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Voermans NC, Dittrich ATM, Liguori S, Panicucci C, Moretti A, Weber DR, Ward LM. 274th ENMC international workshop: recommendations for optimizing bone strength in neuromuscular disorders. Hoofddorp, The Netherlands, 19-21 January 2024. Neuromuscul Disord 2024; 43:1-13. [PMID: 39173540 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The 274th ENMC workshop for optimizing bone strength in neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) was held on January 19-21, 2024. The group of participants included experts in the fields of bone health and neuromuscular medicine along with the patient voice. Bone strength represents a crucial aspect of the management of pediatric and adult patients with NMDs. Bone strength may be compromised due to different pathophysiologic mechanisms, including disrupted bone-muscle "cross-talk", loss of biomechanical loading, nutritional insufficiency, inadequate weight-bearing physical activity, muscle weakness and/or immobility, and drug treatment. While for Duchenne muscular dystrophy recommendations for evaluation and treatment of bone strength have been published, evidence on bone strength in other hereditary and acquired NMDs is scarce. Enhanced knowledge is needed to understand the development and maintenance of bone strength in patients with NMDs. This workshop aimed to develop a strategy to improve bone strength and thus prevent fractures in patients with NMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicol C Voermans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Anne T M Dittrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Liguori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy; Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Panicucci
- Centre of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antimo Moretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - David R Weber
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leanne M Ward
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Duarte M, Pedrosa SS, Khusial PR, Madureira AR. Exploring the interplay between stress mediators and skin microbiota in shaping age-related hallmarks: A review. Mech Ageing Dev 2024; 220:111956. [PMID: 38906383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2024.111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Psychological stress is a major contributing factor to several health problems (e.g., depression, cardiovascular disease). Around 35 % of the world's population suffers from it, including younger generations. Physiologically, stress manifests through neuroendocrine pathways (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary (SAM) system) which culminate in the production of stress mediators like cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Stress and its mediators have been associated to body aging, through molecular mechanisms such as telomere attrition, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis, among others. Regarding its impact in the skin, stress impacts its structural integrity and physiological function. Despite this review focusing on several hallmarks of aging, emphasis was placed on skin microbiota dysbiosis. In this line, several studies, comprising different age groups, demographic contexts and body sites, have reported skin microbiota alterations associated with aging, and some effects of stress mediators on skin microbiota have also been reviewed in this paper. From a different perspective, since it is not a "traditional" stress mediator, oxytocin, a cortisol antagonist, has been related to glucorticoids inhibition and to display positive effects on cellular aging. This hormone dysregulation has been associated to psychological issues such as depression, whereas its upregulation has been linked to positive social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Duarte
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto 4169-005, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Santos Pedrosa
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto 4169-005, Portugal
| | - P Raaj Khusial
- Amyris Biotech INC, 5885 Hollis St Ste 100, Emeryville, CA 94608-2405, USA
| | - Ana Raquel Madureira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, Porto 4169-005, Portugal.
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Zhang X, Yang Z, Xu Q, Xu C, Shi W, Pang R, Zhang K, Liang X, Li H, Li Z, Zhang H. Dexamethasone Induced Osteocyte Apoptosis in Steroid-Induced Femoral Head Osteonecrosis through ROS-Mediated Oxidative Stress. Orthop Surg 2024; 16:733-744. [PMID: 38384174 PMCID: PMC10925516 DOI: 10.1111/os.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoid (GC) overuse is strongly associated with steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SINFH). However, the underlying mechanism of SINFH remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the effect of dexamethasone (Dex)-induced oxidative stress on osteocyte apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Ten patients with SINFH and 10 patients with developmental dysplasia of the hips (DDH) were enrolled in our study. Sixty rats were randomly assigned to the Control, Dex, Dex + N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), Dex + Dibenziodolium chloride (DPI), NAC, and DPI groups. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to examine edema in the femoral head of rats. Histopathological staining was performed to assess osteonecrosis. Immunofluorescence staining with TUNEL and 8-OHdG was conducted to evaluate osteocyte apoptosis and oxidative damage. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out to detect the expression of NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4. Viability and apoptosis of MLO-Y4 cells were measured using the CCK-8 assay and TUNEL staining. 8-OHdG staining was conducted to detect oxidative stress. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining was performed to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS). The expression of NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 in MLO-Y4 cells was analyzed by Western blotting. Multiple comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS In patients and the rat model, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining revealed a significantly higher rate of empty lacunae in the SINFH group than in the DDH group. Immunofluorescence staining indicated a significant increase in TUNEL-positive cells and 8-OHdG-positive cells in the SINFH group compared to the DDH group. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 proteins in SINFH patients compared to DDH patients. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining showed a significant increase in the proportion of NOX2-positive cells compared to the Control group in the femoral head of rats. In vitro, Dex significantly inhibited the viability of osteocyte cells and induced apoptosis. After Dex treatment, the intracellular ROS level increased. However, Dex treatment did not alter the expression of NOX proteins in vitro. Additionally, NAC and DPI inhibited the generation of intracellular ROS and partially alleviated osteocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that GC promotes apoptosis of osteocyte cells through ROS-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, we found that the increased expression of NOXs induced by GC serves as an important source of ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Zhang
- Department of OrthopaedicsGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Department of OrthopaedicsTianjin Nankai HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Zhenhuan Yang
- Department of OrthopaedicsGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Qian Xu
- School of Integrative MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Chunlei Xu
- Department of OrthopaedicsGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of OrthopaedicsGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Ran Pang
- Department of OrthopaedicsGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Department of OrthopaedicsTianjin Nankai HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of OrthopaedicsGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xinyu Liang
- Department of OrthopaedicsGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Hui Li
- Department of OrthopaedicsGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of OrthopaedicsGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Department of OrthopaedicsGeneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
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Cramer EEA, de Wildt BWM, Hendriks JGE, Ito K, Hofmann S. Integration of osteoclastogenesis through addition of PBMCs in human osteochondral explants cultured ex vivo. Bone 2024; 178:116935. [PMID: 37852425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The preservation of tissue specific cells in their native 3D extracellular matrix in bone explants provides a unique platform to study remodeling. Thus far, studies involving bone explant cultures showed a clear focus on achieving bone formation and neglected osteoclast activity and resorption. To simulate the homeostatic bone environment ex vivo, both key elements of bone remodeling need to be represented. This study aimed to assess and include osteoclastogenesis in human osteochondral explants through medium supplementation with RANKL and M-CSF and addition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), providing osteoclast precursors. Osteochondral explants were freshly harvested from human femoral heads obtained from hip surgeries and cultured for 20 days in a two-compartment culture system. Osteochondral explants preserved viability and cellular abundance over the culture period, but histology demonstrated that resident osteoclasts were no longer present after 4 days of culture. Quantitative extracellular tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) analysis confirmed depletion of osteoclast activity on day 4 even when stimulated with RANKL and M-CSF. Upon addition of PBMCs, a significant upregulation of TRAP activity was measured from day 10 onwards. Evaluation of bone loss trough μCT registration and measurement of extracellular cathepsin K activity revealed indications of enhanced resorption upon addition of PBMCs. Based on the results we suggest that an external source of osteoclast precursors, such as PBMCs, needs to be added in long-term bone explant cultures to maintain osteoclastic activity, and bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther E A Cramer
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bregje W M de Wildt
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes G E Hendriks
