1
|
Van Nuland ME, Qin C, Pellitier PT, Zhu K, Peay KG. Climate mismatches with ectomycorrhizal fungi contribute to migration lag in North American tree range shifts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2308811121. [PMID: 38805274 PMCID: PMC11161776 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308811121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change will likely shift plant and microbial distributions, creating geographic mismatches between plant hosts and essential microbial symbionts (e.g., ectomycorrhizal fungi, EMF). The loss of historical interactions, or the gain of novel associations, can have important consequences for biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and plant migration potential, yet few analyses exist that measure where mycorrhizal symbioses could be lost or gained across landscapes. Here, we examine climate change impacts on tree-EMF codistributions at the continent scale. We built species distribution models for 400 EMF species and 50 tree species, integrating fungal sequencing data from North American forest ecosystems with tree species occurrence records and long-term forest inventory data. Our results show the following: 1) tree and EMF climate suitability to shift toward higher latitudes; 2) climate shifts increase the size of shared tree-EMF habitat overall, but 35% of tree-EMF pairs are at risk of declining habitat overlap; 3) climate mismatches between trees and EMF are projected to be greater at northern vs. southern boundaries; and 4) tree migration lag is correlated with lower richness of climatically suitable EMF partners. This work represents a concentrated effort to quantify the spatial extent and location of tree-EMF climate envelope mismatches. Our findings also support a biotic mechanism partially explaining the failure of northward tree species migrations with climate change: reduced diversity of co-occurring and climate-compatible EMF symbionts at higher latitudes. We highlight the conservation implications for identifying areas where tree and EMF responses to climate change may be highly divergent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Van Nuland
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Society for the Protection of Underground Networks, Dover, DE19901
| | - Clara Qin
- Society for the Protection of Underground Networks, Dover, DE19901
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA95064
| | | | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA95064
- Institute for Global Change Biology, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Kabir G. Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xirocostas ZA, Ollerton J, Peco B, Slavich E, Bonser SP, Pärtel M, Raghu S, Moles AT. Introduced species shed friends as well as enemies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11088. [PMID: 38750079 PMCID: PMC11096385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Many studies seeking to understand the success of biological invasions focus on species' escape from negative interactions, such as damage from herbivores, pathogens, or predators in their introduced range (enemy release). However, much less work has been done to assess the possibility that introduced species might shed mutualists such as pollinators, seed dispersers, and mycorrhizae when they are transported to a new range. We ran a cross-continental field study and found that plants were being visited by 2.6 times more potential pollinators with 1.8 times greater richness in their native range than in their introduced range. Understanding both the positive and negative consequences of introduction to a new range can help us predict, monitor, and manage future invasion events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Xirocostas
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Jeff Ollerton
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - Begoña Peco
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG), Department of Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Global Change, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eve Slavich
- Stats Central, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen P Bonser
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia
| | - S Raghu
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Angela T Moles
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lofgren L, Nguyen NH, Kennedy P, Pérez-Pazos E, Fletcher J, Liao HL, Wang H, Zhang K, Ruytinx J, Smith AH, Ke YH, Cotter HVT, Engwall E, Hameed KM, Vilgalys R, Branco S. Suillus: an emerging model for the study of ectomycorrhizal ecology and evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1448-1475. [PMID: 38581203 PMCID: PMC11045321 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Research on mycorrhizal symbiosis has been slowed by a lack of established study systems. To address this challenge, we have been developing Suillus, a widespread ecologically and economically relevant fungal genus primarily associated with the plant family Pinaceae, into a model system for studying ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations. Over the last decade, we have compiled extensive genomic resources, culture libraries, a phenotype database, and protocols for manipulating Suillus fungi with and without their tree partners. Our efforts have already resulted in a large number of publicly available genomes, transcriptomes, and respective annotations, as well as advances in our understanding of mycorrhizal partner specificity and host communication, fungal and plant nutrition, environmental adaptation, soil nutrient cycling, interspecific competition, and biological invasions. Here, we highlight the most significant recent findings enabled by Suillus, present a suite of protocols for working with the genus, and discuss how Suillus is emerging as an important model to elucidate the ecology and evolution of ECM interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotus Lofgren
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nhu H. Nguyen
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Māno, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Peter Kennedy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Pazos
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1475 Gortner Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jessica Fletcher
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver 1151 Arapahoe St, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Rd Quincy, FL 3235, USA
- Department of Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, 1692 McCarty Dr, Room 2181, Building A, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Haihua Wang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Rd Quincy, FL 3235, USA
- Department of Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, 1692 McCarty Dr, Room 2181, Building A, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kaile Zhang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Rd Quincy, FL 3235, USA
| | - Joske Ruytinx
- Research Group of Microbiology and Plant Genetics, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium, USA
| | - Alexander H. Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver 1151 Arapahoe St, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Yi-Hong Ke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - H. Van T. Cotter
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Herbarium, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eiona Engwall
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Khalid M. Hameed
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sara Branco
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver 1151 Arapahoe St, SI 2071, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brady MV, Farrer EC. The soil microbiome affects patterns of local adaptation in an alpine plant under moisture stress. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16304. [PMID: 38517213 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE The soil microbiome plays a role in plant trait expression and fitness, and plants may be locally adapted or maladapted to their soil microbiota. However, few studies of local adaptation in plants have incorporated a microbial treatment separate from manipulations of the abiotic environment, so our understanding of microbes in plant adaptation is limited. METHODS Here we tested microbial effects on local adaptation in four paired populations of an abundant alpine plant from two community types, dry and moist meadow. In a 5-month greenhouse experiment, we manipulated source population, soil moisture, and soil microbiome and measured plant survival and biomass to assess treatment effects. RESULTS Dry meadow populations had higher biomass than moist meadow populations at low moisture, demonstrating evidence of local adaptation to soil moisture in the absence of microbes. In the presence of microbes, dry meadow populations had greater survival than moist meadow populations when grown with dry meadow microbes regardless of moisture. Moist meadow populations showed no signs of adaptation or maladaptation. CONCLUSIONS Our research highlights the importance of microbial mutualists in local adaptation, particularly in dry environments with higher abiotic stress. Plant populations from environments with greater abiotic stress exhibit different patterns of adaptation when grown with soil microbes versus without, while plant populations from less abiotically stressful environments do not. Improving our understanding of the role microbes play in plant adaptation will require further studies incorporating microbial manipulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica V Brady
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, 70118, LA, USA
| | - Emily C Farrer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, 70118, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumar A, Tapwal A, Kumar D, Yadav R. Ectomycorrhizas of Rhizopogon himalayensis on Cedrus deodara. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300616. [PMID: 38161239 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal (EcM) roots of Cedrus deodara associated with a unique hypogeous EcM fungus-Rhizopogon himalayensis is meticulously characterized and comprehensively described based on well-established standard morphological and anatomical features. The mycobiont-R. himalayensis was found organically associated with the roots of C. deodara. The EcM morphotypes are distinguished by differences in the shape and color of the roots, type of ramification, surface texture, type of mantle, as well as different chemical reactions. All the examined morphotypes were having similar mycorrhizal system and anatomically (Mantle and Hartig net) no disparities were seen, that is, nonsignificant (p > 0.05) variations were observed. The majority of mycorrhizal systems were irregularly pinnate, dichotomous type with 0-1 order of ramification and occasional coralloid type. Mantle surface was densely cottony to loosely wooly. The outer and inner mantles were H & Q type. Hartig net was a complex net-like structure with uniseriate to mutiseriate type of hyphal cell arrangement. Rhizomorph were smooth and round, consistently growing along roots. Moreover, extraradical hyphae were hyaline, septate, and without clamp connections. Sclerotia and cystidia were absent. Our findings will contribute to the biology of ectomycorrhizae associated with primitive and economically valuable conifers, thriving in the face of shifting environmental conditions in the northwestern Himalayas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- ICFRE-Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Conifer Campus, Shimla, India
| | - Ashwani Tapwal
- ICFRE-Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Conifer Campus, Shimla, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Business Management, Solan, India
| | - Rahul Yadav
