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Forsmark B, Bizjak T, Nordin A, Rosenstock NP, Wallander H, Gundale MJ. Shifts in microbial community composition and metabolism correspond with rapid soil carbon accumulation in response to 20 years of simulated nitrogen deposition. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170741. [PMID: 38325494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition and fertilization in boreal forests frequently reduces decomposition and soil respiration and enhances C storage in the topsoil. This enhancement of the C sink can be as strong as the aboveground biomass response to N additions and has implications for the global C cycle, but the mechanisms remain elusive. We hypothesized that this effect would be associated with a shift in the microbial community and its activity, and particularly by fungal taxa reported to be capable of lignin degradation and organic N acquisition. We sampled the organic layer below the intact litter of a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) forest in northern Sweden after 20 years of annual N additions at low (12.5 kg N ha-1 yr-1) and high (50 kg N ha-1 yr-1) rates. We measured microbial biomass using phospholipid fatty-acid analysis (PLFA) and ergosterol measurements and used ITS metagenomics to profile the fungal community of soil and fine-roots. We probed the metabolic activity of the soil community by measuring the activity of extracellular enzymes and evaluated its relationships with the most N responsive soil fungal species. Nitrogen addition decreased the abundance of fungal PLFA markers and changed the fungal community in humus and fine-roots. Specifically, the humus community changed in part due to a shift from Oidiodendron pilicola, Cenococcum geophilum, and Cortinarius caperatus to Tylospora fibrillosa and Russula griseascens. These microbial community changes were associated with decreased activity of Mn-peroxidase and peptidase, and an increase in the activity of C acquiring enzymes. Our results show that the rapid accumulation of C in the humus layer frequently observed in areas with high N deposition is consistent with a shift in microbial metabolism, where decomposition associated with organic N acquisition is downregulated when inorganic N forms are readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Forsmark
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Tinkara Bizjak
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annika Nordin
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicholas P Rosenstock
- Center for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Wallander
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Hupperts SF, Islam KS, Gundale MJ, Kardol P, Sundqvist MK. Warming influences carbon and nitrogen assimilation between a widespread Ericaceous shrub and root-associated fungi. New Phytol 2024; 241:1062-1073. [PMID: 37950517 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
High-latitude ecosystems are warming faster than other biomes and are often dominated by a ground layer of Ericaceous shrubs, which can respond positively to warming. The carbon-for-nitrogen (C-for-N) exchange between Ericaceous shrubs and root-associated fungi may underlie shrub responses to warming, but has been understudied. In a glasshouse setting, we examined the effects of warming on the C-for-N exchange between the Ericaceous shrub Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum and its root-associated fungi. We applied different 13 C and 15 N isotope labels, including a simple organic N form (glycine) and a complex organic N form (moss litter) and quantified their assimilation into soil, plant biomass, and root fungal biomass pools. We found that warming lowered the amount of 13 C partitioned to root-associated fungi per unit of glycine 15 N assimilated by E. nigrum, but only in the short term. By contrast, warming increased the amount of 13 C partitioned to root-associated fungi per unit of moss 15 N assimilated by E. nigrum. Our study suggests that climate warming affects the short-term exchange of C and N between a widespread Ericaceous shrub and root-associated fungi. Furthermore, while most isotope tracing studies use labile N sources, we demonstrate that a ubiquitous recalcitrant N source may produce contrasting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Hupperts
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Kazi Samiul Islam
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Maja K Sundqvist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
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3
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Bassett KR, Östlund L, Gundale MJ, Fridman J, Jämtgård S. Forest inventory tree core archive reveals changes in boreal wood traits over seven decades. Sci Total Environ 2023; 900:165795. [PMID: 37499833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Boreal forests play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle, and there is great interest in understanding how they respond to environmental change, including nitrogen (N) and water limitation, which could impact future forest growth and C storage. Utilizing tree cores archived by the Swedish National Forest Inventory, we measured stemwood traits, including stable N and C isotope composition which provides valuable information related to N availability and water stress, respectively, as well as N and C content, and C/N ratio over 1950-2017 in two central Swedish counties covering an area of ca. 55,000 sq. km (n = 1038). We tested the hypothesis that wood traits are changing over time, and that temporal patterns would differ depending on alternative dendrochronological reconstruction methods, i.e. the commonly applied "single tree method" (STM) or a conceptually stronger "multiple tree method" (MTM). Averaged across all MTMs, our data showed that all five wood traits for Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris changed over time. Wood δ15N strongly declined, indicating progressive nitrogen limitation. The decline in δ13C tracked the known atmospheric δ13CO2 signal, suggesting no change in water stress occurred. Additionally, wood N significantly increased, while C and C/N ratios declined over time. Furthermore, wood trait patterns sometimes differed between dendrochronological methods. The most notable difference was for δ15N, where the slope was much shallower for the STM compared to MTMs for both species, indicating that mobility of contemporary N is problematic when using the STM, resulting in substantially less sensitivity to detect historical signals. Our study indicates strong temporal changes in boreal wood traits and also indicates that the field of dendroecology should adopt new methods and archiving practices for studying highly mobile element cycles, such as nitrogen, which are critical for understanding environmental change in high latitude ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley R Bassett
