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Evaluation of a Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor PF-04691502 against Bladder Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8110796. [PMID: 35783514 PMCID: PMC9249467 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signalling pathway is a promising strategy for the treatment of various cancers, including bladder cancer (BC). PF-04691502 is a relatively novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor that exerts inhibitory effects against various cancer cells. However, the effects of PF-04691502 in BC cells have not been clarified thus far. This study aimed to evaluate the antitumour effects of PF-04691502 and the mechanisms underlying these antitumour effects in BC cells. The effects of PF-04691502 on the viabilities of BC cells were examined using the cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell migration and invasion were measured using the wound healing assay and transwell assay, respectively. Cellular apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry. The change in the cellular protein levels was measured using western blotting. siRNA was used to study the role of PTEN in the antitumour effects of PF-04691502. PF-04691502 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of BC cells. Additionally, PF-04691502 induced apoptosis of BC cells via the intrinsic pathway. PF-04691502 inhibited the expression of Mcl-1 and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in BC cells. In addition, PF-04691502 increased the apoptosis induced by various chemotherapeutic agents in BC cells. Taken together, PF-04691502 could be used alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of BC.
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2
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Bhattacharjee R, Ghosh S, Nath A, Basu A, Biswas O, Patil CR, Kundu CN. Theragnostic strategies harnessing the self-renewal pathways of stem-like cells in the acute myeloid leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 177:103753. [PMID: 35803452 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous and aggressive cancer of the Hematopoietic Stem/progenitor cells. It is distinguished by the uncontrollable clonal growth of malignant myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow, venous blood, and other body tissues. AML is the most predominant of leukemias occurring in adults (25%) and children (15-20%). The relapse after chemotherapy is a major concern in the treatment of AML. The overall 5-year survival rate in young AML patients is about 40-45% whereas in the elderly patients it is less than 10%. Leukemia stem-like cells (LSCs) having the ability to self-renew indefinitely, repopulate and persist longer in the G0/G1 phase play a crucial role in the AML relapse and refractoriness to chemotherapy. Hence, novel treatment strategies and diagnostic biomarkers targeting LSCs are being increasingly investigated. Through this review, we have explored the signaling modulations in the LSCs as the theragnostic targets. The significance of the self-renewal pathways in overcoming the treatment challenges in AML has been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhattacharjee
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sharad Ghosh
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Arijit Nath
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Asmita Basu
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ojaswi Biswas
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Chandragauda R Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, DIPSAR, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT-DU), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Tvedt THA, Vo AK, Bruserud Ø, Reikvam H. Cytokine Release Syndrome in the Immunotherapy of Hematological Malignancies: The Biology behind and Possible Clinical Consequences. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10215190. [PMID: 34768710 PMCID: PMC8585070 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is an acute systemic inflammatory syndrome characterized by fever and multiple organ dysfunction associated with (i) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, (ii) therapeutic antibodies, and (iii) haploidentical allogeneic stem cell transplantation (haplo-allo-HSCT). Severe CRS can be life-threatening in some cases and requires prompt management of those toxicities and is still a great challenge for physicians. The pathophysiology of CRS is still not fully understood, which also applies to the identifications of predictive biomarkers that can forecast these features in advance. However, a broad range of cytokines are involved in the dynamics of CRS. Treatment approaches include both broad spectrum of immunosuppressant, such as corticosteroids, as well as more specific inhibition of cytokine release. In the present manuscript we will try to review an update regarding pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostics, and therapeutic options for this serious complication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anh Khoi Vo
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (A.K.V.); (Ø.B.)
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (A.K.V.); (Ø.B.)
- Clinic for Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (A.K.V.); (Ø.B.)
- Clinic for Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Aasebø E, Birkeland E, Selheim F, Berven F, Brenner AK, Bruserud Ø. The Extracellular Bone Marrow Microenvironment-A Proteomic Comparison of Constitutive Protein Release by In Vitro Cultured Osteoblasts and Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010062. [PMID: 33379263 PMCID: PMC7795818 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Normal blood cells are formed in the bone marrow by a process called hematopoiesis. This process is supported by a network of non-hematopoietic cells including connective tissue cells, blood vessel cells and bone-forming cells. However, these cells can also support the growth of cancer cells, i.e., hematological malignancies (e.g., leukemias) and cancers that arise in another organ and spread to the bone marrow. Two of these cancer-supporting normal cells are bone-forming osteoblasts and a subset of connective tissue cells called mesenchymal stem cells. One mechanism for their cancer support is the release of proteins that support cancer cell proliferation and progression of the cancer disease. Our present study shows that both these normal cells release a wide range of proteins that support cancer cells, and inhibition of this protein-mediated cancer support may become a new strategy for cancer treatment. Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteoblasts are bone marrow stromal cells that contribute to the formation of stem cell niches and support normal hematopoiesis, leukemogenesis and development of metastases from distant cancers. This support is mediated through cell–cell contact, release of soluble mediators and formation of extracellular matrix. By using a proteomic approach, we characterized the protein release by in vitro cultured human MSCs (10 donors) and osteoblasts (nine donors). We identified 1379 molecules released by these cells, including 340 proteins belonging to the GO-term Extracellular matrix. Both cell types released a wide range of functionally heterogeneous proteins including extracellular matrix molecules (especially collagens), several enzymes and especially proteases, cytokines and soluble adhesion molecules, but also several intracellular molecules including chaperones, cytoplasmic mediators, histones and non-histone nuclear molecules. The levels of most proteins did not differ between MSCs and osteoblasts, but 82 proteins were more abundant for MSC (especially extracellular matrix proteins and proteases) and 36 proteins more abundant for osteoblasts. Finally, a large number of exosomal proteins were identified. To conclude, MSCs and osteoblasts show extracellular release of a wide range of functionally diverse proteins, including several extracellular matrix molecules known to support cancer progression (e.g., metastases from distant tumors, increased relapse risk for hematological malignancies), and the large number of identified exosomal proteins suggests that exocytosis is an important mechanism of protein release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Aasebø
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Even Birkeland
- The Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; (E.B.); (F.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Frode Selheim
- The Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; (E.B.); (F.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Frode Berven
- The Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; (E.B.); (F.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Annette K. Brenner
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (A.K.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +47-5597-2997
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Darici S, Alkhaldi H, Horne G, Jørgensen HG, Marmiroli S, Huang X. Targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR in AML: Rationale and Clinical Evidence. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092934. [PMID: 32932888 PMCID: PMC7563273 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous hematopoietic malignancy characterized by excessive proliferation and accumulation of immature myeloid blasts in the bone marrow. AML has a very poor 5-year survival rate of just 16% in the UK; hence, more efficacious, tolerable, and targeted therapy is required. Persistent leukemia stem cell (LSC) populations underlie patient relapse and development of resistance to therapy. Identification of critical oncogenic signaling pathways in AML LSC may provide new avenues for novel therapeutic strategies. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, is often hyperactivated in AML, required to sustain the oncogenic potential of LSCs. Growing evidence suggests that targeting key components of this pathway may represent an effective treatment to kill AML LSCs. Despite this, accruing significant body of scientific knowledge, PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors have not translated into clinical practice. In this article, we review the laboratory-based evidence of the critical role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in AML, and outcomes from current clinical studies using PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors. Based on these results, we discuss the putative mechanisms of resistance to PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibition, offering rationale for potential candidate combination therapies incorporating PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors for precision medicine in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salihanur Darici
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK; (H.A.); (G.H.); (H.G.J.)