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Trauma, Máxima Medical Center Eindhoven/Veldhoven, 5631 BM Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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Ma L, Wang W, Xu G, Li H, Liu F, Shao H, Zhang X, Ma Y, Li G, Li H, Gao S, Ling P. Connexin 43 in the function and homeostasis of osteocytes: a narrative review. ANNALS OF JOINT 2023; 9:10. [PMID: 38529291 PMCID: PMC10929443 DOI: 10.21037/aoj-23-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the main gap junction (GJ) protein and hemichannel protein in bone tissue. It is involved in the formation of hemichannels and GJs and establishes channels that can communicate directly to exchange substances and signals, affecting the structure and function of osteocytes. CX43 is very important for the normal development of bone tissue and the establishment and balance of bone reconstruction. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CX43 regulates osteoblast function and homeostasis have been less well studied, and this article provides a review of research in this area. Methods We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for studies published up to June 2023 using the keywords Connexin 43/Cx43 and Osteocytes. Screening of literatures according to inclusion and exclusion guidelines and summarized the results. Key Content and Findings Osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts all express Cx43 and form an overall network through the interaction between GJs. Cx43 is not only involved in the mechanical response of bone tissue but also in the regulation of signal transduction, which could provide new molecular markers and novel targets for the treatment of certain bone diseases. Conclusions Cx43 is expressed in osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoclasts and plays an important role in regulating the function, signal transduction, and mechanotransduction of osteocytes. This review offers a new contribution to the literature by summarizing the relationship between Cx43, a key protein of bone tissue, and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
- Post-doctoral Station of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guixuan Xu
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Huarong Shao
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhang
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Post-doctoral Station of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Operating Room, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuzhong Gao
- Post-doctoral Station of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peixue Ling
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
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Chen M, Fu W, Xu H, Liu CJ. Pathogenic mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 70:54-66. [PMID: 36906448 PMCID: PMC10518688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) is one of the most prescribed medicines to treat various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, high doses and long-term use of GCs lead to multiple adverse effects, particularly glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO). Excessive GCs exert detrimental effects on bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, leading to impaired bone formation and resorption. The actions of exogenous GCs are considered to be strongly cell-type and dose dependent. GC excess inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and enhances the apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes, eventually contributing to reduced bone formation. Effects of GC excess on osteoclasts mainly include enhanced osteoclastogenesis, increased lifespan and number of mature osteoclasts, and diminished osteoclast apoptosis, which result in increased bone resorption. Furthermore, GCs have an impact on the secretion of bone cells, subsequently disturbing the process of osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. This review provides timely update and summary of recent discoveries in the field of GIO, with a particular focus on the effects of exogenous GCs on bone cells and the crosstalk among them under GC excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huiyun Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Bensreti H, Alhamad DW, Gonzalez AM, Pizarro-Mondesir M, Bollag WB, Isales CM, McGee-Lawrence ME. Update on the Role of Glucocorticoid Signaling in Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Adipocytes During Aging. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:32-44. [PMID: 36564571 PMCID: PMC9936962 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) in the skeleton likely plays a variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles that are not yet fully understood. In elucidating the complex relationship between bone and BMAT, glucocorticoids (GCs) are positioned to play a key role, as they have been implicated in the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) between osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. The purpose of this review is to illuminate aspects of both endogenous and exogenous GC signaling, including the influence of GC receptors, in mechanisms of bone aging including relationships to BMAT. RECENT FINDINGS Harmful effects of GCs on bone mass involve several cellular pathways and events that can include BMSC differentiation bias toward adipogenesis and the influence of mature BMAT on bone remodeling through crosstalk. Interestingly, BMAT involvement remains poorly explored in GC-induced osteoporosis and warrants further investigation. This review provides an update on the current understanding of the role of glucocorticoids in the biology of osteoblasts and bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Bensreti
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Dima W Alhamad
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Alejandro Marrero Gonzalez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Manuel Pizarro-Mondesir
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Grigoreva DD, Zhidkova EM, Lylova ES, Enikeev AD, Kirsanov KI, Belitsky GA, Yakubovskaya MG, Lesovaya EA. Autophagy activation in breast cancer cells in vitro after the treatment with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.17650/2313-805x-2022-9-4-61-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Current chemotherapy of breast cancer has a wide range of disadvantages, in particular, the development of therapy-related infections and hormonal imbalance. Combination of main cytostatic with glucocorticoids allows to broaden its therapeutic interval and to decrease the total toxicity of the treatment. However, long-term treatment with glucocorticoids leads to the development of severe side effects via activation of multiple molecular mechanisms. Thus, glucocorticoids activate prosurvival mTOR-dependent autophagy. Therefore, the evaluation of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinases) / Akt (protein kinase B) / mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors as adjuvants for breast cancer therapy is important for optimization of treatment protocol.Aim. Analysis of the effects of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors, rapamycin, wortmannin and LY-294002 in combination with glucocorticoids in breast cancer cell lines of different subtypes.Materials and methods. We demonstrated the inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and the autophagy induction after the treatment of breast cancer cells with rapamycin, wortmannin and LY-294002 by Western blotting analysis of Beclin-1, phospho-Beclin-1 (Ser93 and Ser30).Conclusion. PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in combination with Dexamethasone cooperatively inhibited mTOR signaling and activated autophagy in breast cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. D. Grigoreva
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Russian Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. M. Zhidkova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Russian Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. S. Lylova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Russian Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - A. D. Enikeev
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Russian Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - K. I. Kirsanov
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Russian Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia; Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
| | - G. A. Belitsky
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Russian Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - M. G. Yakubovskaya
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Russian Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. A. Lesovaya
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Russian Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia; I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
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Wang JS, Wein MN. Pathways Controlling Formation and Maintenance of the Osteocyte Dendrite Network. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:493-504. [PMID: 36087214 PMCID: PMC9718876 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in osteocyte dendrite formation, summarize the similarities between osteocytic and neuronal projections, and highlight the importance of osteocyte dendrite maintenance in human skeletal disease. RECENT FINDINGS It is suggested that there is a causal relationship between the loss of osteocyte dendrites and the increased osteocyte apoptosis during conditions including aging, microdamage, and skeletal disease. A few mechanisms are proposed to control dendrite formation and outgrowth, such as via the regulation of actin polymerization dynamics. This review addresses the impact of osteocyte dendrites in bone health and disease. Recent advances in multi-omics, in vivo and in vitro models, and microscopy-based imaging have provided novel approaches to reveal the underlying mechanisms that regulate dendrite development. Future therapeutic approaches are needed to target the process of osteocyte dendrite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang S Wang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Miguel-Hidalgo JJ. Astroglia in the Vulnerability to and Maintenance of Stress-Mediated Neuropathology and Depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:869779. [PMID: 35530179 PMCID: PMC9074831 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.869779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant stress exposure and psychiatric depression are associated with morphological, biochemical, and physiological disturbances of astrocytes in specific brain regions relevant to the pathophysiology of those disorders, suggesting that astrocytes are involved in the mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to or maintenance of stress-related neuropathology and depression. To understand those mechanisms a variety of studies have probed the effect of various modalities of stress exposure on the metabolism, gene expression and plasticity of astrocytes. These studies have uncovered the participation of various cellular pathways, such as those for intracellular calcium regulation, neuroimmune responses, extracellular ionic regulation, gap junctions-based cellular communication, and regulation of neurotransmitter and gliotransmitter release and uptake. More recently epigenetic modifications resulting from exposure to chronic forms of stress or to early life adversity have been suggested to affect not only neuronal mechanisms but also gene expression and physiology of astrocytes and other glial cells. However, much remains to be learned to understand the specific role of those and other modifications in the astroglial contribution to the vulnerability to and maintenance of stress-related disorders and depression, and for leveraging that knowledge to achieve more effective psychiatric therapies.