- Shoolini Life Sciences, Private Limited, Solan, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Naven Narayanan, Shaw AK. Mutualisms impact species' range expansion speeds and spatial distributions. Ecology 2024; 105:e4171. [PMID: 37776264 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Species engage in mutually beneficial interspecific interactions (mutualisms) that shape their population dynamics in ecological communities. Species engaged in mutualisms vary greatly in their degree of dependence on their partner from complete dependence (e.g., yucca and yucca moth mutualism) to low dependence (e.g., generalist bee with multiple plant species). While current empirical studies show that, in mutualisms, partner dependence can alter the speed of a species' range expansion, there is no theory that provides conditions when expansion is sped up or slowed down. To address this, we built a spatially explicit model incorporating the population dynamics of two dispersing species interacting mutualistically. We explored how mutualisms impacted range expansion across a gradient of dependence (from complete independence to obligacy) between the two species. We then studied the conditions in which the magnitude of the mutualistic benefits could hinder versus enhance the speed of range expansion. We showed that either complete dependence, no dependence, or intermediate degree of dependence on a mutualist partner can lead to the greatest speeds of a focal species' range expansion based on the magnitude of benefits exchanged between partner species in the mutualism. We then showed how different degrees of dependence between species could alter the spatial distribution of the range expanding populations. Finally, we identified the conditions under which mutualistic interactions can turn exploitative across space, leading to the formation of a species' range limits. Our work highlights how couching mutualisms and mutualist dependence in a spatial context can provide insights about species range expansions, limits, and ultimately their distributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naven Narayanan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, Behavior, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, Behavior, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ning J, Gu X, Zhou J, Zhang H, Sun J, Zhao L. Palmitoleic acid as a coordinating molecule between the invasive pinewood nematode and its newly associated fungi. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1862-1871. [PMID: 37604917 PMCID: PMC10579226 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic microorganisms are ubiquitous on the body surface or internal tissues of invertebrates, providing them with benefits. Developing symbiotic relationships requires synchronization of developmental stages and physical proximity of partners. Therefore, the identification of metabolites that coordinate the reproduction of symbiotic partners is essential. This study demonstrates that palmitoleic acid (C16: 1) coordinates bilateral propagation by regulating the synchronization of reproduction between the invasive pinewood nematode (PWN) and its newly associated blue-stain fungus, Sporothrix sp.1. When the PWN fed on Sporothrix sp.1, there was a significant increase in lipid metabolism gene expression and metabolite abundance. Through further investigations, it highlighted a significant enhancement in the reproduction of the PWN through direct acquisition of C16: 1, which was abundantly present in Sporothrix sp.1. Furthermore, the PWN biosynthesized C16: 1 through the involvement of the stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase gene fat-5 and its hormone nuclear receptor nhr-80, which was clarified to promote the egg-laying capacity of females. Moreover, it is worth noting that the production of C16: 1 was significantly higher by the associated fungus Sporothrix sp.1 to enhance sporulation during the spore formation phase compared to the hypha growth phase. Thus, by coordinating the fecundity and spore production, the key lipid metabolite C16: 1 facilitates the rapid and successful colonization of a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship between the invasive PWN and the native Sporothrix sp.1 within the host. This finding emphasizes the significant role of metabolite sharing and its function in promoting partner synchronization within symbiotic relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interactions/College of Life Science, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Lilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nathan M, Gruner DS. Sustained mangrove reproduction despite major turnover in pollinator community composition at expanding range edge. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:107-120. [PMID: 37389585 PMCID: PMC10550273 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS How well plants reproduce near their geographic range edge can determine whether distributions will shift in response to changing climate. Reproduction at the range edge can be limiting if pollinator scarcity leads to pollen limitation, or if abiotic stressors affect allocation to reproduction. For many animal-pollinated plants with expanding ranges, the mechanisms by which they have overcome these barriers are poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we examined plant-pollinator interactions hypothesized to impact reproduction of the black mangrove, Avicennia germinans, which is expanding northward in coastal Florida, USA. We monitored insects visiting A. germinans populations varying in proximity to the geographic range edge, measured the pollen loads of the most common insect taxa and pollen receipt by A. germinans stigmas, and quantified flower and propagule production. KEY RESULTS We found that despite an 84 % decline in median floral visits by insects at northernmost versus southernmost sites, range-edge pollen receipt remained high. Notably, local floral visitor assemblages exhibited substantial turnover along the study's latitudinal gradient, with large-bodied bees and hover flies increasingly common at northern sites. We also observed elevated flower production in northern populations and higher per capita reproductive output at the range edge. Furthermore, mean propagule mass in northern populations was 18 % larger than that from the southernmost populations. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal no erosion of fecundity in A. germinans populations at range limits, allowing rapid expansion of mangrove cover in the region. These results also illustrate that substantial turnover in the assemblage of flower-visiting insects can occur at an expanding range edge without altering pollen receipt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayda Nathan
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel S Gruner
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nathan P, Economo EP, Guénard B, Simonsen AK, Frederickson ME. Generalized mutualisms promote range expansion in both plant and ant partners. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231083. [PMID: 37700642 PMCID: PMC10498038 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutualism improves organismal fitness, but strong dependence on another species can also limit a species' ability to thrive in a new range if its partner is absent. We assembled a large, global dataset on mutualistic traits and species ranges to investigate how multiple plant-animal and plant-microbe mutualisms affect the spread of legumes and ants to novel ranges. We found that generalized mutualisms increase the likelihood that a species establishes and thrives beyond its native range, whereas specialized mutualisms either do not affect or reduce non-native spread. This pattern held in both legumes and ants, indicating that specificity between mutualistic partners is a key determinant of ecological success in a new habitat. Our global analysis shows that mutualism plays an important, if often overlooked, role in plant and insect invasions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Nathan
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto M5S 3B2, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan P. Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Benoit Guénard
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Anna K. Simonsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Megan E. Frederickson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto M5S 3B2, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng Y, Yuan C, Matsushita N, Lian C, Geng Q. Analysis of the distribution pattern of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum under climate change using the optimized MaxEnt model. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10565. [PMID: 37753310 PMCID: PMC10518754 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cenococcum geophilum (C. geophilum) is a widely distributed ectomycorrhizal fungus that plays a crucial role in forest ecosystems worldwide. However, the specific ecological factors influencing its global distribution and how climate change will affect its range are still relatively unknown. In this study, we used the MaxEnt model optimized with the kuenm package to simulate changes in the distribution pattern of C. geophilum from the Last Glacial Maximum to the future based on 164 global distribution records and 17 environmental variables and investigated the key environmental factors influencing its distribution. We employed the optimal parameter combination of RM = 4 and FC = QPH, resulting in a highly accurate predictive model. Our study clearly shows that the mean temperature of the coldest quarter and annual precipitation are the key environmental factors influencing the suitable habitats of C. geophilum. Currently, appropriate habitats of C. geophilum are mainly distributed in eastern Asia, west-central Europe, the western seaboard and eastern regions of North America, and southeastern Australia, covering a total area of approximately 36,578,300 km2 globally. During the Last Glacial Maximum and the mid-Holocene, C. geophilum had a much smaller distribution area, being mainly concentrated in the Qinling-Huaihe Line region of China and eastern Peninsular Malaysia. As global warming continues, the future suitable habitat for C. geophilum is projected to shift northward, leading to an expected expansion of the suitable area from 9.21% to 21.02%. This study provides a theoretical foundation for global conservation efforts and biogeographic understanding of C. geophilum, offering new insights into its distribution patterns and evolutionary trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yexu Zheng
- College of ForestryShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- College of Grassland Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chao Yuan
- College of ForestryFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Norihisa Matsushita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Chunlan Lian
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoNishitokyo‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Qifang Geng
- College of ForestryShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoNishitokyo‐shiTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bell-Dereske LP, Benucci GMN, da Costa PB, Bonito G, Friesen ML, Tiemann LK, Evans SE. Regional biogeography versus intra-annual dynamics of the root and soil microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2023; 18:50. [PMID: 37287059 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-023-00504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root and soil microbial communities constitute the below-ground plant microbiome, are drivers of nutrient cycling, and affect plant productivity. However, our understanding of their spatiotemporal patterns is confounded by exogenous factors that covary spatially, such as changes in host plant species, climate, and edaphic factors. These spatiotemporal patterns likely differ across microbiome domains (bacteria and fungi) and niches (root vs. soil). RESULTS To capture spatial patterns at a regional scale, we sampled the below-ground microbiome of switchgrass monocultures of five sites spanning > 3 degrees of latitude within the Great Lakes region. To capture temporal patterns, we sampled the below-ground microbiome across the growing season within a single site. We compared the strength of spatiotemporal factors to nitrogen addition determining the major drivers in our perennial cropping system. All microbial communities were most strongly structured by sampling site, though collection date also had strong effects; in contrast, nitrogen addition had little to no effect on communities. Though all microbial communities were found to have significant spatiotemporal patterns, sampling site and collection date better explained bacterial than fungal community structure, which appeared more defined by stochastic processes. Root communities, especially bacterial, were more temporally structured than soil communities which were more spatially structured, both across and within sampling sites. Finally, we characterized a core set of taxa in the switchgrass microbiome that persists across space and time. These core taxa represented < 6% of total species richness but > 27% of relative abundance, with potential nitrogen fixing bacteria and fungal mutualists dominating the root community and saprotrophs dominating the soil community. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the dynamic variability of plant microbiome composition and assembly across space and time, even within a single variety of a plant species. Root and soil fungal community compositions appeared spatiotemporally paired, while root and soil bacterial communities showed a temporal lag in compositional similarity suggesting active recruitment of soil bacteria into the root niche throughout the growing season. A better understanding of the drivers of these differential responses to space and time may improve our ability to predict microbial community structure and function under novel conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas P Bell-Dereske
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA.