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Lars Östlund
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Fridman
- Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sandra Jämtgård
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83 Umeå, Sweden
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4
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Pérez‐Izquierdo L, Bengtsson J, Clemmensen KE, Granath G, Gundale MJ, Ibáñez TS, Lindahl BD, Strengbom J, Taylor A, Viketoft M, Wardle DA, Nilsson M. Fire severity as a key determinant of aboveground and belowground biological community recovery in managed even-aged boreal forests. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10086. [PMID: 37206687 PMCID: PMC10191780 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in fire regime of boreal forests in response to climate warming are expected to impact postfire recovery. However, quantitative data on how managed forests sustain and recover from recent fire disturbance are limited.Two years after a large wildfire in managed even-aged boreal forests in Sweden, we investigated how recovery of aboveground and belowground communities, that is, understory vegetation and soil microbial and faunal communities, responded to variation in the severity of soil (i.e., consumption of soil organic matter) and canopy fires (i.e., tree mortality).While fire overall enhanced diversity of understory vegetation through colonization of fire adapted plant species, it reduced the abundance and diversity of soil biota. We observed contrasting effects of tree- and soil-related fire severity on survival and recovery of understory vegetation and soil biological communities. Severe fires that killed overstory Pinus sylvestris promoted a successional stage dominated by the mosses Ceratodon purpureus and Polytrichum juniperinum, but reduced regeneration of tree seedlings and disfavored the ericaceous dwarf-shrub Vaccinium vitis-idaea and the grass Deschampsia flexuosa. Moreover, high tree mortality from fire reduced fungal biomass and changed fungal community composition, in particular that of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and reduced the fungivorous soil Oribatida. In contrast, soil-related fire severity had little impact on vegetation composition, fungal communities, and soil animals. Bacterial communities responded to both tree- and soil-related fire severity. Synthesis: Our results 2 years postfire suggest that a change in fire regime from a historically low-severity ground fire regime, with fires that mainly burns into the soil organic layer, to a stand-replacing fire regime with a high degree of tree mortality, as may be expected with climate change, is likely to impact the short-term recovery of stand structure and above- and belowground species composition of even-aged P. sylvestris boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Bengtsson
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Karina E. Clemmensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Gustaf Granath
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Theresa S. Ibáñez
- Department of WildlifeFish and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Björn D. Lindahl
- Department of Soil and EnvironmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Joachim Strengbom
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Astrid Taylor
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Marie‐Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
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5
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Cleveland CC, Reis CRG, Perakis SS, Dynarski KA, Batterman SA, Crews TE, Gei M, Gundale MJ, Menge DNL, Peoples MB, Reed SC, Salmon VG, Soper FM, Taylor BN, Turner MG, Wurzburger N. Exploring the Role of Cryptic Nitrogen Fixers in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Frontier in Nitrogen Cycling Research. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Fanin N, Clemmensen KE, Lindahl BD, Farrell M, Nilsson MC, Gundale MJ, Kardol P, Wardle DA. Ericoid shrubs shape fungal communities and suppress organic matter decomposition in boreal forests. New Phytol 2022; 236:684-697. [PMID: 35779014 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi associated with boreal trees and ericaceous shrubs are central actors in organic matter (OM) accumulation through their belowground carbon allocation, their potential capacity to mine organic matter for nitrogen (N) and their ability to suppress saprotrophs. Yet, interactions between co-occurring ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ERI), and saprotrophs are poorly understood. We used a long-term (19 yr) plant functional group manipulation experiment with removals of tree roots, ericaceous shrubs and mosses and analysed the responses of different fungal guilds (assessed by metabarcoding) and their interactions in relation to OM quality (assessed by mid-infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance) and decomposition (litter mesh-bags) across a 5000-yr post-fire boreal forest chronosequence. We found that the removal of ericaceous shrubs and associated ERI changed the composition of EMF communities, with larger effects occurring at earlier stages of the chronosequence. Removal of shrubs was associated with enhanced N availability, litter decomposition and enrichment of the recalcitrant OM fraction. We conclude that increasing abundance of slow-growing ericaceous shrubs and the associated fungi contributes to increasing nutrient limitation, impaired decomposition and progressive OM accumulation in boreal forests, particularly towards later successional stages. These results are indicative of the contrasting roles of EMF and ERI in regulating belowground OM storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fanin