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Gado M, Baschant U, Hofbauer LC, Henneicke H. Bad to the Bone: The Effects of Therapeutic Glucocorticoids on Osteoblasts and Osteocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:835720. [PMID: 35432217 PMCID: PMC9008133 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.835720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the continued development of specialized immunosuppressive therapies in the form of monoclonal antibodies, glucocorticoids remain a mainstay in the treatment of rheumatological and auto-inflammatory disorders. Therapeutic glucocorticoids are unmatched in the breadth of their immunosuppressive properties and deliver their anti-inflammatory effects at unparalleled speed. However, long-term exposure to therapeutic doses of glucocorticoids decreases bone mass and increases the risk of fractures - particularly in the spine - thus limiting their clinical use. Due to the abundant expression of glucocorticoid receptors across all skeletal cell populations and their respective progenitors, therapeutic glucocorticoids affect skeletal quality through a plethora of cellular targets and molecular mechanisms. However, recent evidence from rodent studies, supported by clinical data, highlights the considerable role of cells of the osteoblast lineage in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: it is now appreciated that cells of the osteoblast lineage are key targets of therapeutic glucocorticoids and have an outsized role in mediating their undesirable skeletal effects. As part of this article, we review the molecular mechanisms underpinning the detrimental effects of supraphysiological levels of glucocorticoids on cells of the osteoblast lineage including osteocytes and highlight the clinical implications of recent discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gado
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C. Hofbauer
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Henneicke
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Holger Henneicke,
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12
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Zhao B, Peng Q, Poon EHL, Chen F, Zhou R, Shang G, Wang D, Xu Y, Wang R, Qi S. Leonurine Promotes the Osteoblast Differentiation of Rat BMSCs by Activation of Autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:615191. [PMID: 33708763 PMCID: PMC7940513 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.615191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leonurine, a major bioactive component from Herba leonuri, has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of leonurine on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) as a therapeutic approach for treating osteoporosis. Materials and Methods Rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) were isolated from 4-weeks-old Sprague–Dawley rats. The cytocompatibility of leonurine on rBMSCs was tested via CCK-8 assays and flow cytometric analyses. The effects of leonurine on rBMSC osteogenic differentiation were analyzed via ALP staining, Alizarin red staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot. Additionally, autophagy-related markers were examined via qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses of rBMSCs during osteogenic differentiation with leonurine and with or without 3-methyladenine (3-MA) as an autophagic inhibitor. Finally, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was evaluated during rBMSC osteogenesis. Results Leonurine at 2–100 μM promoted the proliferation of rBMSCs. ALP and Alizarin red staining results showed that 10 μM leonurine promoted rBMSC osteoblastic differentiation, which was consistent with the qRT-PCR and Western blot results. Compared with those of the control group, the mRNA and protein levels of Atg5, Atg7, and LC3 were upregulated in the rBMSCs upon leonurine treatment. Furthermore, leonurine rescued rBMSC autophagy after inhibition by 3-MA. Additionally, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was activated in rBMSCs upon leonurine treatment. Conclusion Leonurine promotes the osteoblast differentiation of rBMSCs by activating autophagy, which depends on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Our results suggest that leonurine may be a potential treatment for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingkun Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Enoch Hin Lok Poon
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fubo Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwei Shang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Raorao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengcai Qi
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to explore the mechanism by which osteoblast autophagy participated in glucocorticoid-induced femoral head necrosis (FHN). Materials and methods
Thirty male specific-pathogen-free C57 mice (age, one month; weighing 20-25 g) were randomly divided into blank control, dexamethasone and rapamycin-dexamethasone groups (n=10). After six weeks of intervention, right femoral head was obtained to observe morphology and to calculate percentage of empty lacunae. MC3T3-E1 cells were randomly divided into normal, dexamethasone, rapamycin and dexamethasone-rapamycin groups, and cultured for 24 h. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-I, LC3-II, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Beclin-1 protein expressions were detected by Western blot. Results
In rapamycin-dexamethasone group, some bone trabeculae in medullary cavity ruptured and atrophied, and subchondral bone underwent local necrosis. The total apoptosis rates of dexamethasone and rapamycin-dexamethasone groups surpassed that of blank control group, and the former two groups had significantly different rates (p<0.001). LC3-II/LC3-I of dexamethasone group was lower than those of rapamycin and dexamethasone-rapamycin groups (p<0.001), and the ratio of rapamycin group surpassed that of dexamethasone-rapamycin group (p<0.001). Dexamethasone group had higher mTOR protein expression than those of rapamycin and dexamethasone- rapamycin groups (p<0.001), and the expression of rapamycin group was lower than that of dexamethasone-rapamycin group (p<0.001). The Beclin-1 protein expression of dexamethasone group was lower than those of rapamycin and dexamethasone- rapamycin groups (p<0.001), and the expression of rapamycin group exceeded that of dexamethasone-rapamycin group (p<0.05). Conclusion Osteoblast autophagy may play a crucial protective role in dexamethasone-induced FHN. The attenuation of autophagy may be related to the affected expressions of key autophagy regulators mTOR and Beclin-1.
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Novel therapies for damaged and diseased bone are being developed in a preclinical testing process consisting of in vitro cell experiments followed by in vivo animal studies. The in vitro results are often not representative of the results observed in vivo. This could be caused by the complexity of the natural bone environment that is missing in vitro. Ex vivo bone explant cultures provide a model in which cells are preserved in their native three-dimensional environment. Herein, it is aimed to review the current status of bone explant culture models in relation to their potential in complementing the preclinical evaluation process with specific attention paid to the incorporation of mechanical loading within ex vivo culture systems. RECENT FINDINGS Bone explant cultures are often performed with physiologically less relevant bone, immature bone, and explants derived from rodents, which complicates translatability into clinical practice. Mature bone explants encounter difficulties with maintaining viability, especially in static culture. The integration of mechanical stimuli was able to extend the lifespan of explants and to induce new bone formation. Bone explant cultures provide unique platforms for bone research and mechanical loading was demonstrated to be an important component in achieving osteogenesis ex vivo. However, more research is needed to establish a representative, reliable, and reproducible bone explant culture system that includes both components of bone remodeling, i.e., formation and resorption, in order to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo research in preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E A Cramer
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - K Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - S Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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15
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Hua R, Zhang J, Riquelme MA, Jiang JX. Connexin Gap Junctions and Hemichannels Link Oxidative Stress to Skeletal Physiology and Pathology. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2021; 19:66-74. [PMID: 33403446 PMCID: PMC8174533 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the impact and underlying mechanism of oxidative stress on connexin channel function, and their roles in skeletal aging, estrogen deficiency, and glucocorticoid excess associated bone loss. RECENT FINDINGS Connexin hemichannel opening is increased under oxidative stress conditions, which confers a cell protective role against oxidative stress-induced cell death. Oxidative stress acts as a key contributor to aging, estrogen deficiency, and glucocorticoid excess-induced osteoporosis and impairs osteocytic network and connexin gap junction communication. This paper reviews the current knowledge for the role of oxidative stress and connexin channels in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and physiological and pathological responses of connexin channels to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress decreases osteocyte viability and impairs the balance of anabolic and catabolic responses. Connexin 43 (Cx43) channels play a critical role in bone remodeling, mechanotransduction, and survival of osteocytes. Under oxidative stress conditions, there is a consistent reduction of Cx43 expression, while the opening of Cx43 hemichannels protects osteocytes against cell injury caused by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jingruo Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Manuel A Riquelme