- The Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Prague 4, 1083, 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci
- The Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Pedro Beschoren da Costa
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory Bonito
- The Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Maren L Friesen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Lisa K Tiemann
- The Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sarah E Evans
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA
- The Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cortese AM, Horton TR. Islands in the shade: scattered ectomycorrhizal trees influence soil inoculum and heterospecific seedling response in a northeastern secondary forest. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:33-44. [PMID: 36752845 PMCID: PMC9907180 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The eastern deciduous forest is a mix of arbuscular (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) trees, but land use legacies have increased the abundance of AM trees like Acer spp. (maple). Although these legacies have not changed the abundance of some EM trees like Betula spp. (birch), EM conifers like Tsuga canadensis (hemlock), and Pinus strobus (pine) have declined. We used a soil bioassay to investigate if the microbial community near EM birch (birch soil) contains a greater abundance and diversity of EM fungal propagules compatible with T. canadensis and P. strobus compared to the community associated with the surrounding AM-dominated secondary forest matrix (maple soil). We also tested the effectiveness of inoculation with soil from a nearby EM-dominated old-growth forest as a restoration tool to reintroduce EM fungi into secondary forest soils. Finally, we examined how seedling growth responded to EM fungi associated with each treatment. Seedlings grown with birch soil were colonized by EM fungi mostly absent from the surrounding maple forest. Hemlock seedlings grown with birch soil grew larger than hemlock seedlings grown with maple soil, but pine seedling growth did not differ with soil treatment. The addition of old-growth soil inoculum increased hemlock and pine growth in both soils. Our results found that EM trees are associated with beneficial EM fungi that are mostly absent from the surrounding AM-dominated secondary forest, but inoculation with old-growth soil is effective in promoting the growth of seedlings by reintroducing native EM fungi to the AM-dominated forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Cortese
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas R Horton
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The concept of one health highlights that human health is not isolated but connected to the health of animals, plants and environments. In this Review, we demonstrate that soils are a cornerstone of one health and serve as a source and reservoir of pathogens, beneficial microorganisms and the overall microbial diversity in a wide range of organisms and ecosystems. We list more than 40 soil microbiome functions that either directly or indirectly contribute to soil, plant, animal and human health. We identify microorganisms that are shared between different one health compartments and show that soil, plant and human microbiomes are perhaps more interconnected than previously thought. Our Review further evaluates soil microbial contributions to one health in the light of dysbiosis and global change and demonstrates that microbial diversity is generally positively associated with one health. Finally, we present future challenges in one health research and formulate recommendations for practice and evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samiran Banerjee
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Marcel G A van der Heijden
- Plant-Soil Interactions Group, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Policelli N, Hoeksema JD, Moyano J, Vilgalys R, Vivelo S, Bhatnagar JM. Global pine tree invasions are linked to invasive root symbionts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:16-21. [PMID: 36221214 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Policelli
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jason D Hoeksema
- Department of Biology, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jaime Moyano
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Sasha Vivelo
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Co-invading ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in pine-invaded mountain grasslands. FUNGAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Wang R, Wang Y, Guerin-Laguette A, Zhang P, Colinas C, Yu F. Factors influencing successful establishment of exotic Pinus radiata seedlings with co-introduced Lactarius deliciosus or local ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:973483. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.973483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An introduction of exotic or non-native trees may fail due to a lack of suitable fungal partners. We planted exotic Pinus radiata in Xifeng, Guizhou Southwest China. Strategies to introduce P. radiata seedlings either colonized with an ectomycorrhizal fungus (EcMF), Lactarius deliciosus, or expect them to form familiar/new associations with local EcMF in a new habitat were studied to know how P. radiata could be successfully established over a period of 2.5 years. Plant height and needle nutrient acquisition, the persistence of the co-introduced L. deliciosus, and fungal community composition in rhizosphere soil and root tips were analyzed. In addition, a greenhouse bioassay experiment of local soil to assess the differences in the EcMF community between exotic and native pine seedlings was also conducted. The current results demonstrated that P. radiata could establish in the Xifeng plantation with or without co-introduced L. deliciosus. The co-introduced L. deliciosus might be naturalized with P. radiata in the new area since it has been fruited for 2 years with high relative abundance in mycorrhizosphere soil. L. deliciosus pre-colonization significantly altered the mycorrhizosphere fungal composition and it had a positive correlation with nitrogen acquisition of P. radiata. Host identity had no effect on fungal composition since exotic P. radiata and native P. massoniana recruited similar local fungal communities in early establishment or in plantation. The cosmopolitan species Suillus placidus, with high relative abundance, formed a familiar association with P. radiata. The greenhouse bioassay experiment further showed that Suillus sp. contributed relatively higher total extracellular enzymes by forming ectomycorrhizas with P. radiata and the same type of ectomycorrhiza of P. radiata and P. massoniana showed different enzymatic functions. Our study indicated that exotic P. radiata could be a suitable tree capable to get established successfully in the Xifeng plantation either by interaction with the co-introduced L. deliciosus or with a local EcMF, but we should be cautious about large-scale planting of P. radiata. L. deliciosus persisted in plantation and more attention should be paid to local EcMF community changes induced by the introduced L. deliciosus.
