a starting point in the development of new drug combination strategies for the treatment of SCLC, we performed a mid-throughput screening assay by treating a panel of SCLC cell lines with BETi or AKi in combination with PARPi or EZH2i. We observed drug synergy between I-BET762 and Talazoparib, BETi and PARPi, respectively, in SCLC cells. Combinatorial efficacy was observed in MYCs-amplified and MYCs-wt SCLC cells over SCLC cells with impaired MYC signaling pathway or non-tumor cells. We indicate that drug synergy between I-BET762 and Talazoparib is associated with the attenuation HR-DSBR process and the downregulation of various players of DNA damage response by BET inhibition, such as CHEK2, PTEN, NBN, and FANCC. Our results provide a rationale for the development of new combinatorial strategies for the treatment of SCLC.
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26
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Novel ruthenium and palladium complexes as potential anticancer molecules on SCLC and NSCLC cell lines. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Beaulieu ME, Jauset T, Massó-Vallés D, Martínez-Martín S, Rahl P, Maltais L, Zacarias-Fluck MF, Casacuberta-Serra S, Serrano Del Pozo E, Fiore C, Foradada L, Cano VC, Sánchez-Hervás M, Guenther M, Romero Sanz E, Oteo M, Tremblay C, Martín G, Letourneau D, Montagne M, Morcillo Alonso MÁ, Whitfield JR, Lavigne P, Soucek L. Intrinsic cell-penetrating activity propels Omomyc from proof of concept to viable anti-MYC therapy. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/484/eaar5012. [PMID: 30894502 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting MYC has long been considered unfeasible, although its key role in human cancers makes it a desirable target for therapeutic intervention. One reason for its perceived undruggability was the fear of catastrophic side effects in normal tissues. However, we previously designed a dominant-negative form of MYC called Omomyc and used its conditional transgenic expression to inhibit MYC function both in vitro and in vivo. MYC inhibition by Omomyc exerted a potent therapeutic impact in various mouse models of cancer, causing only mild, well-tolerated, and reversible side effects. Nevertheless, Omomyc has been so far considered only a proof of principle. In contrast with that preconceived notion, here, we show that the purified Omomyc mini-protein itself spontaneously penetrates into cancer cells and effectively interferes with MYC transcriptional activity therein. Efficacy of the Omomyc mini-protein in various experimental models of non-small cell lung cancer harboring different oncogenic mutation profiles establishes its therapeutic potential after both direct tissue delivery and systemic administration, providing evidence that the Omomyc mini-protein is an effective MYC inhibitor worthy of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Beaulieu
- Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Toni Jauset
- Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Daniel Massó-Vallés
- Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Sandra Martínez-Martín
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Peter Rahl
- Syros Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Loïka Maltais
- Département de Biochimie, PROTÉO and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Mariano F Zacarias-Fluck
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Sílvia Casacuberta-Serra
- Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Erika Serrano Del Pozo
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | | | - Laia Foradada
- Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Virginia Castillo Cano
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Meritxell Sánchez-Hervás
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Romero Sanz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Marta Oteo
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Cynthia Tremblay
- Département de Biochimie, PROTÉO and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Génesis Martín
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Danny Letourneau
- Département de Biochimie, PROTÉO and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Martin Montagne
- Département de Biochimie, PROTÉO and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan R Whitfield
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Département de Biochimie, PROTÉO and Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Laura Soucek
- Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain. .,Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, 08035, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 , Spain
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28
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Massó-Vallés D, Soucek L. Blocking Myc to Treat Cancer: Reflecting on Two Decades of Omomyc. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040883. [PMID: 32260326 PMCID: PMC7226798 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
First designed and published in 1998 as a laboratory tool to study Myc perturbation, Omomyc has come a long way in the past 22 years. This dominant negative has contributed to our understanding of Myc biology when expressed, first, in normal and cancer cells, and later in genetically-engineered mice, and has shown remarkable anti-cancer properties in a wide range of tumor types. The recently described therapeutic effect of purified Omomyc mini-protein—following the surprising discovery of its cell-penetrating capacity—constitutes a paradigm shift. Now, much more than a proof of concept, the most characterized Myc inhibitor to date is advancing in its drug development pipeline, pushing Myc inhibition into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Soucek
- Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Edifici Cellex, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Correspondence:
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29
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Sadeghi S, Esmaeili S, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Safaroghli-Azar A, Bashash D. PI3K Abrogation Using Pan-PI3K Inhibitor BKM120 Gives Rise to a Significant Anticancer Effect on AML-Derived KG-1 Cells by Inducing Apoptosis and G2/M Arrest. Turk J Haematol 2020; 37:167-176. [PMID: 32160736 PMCID: PMC7463220 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2020.2019.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The association between PI3K overexpression and the acquisition of chemoresistance has attracted tremendous attention to this axis as an appealing target to revolutionize the conventional treatment strategies of human cancers. In the present study, we aimed to survey the inhibitory impact of the pan-PI3K inhibitor BKM120 on both cellular and molecular aspects of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-derived KG-1 and U937 cells. Materials and Methods: We designed various assays to survey the antitumor impacts and molecular mechanisms underlying the action of BKM120 for the treatment of AML, and we performed experiments to check the effect of BKM120 in combination with idarubicin. Results: We found that PI3K inhibition diminished cell viability and metabolic activity and exerted a concentration-dependent growth-suppressive effect on the cells. Moreover, we suggested that the ability of BKM120 to induce its antiproliferative properties was mediated through the induction of p21-mediated G2/M cell-cycle arrest. Investigating the effect of inhibitor on the molecular features revealed not only that BKM120 reduced the expression of NF-κB antiapoptotic targets, but also that NF-κB suppression using bortezomib profoundly enhanced the cytotoxicity of the inhibitor, highlighting that the antileukemic effects of BKM120 are mediated, at least partly, through the modulation of the NF-κB pathway. Interestingly, we found that the single agent of BKM120 was unable to significantly alter the expression level of c-Myc; however, the capability of BKM120 to reduce the survival rate of AML cells was potentiated upon c-Myc inhibition using 10058-F4, suggestive of the plausible contribution of c-Myc in leukemic cell response to the PI3K inhibitor. Conclusion: Taken together, the results of this study reveal the efficacy of BKM120 as a therapeutic approach for AML; however, further investigations should be undertaken to determine the expediency of this inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Sadeghi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Esmaeili
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Lan Y, Lou J, Hu J, Yu Z, Lyu W, Zhang B. Downregulation of SNRPG induces cell cycle arrest and sensitizes human glioblastoma cells to temozolomide by targeting Myc through a p53-dependent signaling pathway. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:112-131. [PMID: 32296580 PMCID: PMC7142844 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Temozolomide (TMZ) is commonly used for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) chemotherapy. However, drug resistance limits its therapeutic effect in GBM treatment. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have vital roles in posttranscriptional events. While disturbance of RBP-RNA network activity is potentially associated with cancer development, the precise mechanisms are not fully known. The SNRPG gene, encoding small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide G, was recently found to be related to cancer incidence, but its exact function has yet to be elucidated. Methods:SNRPG knockdown was achieved via short hairpin RNAs. Gene expression profiling and Western blot analyses were used to identify potential glioma cell growth signaling pathways affected by SNRPG. Xenograft tumors were examined to determine the carcinogenic effects of SNRPG on glioma tissues. Results: The SNRPG-mediated inhibitory effect on glioma cells might be due to the targeted prevention of Myc and p53. In addition, the effects of SNRPG loss on p53 levels and cell cycle progression were found to be Myc-dependent. Furthermore, SNRPG was increased in TMZ-resistant GBM cells, and downregulation of SNRPG potentially sensitized resistant cells to TMZ, suggesting that SNRPG deficiency decreases the chemoresistance of GBM cells to TMZ via the p53 signaling pathway. Our data confirmed that SNRPG suppression sensitizes GBM cells to TMZ by targeting Myc via the p53 signaling cascade. Conclusions: These results indicated that SNRPG is a probable molecular target of GBM and suggested that suppressing SNRPG in resistant GBM cells might be a substantially beneficial method for overcoming essential drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiacheng Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiliang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Zhikuan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Wen Lyu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
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31
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Massó-Vallés D, Beaulieu ME, Soucek L. MYC, MYCL, and MYCN as therapeutic targets in lung cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:101-114. [PMID: 32003251 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1723548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Despite recent advances with personalized therapies and immunotherapy, the prognosis remains dire and recurrence is frequent. Myc is an oncogene deregulated in human cancers, including lung cancer, where it supports tumorigenic processes and progression. Elevated Myc levels have also been associated with resistance to therapy.Areas covered: This article summarizes the genomic and transcriptomic studies that compile evidence for (i) MYC, MYCN, and MYCL amplification and overexpression in lung cancer patients, and (ii) their prognostic significance. We collected the most recent literature regarding the development of Myc inhibitors where the emphasis is on those inhibitors tested in lung cancer experimental models and their potential for future clinical application.Expert opinion: The targeting of Myc in lung cancer is potentially an unprecedented opportunity for inhibiting a key player in tumor progression and maintenance and therapeutic resistance. Myc inhibitory strategies are on the path to their clinical application but further work is necessary for the assessment of their use in combination with standard treatment approaches. Given the role of Myc in immune suppression, a significant opportunity may exist in the combination of Myc inhibitors with immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Soucek