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely prescribed to treat various allergic and autoimmune diseases; however, long-term use results in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, characterized by consistent changes in bone remodeling with decreased bone formation as well as increased bone resorption. Not only bone mass but also bone quality decrease, resulting in an increased incidence of fractures. The primary role of autophagy is to clear up damaged cellular components such as long-lived proteins and organelles, thus participating in the conservation of different cells. Apoptosis is the physiological death of cells, and plays a crucial role in the stability of the environment inside a tissue. Available basic and clinical studies indicate that autophagy and apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids can regulate bone metabolism through complex mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the relationship between apoptosis, autophagy and bone metabolism related to glucocorticoids, providing a theoretical basis for therapeutic targets to rescue bone mass and bone quality in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
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17
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Li X, Xu J, Dai B, Wang X, Guo Q, Qin L. Targeting autophagy in osteoporosis: From pathophysiology to potential therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101098. [PMID: 32535273 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by the loss of bone mass and microarchitecture deterioration of bone tissue, attributed to various factors, including menopause (primary), aging (primary) and adverse effects of relevant medications (secondary). In recent decades, knowledge regarding the etiological mechanisms underpinning osteoporosis emphasizes that bone cellular homeostasis, including the maintenance of cell functions, differentiation, and the response to stress, is tightly regulated by autophagy, which is a cell survival mechanism for eliminating and recycling damaged proteins and organelles. With the important roles in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and organ function, autophagy has emerged as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In this review, we update and discuss the pathophysiology of autophagy in normal bone cell life cycle and metabolism. Then, the alternations of autophagy in primary and secondary osteoporosis, and the accompanied pathological process are discussed. Finally, we discuss current strategies, limitations, and challenges involved in targeting relevant pathways and propose strategies by which such hurdles may be circumvented in the future for their translation into clinical validations and applications for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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18
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Wang XY, Gong LJ, Huang JM, Jiang C, Yan ZQ. Pinocembrin alleviates glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis by activating autophagy via suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in osteocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 880:173212. [PMID: 32470335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used in clinical practice, but are associated with potentially severe side effects like glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) and glucocorticoid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral head (GA-ONFH). Glucocorticoid-induced osteocyte apoptosis plays critical roles in the pathological processes of both GIOP and GA-ONFH. Pinocembrin is a natural flavonoid that may exert protective effects on osteocytes. The present study investigated the effects of pinocembrin on glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of murine long bone osteocyte Y4 (MLO-Y4) cells and sought to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. We found that pinocembrin attenuated glucocorticoid-induced cell viability injury and apoptosis of MLO-Y4 cells. Moreover, pinocembrin increased Beclin-1 and LC3B-II level, but decreased p62 expression, suggesting that pinocembrin activates autophagy in glucocorticoid-treated MLO-Y4 cells. The protective effects of pinocembrin on glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of MLO-Y4 cells were mimicked by a known stimulator of autophagy but prevented by a known inhibitor of autophagy. Pinocembrin also suppressed the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which regulates cell autophagy, in glucocorticoid-treated MLO-Y4 cells. In conclusion, the results indicate that pinocembrin alleviates glucocorticoid-induced osteocyte apoptosis by activating autophagy via suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Pinocembrin may represent a potential natural agent for preventing and treating GIOP and GA-ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lin-Jing Gong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jun-Ming Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chang Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zuo-Qin Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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19
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Shin KT, Nie ZW, Zhou W, Zhou D, Kim JY, Ock SA, Niu YJ, Cui XS. Connexin 43 Knockdown Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Affects Early Developmental Competence in Porcine Embryos. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:287-296. [PMID: 32036801 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Connexin 43 (CX43) is a component of gap junctions. The lack of functional CX43 induces oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in somatic cells. However, the role of CX43 in the early development of porcine embryos is still unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of CX43, and its underlying molecular mechanisms, on the developmental competence of early porcine embryos. We performed CX43 knockdown by microinjecting dsRNA into parthenogenetically activated porcine parthenotes. The blastocyst development rate and the total number of cells in the blastocysts were significantly reduced by CX43 knockdown. Results from FITC-dextran assays showed that CX43 knockdown significantly increased membrane permeability. ZO-1 protein was obliterated in CX43 knockdown blastocysts. Mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production were significantly reduced following CX43 knockdown. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were significantly increased in the CX43 knockdown group compared to those in control embryos. Moreover, CX43 knockdown induced autophagy and apoptosis. Our findings indicate that CX43 is essential for the development and preimplantation of porcine embryos and maintains mitochondrial function, cell junction structure, and cell homeostasis by regulating membrane permeability, ROS generation, autophagy, and apoptosis in early embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Tae Shin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng-Wen Nie
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjie Zhou
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun A Ock
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying-Jie Niu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju361-763, Republic of Korea
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20
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Wang T, Yu X, He C. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines: Cellular and Molecular Drug Targets for Glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis via Osteocyte. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1-15. [PMID: 29618305 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180405094046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat varieties of allergic and autoimmune diseases, however, long-term application results in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). Inflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) play important regulatory roles in bone metabolism, but their roles in GIOP remain largely unknown. Osteocytes can modulate the formation and function of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, directly via gap junctions, or indirectly by transferring molecule signaling. Apoptotic osteocytes release RANKL, HMGB1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines to stimulate osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, osteocytes can secrete FGF23 to regulate bone metabolism. Exposure to high levels of GCs can drive osteocyte apoptosis and influence gap junctions, leading to bone loss. GCs treatment is regarded to produce more FGF23 to inhibit bone mineralization. GCs also disrupt the vascular to decrease osteocyte feasibility and mineral appositional rate, resulting in a decline in bone strength. Apoptotic bodies from osteocytes induced by GCs treatment can enhance production of TNF-α and IL-6. On the other hand, TNF-α and IL-6 show synergistic effects by altering osteocytes signaling towards osteoclasts and osteoblasts. In addition, TNF-α can induce osteocyte apoptosis and attribute to a worsened bone quality in GCs. IL-6 and osteocytes may interact with each other. Therefore, we hypothesize that GCs regulate osteocyteogenesis through TNF-α and IL-6, which are highly expressed around osteocyte undergoing apoptosis. In the present review, we summarized the roles of osteocytes in regulating osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Furthermore, the mechanism of GCs altered relationship between osteocytes and osteoblasts/osteoclasts. In addition, we discussed the roles of TNF-α and IL-6 in GIOP by modulating osteocytes. Lastly, we discussed the possibility of using pro-inflammatory signaling pathway as therapeutic targets to develop drugs for GIOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, China
| | - Chengqi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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21
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Autophagy in bone homeostasis and the onset of osteoporosis. Bone Res 2019; 7:28. [PMID: 31666998 PMCID: PMC6804951 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process, in which domestic cellular components are selectively digested for the recycling of nutrients and energy. This process is indispensable for cell homeostasis maintenance and stress responses. Both genetic and functional studies have demonstrated that multiple proteins involved in autophagic activities are critical to the survival, differentiation, and functioning of bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Dysregulation at the level of autophagic activity consequently disturbs the balance between bone formation and bone resorption and mediates the onset and progression of multiple bone diseases, including osteoporosis. This review aims to introduce the topic of autophagy, summarize the understanding of its relevance in bone physiology, and discuss its role in the onset of osteoporosis and therapeutic potential.