Collapse
|
17
|
Moles AT, Dalrymple RL, Raghu S, Bonser SP, Ollerton J. Advancing the missed mutualist hypothesis, the under-appreciated twin of the enemy release hypothesis. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220220. [PMID: 36259169 PMCID: PMC9579764 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduced species often benefit from escaping their enemies when they are transported to a new range, an idea commonly expressed as the enemy release hypothesis. However, species might shed mutualists as well as enemies when they colonize a new range. Loss of mutualists might reduce the success of introduced populations, or even cause failure to establish. We provide the first quantitative synthesis testing this natural but often overlooked parallel of the enemy release hypothesis, which is known as the missed mutualist hypothesis. Meta-analysis showed that plants interact with 1.9 times more mutualist species, and have 2.3 times more interactions with mutualists per unit time in their native range than in their introduced range. Species may mitigate the negative effects of missed mutualists. For instance, selection arising from missed mutualists could cause introduced species to evolve either to facilitate interactions with a new suite of species or to exist without mutualisms. Just as enemy release can allow introduced populations to redirect energy from defence to growth, potentially evolving increased competitive ability, species that shift to strategies without mutualists may be able to reallocate energy from mutualism toward increased competitive ability or seed production. The missed mutualist hypothesis advances understanding of the selective forces and filters that act on plant species in the early stages of introduction and establishment and thus could inform the management of introduced species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela T. Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rhiannon L. Dalrymple
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - S. Raghu
- CSIRO, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Stephen P. Bonser
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jeff Ollerton
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Waterside Campus, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK,Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Baldrian P, Bell-Dereske L, Lepinay C, Větrovský T, Kohout P. Fungal communities in soils under global change. Stud Mycol 2022; 103:1-24. [PMID: 36760734 PMCID: PMC9886077 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.103.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fungi play indispensable roles in all ecosystems including the recycling of organic matter and interactions with plants, both as symbionts and pathogens. Past observations and experimental manipulations indicate that projected global change effects, including the increase of CO2 concentration, temperature, change of precipitation and nitrogen (N) deposition, affect fungal species and communities in soils. Although the observed effects depend on the size and duration of change and reflect local conditions, increased N deposition seems to have the most profound effect on fungal communities. The plant-mutualistic fungal guilds - ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi - appear to be especially responsive to global change factors with N deposition and warming seemingly having the strongest adverse effects. While global change effects on fungal biodiversity seem to be limited, multiple studies demonstrate increases in abundance and dispersal of plant pathogenic fungi. Additionally, ecosystems weakened by global change-induced phenomena, such as drought, are more vulnerable to pathogen outbreaks. The shift from mutualistic fungi to plant pathogens is likely the largest potential threat for the future functioning of natural and managed ecosystems. However, our ability to predict global change effects on fungi is still insufficient and requires further experimental work and long-term observations. Citation: Baldrian P, Bell-Dereske L, Lepinay C, Větrovský T, Kohout P (2022). Fungal communities in soils under global change. Studies in Mycology 103: 1-24. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.103.01.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic,*Corresponding author: Petr Baldrian,
| | - L. Bell-Dereske
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C. Lepinay
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T. Větrovský
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P. Kohout
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeòská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Assad R, Reshi ZA, Rashid I. Seedling ectomycorrhization is central to conifer forest restoration: a case study from Kashmir Himalaya. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13321. [PMID: 35922649 PMCID: PMC9349292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, many countries have attempted to carry out forest landscape restoration over millions of hectares of degraded land. Such efforts, however, have met with limited success because of several factors, including a lack of adequate emphasis on ectomycorrhization of the nursery seedlings. A similar scenario is seen in the Kashmir Himalaya, where the natural regeneration of degraded forests is poor despite ample restoration efforts by forest managers. To overcome this challenge, we identified two promising ectomycorrhizal species, namely Clitocybe nuda and Cortinarius distans, for their use in ectomycorrhization of seedlings of three common conifers, namely Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara, and Picea smithiana. Laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the requirements for optimum mycelial growth of these ectomycorrhizal fungi. Best ECM mycelial growth was obtained in the basic MMN medium containing glucose as the source of carbon and nitrogen in ammonium form. C. distans showed higher growth than C. nuda across all the treatments and also proved significantly more effective in enhancing the survival and growth of the conifer host plant seedlings. The present study resulted in standardizing the requirements for mass inoculum production of the two mycobionts which could help in successful forest restoration programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rezwana Assad
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
| | - Zafar Ahmad Reshi
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Irfan Rashid
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Keeler AM, Rafferty NE. Legume germination is delayed in dry soils and in sterile soils devoid of microbial mutualists: Species-specific implications for upward range expansions. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9186. [PMID: 36016820 PMCID: PMC9398887 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is affecting species and their mutualists and can lead to the weakening or loss of important interspecific interactions. Through independent shifts in partner phenology and distribution, climatic stress can separate mutualists temporally or spatially, leading to alterations in partner functional traits and fitness. Here, we explored the effects of the loss of microbial mutualists on legume germination success and phenology. In particular, we assessed the effects of mutualism loss via soil sterilization, increased drought, and introduction to novel soils found beyond the current distributions of two focal legume species in subalpine environments. Through common garden experiments in controlled environments, we found evidence that soil sterilization (and consequent microbial absence) and dry soils caused species‐specific phenological delays of 2–5 weeks in germination, likely as a result of interaction loss between legumes and specialized germination‐promoting soil microbes, such as mutualistic rhizobia. Delays in germination caused by a mismatch between legumes and beneficial microbes could negatively affect legume fitness through increased plant–plant competition later in the season. Additionally, we found evidence of the presence of beneficial microbes beyond the current elevational range of one of our focal legumes, which may allow for expansion of the leading edge, although harsh abiotic factors in the alpine may hinder this. Alterations in the strength of soil microbe‐legume mutualisms may lead to reduced fitness and altered demography for both soil microbes and legumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Keeler
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology University of California, Riverside Riverside California USA.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte Colorado USA
| | - Nicole E Rafferty
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology University of California, Riverside Riverside California USA.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte Colorado USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Miyamoto Y, Maximov TC, Kononov A, Sugimoto A. Soil propagule banks of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with <i>Larix cajanderi</i> above the treeline in the Siberian Arctic. MYCOSCIENCE 2022; 63:142-148. [PMID: 37090475 PMCID: PMC10042316 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial symbionts are essential for plant niche expansion into novel habitats. Dormant propagules of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi are thought to play an important role in seedling establishment in invasion fronts; however, propagule bank communities above the treeline are poorly understood in the Eurasian Arctic, where treelines are expected to advance under rapid climate change. To investigate the availability of EM fungal propagules, we collected 100 soil samples from Arctic tundra sites and applied bioassay experiments using Larix cajanderi as bait seedlings. We detected 11 EM fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) by obtaining entire ITS regions. Suillus clintonianus was the most frequently observed OTU, followed by Cenococcum geophilum and Sebacinales OTU1. Three Suillus and one Rhizopogon species were detected in the bioassay seedlings, indicating the availability of Larix-specific suilloid spores at least 30 km from the contemporary treeline. Spores of S. clintonianus and S. spectabilis remained infective after preservation for 14 mo and heat treatment at 60 °C, implying the durability of the spores. Long-distance dispersal capability and spore resistance to adverse conditions may represent ecological strategies employed by suilloid fungi to quickly associate with emerging seedlings of compatible hosts in treeless habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Trofim C. Maximov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ectomycorrhizal Assemblages of Invasive Quercus rubra L. and Non-Invasive Carya Nutt. Trees under Common Garden Conditions in Europe. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Invasive tree species change biodiversity, nutrient cycles, and ecosystem services, and can turn native ecosystems into novel ecosystems determined by invaders. In the acclimatization and invasion of alien tree species, the crucial role is played by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. We tested ECM fungi associated with Quercus rubra and Carya trees that are alien to Europe. Quercus rubra is among the most invasive tree species in Europe, and the Carya species are not considered invasive. Both form ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, and in their native range in North America, coexist in oak-hickory forests. Six study stands were located in Kórnik Arboretum: three for Q. rubra and three for Carya trees. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were assessed by molecular identification of ECM roots. We identified 73 ECM fungal taxa of 23 ECM phylogenetic lineages. All identified ECM fungi were native to Europe. Similar richness but different composition of ECM taxa were found on Q. rubra and Carya roots. Phylogenetic lineages /tomentella-thelephora, /russula-lactarius, and /genea-humaria were most abundant on both Carya and Q. rubra roots. Lineages /tuber-helvella and /entoloma were abundant only on Carya, and lineages /pisolithus-scleroderma and /cortinarius were abundant only on Q. rubra roots. Analysis of similarities revealed a significant difference in ectomycorrhizal assemblages between invasive Q. rubra and non-invasive Carya. Highlights: (1) under common garden conditions, ECM taxa richness was similar on Q. rubra and Carya roots; (2) ECM taxa composition differed between invasive Q. rubra and non-invasive Carya; (3) high abundance of long-distance exploration type (lineages from Boletales) was on Q. rubra; and (4) high abundance of short-distance exploration type (e.g., /tuber-helvella) was on Carya.