- Peptomyc S.L., Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Edifici Cellex, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana De Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Feris EJ, Hinds JW, Cole MD. Formation of a structurally-stable conformation by the intrinsically disordered MYC:TRRAP complex. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225784. [PMID: 31790487 PMCID: PMC6886782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our primary goal is to therapeutically target the oncogenic transcription factor MYC to stop tumor growth and cancer progression. Here, we report aspects of the biophysical states of the MYC protein and its interaction with one of the best-characterized MYC cofactors, TRansactivation/tRansformation-domain Associated Protein (TRRAP). The MYC:TRRAP interaction is critical for MYC function in promoting cancer. The interaction between MYC and TRRAP occurs at a precise region in the MYC protein, called MYC Homology Box 2 (MB2), which is central to the MYC transactivation domain (TAD). Although the MYC TAD is inherently disordered, this report suggests that MB2 may acquire a defined structure when complexed with TRRAP which could be exploited for the investigation of inhibitors of MYC function by preventing this protein-protein interaction (PPI). The MYC TAD, and in particular the MB2 motif, is unique and invariant in evolution, suggesting that MB2 is an ideal site for inhibiting MYC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond J. Feris
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
| | - John W. Hinds
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Cole
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gupta S, Silveira DA, Mombach JCM. ATM/miR‐34a‐5p axis regulates a p21‐dependent senescence‐apoptosis switch in non‐small cell lung cancer: a Boolean model of G1/S checkpoint regulation. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:227-239. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Gupta
- Department of Physics Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Brazil
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Fan G, Xu P, Tu P. MiR-1827 functions as a tumor suppressor in lung adenocarcinoma by targeting MYC and FAM83F. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:1675-1689. [PMID: 31595558 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The bioactivity of microRNA-1827 (miR-1827) in lung adenocarcinoma cells would be explored. The expression level of gene and miR-1827 in 76 pairs of lung adenocarcinoma tissues and adjacent counterparts were analyzed by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Primary lung adenocarcinoma cells were derived from patients' tissues. These cells were treated with miR-1827 agomir to mimic the upregulation of endogenous miR-1827. The malignant degree of lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro was evaluated by cell proliferation, colony formation, transwell invasion, and apoptosis assays. Western blot analysis was used to observe the transition of lung adenocarcinoma cells from epithelial-to-mesenchymal. Target genes of miR-1827 were predicted by bioinformatics analysis. In addition, the interaction between miR-1827 and candidate messenger RNAs was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and AGO2-RNA immunoprecipitation. Besides, the effect of miR-1827 on tumors was verified by in vivo experiments. Transient gene overexpression was achieved by plasmids transfection. In this study, we found that the expression of miR-1827 was downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma, and its low expression was significantly correlated with the progression of lung adenocarcinoma and poor prognosis of patients. miR-1827 overexpression remarkably reduced the malignancy of primary lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. MYC and FAM83F were identified as two targeted genes of miR-1827 in lung adenocarcinoma cells. The levels of these two genes were upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma, and their high expression was significantly associated with the progression of lung adenocarcinoma and poor prognosis of patients. Overexpression of MYC or FAM83F attenuated the effects of miR-1827 on primary lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. In addition, in vivo experiments showed that miR-1827 inhibited tumor growth by reducing the levels of MYC and FAM83F. In conclusion, miR-1827 might repress the development of lung adenocarcinoma by targeting oncogenic genes MYC and FAM83F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongchun Fan
- Department of Oncology, The People's Hospital of Shiyan, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Shiyan Hospital of Traditional Chinese, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Tu
- Department of Oncology, The Shiyan Hospital of Traditional Chinese, Shiyan, Hubei, China