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22
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Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Carter K, Deloach PH, Sanders L, Pang Y. Glucocorticoid-Induced Reductions of Myelination and Connexin 43 in Mixed Central Nervous System Cell Cultures Are Prevented by Mifepristone. Neuroscience 2019; 411:255-269. [PMID: 31163207 PMCID: PMC6664452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Repeated stress induces systemic elevations in glucocorticoid levels. Stress is also associated with alterations in central nervous system astrocytes and oligodendrocytes that involve connexins and myelin proteins. Corticosteroid elevation seems a major factor in stress-induced neuropathology. Changes in astrocyte connexins and myelin components may be important mediators for the neurological effects of corticosteroid elevations. Two primary cell culture models, myelination culture from rat embryonic spinal cord (SC) or cerebral cortex (CC) consisting of neurons and glial cells (oligodendrocytes, microglia and astrocytes), and mixed astrocyte-and-oligodendrocyte culture prepared from postnatal rat CC, were used in this study. Cell cultures were treated with either vehicle, corticosterone (CORT) with or without glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone, or dexamethasone (DEX) during the period of in vitro myelination. Immunoreactivity of astrocyte connexin 43 (Cx43) and oligodendrocyte myelin basic protein (MBP), or the myelination index (co-localization of MBP and phosphorylated neurofilament) was determined by double immunofluorescent labeling. Oligodendrocyte morphology was evaluated by Sholl analysis. Prolonged exposure to CORT or DEX induced dose-dependent reduction of the myelination index, and of immunostaining for MBP and Cx43 in SC and CC myelination cultures, which was prevented by mifepristone. In glial cultures single CORT or DEX exposure caused shrinkage and simplification of/' MBP- or CNPase-positive oligodendrocyte processes. The results support that concurrent effects of glucocorticoids on myelination and astrocyte Cx43 immunoreactivity are mediated by glucocorticoid receptors and may partially account for the involvement of CNS glia in the pathological effects of prolonged stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Miguel-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Kathleen Carter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center
| | | | - Leon Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center
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Gu Q, Chen M, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Yang H, Shi Q. Haem oxygenase-1 induction prevents glucocorticoid-induced osteoblast apoptosis through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 signalling pathway. J Orthop Translat 2019; 19:29-37. [PMID: 31844611 PMCID: PMC6896674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-dose glucocorticoid (GC) therapy always causes osteoporosis partly by inducing osteoblast apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of GC-induced apoptosis remain elusive. Haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective protein that rescues cells from H2O2 or high glucose-induced apoptosis. In bone metabolism, HO-1 also participates in osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation. Objective The present study aimed to investigate the protective role of HO-1 against GC-induced osteoblast apoptosis and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Methods Mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with dexamethasone (Dex) for 24 h in the presence or absence of cobalt (III) protoporphyrin IX chloride (CoPP, an inducer of HO-1). In some experiments, U0126 was added to the culture 1 h before CoPP treatment. The induction of apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. Cell viability was evaluated using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The expression levels of Bax and bcl-2 were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. HO-1, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 and pERK1/2 protein levels were measured by Western blot analysis. Results Dex promoted apoptosis and inhibited cell viability in MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, Dex significantly increased Bax expression and reduced Bcl-2 expression. The expression of HO-1 was also reduced after Dex treatment. HO-1 induction by CoPP significantly attenuated Dex-induced apoptosis as evidenced by Annexin V/PI staining. The mRNA expression level of antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 was also increased after CoPP treatment. Moreover, CoPP treatment increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. U0126, an inhibitor of ERK activation, significantly abrogated the protective effects of CoPP. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that HO-1 induction by CoPP can attenuate Dex-induced apoptosis of mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. The antiapoptotic effect of HO-1 induction may be correlated with the activation of ERK1/2 signalling pathway. The translational potential of this article: HO-1 induction by CoPP can prevent GC-induced osteoblast apoptosis. Our findings will highlight the therapeutic potential of HO-1 induction in GC-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mimi Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingkang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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24
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Zeng Q, Wang Y, Gao J, Yan Z, Li Z, Zou X, Li Y, Wang J, Guo Y. miR-29b-3p regulated osteoblast differentiation via regulating IGF-1 secretion of mechanically stimulated osteocytes. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2019; 24:11. [PMID: 30915127 PMCID: PMC6416934 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-019-0136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanical loading is an essential factor for bone formation. A previous study indicated that mechanical tensile strain of 2500 microstrain (με) at 0.5 Hz for 8 h promoted osteogenesis and corresponding mechanoresponsive microRNAs (miRs) were identified in osteoblasts. However, in osteocytes, it has not been identified which miRs respond to the mechanical strain, and it is not fully understood how the mechanoresponsive miRs regulate osteoblast differentiation. Methods Mouse MLO-Y4 osteocytes were applied to the same mechanical tensile strain in vitro. Using molecular and biochemical methods, IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1), PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), OPG (osteoprotegerin) and NOS (nitric oxide synthase) activities of the cells were assayed. MiR microarray and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays were applied to select and validate differentially expressed miRs, and the target genes of these miRs were then predicted. MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts were stimulated by the mechanical tensile strain, and the miR-29b-3p expression was detected with miR microarray and RT-qPCR. Additionally, the effect of miR-29b-3p on IFG-1 secretion of osteocytes and the influence of conditioned medium of osteocytes transfected with miR-29b-3p on osteoblast differentiation were investigated. Results The mechanical strain increased secretions of IGF-1 and PGE2, elevated OPG expression and NOS activities, and resulted in altered expression of the ten miRs, and possible target genes for these differentially expressed miRs were revealed through bioinformatics. Among the ten miRs, miR-29b-3p were down-regulated, and miR-29b-3p overexpression decreased the IGF-1 secretion of osteocytes. The mechanical strain did not change expression of osteoblasts' miR-29b-3p. In addition, the conditioned medium of mechanically strained osteocytes promoted osteoblast differentiation, and the conditioned medium of osteocytes transfected with miR-29b-3p mimic inhibited osteoblast differentiation. Conclusions In osteocytes (but not osteoblasts), miR-29b-3p was responsive to the mechanical tensile strain and regulated osteoblast differentiation via regulating IGF-1 secretion of mechanically strained osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangcheng Zeng
- 1key laboratory of Functional Bioresource Utilization in University of Shandong, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023 China
| | - Yang Wang
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin City, 541100 Guangxi China.,3Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Jie Gao
- 1key laboratory of Functional Bioresource Utilization in University of Shandong, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023 China.,Medical Department, Secondary Renmin Hospital of Dezhou, Dezhou, 253023 Shangdong China
| | - Zhixiong Yan
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin City, 541100 Guangxi China
| | - Zhenghua Li
- 1key laboratory of Functional Bioresource Utilization in University of Shandong, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023 China
| | - Xianqiong Zou
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin City, 541100 Guangxi China
| | - Yanan Li
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin City, 541100 Guangxi China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin City, 541100 Guangxi China
| | - Yong Guo
- 1key laboratory of Functional Bioresource Utilization in University of Shandong, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023 China.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin City, 541100 Guangxi China
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25
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Pesce Viglietti AI, Giambartolomei GH, Delpino MV. Endocrine modulation of Brucella abortus-infected osteocytes function and osteoclastogenesis via modulation of RANKL/OPG. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:287-295. [PMID: 30735720 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarticular brucellosis is the most frequent complication of active disease. A large amount of cells in bone are osteocytes. Since bone remodeling process is regulated by hormones we sought to study the effect of cortisol and DHEA in Brucella abortus-infected osteocytes. Cortisol treatment inhibited the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-2 and RANKL in B. abortus-infected osteocytes. DHEA could reverse the inhibitory effect of cortisol on MMP-2 production. B. abortus infection inhibited connexin 43 (Cx43) expression in osteocytes. This expression was increased when cortisol was incorporated during the infection and DHEA treatment partially reversed the effect of cortisol. Osteocytes-infected with B. abortus induced osteoclast's differentiation. Yet, the presence of cortisol, but not DHEA, during osteocyte infection inhibited osteoclastogenesis. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is implicated in the signaling of cortisol. Infection with B. abortus was able to increase GRα/β ratio. Levels of intracellular cortisol are not only dependent on GR expression but also a result of the activity of the isoenzymes 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD)-1 (cortisone to cortisol conversion), 11β-HSD2 (cortisol to cortisone conversion). B. abortus infection increased 11β-HSD 1/2 ratio and cortisone mimicked the effect of cortisol. Our results indicated that cortisol and DHEA could modulate osteocyte responses during B. abortus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Ivana Pesce Viglietti