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (X.H.); Tel.: +44-0141-301-7883 (S.D.); +44-0141-301-7884 (X.H.)
| | - Hazem Alkhaldi
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK; (H.A.); (G.H.); (H.G.J.)
| | - Gillian Horne
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK; (H.A.); (G.H.); (H.G.J.)
| | - Heather G. Jørgensen
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK; (H.A.); (G.H.); (H.G.J.)
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Xu Huang
- Haemato-Oncology/Systems Medicine Group, Paul O’Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0ZD, UK; (H.A.); (G.H.); (H.G.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (X.H.); Tel.: +44-0141-301-7883 (S.D.); +44-0141-301-7884 (X.H.)
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Inhibition of NF-κB Signaling Alters Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Cell Transcriptomics. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071677. [PMID: 32664684 PMCID: PMC7408594 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy. The pathophysiology of the disease depends on cytogenetic abnormalities, gene mutations, aberrant gene expressions, and altered epigenetic regulation. Although new pharmacological agents have emerged during the last years, the prognosis is still dismal and new therapeutic strategies are needed. The transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is regarded a possible therapeutic target. In this study, we investigated the alterations in the global gene expression profile (GEP) in primary AML cells derived from 16 consecutive patients after exposure to the NF-κB inhibitor BMS-345541. We identified a profound and highly discriminative transcriptomic profile associated with NF-κB inhibition. Bioinformatical analyses identified cytokine/interleukin signaling, metabolic regulation, and nucleic acid binding/transcription among the major biological functions influenced by NF-κB inhibition. Furthermore, several key genes involved in leukemogenesis, among them RUNX1 and CEBPA, in addition to NFKB1 itself, were influenced by NF-κB inhibition. Finally, we identified a significant impact of NF-κB inhibition on the expression of genes included in a leukemic stem cell (LSC) signature, indicating possible targeting of LSCs. We conclude that NF-κB inhibition significantly altered the expression of genes central to the leukemic process.
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7
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The PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082907. [PMID: 32326335 PMCID: PMC7215987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Malignant cell growth is characterized by disruption of normal intracellular signaling, caused by mutations or aberrant external signaling. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway) is among one of the intracellular pathways aberrantly upregulated in cancers including AML. Activation of this pathway seems important in leukemogenesis, and given the central role of this pathway in metabolism, the bioenergetics of AML cells may depend on downstream signaling within this pathway. Furthermore, observations suggest that constitutive activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway differs between patients, and that increased activity within this pathway is an adverse prognostic parameter in AML. Pharmacological targeting of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway with specific inhibitors results in suppression of leukemic cell growth. However, AML patients seem to differ regarding their susceptibility to various small-molecule inhibitors, reflecting biological heterogeneity in the intracellular signaling status. These findings should be further investigated in both preclinical and clinical settings, along with the potential use of this pathway as a prognostic biomarker, both in patients receiving intensive curative AML treatment and in elderly/unfit receiving AML-stabilizing treatment.
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8
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Cheng Y, Ma XL, Wei YQ, Wei XW. Potential roles and targeted therapy of the CXCLs/CXCR2 axis in cancer and inflammatory diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:289-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Brenner AK, Aasebø E, Hernandez-Valladares M, Selheim F, Berven F, Grønningsæter IS, Bartaula-Brevik S, Bruserud Ø. The Capacity of Long-Term in Vitro Proliferation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Supported Only by Exogenous Cytokines Is Associated with a Patient Subset with Adverse Outcome. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010073. [PMID: 30634713 PMCID: PMC6356272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy, which is highly heterogeneous with regard to chemosensitivity and biological features. The AML cell population is organized in a hierarchy that is reflected in the in vitro growth characteristics, with only a minority of cells being able to proliferate for more than two weeks. In this study, we investigated the ability of AML stem cells to survive and proliferate in suspension cultures in the presence of exogenous mediators but without supporting non-leukemic cells. We saw that a high number of maintained stem cells (i.e., a large number of clonogenic cells after five weeks of culture) was associated with decreased overall survival for patients receiving intensive chemotherapy; this prognostic impact was also detected in the multivariate/adjusted analysis. Furthermore, the patients with many clonogenic cells presented more frequently with mutations in transcription-related genes, and also showed a higher abundance of proteins involved in transcription at the time of diagnosis. In conclusion, the growth characteristics of the long-term proliferating leukemic stem cells seem to have an independent prognostic impact in human AML, and these characteristics appear to be reflected by the mutational landscape and the proteome of the patients at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette K Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital; 5021 Bergen, Norwa.
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elise Aasebø
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- The Proteomics Unit at the University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Maria Hernandez-Valladares
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- The Proteomics Unit at the University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Frode Selheim
- The Proteomics Unit at the University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Frode Berven
- The Proteomics Unit at the University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ida-Sofie Grønningsæter
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital; 5021 Bergen, Norwa.
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Sushma Bartaula-Brevik
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital; 5021 Bergen, Norwa.
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
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Biological Aspects of mTOR in Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082396. [PMID: 30110936 PMCID: PMC6121663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central processor of intra- and extracellular signals, regulating many fundamental cellular processes such as metabolism, growth, proliferation, and survival. Strong evidences have indicated that mTOR dysregulation is deeply implicated in leukemogenesis. This has led to growing interest in the development of modulators of its activity for leukemia treatment. This review intends to provide an outline of the principal biological and molecular functions of mTOR. We summarize the current understanding of how mTOR interacts with microRNAs, with components of cell metabolism, and with controllers of apoptotic machinery. Lastly, from a clinical/translational perspective, we recapitulate the therapeutic results in leukemia, obtained by using mTOR inhibitors as single agents and in combination with other compounds.