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Survival analysis with regard to PD-L1 and CD155 expression in human small cell lung cancer and a comparison with associated receptors. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2960-2968. [PMID: 30854074 PMCID: PMC6365950 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints expressed on tumor cells may suppress the cytotoxicity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) via interaction with their ligands. In the present study, checkpoint proteins and ligands, including programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), cluster of differentiation (CD)155 and T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT) were systematically analyzed in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Furthermore their clinicopathological features and survival rates were investigated. Immunohistochemistry was performed in order to analyze the expression of PD-L1, CD155, PD-1 and TIGIT in 60 patients with SCLC, and survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model. It was reported that CD155/TIGIT and PD-L1/PD-1 were highly expressed on tissues of surgically resected SCLC. High expression levels of PD-L1, CD155 or PD-L1+CD155 were significantly associated with shorter survival. However, high expression levels of PD-1 or TIGIT exhibited no obvious association with shorter survival time. Moreover, patients with SCLC in whom PD-L1 and CD155 levels were highly expressed had the shortest survival rate. Multivariate survival analysis revealed that highly expressed PD-L1 [hazard ratio (HR)=2.55, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.18–5.51, P=0.017] and CD155 (HR=2.40, 95% CI=1.05–5.50, P=0.038) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) time in SCLC. In addition, it was reported that TIGIT and PD-1, the receptors of CD155 and PD-L1, respectively, were also constitutively expressed on CD8+ TILs and tumor cells in SCLC. High expression levels of PD-L1 and CD155 were independent prognostic factors for OS time in patients with SCLC.
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Heng WS, Gosens R, Kruyt FAE. Lung cancer stem cells: origin, features, maintenance mechanisms and therapeutic targeting. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 160:121-133. [PMID: 30557553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths despite recent breakthroughs in immunotherapy. The widely embraced cancer stem cell (CSC) theory has also been applied for lung cancer, postulating that an often small proportion of tumor cells with stem cell properties are responsible for tumor growth, therapeutic resistance and metastasis. The identification of these CSCs and underlying molecular maintenance mechanisms is considered to be absolutely necessary for developing therapies for their riddance, hence achieving remission. In this review, we will critically address the CSC concept in lung cancer and its advancement thus far. We will describe both normal lung stem cells and their malignant counterparts in order to identify common aspects with respect to their emergence and regulation. Subsequently, the importance of CSCs and their molecular features in lung cancers will be discussed in a preclinical and clinical context. We will highlight some examples on how lung CSCs attain stemness through different molecular modifications and cellular assistance from the tumor microenvironment. The exploitation of these mechanistic features for the development of pharmacological therapy will also be discussed. In summary, the validity of the CSC concept has been evidenced by various studies. Ongoing research to identify molecular mechanisms driving lung CSC have revealed potential new cell intrinsic as well as tumor microenvironment-derived therapeutic targets. Although successfully demonstrated in preclinical models, the clinical benefit of lung CSC targeted therapies has thus far not been demonstrated. Therefore, further research to validate the therapeutic value of CSC concept is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Sen Heng
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A E Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Li D, Wang P, Yu Y, Huang B, Zhang X, Xu C, Zhao X, Yin Z, He Z, Jin M, Liu C. Tumor-preventing activity of aspirin in multiple cancers based on bioinformatic analyses. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5667. [PMID: 30280037 PMCID: PMC6163034 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acetylsalicylic acid was renamed aspirin in 1899, and it has been widely used for its multiple biological actions. Because of the diversity of the cellular processes and diseases that aspirin reportedly affects and benefits, uncertainty remains regarding its mechanism in different biological systems. Methods The Drugbank and STITCH databases were used to find direct protein targets (DPTs) of aspirin. The Mentha database was used to analyze protein-protein interactions (PPIs) to find DPT-associated genes. DAVID was used for the GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. The cBio Cancer Genomics Portal database was used to mine genetic alterations and networks of aspirin-associated genes in cancer. Results Eighteen direct protein targets (DPT) and 961 DPT-associated genes were identified for aspirin. This enrichment analysis resulted in eight identified KEGG pathways that were associated with cancers. Analysis using the cBio portal indicated that aspirin might have effects on multiple tumor suppressors, such as TP53, PTEN, and RB1 and that TP53 might play a central role in aspirin-associated genes. Discussion The results not only suggest that aspirin might have anti-tumor actions against multiple cancers but could also provide new directions for further research on aspirin using a bioinformatics analysis approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diangeng Li
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nanlou Medical Oncology Department, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Zhang
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Beijing, China
| | - Chou Xu