Collapse
|
23
|
De Bellis T, Laforest-Lapointe I, Solarik KA, Gravel D, Kembel SW. Regional variation drives differences in microbial communities associated with sugar maple across a latitudinal range. Ecology 2022; 103:e3727. [PMID: 35412652 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is prompting plants to migrate and establish novel interactions in new habitats. Because of the pivotal roles microbes have on plant health and function, it is important to understand the ecological consequences of these shifts in host-microbe interactions with range expansion. Here we examine how the diversity of plant associated microbes varies along the host's current range and extended range according with climate change predictions, and assess the relative influence of host genotype (seed provenance) and environment in structuring the host microbiome. We collected sugar maple seeds from across the species current range, then planted them in temperate and mixedwood/transitional forests (current range) and in the boreal region (beyond range but predicted future range in response to climate change). We used amplicon sequencing to quantify bacterial, fungal, and mycorrhizal communities from seedling leaves and roots. Variation among sites and regions were the main drivers of the differences in host microbial communities whereas seed provenance did not play a large role. No unifying pattern was observed for microbial community richness, diversity, or specialization, demonstrating the complexity of responses of different taxa on above- and belowground plant compartments. Along the latitudinal gradient, we (1) observed reductions in mycorrhizal diversity which can negatively impact maple establishment; (2) and revealed reductions in fungal leaf pathogens which can have opposite effects. Our results highlight the need for an integrated approach including the examination of various microbial taxa on different plant compartments to improve our understanding of plant range shifts and plant-microbe interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tonia De Bellis
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, Dawson College, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Laforest-Lapointe
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre Sève, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin A Solarik
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Steven W Kembel
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wasyliw J, Fellrath EG, Pec GJ, Cale JA, Franklin J, Thomasson C, Erbilgin N, Karst J. Soil inoculation of lodgepole pine seedlings alters root‐associated fungal communities but does not improve seedling performance in beetle‐killed pine stands. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wasyliw
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E3
| | - Evan G. Fellrath
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E3
| | - Gregory J. Pec
- Biology Department University of Nebraska at Kearney Kearney Nebraska United States 68849
| | - Jonathan A. Cale
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E3
| | - James Franklin
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E3
| | - Charlotte Thomasson
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E3
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E3
| | - Justine Karst
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E3
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ren CG, Liu ZY, Wang XL, Qin S. The seaweed holobiont: from microecology to biotechnological applications. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:738-754. [PMID: 35137526 PMCID: PMC8913876 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the ocean, seaweed and microorganisms have coexisted since the earliest stages of evolution and formed an inextricable relationship. Recently, seaweed has attracted extensive attention worldwide for ecological and industrial purposes, but the function of its closely related microbes is often ignored. Microbes play an indispensable role in different stages of seaweed growth, development and maturity. A very diverse group of seaweed‐associated microbes have important functions and are dynamically reconstructed as the marine environment fluctuates, forming an inseparable ‘holobiont’ with their host. To further understand the function and significance of holobionts, this review first reports on recent advances in revealing seaweed‐associated microbe spatial and temporal distribution. Then, this review discusses the microbe and seaweed interactions and their ecological significance, and summarizes the current applications of the seaweed–microbe relationship in various environmental and biological technologies. Sustainable industries based on seaweed holobionts could become an integral part of the future bioeconomy because they can provide more resource‐efficient food, high‐value chemicals and medical materials. Moreover, holobionts may provide a new approach to marine environment restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Utilization of Biological Resources of Coastal Zone, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.,Center for Ocean Mag-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Utilization of Biological Resources of Coastal Zone, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.,Center for Ocean Mag-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Song Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Utilization of Biological Resources of Coastal Zone, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.,Center for Ocean Mag-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Policelli N, Horton TR, Kitzberger T, Nuñez MA. Invasive ectomycorrhizal fungi can disperse in the absence of their known vectors. FUNGAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
27
|
Mueller TL, Karlsen-Ayala E, Moeller DA, Bellemare J. Of mutualism and migration: will interactions with novel ericoid mycorrhizal communities help or hinder northward Rhododendron range shifts? Oecologia 2022; 198:839-852. [PMID: 34974625 PMCID: PMC9056439 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rapid climate change imperils many small-ranged endemic species as the climate envelopes of their native ranges shift poleward. In addition to abiotic changes, biotic interactions are expected to play a critical role in plant species' responses. Below-ground interactions are of particular interest given increasing evidence of microbial effects on plant performance and the prevalence of mycorrhizal mutualisms. We used greenhouse mesocosm experiments to investigate how natural northward migration/assisted colonization of Rhododendron catawbiense, a small-ranged endemic eastern U.S. shrub, might be influenced by novel below-ground biotic interactions from soils north of its native range, particularly with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ERM). We compared germination, leaf size, survival, and ERM colonization rates of endemic R. catawbiense and widespread R. maximum when sown on different soil inoculum treatments: a sterilized control; a non-ERM biotic control; ERM communities from northern R. maximum populations; and ERM communities collected from the native range of R. catawbiense. Germination rates for both species when inoculated with congeners' novel soils were significantly higher than when inoculated with conspecific soils, or non-mycorrhizal controls. Mortality rates were unaffected by treatment, suggesting that the unexpected reciprocal effect of each species' increased establishment in association with heterospecific ERM could have lasting demographic effects. Our results suggest that seedling establishment of R. catawbiense in northern regions outside its native range could be facilitated by the presence of extant congeners like R. maximum and their associated soil microbiota. These findings have direct relevance to the potential for successful poleward migration or future assisted colonization efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taryn L Mueller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, 44 College Lane, Northampton, MA, 01063, USA.
| | - Elena Karlsen-Ayala
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, 44 College Lane, Northampton, MA, 01063, USA
| | - David A Moeller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jesse Bellemare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, 44 College Lane, Northampton, MA, 01063, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Policelli N, Vietorisz C, Bhatnagar JM, Nuñez MA. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Invasions in Southern South America. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12994-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
29
|
Okada KH, Matsuda Y. Soil spore bank communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Pseudotsuga japonica forests and neighboring plantations. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:83-93. [PMID: 34989868 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal spores play an important role in seedling establishment and forest regeneration, especially in areas where compatible host tree species are absent. However, compared to other Pinaceae trees with a wide distribution, limited information is available for the interaction between the endangered Pseudotsuga trees and EcM fungi, especially the spore bank. The aim of this study was to investigate EcM fungal spore bank communities in soil in remnant patches of Japanese Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga japonica) forest. We conducted a bioassay of 178 soil samples collected from three P. japonica forests and their neighboring arbuscular mycorrhizal artificial plantations, using the more readily available North American Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) as bait seedlings. EcM fungal species were identified by a combination of morphotyping and DNA sequencing of the ITS region. We found that EcM fungal spore banks were present not only in P. japonica forests but also in neighboring plantations. Among the 13 EcM fungal species detected, Rhizopogon togasawarius had the second highest frequency and was found in all plots, regardless of forest type. Species richness estimators differed significantly among forest types. The community structure of EcM fungal spore banks differed significantly between study sites but not between forest types. These results indicate that EcM fungal spore banks are not restricted to EcM forests and extend to surrounding forest dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal trees, likely owing to the durability of EcM fungal spores in soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Henry Okada
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Matsuda
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nuske SJ, Fajardo A, Nuñez MA, Pauchard A, Wardle DA, Nilsson MC, Kardol P, Smith JE, Peltzer DA, Moyano J, Gundale MJ. Soil biotic and abiotic effects on seedling growth exhibit context-dependent interactions: evidence from a multi-country experiment on Pinus contorta invasion. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:303-317. [PMID: 33966267 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The success of invasive plants is influenced by many interacting factors, but evaluating multiple possible mechanisms of invasion success and elucidating the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers is challenging, and therefore rarely achieved. We used live, sterile or inoculated soil from different soil origins (native range and introduced range plantation; and invaded plots spanning three different countries) in a fully factorial design to simultaneously examine the influence of soil origin and soil abiotic and biotic factors on the growth of invasive Pinus contorta. Our results displayed significant context dependency in that certain soil abiotic conditions in the introduced ranges (soil nitrogen, phosphorus or carbon content) influenced responses to inoculation treatments. Our findings do not support the enemy release hypothesis or the enhanced mutualism hypothesis, as biota from native and plantation ranges promoted growth similarly. Instead, our results support the missed mutualism hypothesis, as biota from invasive ranges were the least beneficial for seedling growth. Our study provides a novel perspective on how variation in soil abiotic factors can influence plant-soil feedbacks for an invasive tree across broad biogeographical contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Nuske
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Martin A Nuñez
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA-UNComa, CONICET, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Aníbal Pauchard
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, College of Science, Nanyong Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Jane E Smith
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Duane A Peltzer