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Nepstad I, Hatfield KJ, Aasebø E, Hernandez-Valladares M, Brenner AK, Bartaula-Brevik S, Berven F, Selheim F, Skavland J, Gjertsen BT, Reikvam H, Bruserud Ø. Two acute myeloid leukemia patient subsets are identified based on the constitutive PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling of their leukemic cells; a functional, proteomic, and transcriptomic comparison. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:639-653. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1487401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Nepstad
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Kimberley J. Hatfield
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise Aasebø
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Annette K. Brenner
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Frode Berven
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode Selheim
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jørn Skavland
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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12
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Li Y, Cheng J, Li Y, Jiang Y, Ma J, Li Q, Pang T. CXCL8 is associated with the recurrence of patients with acute myeloid leukemia and cell proliferation in leukemia cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:524-530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Resistance to the Antiproliferative In Vitro Effect of PI3K-Akt-mTOR Inhibition in Primary Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells Is Associated with Altered Cell Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020382. [PMID: 29382066 PMCID: PMC5855604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive signaling through the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-Akt-mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K-Akt-mTOR) pathway is present in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. However, AML is a heterogeneous disease, and we therefore investigated possible associations between cellular metabolism and sensitivity to PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway inhibitors. We performed non-targeted metabolite profiling to compare the metabolome differences of primary human AML cells derived from patients susceptible or resistant to the in vitro antiproliferative effects of mTOR and PI3K inhibitors. In addition, the phosphorylation status of 18 proteins involved in PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling and the effect of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin on their phosphorylation status was investigated by flow cytometry. Strong antiproliferative effects by inhibitors were observed only for a subset of patients. We compared the metabolite profiles for responders and non-responders towards PI3K-mTOR inhibitors, and 627 metabolites could be detected. Of these metabolites, 128 were annotated and 15 of the annotated metabolites differed significantly between responders and non-responders, including metabolites involved in energy, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. To conclude, leukemia cells that are susceptible or resistant to PI3K-Akt-mTOR inhibitors differ in energy, amino acid, and arachidonic acid metabolism, and modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism alters the activation of mTOR and its downstream mediators.
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14
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Mohammadi Najafabadi M, Shamsasenjan K, Akbarzadehlaleh P. The Angiogenic Chemokines Expression Profile of Myeloid Cell Lines Co-Cultured with Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 20:19-24. [PMID: 29308614 PMCID: PMC5759676 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.4924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Angiogenesis, the process of formation of new blood vessels, is essential for development of solid tumors. At first, it was first assumed that angiogenesis is not implicated in the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as a liquid tumor. One of the most important elements in bone marrow microenvironment is mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These cells possess an intrinsic tropism for sites of tumor in various types of cancers and have an impact on solid tumors growth by affecting the angiogenic process. But so far, our knowledge is limited about MSCs' role in liquid tumors angiogenesis. By increasing our knowledge about the role of MSCs on angiogenesis, new therapeutic strategies can be used to improve the status of patients with leukemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, HL-60, K562 and U937 cells were separately co-cultured with bone marrow derived-MSCs and after 8, 16 and 24 hours, alterations in the expression of 10 chemokine genes involved in angiogenesis, were evaluated by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mono-cultures of leukemia cell lines were used as controls. RESULTS We observed that in HL-60 and K562 cells co-cultured with MSCs, the expression of CXCL10 and CXCL3 genes are increased, respectively as compared to the control cells. Also, in U937 cells co-cultured with MSCs, the expression of CXCL6 gene was upgraded. Moreover in U937 cells, CCL2 gene expression in the first 16 hours was lower than the control cells, while within 24 hours its expression augmented. CONCLUSIONS Our observations, for the first time, demonstrated that bone marrow (BM)-MSCs are able to alter the expression profile of chemokine genes involved in angiogenesis, in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. MSCs cause different effects on angiogenesis in different leukemia cell lines; in some cases, MSCs promote angiogenesis, and in others, inhibit it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karim Shamsasenjan
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Akbarzadehlaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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15
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Aasebø E, Bartaula-Brevik S, Hernandez-Valladares M, Bruserud Ø. Vacuolar ATPase as a possible therapeutic target in human acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2017; 11:13-24. [PMID: 29168399 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2018.1407239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION V-ATPase is a proton pump expressed both in the membrane of intracellular organelles (e.g. endosomes, lysosomes, Golgi structures) and the plasma membrane. It is an important regulator of organellar functions, intracellular molecular trafficking, intercellular communication and intracellular signaling. It is therefore considered as a possible therapeutic target in the treatment of human malignancies. Areas covered: Relevant publications were identified through literature searches in the PubMed database. We searched for original articles and reviews describing the possible importance of V-ATPase for leukemogenesis and chemosensitivity in human myeloid cells, especially acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Expert commentary: The expression of V-ATPase in the primary human AML cells varies between patients, and high levels are associated with high constitutive release of a wide range of soluble mediators. Several of the molecules included in the V-ATPase interactome may also be important in leukemogenesis and/or development of chemoresistance in human AML. Therapeutic targeting of V-ATPase should therefore be regarded as a possible therapeutic strategy in human AML, but the efficiency of such targeting will probably differ between patients. The possibility of toxicity, especially hematological toxicity and immunosuppression, also has to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Aasebø
- a Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Sushma Bartaula-Brevik
- a Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Maria Hernandez-Valladares
- a Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- a Section for Hematology, Department of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
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16