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 ISPA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, F33882, Villenave-d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Karina E Clemmensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark Farrell
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Kaurna Country, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David A Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore City, 639798, Singapore
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7
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Blaško R, Forsmark B, Gundale MJ, Lim H, Lundmark T, Nordin A. The carbon sequestration response of aboveground biomass and soils to nutrient enrichment in boreal forests depends on baseline site productivity. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156327. [PMID: 35640755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient enrichment can alleviate productivity limitations and thus substantially increase carbon (C) uptake in northern coniferous forests. Yet, factors controlling stand-to-stand variation of forest ecosystem responses to nutrient enrichment remain unclear. We used five long-term (13 years) nutrient-enrichment experiments across Sweden, where nitrogen (N), phosphorus, and potassium were applied annually to young Norway spruce forests that varied in their baseline ecosystem properties. We measured tree biomass and soil C and N stocks, litterfall C inputs, soil CO2 efflux, and shifts in composition and biomass of soil microbial communities to understand the links between above and belowground responses to nutrient enrichment. We found that the strongest responses in tree biomass occurred when baseline site productivity was lowest. High increases in tree biomass C stocks were generally balanced by weaker responses in organic soil C stocks. The average ecosystem C-N response rate was 35 kg C kg-1 N added, with a nearly five-fold greater response rate in tree biomass than in soil. The positive nutrient enrichment effects on ecosystem C sinks were driven by a 95% increase in tree biomass C stocks, 150% increase in litter production, 67% increase in organic layer C stocks, and a 46% reduction in soil CO2 efflux accompanied by compositional changes in soil microbial communities. Our results show that ecosystem C uptake in spruce forests in northern Europe can be substantially enhanced by nutrient enrichment; however, the strength of the responses and whether the enhancement occurs mainly in tree biomass or soils are dependent on baseline forest productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Blaško
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden; Slovak Environment Agency, Tajovského 28, 975 90 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia.
| | - Benjamin Forsmark
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden; Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hyungwoo Lim
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tomas Lundmark
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annika Nordin
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University/Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90736/SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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8
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Spitzer CM, Sundqvist MK, Wardle DA, Gundale MJ, Kardol P. Root trait variation along a sub‐arctic tundra elevational gradient. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clydecia M. Spitzer
- Dept of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Maja K. Sundqvist
- Dept of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological Univ. Singapore Singapore
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Dept of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Dept of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
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9
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Senior JK, Gundale MJ, Iason GR, Whitham TG, Axelsson EP. Progeny selection for enhanced forest growth alters soil communities and processes. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John K. Senior
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - E. Petter Axelsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
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10
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Gundale MJ. The impact of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition on global forests: Negative impacts far exceed the carbon benefits. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:690-692. [PMID: 34706121 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans have drastically altered the nitrogen (N) cycle during the past century, enriching ecosystems from the tropics to the tundra with unpresented inputs of novel nitrogen. The study by Schulte-Uebbing et al. (2021) quantified the impact of atmospheric N deposition on C uptake by forests globally, and weighed this climate benefit against the global warming impact of N2 O emissions. A major conclusion was that the C benefits of atmospheric deposition in global forests are smaller than previously estimated (only 41 Tg C year-1 ), accounting for only 2% of the net annual forest C uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Umeå, Sweden
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11