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Jaime Moyano
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA-UNComa, CONICET, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Debray R, Herbert RA, Jaffe AL, Crits-Christoph A, Power ME, Koskella B. Priority effects in microbiome assembly. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 20:109-121. [PMID: 34453137 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00604-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing have enabled the widespread measurement of microbiome composition across systems and over the course of microbiome assembly. Despite substantial progress in understanding the deterministic drivers of community composition, the role of historical contingency remains poorly understood. The establishment of new species in a community can depend on the order and/or timing of their arrival, a phenomenon known as a priority effect. Here, we review the mechanisms of priority effects and evidence for their importance in microbial communities inhabiting a range of environments, including the mammalian gut, the plant phyllosphere and rhizosphere, soil, freshwaters and oceans. We describe approaches for the direct testing and prediction of priority effects in complex microbial communities and illustrate these with re-analysis of publicly available plant and animal microbiome datasets. Finally, we discuss the shared principles that emerge across study systems, focusing on eco-evolutionary dynamics and the importance of scale. Overall, we argue that predicting when and how current community state impacts the success of newly arriving microbial taxa is crucial for the management of microbiomes to sustain ecological function and host health. We conclude by discussing outstanding conceptual and practical challenges that are faced when measuring priority effects in microbiomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Debray
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Robin A Herbert
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Alexander L Jaffe
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Mary E Power
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
From the ground up: Building predictions for how climate change will affect belowground mutualisms, floral traits, and bee behavior. CLIMATE CHANGE ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecochg.2021.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
33
|
Pildain MB, Marchelli P, Azpilicueta MM, Starik C, Barroetaveña C. Understanding introduction history: Genetic structure and diversity of the edible ectomycorrhizal fungus, Suillus luteus, in Patagonia (Argentina). Mycologia 2021; 113:715-724. [PMID: 34106819 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1909449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Suillus luteus is a common ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungus associated with several Pinus species. It is distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and has been introduced into South America and New Zealand. We examined the genetic structure and population biology of S. luteus, which was introduced into Patagonian plantations with Pinus species in Argentina. Overall, 106 samples were collected at 11 geographically separated sites (i.e., Pinus plantations) along a latitudinal gradient in Patagonia (ca. 38°-46° south latitude). Phylogenetic analyses confirmed placement in S. luteus. Genetic analysis demonstrated moderate within-site genetic diversity, but low differentiation between sites. No clear clusters were detected geographically or in relation to host species of Pinus. Our results suggest that the weak genetic structure of the species reflects the short time that has elapsed since the introduction of S. luteus into Patagonia, and its expansion with exotic afforestation there. Moreover, the lack of structure is consistent with a founder effect, suggesting the introduction of a small number of genets that spread throughout all the plantations. Therefore, the high level of gene flow and weak genetic structure observed are probably related to the anthropogenic movement of inoculum associated with forestry practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Pildain
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), CC 14, Esquel, 9200, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Paula Marchelli
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INTA)-CONICET, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - María Marta Azpilicueta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INTA)-CONICET, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Cristian Starik
- Centro de la Pequeña y Mediana Empresa - Agencia de Desarrollo Económico del Neuquén (Centro PyME-ADENEU), Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Carolina Barroetaveña
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.,Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), CC 14, Esquel, 9200, Chubut, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hernandez DJ, David AS, Menges ES, Searcy CA, Afkhami ME. Environmental stress destabilizes microbial networks. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1722-1734. [PMID: 33452480 PMCID: PMC8163744 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stress is increasing worldwide, yet we lack a clear picture of how stress disrupts the stability of microbial communities and the ecosystem services they provide. Here, we present the first evidence that naturally-occurring microbiomes display network properties characteristic of unstable communities when under persistent stress. By assessing changes in diversity and structure of soil microbiomes along 40 replicate stress gradients (elevation/water availability gradients) in the Florida scrub ecosystem, we show that: (1) prokaryotic and fungal diversity decline in high stress, and (2) two network properties of stable microbial communities-modularity and negative:positive cohesion-have a clear negative relationship with environmental stress, explaining 51-78% of their variation. Interestingly, pathogenic taxa/functional guilds decreased in relative abundance along the stress gradient, while oligotrophs and mutualists increased, suggesting that the shift in negative:positive cohesion could result from decreasing negative:positive biotic interactions consistent with the predictions of the Stress Gradient Hypothesis. Given the crucial role microbiomes play in ecosystem functions, our results suggest that, by limiting the compartmentalization of microbial associations and creating communities dominated by positive associations, increasing stress in the Anthropocene could destabilize microbiomes and undermine their ecosystem services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian J. Hernandez
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
| | - Aaron S. David
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA ,grid.508985.9USDA-ARS, Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA
| | - Eric S. Menges
- grid.248717.f0000 0000 9407 7092Archbold Biological Station, Venus, FL 33960 USA
| | - Christopher A. Searcy
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
| | - Michelle E. Afkhami
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Torres-Martínez L, Porter SS, Wendlandt C, Purcell J, Ortiz-Barbosa G, Rothschild J, Lampe M, Warisha F, Le T, Weisberg AJ, Chang JH, Sachs JL. Evolution of specialization in a plant-microbial mutualism is explained by the oscillation theory of speciation. Evolution 2021; 75:1070-1086. [PMID: 33782951 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Specialization in mutualisms is thought to be a major driver of diversification, but few studies have explored how novel specialization evolves, or its relation to the evolution of other niche axes. A fundamental question is whether generalist interactions evolve to become more specialized (i.e., oscillation hypothesis) or if partner switches evolve without any change in niche breadth (i.e., musical chairs hypothesis). We examined alternative models for the evolution of specialization by estimating the mutualistic, climatic, and edaphic niche breadths of sister plant species, combining phylogenetic, environmental, and experimental data on Acmispon strigosus and Acmispon wrangelianus genotypes across their overlapping ranges in California. We found that specialization along all three niche axes was asymmetric across species, such that the species with broader climatic and edaphic niches, Acmispon strigosus, was also able to gain benefit from and invest in associating with a broader set of microbial mutualists. Our data are consistent with the oscillation model of specialization, and a parallel narrowing of the edaphic, climatic, and mutualistic dimensions of the host species niche. Our findings provide novel evidence that the evolution of specialization in mutualism is accompanied by specialization in other niche dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Torres-Martínez
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Stephanie S Porter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, 98686, United States of America
| | - Camille Wendlandt
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, 98686, United States of America
| | - Jessica Purcell
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Ortiz-Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States of America
| | - Jacob Rothschild
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Mathew Lampe
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Farsamin Warisha
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Tram Le
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Alexandra J Weisberg
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States of America
| | - Jeff H Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States of America
| | - Joel L Sachs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521.,Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States of America.,Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sugiyama Y, Sato H. The Limited Establishment of Native Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Exotic Eucalyptus spp. Stands in Japan. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:597442. [PMID: 33815304 PMCID: PMC8012522 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.597442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host specificity may potentially limit the distribution expansion of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi into areas where their original host plants are absent. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether populations of native ECM fungi may establish in stands of exotic host trees, namely those of the Eucalyptus species, in Japan. ECM fungal communities associated with eucalyptus and surrounding native host species (Pinus thunbergii and Fagaceae spp.) were investigated at two sites; one site in which eucalyptus and native trees were growing in isolation, and a second site in which these species were mixed. To identify fungal taxa, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region 1 was sequenced for the ECM fungi from the root tips and clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). To confirm whether the retrieved OTUs were native to Japan, they were queried against the entire database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, UNITE, and GlobalFungi, whereby sampling locations and associated hosts were obtained from sequences with ≥97% similarity. Eucalyptus trees were associated with seven and 12 ECM fungal OTUs, including putatively exotic OTUs in isolated and mixed sites, respectively. Among the 36 and 63 native ECM fungal OTUs detected from native hosts at isolated and mixed sites, only one OTU was shared with eucalyptus at the respective sites. This means that most native ECM fungi in Japan may be incapable of forming an association with exotic Eucalyptus spp. Notably, even ECM fungi associated with both Pinus and Quercus were not detected from eucalyptus, suggesting that host-fungus incompatibility is determined not only by host phylogenetic relatedness but also by host biogeographic affinities. Our findings show that the incompatibility with eucalyptus as well as dispersal limitation may prevent the distribution expansion of native ECM fungi in Japan into the distribution ranges of Eucalyptus spp., where the original hosts are absent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Moyano J, Rodriguez-Cabal MA, Nuñez MA. Invasive trees rely more on mycorrhizas, countering the ideal-weed hypothesis. Ecology 2021; 102:e03330. [PMID: 33705571 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The ideal-weed hypothesis predicts that invasive plants should be less dependent on mutualisms. However, evidence in favor of or against this hypothesis comes mainly from observational studies. Here, we experimentally tested this hypothesis using a two-factor greenhouse experiment, comparing the seedling growth response of different Pinus species (varying in invasiveness) to ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculation. Most species showed no response until they were 6 mo old, at which point inoculation increased growth between 10 and 260% among the different species. This growth response was higher for species with lower seed mass, higher dispersal ability, higher Z score (a proxy for invasiveness) and higher number of naturalized regions, all of which correspond to higher invasiveness. Our results show that timing is a crucial factor when comparing mycorrhizal dependency of different species. Dependence on mutualistic microorganisms could be part of a strategy in which invasive species produce smaller seeds, in greater number, which can disperse further, but where seedlings are more reliant on mycorrhizas to improve access to water, nutrients, and protection from pathogens. Our results suggest that reliance on mutualisms may enhance, rather than limit, nonnative species in their ability to spread, establish, and colonize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Moyano