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Muramatsu M, Gao L, Peresie J, Balderman B, Akakura S, Gelman IH. SSeCKS/AKAP12 scaffolding functions suppress B16F10-induced peritoneal metastasis by attenuating CXCL9/10 secretion by resident fibroblasts. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70281-70298. [PMID: 29050279 PMCID: PMC5642554 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 (SSeCKS) is a kinase scaffolding protein known to suppress metastasis by attenuating tumor-intrinsic PKC- and Src-mediated signaling pathways [1]. In addition to downregulation in metastatic cells, in silico analyses identified SSeCKS downregulation in prostate or breast cancer-derived stroma, suggesting a microenvironmental cell role in controlling malignancy. Although orthotopic B16F10 and SM1WT1[BrafV600E] mouse melanoma tumors grew similarly in syngeneic WT or SSeCKS-null (KO) mice, KO hosts exhibited 5- to 10-fold higher levels of peritoneal metastasis, and this enhancement could be adoptively transferred by pre-injecting naïve WT mice with peritoneal fluid (PF), but not non-adherent peritoneal cells (PC), from naïve KO mice. B16F10 and SM1WT1 cells showed increased chemotaxis to KO-PF compared to WT-PF, corresponding to increased PF levels of multiple inflammatory mediators, including the Cxcr3 ligands, Cxcl9 and 10. Cxcr3 knockdown abrogated enhanced chemotaxis to KO-PF and peritoneal metastasis in KO hosts. Conditioned media from KO peritoneal membrane fibroblasts (PMF), but not from KO-PC, induced increased B16F10 chemotaxis over controls, which could be blocked with Cxcl10 neutralizing antibody. KO-PMF exhibited increased levels of the senescence markers, SA-β-galactosidase, p21waf1 and p16ink4a, and enhanced Cxcl10 secretion induced by inflammatory mediators, lipopolysaccharide, TNFα, IFNα and IFNγ. SSeCKS scaffolding-site mutants and small molecule kinase inhibitors were used to show that the loss of SSeCKS-regulated PKC, PKA and PI3K/Akt pathways are responsible for the enhanced Cxcl10 secretion. These data mark the first description of a role for stromal SSeCKS/AKAP12 in suppressing metastasis, specifically by attenuating signaling pathways that promote secretion of tumor chemoattractants in the peritoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Muramatsu
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Lingqiu Gao
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Peresie
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Balderman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY, USA
| | - Shin Akakura
- Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, Irvine 92618, CA, USA
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY, USA
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17
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Bruserud Ø, Aasebø E, Hernandez-Valladares M, Tsykunova G, Reikvam H. Therapeutic targeting of leukemic stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia - the biological background for possible strategies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1053-1065. [PMID: 28748730 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1356818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy, caused by the accumulation of immature leukemic blasts in blood and bone marrow. There is a relatively high risk of chemoresistant relapse even for the younger patients who can receive the most intensive antileukemic treatment. Treatment directed against the remaining leukemic and preleukemic stem cells will most likely reduce the risk of later relapse. Areas covered: Relevant publications were identified through literature searches. The authors searched for original articles and recent reviews describing (i) the characteristics of leukemic/preleukemic stem cells; (ii) the importance of the bone marrow stem cell niches in leukemogenesis; and (iii) possible therapeutic strategies to target the preleukemic/leukemic stem cells. Expert opinion: Leukemia relapse/progression seems to be derived from residual chemoresistant leukemic or preleukemic stem cells, and a more effective treatment directed against these cells will likely be important to improve survival both for patients receiving intensive treatment and leukemia-stabilizing therapy. Several possible strategies are now considered, including the targeting of the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, proapoptotic intracellular signaling, cell metabolism, telomere activity and the AML-supporting effects by neighboring stromal cells. Due to disease heterogeneity, the most effective stem cell-directed therapy will probably differ between individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Bruserud
- a Division of Hematology, Institute of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Elise Aasebø
- a Division of Hematology, Institute of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Maria Hernandez-Valladares
- a Division of Hematology, Institute of Clinical Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Proteomics Unit (PROBE), Department of Biomedicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Galina Tsykunova
- b Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- b Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
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18
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Hepatocyte Growth Factor, a Key Tumor-Promoting Factor in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9040035. [PMID: 28420162 PMCID: PMC5406710 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a key role in tumor development and progression. Stromal cells secrete growth factors, cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins which promote growth, survival and metastatic spread of cancer cells. Fibroblasts are the predominant constituent of the tumor stroma and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), the specific ligand for the tyrosine kinase receptor c-MET, is a major component of their secretome. Indeed, cancer-associated fibroblasts have been shown to promote growth, survival and migration of cancer cells in an HGF-dependent manner. Fibroblasts also confer resistance to anti-cancer therapy through HGF-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activation of pro-survival signaling pathways such as ERK and AKT in tumor cells. Constitutive HGF/MET signaling in cancer cells is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and predicts poor outcome in cancer patients. Due to its role in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance, both HGF and MET have emerged as valid therapeutic targets. Several inhibitors of MET and HGF are currently being tested in clinical trials. Preclinical data provide a strong indication that inhibitors of HGF/MET signaling overcome both primary and acquired resistance to EGFR, HER2, and BRAF targeting agents. These findings support the notion that co-targeting of cancer cells and stromal cells is required to prevent therapeutic resistance and to increase the overall survival rate of cancer patients. HGF dependence has emerged as a hallmark of therapeutic resistance, suggesting that inhibitors of biological activity of HGF should be included into therapeutic regimens of cancer patients.
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19
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Tang YL, Huang LB, Lin WH, Wang LN, Tian Y, Shi D, Wang J, Qin G, Li A, Liang YN, Zhou HJ, Ke ZY, Huang W, Deng W, Luo XQ. Butein inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest in acute lymphoblastic leukemia via FOXO3a/p27kip1 pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18651-64. [PMID: 26919107 PMCID: PMC4951317 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a common hematological malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of leukemia cells in children. Discovering and developing effective chemotherapeutic drugs are needed for ALL. In this study, we investigated the anti-leukemic activity of butein and its action mechanisms in ALL. Butein was found to significantly suppress the cellular proliferation of ALL cell lines and primary ALL blasts in a dose-dependent manner. It also induced cell cycle arrest by decreasing the expression of cyclin E and CDK2. We also found that butein promoted nuclear Forkhead Class box O3a (FOXO3a) localization, enhanced the binding of FOXO3a on the p27kip1 gene promoter and then increased the expression of p27kip1. Moreover, we showed that FOXO3a knockdown significantly decreased the proliferation inhibition by butein, whereas overexpression of FOXO3a enhanced the butein-mediated proliferation inhibition. However, overexpression of FOXO3a mutation (C-terminally truncated FOXO3a DNA-binding domain) decreased the proliferation inhibition by butein through decreasing the expression of p27kip1. Our results therefore demonstrate the therapeutic potential of butein for ALL via FOXO3a/p27kip1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lai Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Bin Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Hao Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingbo Shi
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Qin
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anchuan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ni Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Juan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Ke