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Hupperts SF, Gerber S, Nilsson MC, Gundale MJ. Empirical and Earth system model estimates of boreal nitrogen fixation often differ: A pathway toward reconciliation. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:5711-5725. [PMID: 34382301 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of global environmental change on productivity in northern latitudes will be contingent on nitrogen (N) availability. In circumpolar boreal ecosystems, nonvascular plants (i.e., bryophytes) and associated N2 -fixing diazotrophs provide one of the largest known N inputs but are rarely accounted for in Earth system models. Instead, most models link N2 -fixation with the functioning of vascular plants. Neglecting nonvascular N2 -fixation may be contributing toward high uncertainty that currently hinders model predictions in northern latitudes, where nonvascular N2 -fixing plants are more common. Adequately accounting for nonvascular N2 -fixation and its drivers could subsequently improve predictions of future N availability and ultimately, productivity, in northern latitudes. Here, we review empirical evidence of boreal nonvascular N2 -fixation responses to global change factors (elevated CO2 , N deposition, warming, precipitation, and shading by vascular plants), and compare empirical findings with model predictions of N2 -fixation using nine Earth system models. The majority of empirical studies found positive effects of CO2 , warming, precipitation, or light on nonvascular N2 -fixation, but N deposition strongly downregulated N2 -fixation in most empirical studies. Furthermore, we found that the responses of N2 -fixation to elevated CO2 were generally consistent between models and very limited empirical data. In contrast, empirical-model comparisons suggest that all models we assessed, and particularly those that scale N2 -fixation with net primary productivity or evapotranspiration, may be overestimating N2 -fixation under increasing N deposition. Overestimations could generate erroneous predictions of future N stocks in boreal ecosystems unless models adequately account for the drivers of nonvascular N2 -fixation. Based on our comparisons, we recommend that models explicitly treat nonvascular N2 -fixation and that field studies include more targeted measurements to improve model structures and parameterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Hupperts
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Gerber
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Nuske SJ, Fajardo A, Nuñez MA, Pauchard A, Wardle DA, Nilsson MC, Kardol P, Smith JE, Peltzer DA, Moyano J, Gundale MJ. Soil biotic and abiotic effects on seedling growth exhibit context-dependent interactions: evidence from a multi-country experiment on Pinus contorta invasion. New Phytol 2021; 232:303-317. [PMID: 33966267 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The success of invasive plants is influenced by many interacting factors, but evaluating multiple possible mechanisms of invasion success and elucidating the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers is challenging, and therefore rarely achieved. We used live, sterile or inoculated soil from different soil origins (native range and introduced range plantation; and invaded plots spanning three different countries) in a fully factorial design to simultaneously examine the influence of soil origin and soil abiotic and biotic factors on the growth of invasive Pinus contorta. Our results displayed significant context dependency in that certain soil abiotic conditions in the introduced ranges (soil nitrogen, phosphorus or carbon content) influenced responses to inoculation treatments. Our findings do not support the enemy release hypothesis or the enhanced mutualism hypothesis, as biota from native and plantation ranges promoted growth similarly. Instead, our results support the missed mutualism hypothesis, as biota from invasive ranges were the least beneficial for seedling growth. Our study provides a novel perspective on how variation in soil abiotic factors can influence plant-soil feedbacks for an invasive tree across broad biogeographical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Nuske
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Martin A Nuñez
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA-UNComa, CONICET, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Aníbal Pauchard
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, College of Science, Nanyong Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Jane E Smith
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Duane A Peltzer
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Jaime Moyano
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA-UNComa, CONICET, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
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13
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Ibáñez TS, Wardle DA, Gundale MJ, Nilsson MC. Effects of Soil Abiotic and Biotic Factors on Tree Seedling Regeneration Following a Boreal Forest Wildfire. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWildfire disturbance is important for tree regeneration in boreal ecosystems. A considerable amount of literature has been published on how wildfires affect boreal forest regeneration. However, we lack understanding about how soil-mediated effects of fire disturbance on seedlings occur via soil abiotic properties versus soil biota. We collected soil from stands with three different severities of burning (high, low and unburned) and conducted two greenhouse experiments to explore how seedlings of tree species (Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies) performed in live soils and in sterilized soil inoculated by live soil from each of the three burning severities. Seedlings grown in live soil grew best in unburned soil. When sterilized soils were reinoculated with live soil, seedlings of P. abies and P. sylvestris grew better in soil from low burn severity stands than soil from either high severity or unburned stands, demonstrating that fire disturbance may favor post-fire regeneration of conifers in part due to the presence of soil biota that persists when fire severity is low or recovers quickly post-fire. Betula pendula did not respond to soil biota and was instead driven by changes in abiotic soil properties following fire. Our study provides strong evidence that high fire severity creates soil conditions that are adverse for seedling regeneration, but that low burn severity promotes soil biota that stimulates growth and potential regeneration of conifers. It also shows that species-specific responses to abiotic and biotic soil characteristics are altered by variation in fire severity. This has important implications for tree regeneration because it points to the role of plant–soil–microbial feedbacks in promoting successful establishment, and potentially successional trajectories and species dominance in boreal forests in the future as fire regimes become increasingly severe through climate change.