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Hernán Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wang T, Yang L, Jiang J, Liu Y, Fan Z, Zhong C, He C. Pulsed electromagnetic fields: promising treatment for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:267-276. [PMID: 30603841 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-04822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is considered to be a well-defined disease which results in high morbidity and mortality. In patients diagnosed with OP, low bone mass and fragile bone strength have been demonstrated to significantly increase risk of fragility fractures. To date, various anabolic and antiresorptive therapies have been applied to maintain healthy bone mass and strength. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) are employed to treat patients suffering from delayed fracture healing and nonunions. Although PEMFs stimulate osteoblastogenesis, suppress osteoclastogenesis, and influence the activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and osteocytes, ultimately leading to retention of bone mass and strength. However, whether PEMFs could be taken into clinical use to treat OP is still unknown. Furthermore, the deeper signaling pathways underlying the way in which PEMFs influence OP remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - L Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - J Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - C Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - C He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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De Lucena DD, Rangel ÉB. Glucocorticoids use in kidney transplant setting. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:1023-1041. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1530214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Dias De Lucena
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo/Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érika Bevilaqua Rangel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo/Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li LL, Jin MF, Ni H. Zinc/CaMK II Associated-Mitophagy Signaling Contributed to Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Sprouting and Cognitive Deficits Following Neonatal Seizures and Its Regulation by Chronic Leptin Treatment. Front Neurol 2018; 9:802. [PMID: 30319532 PMCID: PMC6168633 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of leptin in the pathogenesis of epilepsy is getting more and more attention in clinical and basic research. Although there are data indicating neuroprotective effects of elevated serum/brain leptin levels following acute seizures, no study to date has dealt with the impact of chronic leptin treatment on long-term brain injury following developmental seizures. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether chronic leptin treatment may have neuroprotective effects on cognitive and hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting following flurothyl-induced recurrent neonatal seizures and whether these effects are mediated by the zinc/CaMKII-associated mitophagy signaling pathway. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal day 6, P6) were randomly assigned into two groups: neonatal seizure group and control group. At P13, they were further divided into control group, seizure group (RS), control + leptin (leptin, i.p., 2 mg/kg/day for 10 days), seizure+leptin group (RS+Leptin, 2mg/kg/day, i.p., for 10 consecutive days). Morris water maze test was performed during P27-P32. Subsequently, Timm staining and Western blotting were used to detect the mossy fiber sprouting and protein levels in hippocampus. Flurothyl-induced seizures (RS group) significantly down-regulated mitophagy markers PINK, Drp1, PHB, and memory marker CaMK II alpha while up-regulating zinc transporters ZnT3, ZnT4, ZIP7, and autophagy execution molecular cathepsin-E, which were paralleled with hippocampal aberrant mossy fiber sprouting and cognitive dysfunction. However, these changes were restored by chronic leptin treatment (RS+Leptin group). The results showed that leptin had neuroprotective effect on hippocampal pathological damage and cognitive deficits induced by neonatal seizures and suggested that Zinc/CaMK II associated-mitophagy signaling pathway in hippocampus may be a new target of leptin's neuroprotection, with potential value of translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Li
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei-Fang Jin
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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29
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Leptin-regulated autophagy plays a role in long-term neurobehavioral injury after neonatal seizures and the regulation of zinc/cPLA2 and CaMK II signaling in cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Res 2018; 146:103-111. [PMID: 30092488 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders play an important role in the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases. Recent evidence suggests that leptin levels in peripheral blood and brain are lower in patients with epilepsy. Leptin is an energy-regulating hormone that plays a neuroprotective role in neurodegenerative diseases and brain trauma. However, little is known about the effects and molecular mechanisms of leptin treatment on long-term neurobehavioral impairment caused by developmental seizures. The present study evaluated whether chronic leptin treatment protected against neurobehavioral impairments induced by recurrent seizures in newborns treated with flurothyl. We also examined the effect of leptin on the expression of zinc/cPLA2-related autophagy signaling molecules and CaMKII in the cerebral cortex. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats (6 days after birth, P6) were randomly divided into two groups, a neonatal seizure group and control group. Rats were subdivided on P13 into control, control + leptin (leptin, 2 mg/kg/day, continuous 10 days), seizure (RS), and seizure + leptin group (RS + leptin, 2 mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days). Neurological behavioral parameters (negative geotaxis reaction reflex, righting reflex, cliff avoidance reflex, forelimb suspension reflex and open field test) were observed from P23 to P30. mRNA and protein levels in the cerebral cortex were detected using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Flurothyl-induced seizures (RS group) produced long-term abnormal neurobehavior, which was improved with leptin treatment. Chronic leptin treatment restored several expression parameters affected by neonatal seizures, including seizure-induced up-regulated zinc transporter ZnT1/ZIP7, lipid membrane injury-related cPLA2, autophagy marker beclin-1/bcl2, LC3II/LC3I, and its execution molecule cathepsin-E, and down-regulated memory marker CaMK II alpha. Our results suggest that the early use of leptin after neonatal recurrent seizures may exert neuroprotective effects and antagonize the long-term neurobehavioral impairment caused by seizures. Autophagy-mediated Zn/cPLA2 and CaMK II signaling in the cerebral cortex may be involved in the neuroprotective effect of leptin. Our results provide new clues for anti-epileptogenetic treatment.
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30
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Shen G, Ren H, Shang Q, Qiu T, Yu X, Zhang Z, Huang J, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Liang D, Jiang X. Autophagy as a target for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2683-2693. [PMID: 29427075 PMCID: PMC11105583 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy takes part in regulating the eukaryotic cells function and the progression of numerous diseases, but its clinical utility has not been fully developed yet. Recently, mounting evidences highlight an important correlation between autophagy and bone homeostasis, mediated by osteoclasts, osteocytes, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and osteoblasts, and autophagy plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). The combinations of autophagy activators/inhibitors with anti-GIOP first-line drugs or some new autophagy-based manipulators, such as regulation of B cell lymphoma 2 family proteins and caspase-dependent clearance of autophagy-related gene proteins, are likely to be the promising approaches for GIOP clinical treatments. In view of the important role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of GIOP, here we review the potential mechanisms about the impacts of autophagy in GIOP and its association with GIOP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Shen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Qi Shang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Ting Qiu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Zhida Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jinjing Huang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yuzhuo Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - De Liang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- Laboratory Affiliated to National Key Discipline of Orthopaedic and Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
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He Q, Song X, Huang Y, Huang W, Ye B, Luo H, Luo H, Wu L, Wang Z, Chen W, Zhang L. Dexamethasone Stimulates Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Replication Through Autophagy. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:4617-4624. [PMID: 29972684 PMCID: PMC6064191 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a fatal complication of chemotherapy. Occult HBV infection might be reactivated in patients undergoing chemotherapy or immunosuppression. However, the mechanism of HBV reactivation induced by chemotherapy or immunosuppression remains unclear. Material/Methods HepG2.2.15 cells were treated with an autophagy inducer (rapamycin), an inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3-MA), and dexamethasone. Autophagosomes were observed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). LC3-I, LC3-II, and P62 were analyzed by western blot. HBV replicative intermediates were detected by southern blot. HBV DNA expression was quantitated with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The level of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) in culture medium was examined by ELISA. Results In this study, we find that dexamethasone stimulates HBV replication and protein expression by inducing autophagy in HepG2.2.15 cells. In contrast, autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) abrogates HBsAg secretion stimulated by dexamethasone. Conclusions Our results suggest that dexamethasone stimulates HBV replication through autophagy. This might provide a novel insight into the mechanism of glucocorticoid-mediated HBV reactivation through autophagy, which might be a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland).,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yecai Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Wenjuan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Huaichao Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Lichun Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Zuo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Weixian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