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Targeted Drug for Tumors of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Double Bioproduct Inc., Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Targeted Drug for Tumors of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Double Bioproduct Inc., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Qun Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Siveen KS, Uddin S, Mohammad RM. Targeting acute myeloid leukemia stem cell signaling by natural products. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:13. [PMID: 28137265 PMCID: PMC5282735 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most commonly diagnosed leukemia in adults (25%) and comprises 15-20% in children. It is a genetically heterogeneous aggressive disease characterized by the accumulation of somatically acquired genetic changes, altering self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells, resulting in uncontrolled clonal proliferation of malignant progenitor myeloid cells in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and occasionally in other body tissues. Treatment with modern chemotherapy regimen (cytarabine and daunorubicin) usually achieves high remission rates, still majority of patients are found to relapse, resulting in only 40-45% overall 5 year survival in young patients and less than 10% in the elderly AML patients. The leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are characterized by their unlimited self-renewal, repopulating potential and long residence in a quiescent state of G0/G1 phase. LSCs are considered to have a pivotal role in the relapse and refractory of AML. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies to target LSCs with limited toxicity towards the normal hematopoietic population is critical for the ultimate curing of AML. Ongoing research works with natural products like parthenolide (a natural plant extract derived compound) and its derivatives, that have the ability to target multiple pathways that regulate the self-renewal, growth and survival of LSCs point to ways for a possible complete remission in AML. In this review article, we will update and discuss various natural products that can target LSCs in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodappully Sivaraman Siveen
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
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21
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Tvedt TH, Nepstad I, Bruserud Ø. Antileukemic effects of midostaurin in acute myeloid leukemia - the possible importance of multikinase inhibition in leukemic as well as nonleukemic stromal cells. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 26:343-355. [PMID: 28001095 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1275564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Midostaurin is a multikinase inhibitor that inhibits receptor tyrosine kinases (Flt3, CD117/c-kit, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) as well as non-receptor tyrosine kinases (Frg, Src, Syk, Protein kinase C). Combination of midostaurin with conventional intensive chemotherapy followed by one year maintenance monotherapy was recently reported to improve the survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with Flt3 mutations. Areas covered: Relevant publications were identified through literature searches in the PubMed database. We searched for (i) original articles describing the results from clinical studies; (ii) published articles describing the importance of midostaurin-inhibited kinases for leukemogenesis and chemosensitivity. Expert opinion: Midostaurin monotherapy is well tolerated, combined with conventional chemotherapy gastrointestinal toxicity increases significantly. Midostaurin alters anthracycline pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, its antileukemic effects may not only be mediated through Flt3 inhibition alone; the inhibition of other kinases may also be important for the overall antileukemic effect. Midostaurin may then have direct effects on the leukemic cells but also indirect antileukemic effects through inhibition of the AML-supporting effects of neighboring stromal cells in the bone marrow microenvironment. Midostaurin may thus be used in combination with intensive chemotherapy, as maintenance treatment or as disease-stabilizing treatment for elderly unfit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Henrik Tvedt
- a Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Ina Nepstad
- b Section for Hematology , Institute of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- a Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway.,b Section for Hematology , Institute of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
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22
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Brenner AK, Andersson Tvedt TH, Bruserud Ø. The Complexity of Targeting PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signalling in Human Acute Myeloid Leukaemia: The Importance of Leukemic Cell Heterogeneity, Neighbouring Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Immunocompetent Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111512. [PMID: 27845732 PMCID: PMC6273124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of PI3K-Akt-mTOR is considered a possible strategy in human acute myeloid leukaemia (AML); the most important rationale being the proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects of direct PI3K/mTOR inhibition observed in experimental studies of human AML cells. However, AML is a heterogeneous disease and these effects caused by direct pathway inhibition in the leukemic cells are observed only for a subset of patients. Furthermore, the final effect of PI3K-Akt-mTOR inhibition is modulated by indirect effects, i.e., treatment effects on AML-supporting non-leukemic bone marrow cells. In this article we focus on the effects of this treatment on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and monocytes/macrophages; both these cell types are parts of the haematopoietic stem cell niches in the bone marrow. MSCs have unique membrane molecule and constitutive cytokine release profiles, and mediate their support through bidirectional crosstalk involving both cell-cell contact and the local cytokine network. It is not known how various forms of PI3K-Akt-mTOR targeting alter the molecular mechanisms of this crosstalk. The effect on monocytes/macrophages is also difficult to predict and depends on the targeted molecule. Thus, further development of PI3K-Akt-mTOR targeting into a clinical strategy requires detailed molecular studies in well-characterized experimental models combined with careful clinical studies, to identify patient subsets that are likely to respond to this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette K Brenner
- Section for Haematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Tor Henrik Andersson Tvedt
- Section for Haematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Section for Haematology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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23
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Dual targeting of acute myeloid leukemia progenitors by catalytic mTOR inhibition and blockade of the p110α subunit of PI3 kinase. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8062-70. [PMID: 25823922 PMCID: PMC4480735 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathways are often aberrantly activated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and play critical roles in proliferation and survival of leukemia cells. We provide evidence that simultaneous targeting of mTOR complexes with the catalytic mTOR inhibitor OSI-027 and of the p110α subunit of PI3K with the specific inhibitor BYL-719 results in efficient suppression of effector pathways and enhanced induction of apoptosis of leukemia cells. Importantly, such a combined targeting approach results in enhanced suppression of primitive leukemic progenitors from patients with AML. Taken together, these findings raise the possibility of combination treatments of mTOR and p110α inhibitors as a unique approach to enhance responses in refractory AML.
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24
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Pizzo RJ, Azadniv M, Guo N, Acklin J, Lacagnina K, Coppage M, Liesveld JL. Phenotypic, genotypic, and functional characterization of normal and acute myeloid leukemia-derived marrow endothelial cells. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:378-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase as a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome acquired resistance to dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5134-46. [PMID: 25762617 PMCID: PMC4467138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual PI3K/mTOR(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors are being evaluated clinically for the treatment of tumors with a hyperactivated PI3K/mTOR pathway. However, unexpected outcomes were obtained in clinical studies of cancer patients with an aberrant PI3K pathway. In clinical trials, applicable combination regimens are not yet available. In this study, using an integrated analysis of acquired BEZ235-resistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, we demonstrate that DNA methyltransferase is a key modulator and a common node upstream of the AKT/mTOR and PDK1/MYC pathways, which are activated in cancer cells with acquired BEZ235 resistance. DNA methyltransferases were upregulated and induced PTEN and PPP2R2B gene hypermethylation, which downregulated their expression in BEZ235-resistant cancer cells. Reduced PTEN and PPP2R2B expression correlated with activated AKT/mTOR and PDK1/MYC pathways and conferred considerable BEZ235 resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Targeting methyltransferases in combination with BEZ235 sensitized BEZ235-resistant cells to BEZ235 in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the potential clinical application of this strategy to overcome BEZ235 resistance.