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, CP 8400, Argentina
| | - Mariano A Rodriguez-Cabal
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, CP 8400, Argentina.,Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
| | - Martin A Nuñez
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, CP 8400, Argentina.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Benning JW, Moeller DA. Microbes, mutualism, and range margins: testing the fitness consequences of soil microbial communities across and beyond a native plant's range. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2886-2900. [PMID: 33225448 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and soil fungi and bacteria are ubiquitous and have large effects on individual plant fitness. However, the degree to which spatial variation in soil microbial communities modulates plant species' distributions remains largely untested. Using the California native plant Clarkia xantiana ssp. xantiana we paired glasshouse and field reciprocal transplants of plant populations and soils to test whether plant-microbe interactions affect the plant's geographic range limit and whether there is local adaptation between plants and soil microbe communities. In the field and glasshouse, one of the two range interior inocula had a positive effect on plant fitness. In the field, this benefit was especially pronounced at the range edge and beyond, suggesting possible mutualist limitation. In the glasshouse, soil inocula from beyond-range tended to increase plant growth, suggesting microbial enemy release beyond the range margin. Amplicon sequencing revealed stark variation in microbial communities across the range boundary. Plants dispersing beyond their range limit are likely to encounter novel microbial communities. In C. x. xantiana, our results suggest that range expansion may be facilitated by fewer pathogens, but could also be hindered by a lack of mutualists. Both negative and positive plant-microbe interactions will likely affect contemporary range shifts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Benning
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Labs, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - David A Moeller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Labs, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Devegili AM, Lescano MN, Gianoli E, Farji-Brener AG. Evidence of indirect biotic resistance: native ants decrease invasive plant fitness by enhancing aphid infestation. Oecologia 2021; 196:607-618. [PMID: 33616724 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The biotic resistance hypothesis asserts that native species may hinder the invasion of exotic species, which can occur either directly or indirectly by influencing interactions between exotic and local species. Aphid-tending ants may play a key role in the indirect biotic resistance to plant invasion. Ants may protect aphids, thus increasing their negative effect on exotic plants, but may also deter chewing herbivores, thus benefiting exotic plants. We studied native aphid-tending ants (Dorymyrmex tener, Camponotus distinguendus, and Dorymyrmex richteri) on exotic nodding thistles (Carduus thoermeri), which are attacked by thistle aphids (Brachycaudus cardui) and thistle-head weevils (Rhinocyllus conicus). We evaluated the impact of ants, aphids, and weevils on thistle seed set. We compared ant species aggressiveness towards aphid predators and weevils and performed ant-exclusion experiments to determine the effects of ants on aphid predators and weevils. We analysed whether ant species affected thistle seed set through their effects on aphids and/or weevils. The ant D. tener showed the most aggressive behaviour towards aphid predators and weevils. Further, D. tener successfully removed aphid predators from thistles but did not affect weevils. Excluding D. tener from thistles increased seed set. Analyses supported a negative indirect pathway between the aggressive D. tener and thistle seed set through aphid populations, while the other ant species showed no indirect effects on thistle reproduction. Therefore, aggressive aphid-tending ants may enhance biotic resistance by increasing aphid infestation on exotic invasive plants. This study highlights the importance of indirect biotic resistance in modulating the success of invasive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M Devegili
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Hormigas (LIHO), Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNComa), Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, C.P: 8400, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - María N Lescano
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Hormigas (LIHO), Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNComa), Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, C.P: 8400, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Ernesto Gianoli
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile.,Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandro G Farji-Brener
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Hormigas (LIHO), Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNComa), Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, C.P: 8400, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang M, Tang X, Sun X, Jia B, Xu H, Jiang S, Siemann E, Lu X. An invasive plant rapidly increased the similarity of soil fungal pathogen communities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:327-336. [PMID: 33159517 PMCID: PMC7872125 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant invasions can change soil microbial communities and affect subsequent invasions directly or indirectly via foliar herbivory. It has been proposed that invaders promote uniform biotic communities that displace diverse, spatially variable communities (the biotic homogenization hypothesis), but this has not been experimentally tested for soil microbial communities, so the underlying mechanisms and dynamics are unclear. Here, we compared density-dependent impacts of the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and its native congener A. sessilis on soil fungal communities, and their feedback effects on plants and a foliar beetle. METHODS We conducted a plant-soil feedback (PSF) experiment and a laboratory bioassay to examine PSFs associated with the native and invasive plants and a beetle feeding on them. We also characterized the soil fungal community using high-throughput sequencing. KEY RESULTS We found locally differentiated soil fungal pathogen assemblages associated with high densities of the native plant A. sessilis but little variation in those associated with the invasive congener A. philoxeroides, regardless of plant density. In contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal assemblages associated with high densities of the invasive plant were more variable. Soil biota decreased plant shoot mass but their effect was weak for the invasive plant growing in native plant-conditioned soils. PSFs increased the larval biomass of a beetle reared on leaves of the native plant only. Moreover, PSFs on plant shoot and root mass and beetle mass were predicted by different pathogen taxa in a plant species-specific manner. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that plant invasions can rapidly increase the similarity of soil pathogen assemblages even at low plant densities, leading to taxonomically and functionally homogeneous soil communities that may limit negative soil effects on invasive plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Hubei, China
| | - Xuefei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, China
| | - Bingbing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, China
| | - Suai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, China
| | - Evan Siemann
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinmin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Aguirre F, Nouhra E, Urcelay C. Native and non-native mammals disperse exotic ectomycorrhizal fungi at long distances from pine plantations. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
42
|
Spear MJ, Walsh JR, Ricciardi A, Zanden MJV. The Invasion Ecology of Sleeper Populations: Prevalence, Persistence, and Abrupt Shifts. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
It is well established that nonnative species are a key driver of global environmental change, but much less is known about the underlying drivers of nonnative species outbreaks themselves. In the present article, we explore the concept and implications of nonnative sleeper populations in invasion dynamics. Such populations persist at low abundance for years or even decades—a period during which they often go undetected and have negligible impact—until they are triggered by an environmental factor to become highly abundant and disruptive. Population irruptions are commonly misinterpreted as a recent arrival of the nonnative species, but sleeper populations belie a more complex history of inconspicuous occurrence followed by an abrupt shift in abundance and ecological impact. In the present article, we identify mechanisms that can trigger their irruption, and the implications for invasive species risk assessment and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Spear
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jake R Walsh
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, time of this work, and is now the invasive species grants and research coordinator for the Ecological and Water Resources Division of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States
| | - Anthony Ricciardi
- Redpath Museum and McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and is a research associate at the Centre for Invasion Biology at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
The role of host promiscuity in the invasion process of a seaweed holobiont. ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1668-1679. [PMID: 33479490 PMCID: PMC8163768 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Invasive species are co-introduced with microbiota from their native range and also interact with microbiota found in the novel environment to which they are introduced. Host flexibility toward microbiota, or host promiscuity, is an important trait underlying terrestrial plant invasions. To test whether host promiscuity may be important in macroalgal invasions, we experimentally simulated an invasion in a common garden setting, using the widespread invasive macroalga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum as a model invasive seaweed holobiont. After disturbing the microbiota of individuals from native and non-native populations with antibiotics, we monitored the microbial succession trajectories in the presence of a new source of microbes. Microbial communities were strongly impacted by the treatment and changed compositionally and in terms of diversity but recovered functionally by the end of the experiment in most respects. Beta-diversity in disturbed holobionts strongly decreased, indicating that different populations configure more similar -or more common- microbial communities when exposed to the same conditions. This decline in beta-diversity occurred not only more rapidly, but was also more pronounced in non-native populations, while individuals from native populations retained communities more similar to those observed in the field. This study demonstrates that microbial communities of non-native A. vermiculophyllum are more flexibly adjusted to the environment and suggests that an intraspecific increase in host promiscuity has promoted the invasion process of A. vermiculophyllum. This phenomenon may be important among invasive macroalgal holobionts in general.