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Zhu H, Wang M, Zhao C, Li R, Yang J, Pei G, Ye T, Zuo X, Liu L, Chong Lee Shin OLS, Zhu F, Sun J, Xu H, Zhao Z, Cao C, Wang Y, Yang Q, Xu G, Zeng R, Yao Y. GAG and collagen II attenuate glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis by regulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:1762-1772. [PMID: 30018717 PMCID: PMC6038062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a component of collagen II, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) has a relatively close relationship with bone metabolism. GAG and collagen II have been proven to promote connection of the bone trabecular structure. However, the exact mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine the concrete effect and the mechanism of GAG and collagen II on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. We implanted prednisolone pellets subcutaneously in mice to mimic glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. GAG was administered intragastrically every day for 60 days. The results demonstrated a protective effect of GAG and collagen II on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Trabecular number and connection density increased after treatment with GAG and collagen II. We generated bone marrow-derived macrophages to explore the effect of GAG and collagen II on osteoclast differentiation. We collected cell protein and RNA in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and found that GAG and collagen II inhibited the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, thereby down-regulating osteoclast differentiation molecules such as matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc-1). Our findings suggest that GAG and collagen II may have therapeutic potential of patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chengjun Zhao
- Wuhan Huge Biotechnology Co., LtdNO. 630, Hanyang Ave, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruosong Li
- Wuhan Huge Biotechnology Co., LtdNO. 630, Hanyang Ave, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Guangchang Pei
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xuezhi Zuo
- Department of Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Octavia LS Chong Lee Shin
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Fengming Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Huzi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chujin Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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Jin MF, Ni H, Li LL. Leptin Maintained Zinc Homeostasis Against Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity by Preventing Mitophagy-Mediated Mitochondrial Activation in HT22 Hippocampal Neuronal Cells. Front Neurol 2018; 9:322. [PMID: 29867731 PMCID: PMC5954240 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental seizure-induced long-term neuronal hyperexcitation is partially mediated by regenerative mossy fiber sprouting in hippocampus. Yet, there are no effective drugs available to block this pathological process. Recently, leptin has been shown to prevent the sprouting of hippocampal mossy fibers and abnormalities in the neurobehavioral parameters. However, their underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of glutamate on the parameters of zinc homeostasis, mitochondrial functions, and mitophagy regulating factors, as well as to investigate the protective effects of leptin against cytotoxicity of glutamate in murine HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. Cells were assigned to one of the four groups as follows: control group, leptin alone group, glutamate injury group, and leptin pretreatment group. Our results demonstrated that glutamate induced a decrease in superoxide dismutase, GSH (glutathione), and mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in GSSG (oxidized glutathione), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and supplementation of leptin blocked the toxic effect of glutamate on cell survival. The glutamate-induced cytotoxicity was associated with an increase in mitophagy and intracellular zinc ion levels. Furthermore, glutamate activated the mitophagy markers PINK1, Parkin, and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, as well as increased the expression of zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3). Leptin corrected these glutamate-caused alterations. Finally, the mitophagy inhibitor, CsA, significantly reduced intracellular zinc ion content and ZnT3 expression. These results suggest that mitophagy-mediated zinc dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial activation contributed to glutamate-induced HT22 neuronal cell injury and that leptin treatment could counteract these detrimental effects, thus highlighting mitophagy-mediated zinc homeostasis via mitochondrial activation as a potential strategy to counteract neuroexcitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Jin
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Li
- Neurology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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34
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Wang T, Thien C, Wang C, Ni M, Gao J, Wang A, Jiang Q, Tuan RS, Zheng Q, Zheng MH. 3D uniaxial mechanical stimulation induces tenogenic differentiation of tendon-derived stem cells through a PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. FASEB J 2018; 32:4804-4814. [PMID: 29596022 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701384r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The tendon is a mechanosensitive tissue, but little is known about how mechanical stimulation selectively signals tenogenic differentiation and neo-tendon formation. In this study, we compared the impact of uniaxial and biaxial mechanical loading on tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs). Our data show that there are variations in cell signaling and cell differentiation of mouse TDSCs in response to uniaxial and biaxial loading in monolayer culture. Whereas uniaxial loading induced TDSCs toward tenogenic and osteogenic differentiation, biaxial loading induced osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation of TDSCs. Furthermore, by applying uniaxial loading on 3-dimensional (3D) TDSC constructs, tenogenic-specific differentiation and neo-tendon formation were observed, results that were replicated in human TDSCs. We also showed that uniaxial loading induced PKB (AKT) phosphorylation (pAKT), whereas biaxial loading induced pERK. Most importantly, we found that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway could attenuate tenogenic differentiation and tendon formation in 3D TDSC constructs subjected to uniaxial loading. Taken together, our study highlights the importance of appropriate mechanobiological stimulation in 3D cell niches on tendon-like tissue formation and demonstrates that uniaxial mechanical loading plays an essential role in tenogenic differentiation and tendon formation by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.-Wang, T., Thien, C., Wang, C., Ni, M., Gao, J., Wang, A., Jiang, Q., Tuan, R. S., Zheng, Q., Zheng, M. H. 3D uniaxial mechanical stimulation induces tenogenic differentiation of tendon-derived stem cells through a PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christine Thien
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carolyn Wang
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ming Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Gao
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Allan Wang
- Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstruction, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiujian Zheng
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming H Zheng
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Centre for Orthopaedic Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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35
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Zheng Z, Zhang L, Qu Y, Xiao G, Li S, Bao S, Lu QR, Mu D. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Protect Against Hypoxia-Ischemia Brain Damage by Enhancing Autophagy Through Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor/Mammalin Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1109-1121. [PMID: 29451335 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a serious disease for neonates. However, present therapeutic strategies are not effective enough for treating HIE. Previous study showed that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can exert neuroprotective effects for brain damage, but its mechanism remains elusive. Using in vitro coculture of rat cortical primary neurons and MSCs in HI conditions, we demonstrated that MSCs help increase brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and autophagy markers (LC3II and Beclin1) in the cultures and decrease cells death (lactate dehydrogenase levels). We demonstrated a similar mechanism using an in vivo rat model of HI in combination with MSCs transplantation. Using a behavioral study, we further showed that MSCs transplantation into the rat brain after HI injury can attenuate behavioral deficits. Finally, we found that the increase in BDNF and autophagy related factors after HI injury combined with MSCs transplantation can be reversed by anti-BDNF treatment and strengthen the point that the protective effects of BDNF work through inhibition of the mammalin target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Collectively, we proposed that coculture/transplantation of MSCs after HI injury leads to increased BDNF expression and a subsequent reduction in mTOR pathway activation that results in increased autophagy and neuroprotection. This finding gives a hint to explore new strategies for treating neonates with HIE. Stem Cells 2018;36:1109-1121.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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36
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Corticosterone impairs gap junctions in the prefrontal cortical and hippocampal astrocytes via different mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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37
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Shen G, Ren H, Qiu T, Zhang Z, Zhao W, Yu X, Huang J, Tang J, Liang D, Yao Z, Yang Z, Jiang X. Mammalian target of rapamycin as a therapeutic target in osteoporosis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3929-3944. [PMID: 28834576 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a key role in sensing and integrating large amounts of environmental cues to regulate organismal growth, homeostasis, and many major cellular processes. Recently, mounting evidences highlight its roles in regulating bone homeostasis, which sheds light on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The activation/inhibition of mTOR signaling is reported to positively/negatively regulate bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)/osteoblasts-mediated bone formation, adipogenic differentiation, osteocytes homeostasis, and osteoclasts-mediated bone resorption, which result in the changes of bone homeostasis, thereby resulting in or protect against osteoporosis. Given the likely importance of mTOR signaling in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, here we discuss the detailed mechanisms in mTOR machinery and its association with osteoporosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Shen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Qiu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhida Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinjing Huang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - De Liang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhensong Yao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhidong Yang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory Affiliated to National Key Discipline of Orthopaedic and Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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38