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26
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Reikvam H, Brenner AK, Hagen KM, Liseth K, Skrede S, Hatfield KJ, Bruserud Ø. The cytokine-mediated crosstalk between primary human acute myeloid cells and mesenchymal stem cells alters the local cytokine network and the global gene expression profile of the mesenchymal cells. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:530-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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27
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Setti A, Kumar MJV, Babu KR, Rasagna A, Prasanna MGRD, Devi TAP, Pawar SC. Potency and pharmacokinetics of broad spectrum and isoform-specific p110γ and δ inhibitors in cancers. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:26-36. [PMID: 26791581 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.1003658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emerging data on cancer suggesting that target-based therapy is promising strategy in cancer treatment. PI3K-AKT pathway is extensively studied in many cancers; several inhibitors target this pathway in different levels. Recent finding on this pathway uncovered the therapeutic applications of PI3K-specific inhibitors; PI3K, AKT, and mTORC broad spectrum inhibitors. Noticeably, class I PI3K isoforms, p110γ and p110δ catalytic subunits have rational therapeutic application than other isoforms. Therefore, three classes of inhibitors: isoform-specific, dual-specific and broad spectrum were selected for molecular docking and dynamics. First, p110δ structure was modelled; active site was analyzed. Then, molecular docking of each class of inhibitors were studied; the docked complexes were further used in 1.2 ns molecular dynamics simulation to report the potency of each class of inhibitor. Remarkably, both the studies retained the similar kind of protein ligand interactions. GDC-0941, XL-147 (broad spectrum); TG100-115 (dual-specific); and AS-252424, PIK-294 (isoform-specific) were found to be potential inhibitors of p110γ and p110δ, respectively. In addition to that pharmacokinetic properties are within recommended ranges. Finally, molecular phylogeny revealed that p110γ and p110δ are evolutionarily divergent; they probably need separate strategies for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Setti
- a Department of Genetics & Biotechnology , Osmania University , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India .,b Param Bioinformatics , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India .,c VAC Biotechnologies , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - M J Vijay Kumar
- a Department of Genetics & Biotechnology , Osmania University , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India .,c VAC Biotechnologies , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - K Ravi Babu
- d Department of Biochemistry , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Karnataka , India , and
| | - A Rasagna
- a Department of Genetics & Biotechnology , Osmania University , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - M G R Devi Prasanna
- a Department of Genetics & Biotechnology , Osmania University , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - T A Phazna Devi
- e Microbial Resources Division , Institute of Bioresources & Sustainable Development , Imphal , Manipur , India
| | - Smita C Pawar
- a Department of Genetics & Biotechnology , Osmania University , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , India
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28
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Hojjat-Farsangi M. Targeting non-receptor tyrosine kinases using small molecule inhibitors: an overview of recent advances. J Drug Target 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1068319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden and
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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29
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Reikvam H, Hauge M, Brenner AK, Hatfield KJ, Bruserud Ø. Emerging therapeutic targets for the treatment of human acute myeloid leukemia (part 1) - gene transcription, cell cycle regulation, metabolism and intercellular communication. Expert Rev Hematol 2015; 8:299-313. [PMID: 25835070 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2015.1032935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human acute myeloid leukemia is a heterogeneous disease and the effect of therapeutic targeting of specific molecular mechanisms will probably vary between patient subsets. Cell cycle regulators are among the emerging targets (e.g., aurora and polo-like kinases, cyclin-dependent kinases). Inhibition of communication between acute myeloid leukemia and stromal cells is also considered; among the most promising of these strategies are inhibition of hedgehog-initiated, CXCR4-CXCL12 and Axl-Gas6 signaling. Finally, targeting of energy and protein metabolism is considered, the most promising strategy being inhibition of isocitrate dehydrogenase in patients with IDH mutations. Thus, several strategies are now considered, and a major common challenge for all of them is to clarify how they should be combined with each other or with conventional chemotherapy, and whether their use should be limited to certain subsets of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Reikvam
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Liu M, Tang R, Jiang Y. Study on the function and mechanism of atorvastatin in regulating leukemic cell apoptosis by the PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:3371-3380. [PMID: 26064227 PMCID: PMC4443061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of atorvastatin on the proliferation and apoptosis of leukemic cell lines (Jurkat, K562 and HL-60), and expore the function of TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signal pathway in this process. METHODS Cells in logarithmic growth phase were divided into negative control group and experimental group (cells were treated with atorvastatin with intervention concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 μmol/L respectively) and cultured for 24 hours. Changes in apoptosis and cell cycle of leukemic cells were detected utilizing the Flow Cytometry. Changes in the expression of TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signal pathway related genes were detected utilizing Real-time PCR and Western Blot method. RESULTS Atorvastatin inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in K562, HL-60 and Jurkat cells in a dose-dependent manner. K562, HL-60 and Jurkat cells in G0/G1 phase increased and that in S phase decreased after being treated with atorvastatin for 24 hours compared with that in control group, suggesting that the atorvastatin can retard the three cells in the G0/G1 phase. The study find that the basal expressions of TLR4, MYD88 and NF-κB gene in K562, HL-60 and Jurkat cells are obviously down-regulated in a dose-dependent manner after being treated with atorvastatin with different concentrations. This down-regulation action of atorvastatin to the expression of the TLR4, MYD88 and NF-κB gene becomes more obvious with the increase of the drug level. In addition, the PI3K, AKT and their phosphorylation levels in the above cells down-regulate obviously in a dose-dependent manner after being treated with atorvastatin. This down-regulation action of atorvastatin to the PI3K, AKT and their phosphorylation levels become more obvious with the increase of the drug level. CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in leukemia cells, which may be associated with the regulation of atorvastatin to the TLR4/MYD88/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Rong Tang
- Department of Paediatrics, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Paediatrics, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, P.R. China
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Eterno V, Zambelli A, Pavesi L, Villani L, Zanini V, Petrolo G, Manera S, Tuscano A, Amato A. Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASCs) may favour breast cancer recurrence via HGF/c-Met signaling. Oncotarget 2015; 5:613-33. [PMID: 24327602 PMCID: PMC3996669 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a reservoir of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, ASCs), endowed with regenerative properties. Fat graft was proposed for breast reconstruction in post-surgery cancer patients achieving good aesthetic results and tissues regeneration. However, recent findings highlight a potential tumorigenic role that ASCs may have in cancer recurrence, raising some concerns about their safety in clinical application. To address this issue, we established a model where autologous ASCs were combined with primary normal or cancer cells from breast of human donors, in order to evaluate potential effects of their interactions, in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, we found that ASCs are not tumorigenic per sè, as they are not able to induce a neoplastic transformation of normal mammary cells, however they could exhacerbate tumorigenic behaviour of c-Met-expressing breast cancer cells, creating an inflammatory microenvironment which sustained tumor growth and angiogenesis. Pharmacological c-Met inhibition showed that a HGF/c-Met crosstalk between ASCs and breast cancer cells enhanced tumor cells migration, acquiring a metastatic signature, and sustained tumor self-renewal. The master role of HGF/c-Met pathway in cancer recurrence was further confirmed by c-Met immunostaining in primary breast cancer from human donors, revealing a strong positivity in patients displaying a recurrent pathology after fat grafts and a weak/moderate staining in patients without signs of recurrence. Altogether our findings, for the first time, suggest c-Met expression, as predictive to evaluate risk of cancer recurrence after autologous fat graft in post-surgery breast cancer patients, increasing the safety of fat graft in clinical application.