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Yin
- Hebei Medical University, School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zheng He
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Jin
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Beijing, China
| | - Changting Liu
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Beijing, China
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Saito M, Shiraishi K, Goto A, Suzuki H, Kohno T, Kono K. Development of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for treatment of small cell lung cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2018; 48:603-608. [PMID: 29762727 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy against druggable genetic aberrations has shown a significantly positive response rate and longer survival in various cancers, including lung cancer. In lung adenocarcinoma (LADC), specific thyroxin kinase inhibitors against EGFR mutations and ALK fusions are used as a standard treatment regimen and show significant positive efficacy. On the other hand, targeted therapy against driver gene aberrations has not been adapted yet in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). This is because driver genes and druggable aberrations are rarely identified by next generation sequencing in SCLC. Recent advances in the understanding of molecular biology have revealed several candidate therapeutic targets. To date, poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP), enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) or delta-like canonical Notch ligand 3 (DLL3) are considered to be druggable targets in SCLC. In addition, another candidate of personalized therapy for SCLC is immune blockade therapy of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy is not a standard therapy for SCLC, so many clinical trials have been performed to investigate its efficacy. Herein, we review gene aberrations exploring the utility of targeted therapy and discuss blockade of immune checkpoints therapy in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonobu Saito
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo.,Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine.,Department of Chest Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Kouya Shiraishi
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
| | - Akiteru Goto
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Chest Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
| | - Koji Kono
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine
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Abstract
Despite high response rates to initial therapy, relapses are common in patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Systemic therapy after first-line failure remains important in the treatment paradigm of SCLC. Reinitiation of a previously administered first-line chemotherapy regimen is recommended for relapse > 6 months from completion of initial therapy. For relapse ≤ 6 months of initial therapy, sequential therapy with single agents is recommended. Clinical trial enrollment should be considered at all stages of treatment of SCLC. This review highlights the available treatment options in relapsed SCLC. In particular, we focus on prospective clinical trials demonstrating activity for the most commonly used agents in this setting. We end with a discussion on future directions and emerging targets with potential to improve outcomes in relapsed SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
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Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a devastating and aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. It accounts for ~15% of lung cancer mortality and has had no improvement in standard treatment options for nearly 30 years. However, there is now hope for change with new therapies and modalities of therapy. Immunotherapies and checkpoint inhibitors are entering clinical practice, selected targeted therapies show promise, and "smart bomb"-based drug/radioconjugates have led to good response in early clinical trials. Additionally, new research insights into the genetics and tumor heterogeneity of SCLC alongside the availability of new tools such as patient-derived or circulating tumor cell xenografts offer the potential to shine light on this beshadowed cancer.
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MYCL is a target of a BET bromodomain inhibitor, JQ1, on growth suppression efficacy in small cell lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77378-77388. [PMID: 27764802 PMCID: PMC5363592 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to elucidate the effect of JQ1, a BET inhibitor, on small cell lung cancers (SCLCs) with MYCL amplification and/or expression. Fourteen SCLC cell lines, including four with MYCL amplification, were examined for the effects of JQ1 on protein and gene expression by Western blot and mRNA microarray analyses. The sensitivity of SCLC cells to JQ1 was assessed by cell growth and apoptosis assays. MYCL was expressed in all the 14 cell lines, whereas MYC/MYCN expression was restricted mostly to cell lines with gene amplification. ASCL1, a transcription factor shown to play a role in SCLC, was also expressed in 11/14 cell lines. All SCLC cell lines were sensitive to JQ1 with GI50 values ≤1.23 μM, with six of them showing GI50 values <0.1 μM. Expression of MYCL as well as MYCN, ASCL1 and other driver oncogenes including CDK6 was reduced by JQ1 treatment, in particular in the cell lines with high expression of the respective genes; however, no association was observed between the sensitivity to JQ1 and the levels of MYCL, MYCN and ASCL1 expression. In contrast, levels of CDK6 expression and its reduction rates by JQ1 were associated with JQ1 sensitivity. Therefore, we concluded that CDK6 is a novel target of JQ1 and predictive marker for JQ1 sensitivity in SCLC cells.