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Fu J, Hao L, Tian Y, Liu Y, Gu Y, Wu J. miR-199a-3p is involved in estrogen-mediated autophagy through the IGF-1/mTOR pathway in osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2292-2303. [PMID: 28708244 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Fu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration; Shanghai China
| | - Lingyu Hao
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration; Shanghai China
| | - Yawen Tian
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration; Shanghai China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration; Shanghai China
| | - Yijing Gu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration; Shanghai China
| | - Junhua Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration; Shanghai China
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39
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Zhu L, Chen J, Zhang J, Guo C, Fan W, Wang YM, Yan Z. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Induces Autophagy to Protect Osteocyte Cell Survival from Dexamethasone Damage. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:4034-4040. [PMID: 28824162 PMCID: PMC5574377 DOI: 10.12659/msm.903432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoids (GC) have direct adverse effects on osteocytes, the most abundant bone cell type, and play an important role in osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Teriparatide has been reported to be an effective treatment for ONFH. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Material/Methods An osteocyte cell line, MLO-Y4, was used under various doses of dexamethasone (Dex) with or without rhPTH (1–34). Cell viability, autophagy, and apoptosis markers and osteocyte characteristic mRNAs were investigated to better understand this phenomenon. Results Induction of apoptosis by Dex was increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner in MLO-Y4 cells. Autophagy markers (LC3-II and Beclin-1) were increased at the low dose of Dex (10−7 or 10−6 M) and decreased at the high dose (10−5 M). In MOL-Y4 cells, rhPTH (1–34) was shown to be protective against Dex-induced apoptosis. The upregulation of LC3-II and Beclin-1 and decreased level of Caspase-3 was observed in the rhPTH (1–34)-treated group compared with the Dex-only-treated group. Furthermore, the changes induced by Dex in osteocytes, such as increased SOST, RANKL, and DMP-1 mRNA level and decreased Destrin mRNA level, were reversed by rhPTH (1–34). A similar result was found in osteocyte-specific proteins sclerostin expression encoded by SOST mRNA, which acted as a bone formation inhibitor. Conclusions The self-activation of autophagy may be a protective mechanism against apoptosis induced by Dex. The protection effect of rhPTH (1–34) for GC-induced ONFH thus results, at least in part, from enhanced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jifei Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Changan Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Wenshuai Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Zuoqin Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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40
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Wang J, Wang R, Yang J, Yang X, Hu S, Wang H, Zhou C, Xiong W, Wen Q, Ma L. Glucocorticoids differentially regulate the innate immune responses of TLR4 and the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 47:190-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Wang J, Wang R, Wang H, Yang X, Yang J, Xiong W, Wen Q, Ma L. Glucocorticoids Suppress Antimicrobial Autophagy and Nitric Oxide Production and Facilitate Mycobacterial Survival in Macrophages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:982. [PMID: 28428627 PMCID: PMC5430514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic administration of glucocorticoids has been shown to render individuals highly susceptible to mycobacterial infection and lead to reactivation of latent bacilli. However, the effect of glucocorticoids on innate anti-mycobacterial defense, especially in macrophages remains largely unknown. Here, we found that glucocorticoids inhibited the innate immune response, antimicrobial nitric oxide production and autophagy in mycobacteria-challenged macrophages. Meanwhile, maturation and acidification of mycobacterial phagosomes were attenuated in RAW264.7 cells after glucocorticoids treatment. Consequently, we observed a glucocorticoid-induced increase in the survival of intracellular mycobacteria in both primary macrophages and cell lines. Glucocorticoids treatment decreased the activation of TBK1 kinase, which promotes the maturation of autophagosomes. Inhibition of TBK1 also decreased the production of nitric oxide. Furthermore, several autophagy-related genes were down-regulated, while activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was increased after glucocorticoids treatment, which may account for autophagy inhibition during mycobacterial infection. Restoration of autophagy with the agonist rapamycin abolished glucocorticoid-mediated enhancement of mycobacterial survival, suggesting that glucocorticoids blocked anti-mycobacterial defense via autophagy inhibition. Collectively, this study demonstrates that glucocorticoids impair innate antimicrobial autophagy and promote mycobacterial survival in macrophages, which is a novel mechanism for glucocorticoid-mediated immunosuppression. Our findings may provide important clues for tuberculosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenjing Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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42
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Zhao J, Ma XL, Ma JX, Sun L, Lu B, Wang Y, Xing GS, Wang Y, Dong BC, Xu LY, Kuang MJ, Fu L, Bai HH, Ma Y, Jin WL. TET3 Mediates Alterations in the Epigenetic Marker 5hmC and Akt pathway in Steroid-Associated Osteonecrosis. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:319-332. [PMID: 27627619 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Steroid-associated osteonecrosis (SAON) is one of the common complications of clinical glucocorticoid (GC) administration, with osteocyte apoptosis appearing as the primary histopathological lesion. However, the precise mechanism underlying SAON remains unknown. Epigenetic modification may be a major cause of SAON. Recently, cumulative research revealed that Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins can catalyze the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and then alter the epigenetic state of DNA. Here, we report that TET3-5hmC was upregulated in the femoral head tissues of SAON patients and MLO-Y4 cells with dexamethasone (Dex) treatment. Knockdown of TET3 in MLO-Y4 cells decreased 5hmC enrichment and rescued Dex-induced apoptosis. Meanwhile, the local intramedullary injection of TET3 siRNA in Sprague-Dawley rats abrogated GC-induced osteocyte apoptosis, histopathological changes, abnormal MRI signals, and bone microstructure declines in the femoral head in vivo. Moreover, a hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation (hMeDIP)-chip analysis of Dex-treated osteocytes revealed 456 different 5hmC-enriched genes. The Akt pathway was found to mediate the functional effect of Dex-induced dynamic 5hmC change; this was further verified in clinical samples. The loss of TET3 in MLO-Y4 cells abrogated Dex-induced Akt signaling pathway inhibition. Therefore, our data for the first time identify the effect of TET3-5hmC on the Akt pathway and the necessity of this signaling cascade in SAON, identifying a new potential therapeutic target. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Long Ma
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Ma
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Xing
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ben-Chao Dong
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming-Jie Kuang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao-Hao Bai
- Institute of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Centers for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Lab. for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Centers for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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43
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Sinha RA, Singh BK, Yen PM. Reciprocal Crosstalk Between Autophagic and Endocrine Signaling in Metabolic Homeostasis. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:69-102. [PMID: 27901588 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular quality control and energy-providing process that is under strict control by intra- and extracellular stimuli. Recently, there has been an exponential increase in autophagy research and its implications for mammalian physiology. Autophagy deregulation is now being implicated in many human diseases, and its modulation has shown promising results in several preclinical studies. However, despite the initial discovery of autophagy as a hormone-regulated process by De Duve in the early 1960s, endocrine regulation of autophagy still remains poorly understood. In this review, we provide a critical summary of our present understanding of the basic mechanism of autophagy, its regulation by endocrine hormones, and its contribution to endocrine and metabolic homeostasis under physiological and pathological settings. Understanding the cross-regulation of hormones and autophagy on endocrine cell signaling and function will provide new insight into mammalian physiology as well as promote the development of new therapeutic strategies involving modulation of autophagy in endocrine and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit A Sinha
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169016
| | - Brijesh K Singh
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169016
| | - Paul M Yen
- Program of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169016
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44
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Bultynck G. The anti-metastatic micro-environment of the bone: Importance of osteocyte Cx43 hemichannels. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:121-7. [PMID: 27400952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases of tumor cells are a common and life-threatening feature of a variety of late-stage cancers, including breast cancers. However, until now, much less has been known about the intrinsic anti-metastatic properties of the bones and how these could be exploited to prevent or treat bone metastases. Very recently, native Cx43 hemichannels present in osteocytes have been identified as important anti-metastatic signaling complexes by establishing high local extracellular ATP levels. Moreover, bisphosphonate drugs, applied as adjuvant therapies in the treatment of breast cancer patients and bone diseases, are known to display anti-metastatic properties. Now, it became clear that these compounds exert their effects through osteocyte Cx43 hemichannels, thereby triggering their opening and promoting ATP release in the extracellular micro-environment. Hence, endogenous osteocyte Cx43 hemichannels emerge as important and promising therapeutic targets for the prevention of bone metastases and/or clinical treatment of bone-metastasized breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Leuven Kanker Instituut (LKI), Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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