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Downregulation of angiogenin inhibits the growth and induces apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells through regulating AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J Mol Histol 2015; 46:157-71. [PMID: 25564356 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-014-9608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenin (ANG) is a multifunctional secreted protein that belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease A super family, which has been conceived to play a more important role in cell survival, growth and proliferation than the mediation of angiogenesis. Accumulating evidences suggest that the expression and activity of ANG increased significantly in a variety of human cancers. Recent studies showed that ANG activates cell signaling pathway through the putative receptor on endothelial cells. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. AKT/mTOR signaling pathway participates in cell growth, cell-cycle progression and cell apoptosis. The purpose of our study was to determine whether ANG implicated in growth and metastasis of bladder cancer cells through regulating AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In this study, we constructed ANG siRNA plasmids that transfected into human bladder cancer T24 cells. We demonstrated that knockdown of ANG could inhibit cell proliferation, regulate cell cycle and induce apoptosis. We also found that down-regulation of ANG remarkably reduced the phosphorylation of signaling targets AKT, GSK-3β and mTOR. Furthermore, down-regulation of ANG increased expression of ribonuclease inhibitor, which is a cytoplasmic acidic protein with many functions. Finally, ANG siRNA led to the suppression for tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Taken together, these findings highlight for the first time that ANG could play a pivotal role in the development of bladder cancer through regulating AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The targeting of ANG and associated factors could provide a novel strategy to inhibit human bladder cancer.
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Blagosklonny MV. Koschei the immortal and anti-aging drugs. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1552. [PMID: 25476900 PMCID: PMC4649836 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In Slavic folklore, Koschei the Immortal was bony, thin and lean. Was his condition caused by severe calorie restriction (CR)? CR deactivates the target of rapamycin pathway and slows down aging. But the life-extending effect of severe CR is limited by starvation. What if Koschei's anti-aging formula included rapamycin? And was rapamycin (or another rapalog) combined with commonly available drugs such as metformin, aspirin, propranolol, angiotensin II receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Blagosklonny
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, BLSC, L3-312, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Bruserud Ø, Nepstad I, Hauge M, Hatfield KJ, Reikvam H. STAT3 as a possible therapeutic target in human malignancies: lessons from acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 8:29-41. [PMID: 25374305 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2015.971005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
STAT3 is important for transcriptional regulation in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). STAT3 has thousands of potential DNA binding sites but usually shows cell type specific binding preferences to a limited number of these. Furthermore, AML is a very heterogeneous disease, and studies of the prognostic impact of STAT3 in human AML have also given conflicting results. A more detailed characterization of STAT3 functions and the expression of various isoforms in human AML will therefore be required before it is possible to design clinical studies of STAT3 inhibitors in this disease, and it will be especially important to investigate whether the functions of STAT3 differ between patients. Several other malignancies also show extensive biological heterogeneity, and the present discussion and the suggested scientific approaches may thus be relevant for other cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Al-Hussaini M, DiPersio JF. Small molecule inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia: from the bench to the clinic. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 7:439-64. [PMID: 25025370 PMCID: PMC4283573 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2014.932687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with acute myeloid leukemia will eventually develop refractory or relapsed disease. In the absence of standard therapy for this population, there is currently an urgent unmet need for novel therapeutic agents. Targeted therapy with small molecule inhibitors represents a new therapeutic intervention that has been successful for the treatment of multiple tumors (e.g., gastrointestinal stromal tumors, chronic myelogenous leukemia). Hence, there has been great interest in generating selective small molecule inhibitors targeting critical pathways of proliferation and survival in acute myeloid leukemia. This review highlights a selective group of intriguing therapeutic agents and their presumed targets in both preclinical models and in early human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneera Al-Hussaini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Missouri
| | - John F. DiPersio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St Louis Missouri
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CXXC5 (retinoid-inducible nuclear factor, RINF) is a potential therapeutic target in high-risk human acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1438-48. [PMID: 23988457 PMCID: PMC3824541 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoid-responsive gene CXXC5 localizes to the 5q31.2 chromosomal region and encodes a retinoid-inducible nuclear factor (RINF) that seems important during normal myelopoiesis. We investigated CXXC5/RINF expression in primary human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells derived from 594 patients, and a wide variation in CXXC5/RINF mRNA levels was observed both in the immature leukemic myeloblasts and in immature acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Furthermore, patients with low-risk cytogenetic abnormalities showed significantly lower levels compared to patients with high-risk abnormalities, and high RINF/CXXC5/ mRNA levels were associated with decreased overall survival for patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for newly diagnosed AML. This association with prognosis was seen both when investigating (i) an unselected patient population as well as for patients with (ii) normal cytogenetic and (iii) core-binding factor AML. CXXC5/RINF knockdown in AML cell lines caused increased susceptibility to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, and regulation of apoptosis also seemed to differ between primary human AML cells with high and low RINF expression. The association with adverse prognosis together with the antiapoptotic effect of CXXC5/RINF suggests that targeting of CXXC5/RINF should be considered as a possible therapeutic strategy, especially in high-risk patients who show increased expression in AML cells compared with normal hematopoietic cells.