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Phillips HRP, Bach EM, Bartz MLC, Bennett JM, Beugnon R, Briones MJI, Brown GG, Ferlian O, Gongalsky KB, Guerra CA, König-Ries B, Krebs JJ, Orgiazzi A, Ramirez KS, Russell DJ, Schwarz B, Wall DH, Brose U, Decaëns T, Lavelle P, Loreau M, Mathieu J, Mulder C, van der Putten WH, Rillig MC, Thakur MP, de Vries FT, Wardle DA, Ammer C, Ammer S, Arai M, Ayuke FO, Baker GH, Baretta D, Barkusky D, Beauséjour R, Bedano JC, Birkhofer K, Blanchart E, Blossey B, Bolger T, Bradley RL, Brossard M, Burtis JC, Capowiez Y, Cavagnaro TR, Choi A, Clause J, Cluzeau D, Coors A, Crotty FV, Crumsey JM, Dávalos A, Cosín DJD, Dobson AM, Domínguez A, Duhour AE, van Eekeren N, Emmerling C, Falco LB, Fernández R, Fonte SJ, Fragoso C, Franco ALC, Fusilero A, Geraskina AP, Gholami S, González G, Gundale MJ, López MG, Hackenberger BK, Hackenberger DK, Hernández LM, Hirth JR, Hishi T, Holdsworth AR, Holmstrup M, Hopfensperger KN, Lwanga EH, Huhta V, Hurisso TT, Iannone BV, Iordache M, Irmler U, Ivask M, Jesús JB, Johnson-Maynard JL, Joschko M, Kaneko N, Kanianska R, Keith AM, Kernecker ML, Koné AW, Kooch Y, Kukkonen ST, Lalthanzara H, Lammel DR, Lebedev IM, Le Cadre E, Lincoln NK, López-Hernández D, Loss SR, Marichal R, Matula R, Minamiya Y, Moos JH, Moreno G, Morón-Ríos A, Motohiro H, Muys B, Neirynck J, Norgrove L, Novo M, Nuutinen V, Nuzzo V, Mujeeb Rahman P, Pansu J, Paudel S, Pérès G, Pérez-Camacho L, Ponge JF, Prietzel J, Rapoport IB, Rashid MI, Rebollo S, Rodríguez MÁ, Roth AM, Rousseau GX, Rozen A, Sayad E, van Schaik L, Scharenbroch B, Schirrmann M, Schmidt O, Schröder B, Seeber J, Shashkov MP, Singh J, Smith SM, Steinwandter M, Szlavecz K, Talavera JA, Trigo D, Tsukamoto J, Uribe-López S, de Valença AW, Virto I, Wackett AA, Warren MW, Webster ER, Wehr NH, Whalen JK, Wironen MB, Wolters V, Wu P, Zenkova IV, Zhang W, Cameron EK, Eisenhauer N. Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties. Sci Data 2021; 8:136. [PMID: 34021166 PMCID: PMC8140120 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R P Phillips
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Environmental Science, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth M Bach
- Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Marie L C Bartz
- Universidade Positivo, Rua Prof. Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza, 5300, Curitiba, PR, 81280-330, Brazil.,Center of Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martins de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joanne M Bennett
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rémy Beugnon
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria J I Briones
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - George G Brown
- Embrapa Forestry, Estrada da Ribeira, km. 111, C.P. 231, Colombo, PR, 83411-000, Brazil
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konstantin B Gongalsky
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Carlos A Guerra
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Birgitta König-Ries
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia J Krebs
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Kelly S Ramirez
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700, Wageningen, AB, The Netherlands
| | - David J Russell
- Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, Department of Soil Zoology, 02826, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Diana H Wall
- Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thibaud Decaëns
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Lavelle
- Sorbonne Université, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Jérôme Mathieu
- Sorbonne Université, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (UMR 7618 IEES-Paris, CNRS, INRA, UPMC, IRD, UPEC), 4 place Jussieu, 75000, Paris, France.,INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Christian Mulder
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700, Wageningen, AB, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8123, 6700, Wageningen, ES, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Madhav P Thakur
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700, Wageningen, AB, The Netherlands
| | - Franciska T de Vries
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Christian Ammer
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Landuse, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, Göttingen, Germany.,Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ammer
- Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miwa Arai
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fredrick O Ayuke
- Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi, Kapenguria Road, Off Naivasha Road, P.O Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya.,Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture, KG 541, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Geoff H Baker
- Health & Biosecurity, CSIRO, PO Box 1700, Canberra, Australia
| | - Dilmar Baretta
- Department of Animal Science, Santa Catarina State University, Chapecó, SC, 89815-630, Brazil
| | - Dietmar Barkusky