Collapse
|
44
|
Boeraeve M, Everts T, Vandekerkhove K, De Keersmaeker L, Van de Kerckhove P, Jacquemyn H. Partner turnover and changes in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities during the early life stages of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:43-53. [PMID: 33140217 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The first life stages of a tree are subject to strong environmental stresses and competition, limiting their chances of survival. Establishing a mutualistic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi during early life stages may increase growth and survival rates of trees, but how mycorrhizal communities assemble during these stages remains unclear. Here, we studied variation in the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal communities in the soil and roots of Fagus sylvatica seedlings and saplings. Fungal DNA was extracted from the soil and seedling and sapling roots collected in 156 plots across the beech-dominated Sonian forest (Belgium) and community composition was determined through metabarcoding. EcM fungal community composition significantly differed between soil, seedlings and saplings. Russula, Amanita and Inocybe were most abundant in soil, while Lactarius and Scleroderma were more abundant in seedling and sapling roots and Xerocomellus and Laccaria were most abundant in sapling roots. Our results provide evidence of partner turnover in EcM fungal community composition with increasing age in the early life stages of F. sylvatica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Boeraeve
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, Leuven, KU, Belgium.
| | - Teun Everts
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, Leuven, KU, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Miyamoto Y, Danilov AV, Bryanin SV. The dominance of Suillus species in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on Larix gmelinii in a post-fire forest in the Russian Far East. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:55-66. [PMID: 33159597 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires can negatively affect ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities. However, potential shifts in community structures due to wildfires have rarely been evaluated in the forests of eastern Eurasia, where surface fires are frequent. We investigated EM fungal communities in a Larix gmelinii-dominated forest that burned in 2003 in Zeya, in the Russian Far East. A total of 120 soil samples were collected from burned and adjacent unburned forest sites. The EM fungal root tips were morphotyped and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were obtained for fungal identification. We detected 147 EM fungal operational taxonomic units, and EM fungal richness was 25% lower at the burned site than at the unburned site. EM fungal composition was characterized by the occurrence of disturbance-adapted fungi (Amphinema and Wilcoxina) at the burned site and late-successional fungi (Lactarius, Russula and Cortinarius) at the unburned site. These findings suggest that the EM fungal communities did not recover to pre-fire levels 16 years after the fire. Suillus species were the dominant EM fungi on L. gmelinii, with greater richness and frequency at the burned site. Both Larix and Suillus exhibit adaptive traits to quickly colonize fire-disturbed habitats. Frequent surface fires common to eastern Eurasia are likely to play important roles in maintaining Larix forests, concomitantly with their closely associated EM fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Miyamoto
- Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Aleksandr V Danilov
- Institute of Geology and Nature Management, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Blagoveshchensk, Russia
| | - Semyon V Bryanin
- Institute of Geology and Nature Management, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Blagoveshchensk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Collins CG, Spasojevic MJ, Alados CL, Aronson EL, Benavides JC, Cannone N, Caviezel C, Grau O, Guo H, Kudo G, Kuhn NJ, Müllerová J, Phillips ML, Pombubpa N, Reverchon F, Shulman HB, Stajich JE, Stokes A, Weber SE, Diez JM. Belowground impacts of alpine woody encroachment are determined by plant traits, local climate, and soil conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:7112-7127. [PMID: 32902066 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Global climate and land use change are causing woody plant encroachment in arctic, alpine, and arid/semi-arid ecosystems around the world, yet our understanding of the belowground impacts of this phenomenon is limited. We conducted a globally distributed field study of 13 alpine sites across four continents undergoing woody plant encroachment and sampled soils from both woody encroached and nearby herbaceous plant community types. We found that woody plant encroachment influenced soil microbial richness and community composition across sites based on multiple factors including woody plant traits, site level climate, and abiotic soil conditions. In particular, root symbiont type was a key determinant of belowground effects, as Nitrogen-fixing woody plants had higher soil fungal richness, while Ecto/Ericoid mycorrhizal species had higher soil bacterial richness and symbiont types had distinct soil microbial community composition. Woody plant leaf traits indirectly influenced soil microbes through their impact on soil abiotic conditions, primarily soil pH and C:N ratios. Finally, site-level climate affected the overall magnitude and direction of woody plant influence, as soil fungal and bacterial richness were either higher or lower in woody encroached versus herbaceous soils depending on mean annual temperature and precipitation. All together, these results document global impacts of woody plant encroachment on soil microbial communities, but highlight that multiple biotic and abiotic pathways must be considered to scale up globally from site- and species-level patterns. Considering both the aboveground and belowground effects of woody encroachment will be critical to predict future changes in alpine ecosystem structure and function and subsequent feedbacks to the global climate system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney G Collins
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Marko J Spasojevic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Emma L Aronson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Chatrina Caviezel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Change, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Grau
- Global Ecology Unit, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CNRS, Inra, Univ Antilles, Univ Guyane), Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaku Kudo
- Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nikolas J Kuhn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Change, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jana Müllerová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Michala L Phillips
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT, USA
| | - Nuttapon Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Frédérique Reverchon
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología (INECOL), Pátzcuaro, Mexico
| | - Hannah B Shulman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alexia Stokes
- University Montpellier, AMAP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sören E Weber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey M Diez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dieskau J, Bruelheide H, Gutknecht J, Erfmeier A. Biogeographic differences in plant-soil biota relationships contribute to the exotic range expansion of Verbascum thapsus. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13057-13070. [PMID: 33304516 PMCID: PMC7713913 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Exotic plant species can evolve adaptations to environmental conditions in the exotic range. Furthermore, soil biota can foster exotic spread in the absence of negative soil pathogen-plant interactions or because of increased positive soil biota-plant feedbacks in the exotic range. Little is known, however, about the evolutionary dimension of plant-soil biota interactions when comparing native and introduced ranges.To assess the role of soil microbes for rapid evolution in plant invasion, we subjected Verbascum thapsus, a species native to Europe, to a reciprocal transplant experiment with soil and seed material originating from Germany (native) and New Zealand (exotic). Soil samples were treated with biocides to distinguish between effects of soil fungi and bacteria. Seedlings from each of five native and exotic populations were transplanted into soil biota communities originating from all populations and subjected to treatments of soil biota reduction: application of (a) fungicide, (b) biocide, (c) a combination of the two, and (d) control.For most of the investigated traits, native populations showed higher performance than exotic populations; there was no effect of soil biota origin. However, plants developed longer leaves and larger rosettes when treated with their respective home soil communities, indicating that native and exotic plant populations differed in their interaction with soil biota origin. The absence of fungi and bacteria resulted in a higher specific root length, suggesting that V. thapsus may compensate the absence of mutualistic microbes by increasing its root-soil surface contact. Synthesis. Introduced plants can evolve adaptations to soil biota in their new distribution range. This demonstrates the importance of biogeographic differences in plant-soil biota relationships and suggests that future studies addressing evolutionary divergence should account for differential effects of soil biota from the home and exotic range on native and exotic populations of successful plant invaders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dieskau
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical GardenMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle–Jena–LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Jessica Gutknecht
- Department of Soil, Water, and ClimateUniversity of MinnesotaTwin CitiesMNUSA
| | - Alexandra Erfmeier
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle–Jena–LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute for Ecosystem ResearchKiel UniversityKielGermany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Benning JW, Moeller DA. Plant-soil interactions limit lifetime fitness outside a native plant's geographic range margin. Ecology 2020; 102:e03254. [PMID: 33231288 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plant species' distributions are often thought to overwhelmingly reflect their climatic niches. However, climate represents only a fraction of the n-dimensional environment to which plant populations adapt, and studies are increasingly uncovering strong effects of nonclimatic factors on species' distributions. We used a manipulative, factorial field experiment to quantify the effects of soil environment and precipitation (the putatively overriding climatic factor) on plant lifetime fitness outside the geographic range boundary of a native California annual plant. We grew plants outside the range edge in large mesocosms filled with soil from either within or outside the range, and plants were subjected to either a low (ambient) or high (supplemental) spring precipitation treatment. Soil environment had large effects on plant lifetime fitness that were similar in magnitude to the effects of precipitation. Moreover, mean fitness of plants grown with within-range soil in the low precipitation treatment approximated that of plants grown with beyond-range soil in the high precipitation treatment. The positive effects of within-range soil persisted in the second, wetter year of the experiment, though the magnitude of the soil effect was smaller than in the first, drier year. These results are the first we know of to quantify the effects of edaphic variation on plant lifetime fitness outside a geographic range limit and highlight the need to include factors other than climate in models of species' distributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Benning
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Labs, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - David A Moeller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Labs, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dove R, Wolfe ER, Stewart NU, Ballhorn DJ. Ecoregion—Rather Than Sympatric Legumes—Influences Symbiotic Bradyrhizobium Associations in Invasive Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius) in the Pacific Northwest. NORTHWEST SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3955/046.094.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Dove
- Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Emily R. Wolfe
- Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Nathan U. Stewart
- Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Daniel J. Ballhorn
- Portland State University, Department of Biology, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Microbial mutualist distribution limits spread of the invasive legume Medicago polymorpha. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|