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Reikvam H, Brenner AK, Nepstad I, Sulen A, Bruserud Ø. Heat shock protein 70 – the next chaperone to target in the treatment of human acute myelogenous leukemia? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:929-44. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.924925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Spartà AM, Bressanin D, Chiarini F, Lonetti A, Cappellini A, Evangelisti C, Evangelisti C, Melchionda F, Pession A, Bertaina A, Locatelli F, McCubrey JA, Martelli AM. Therapeutic targeting of Polo-like kinase-1 and Aurora kinases in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2237-47. [PMID: 24874015 PMCID: PMC4111679 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) and Aurora kinases (AKs) act as key cell cycle regulators in healthy human cells. In cancer, these protein kinases are often overexpressed and dysregulated, thus contributing to uncontrolled cell proliferation and growth. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a heterogeneous malignancy arising in the thymus from T-cell progenitors. Primary chemoresistant and relapsed T-ALL patients have yet a poor outcome, therefore novel therapies, targeting signaling pathways important for leukemic cell proliferation, are required. Here, we demonstrate the potential therapeutic effects of BI6727, MK-5108, and GSK1070916, three selective inhibitors of PLK1, AK-A, and AK-B/C, respectively, in a panel of T-ALL cell lines and primary cells from T-ALL patients. The drugs were both cytostatic and cytotoxic to T-ALL cells by inducing G2/M-phase arrest and apoptosis. The drugs retained part of their pro-apoptotic activity in the presence of MS-5 bone marrow stromal cells. Moreover, we document for the first time that BI6727 perturbed both the PI3K/Akt/mTORC2 and the MEK/ERK/mTORC1 signaling pathways, and that a combination of BI6727 with specific inhibitors of the aforementioned pathways (MK-2206, CCI-779) displayed significantly synergistic cytotoxic effects. Taken together, our findings indicate that PLK1 and AK inhibitors display the potential for being employed in innovative therapeutic strategies for improving T-ALL patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Maria Spartà
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Bressanin
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- Institute of Molecular Genetics; National Research Council; Bologna, Italy
- Muscoloskeletal Cell Biology Laboratory; IOR; Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lonetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cappellini
- Department of Human, Social, and Health Sciences; University of Cassino; Cassino, Italy
| | - Cecilia Evangelisti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Institute of Molecular Genetics; National Research Council; Bologna, Italy
- Muscoloskeletal Cell Biology Laboratory; IOR; Bologna, Italy
| | - Fraia Melchionda
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Unit ‘Lalla Seragnoli’; S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital; University of Bologna; Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Unit ‘Lalla Seragnoli’; S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital; University of Bologna; Bologna, Italy
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Oncoematologia Pediatrica; IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesú; Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Oncoematologia Pediatrica; IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesú; Rome, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Brody School of Medicine; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna, Italy
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Pemmaraju N, Kantarjian H, Andreeff M, Cortes J, Ravandi F. Investigational FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitors in treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:943-54. [PMID: 24749672 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.911839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outcomes for the majority of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain poor. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the understanding of the cytogenetic and molecular determinants of AML pathogenesis. One such advance is the identification of recurring mutations in the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 gene (FLT3). Currently, this marker, which appears in approximately one-third of all AML patients, not only signifies a poorer prognosis but also identifies an important target for therapy. FLT3 inhibitors have now undergone clinical evaluation in Phase I, II and III clinical trials, as both single agents and in combination with chemotherapeutics. Unfortunately, to date, none of the FLT3 inhibitors have gained FDA approval for the treatment of patients with AML. Yet, several promising FLT3 inhibitors are being evaluated in all phases of drug development. AREAS COVERED This review aims to highlight the agents furthest along in their development. It also focuses on those FLT3 inhibitors that are being evaluated in combination with other anti-leukemia agents. EXPERT OPINION The authors believe that the field of research for FLT3 inhibitors remains promising, despite the historically poor prognosis of this subgroup of patients with AML. The most promising areas of research will likely be the elucidation of the mechanisms of resistance to FLT3 inhibitors, and development of potent FLT3 inhibitors alone or in combination with hypomethylating agents, cytotoxic chemotherapy or with other targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Pemmaraju
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia , 1515 Holcombe Blvd Houston, TX 77030 , USA
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In Vitro Characterization of Valproic Acid, ATRA, and Cytarabine Used for Disease-Stabilization in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Antiproliferative Effects of Drugs on Endothelial and Osteoblastic Cells and Altered Release of Angioregulatory Mediators by Endothelial Cells. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:143479. [PMID: 24527217 PMCID: PMC3910457 DOI: 10.1155/2014/143479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA), the retinoic acid receptor- α agonist all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and the deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase- α inhibitor cytarabine (Ara-C) is now considered for disease-stabilizing treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Leukemogenesis and leukemia cell chemoresistance seem to be supported by neighbouring stromal cells in the bone marrow, and we have therefore investigated the effects of these drugs on primary human endothelial cells and the osteoblastic Cal72 cell line. The results show that VPA and Ara-C have antiproliferative effects, and the antiproliferative/cytotoxic effect of Ara-C was seen at low concentrations corresponding to serum levels found during low-dose in vivo treatment. Furthermore, in functional assays of endothelial migration and tube formation VPA elicited an antiangiogenic effect, whereas ATRA elicited a proangiogenic effect. Finally, VPA and ATRA altered the endothelial cell release of angiogenic mediators; ATRA increased levels of CXCL8, PDGF-AA, and VEGF-D, while VPA decreased VEGF-D and PDGF-AA/BB levels and both drugs reduced MMP-2 levels. Several of these mediators can enhance AML cell proliferation and/or are involved in AML-induced bone marrow angiogenesis, and direct pharmacological effects on stromal cells may thus indirectly contribute to the overall antileukemic activity of this triple drug combination.
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Reikvam H, Tamburini J, Skrede S, Holdhus R, Poulain L, Ersvaer E, Hatfield KJ, Bruserud Ø. Antileukaemic effect of PI3K-mTOR inhibitors in acute myeloid leukaemia-gene expression profiles reveal CDC25B expression as determinate of pharmacological effect. Br J Haematol 2013; 164:200-11. [PMID: 24383842 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous malignancy. Intracellular signalling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is important for regulation of cellular growth and metabolism, and inhibitors of this pathway is considered for AML treatment. Primary human AML cells, derived from 96 consecutive adult patients, were examined. The effects of two mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin, temsirolimus) and two PI3K inhibitors (GDC-0941, 3-methyladenine) were studied, and we investigated cytokine-dependent proliferation, regulation of apoptosis and global gene expression profiles. Only a subset of patients demonstrated strong antiproliferative effects of PI3K-mTOR inhibitors. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis identified two main clusters of patients; one subset showing weak or absent antiproliferative effects (59%) and another group showing a strong growth inhibition for all drugs and concentrations examined (41%). Global gene expression analyses showed that patients with AML cell resistance against PI3K-mTOR inhibitors showed increased mRNA expression of the CDC25B gene that encodes the cell cycle regulator Cell Division Cycle 25B. The antileukaemic effect of PI3K-Akt-mTOR inhibition varies between patients, and resistance to these inhibitors is associated with the expression of the cell cycle regulator CDC25B, which is known to crosstalk with the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway and mediate rapamycin resistance in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Reikvam
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University, Bergen, Norway
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Reikvam H, Nepstad I, Tamburini J. Predicting effects of kinase inhibitor in therapy for myeloid malignancies – the challenges in capturing disease heterogeneity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1365-70. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.841137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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