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42
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Fiorentino FP, Bagella L, Marchesi I. A new parameter of growth inhibition for cell proliferation assays. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4106-4115. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco P. Fiorentino
- Kitos Biotech SrlsTramariglioAlghero (SS)Italy
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Luigi Bagella
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and TechnologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD. Small-cell lung cancer: what we know, what we need to know and the path forward. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:725-737. [PMID: 29077690 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a deadly tumour accounting for approximately 15% of lung cancers and is pathologically, molecularly, biologically and clinically very different from other lung cancers. While the majority of tumours express a neuroendocrine programme (integrating neural and endocrine properties), an important subset of tumours have low or absent expression of this programme. The probable initiating molecular events are inactivation of TP53 and RB1, as well as frequent disruption of several signalling networks, including Notch signalling. SCLC, when diagnosed, is usually widely metastatic and initially responds to cytotoxic therapy but nearly always rapidly relapses with resistance to further therapies. There were no important therapeutic clinical advances for 30 years, leading SCLC to be designated a 'recalcitrant cancer'. Scientific studies are hampered by a lack of tissue availability. However, over the past 5 years, there has been a worldwide resurgence of studies on SCLC, including comprehensive molecular analyses, the development of relevant genetically engineered mouse models and the establishment of patient-derived xenografts. These studies have led to the discovery of new potential therapeutic vulnerabilities for SCLC and therefore to new clinical trials. Thus, while the past has been bleak, the future offers greater promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi F Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75230-8593, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75230-8593, USA
| | - Paul A Bunn
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75230-8593, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75230-8593, USA
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Qiu ZW, Bi JH, Gazdar AF, Song K. Genome-wide copy number variation pattern analysis and a classification signature for non-small cell lung cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2017; 56:559-569. [PMID: 28379620 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate classification of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) into lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is essential for both clinical practice and lung cancer research. Although the standard WHO diagnosis of NSCLC on biopsy material is rapid and economic, more than 13% of NSCLC tumors in the USA are not further classified. The purpose of this study was to analyze the genome-wide pattern differences in copy number variations (CNVs) and to develop a CNV signature as an adjunct test for the routine histopathologic classification of NSCLCs. We investigated the genome-wide CNV differences between these two tumor types using three independent patient datasets. Approximately half of the genes examined exhibited significant differences between LUAD and LUSC tumors and the corresponding non-malignant tissues. A new classifier was developed to identify signature genes out of 20 000 genes. Thirty-three genes were identified as a CNV signature of NSCLC. Using only their CNV values, the classification model separated the LUADs from the LUSCs with an accuracy of 0.88 and 0.84, respectively, in the training and validation datasets. The same signature also classified NSCLC tumors from their corresponding non-malignant samples with an accuracy of 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. We also compared the CNV patterns of NSCLC tumors with those of histologically similar tumors arising at other sites, such as the breast, head, and neck, and four additional tumors. Of greater importance, the significant differences between these tumors may offer the possibility of identifying the origin of tumors whose origin is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Wei Qiu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hao Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Adi F Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Kai Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
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Whitfield JR, Beaulieu ME, Soucek L. Strategies to Inhibit Myc and Their Clinical Applicability. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:10. [PMID: 28280720 PMCID: PMC5322154 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc is an oncogene deregulated in most-perhaps all-human cancers. Each Myc family member, c-, L-, and N-Myc, has been connected to tumor progression and maintenance. Myc is recognized as a "most wanted" target for cancer therapy, but has for many years been considered undruggable, mainly due to its nuclear localization, lack of a defined ligand binding site, and physiological function essential to the maintenance of normal tissues. The challenge of identifying a pharmacophore capable of overcoming these hurdles is reflected in the current absence of a clinically-viable Myc inhibitor. The first attempts to inhibit Myc used antisense technology some three decades ago, followed by small molecule inhibitors discovered through "classical" compound library screens. Notable breakthroughs proving the feasibility of systemic Myc inhibition were made with the Myc dominant negative mutant Omomyc, showing both the great promise in targeting this infamous oncogene for cancer treatment as well as allaying fears about the deleterious side effects that Myc inhibition might have on normal proliferating tissues. During this time many other strategies have appeared in an attempt to drug the undruggable, including direct and indirect targeting, knockdown, protein/protein and DNA interaction inhibitors, and translation and expression regulation. The inhibitors range from traditional small molecules to natural chemicals, to RNA and antisense, to peptides and miniproteins. Here, we briefly describe the many approaches taken so far, with a particular focus on their potential clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Whitfield
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'Hebron Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Laura Soucek
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'HebronBarcelona, Spain; Peptomyc, Edifici Cellex, Hospital Vall d'HebronBarcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis AvançatsBarcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra, Spain
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Suda K, Rozeboom L, Yu H, Ellison K, Rivard CJ, Mitsudomi T, Hirsch FR. Potential effect of spliceosome inhibition in small cell lung cancer irrespective of the MYC status. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172209. [PMID: 28192473 PMCID: PMC5305228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with few therapeutic advances in the treatment in recent decades. Based on a recent study that identified the spliceosome as a therapeutic vulnerability in MYC-driven breast cancers, we evaluated the efficacy of a spliceosome inhibitor in SCLC cell lines and analyzed the correlation with MYC status. Among 23 SCLC cell lines examined, eight showed high MYC protein expression (> 80% positive cells) by immunohistochemistry (IHC), while 10 cell lines demonstrated no staining for MYC. The remaining five cell lines showed weak staining (< 40% positive cells). All four cell lines that were previously demonstrated to have MYC gene amplification were positive for MYC by IHC. Four cell lines with high MYC expression and four with low MYC expression were used in further analysis. A spliceosome inhibitor, pladienolide B, showed high efficacy (IC50 < 12nM) in all eight cell lines tested, irrespective of the MYC IHC or MYC gene amplification status. We observed that the four cell lines with higher sensitivity to the spliceosome inhibitor were established from patients with prior chemotherapy. Therefore we chronically treated H1048 cells, that were established from a treatment-naïve patient, with cisplatin for 4 weeks, and found that H1048-cisplatin treated cells became more sensitive to pladienolide B. In conclusion, our in vitro results indicate that spliceosome inhibitors would be promising molecular target drugs in SCLC irrespective of the MYC status, especially in the second-line settings after an effective front-line chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Suda
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Leslie Rozeboom
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Hui Yu
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kim Ellison
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christopher J Rivard
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tetsuya Mitsudomi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Sipos F, Firneisz G, Műzes G. Therapeutic aspects of c-MYC signaling in inflammatory and cancerous colonic diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7938-7950. [PMID: 27672289 PMCID: PMC5028808 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i35.7938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonic inflammation is required to heal infections, wounds, and maintain tissue homeostasis. As the seventh hallmark of cancer, however, it may affect all phases of tumor development, including tumor initiation, promotion, invasion and metastatic dissemination, and also evasion immune surveillance. Inflammation acts as a cellular stressor and may trigger DNA damage or genetic instability, and, further, chronic inflammation can provoke genetic mutations and epigenetic mechanisms that promote malignant cell transformation. Both sporadical and colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis are multi-step, complex processes arising from the uncontrolled proliferation and spreading of malignantly transformed cell clones with the obvious ability to evade the host’s protective immunity. In cells upon DNA damage several proto-oncogenes, including c-MYC are activated in parelell with the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. The target genes of the c-MYC protein participate in different cellular functions, including cell cycle, survival, protein synthesis, cell adhesion, and micro-RNA expression. The transcriptional program regulated by c-MYC is context dependent, therefore the final cellular response to elevated c-MYC levels may range from increased proliferation to augmented apoptosis. Considering physiological intestinal homeostasis, c-MYC displays a fundamental role in the regulation of cell proliferation and crypt cell number. However, c-MYC gene is frequently deregulated in inflammation, and overexpressed in both sporadic and colitis-associated colon adenocarcinomas. Recent results demonstrated that endogenous c-MYC is essential for efficient induction of p53-dependent apoptosis following DNA damage, but c-MYC function is also involved in and regulated by autophagy-related mechanisms, while its expression is affected by DNA-methylation, or histone acetylation. Molecules directly targeting c-MYC, or agents acting on other genes involved in the c-MYC pathway could be selected for combined regiments. However, due to its context-dependent cellular function, it is clinically essential to consider which cytotoxic drugs are used in combination with c-MYC targeted agents in various tissues. Increasing our knowledge about MYC-dependent pathways might provide direction to novel anti-inflammatory and colorectal cancer therapies.
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