- Experimental Infrastructure Platform (EIP), Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Eberswalder Str. 84, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Robin Beauséjour
- Départment de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jose C Bedano
- Geology Department, FCEFQyN, ICBIA-CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), National University of Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km, 601, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Klaus Birkhofer
- Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 6, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Eric Blanchart
- Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, IRD, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernd Blossey
- Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Bolger
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland.,School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert L Bradley
- Départment de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Brossard
- Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, IRD, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - James C Burtis
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 3132, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yvan Capowiez
- EMMAH, UMR 1114, INRA, Site Agroparc, Avignon, France
| | - Timothy R Cavagnaro
- The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Amy Choi
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julia Clause
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe EES, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, Poitiers, France
| | - Daniel Cluzeau
- UMR ECOBIO (Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Evolution) CNRS-Université de Rennes, Station Biologique, 35380, Paimpont, France
| | - Anja Coors
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Boettgerstr. 2-14, Floersheim, Germany
| | - Felicity V Crotty
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth Universtiy, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY24 3EE, United Kingdom.,School for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Road, Cirencester, GL7 6JS, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmine M Crumsey
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E Green Street, Athens, USA
| | - Andrea Dávalos
- Department of Biological Sciencies, SUNY Cortland, 1215 Bowers Hall, Cortland, USA
| | - Darío J Díaz Cosín
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, José Antonio Novais, 12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annise M Dobson
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, 370 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anahí Domínguez
- Geology Department, FCEFQyN, ICBIA-CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), National University of Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km, 601, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Andrés Esteban Duhour
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Argentina - INEDES (Universidad Nacional de Luján - CONICET), Luján, Argentina
| | | | - Christoph Emmerling
- Department of Soil Science, University of Trier, Campus II, Behringstraße 21, Trier, Germany
| | - Liliana B Falco
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Av. Constitución y Ruta 5, Luján, Argentina
| | - Rosa Fernández
- Animal Biodiversity and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven J Fonte
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 1170 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Carlos Fragoso
- Biodiversity and Systematic Network, Institute of Ecology A.C., El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91070, Mexico
| | - André L C Franco
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Abegail Fusilero
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Tugbok District, Davao, Philippines.,Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit - GhEnToxLab, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna P Geraskina
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity RAS, Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32 bldg. 14, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Grizelle González
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, 1201 Ceiba Street, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgrand 17, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mónica Gutiérrez López
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, José Antonio Novais, 12, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Luis M Hernández
- Agriculture engineering, Agroecology Postgraduate Program, Maranhão State University, Avenida Lourenço Vieira da Silva 1000, São Luis, Brazil
| | - Jeff R Hirth
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria, Chiltern Valley Road, Rutherglen, Australia
| | - Takuo Hishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 394 Tsubakuro, Sasaguri, Fukuoka, 811-2415, Japan
| | | | - Martin Holmstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristine N Hopfensperger
- Department of Biological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Esperanza Huerta Lwanga
- Agricultura Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Polígono s/n Cd. Industrial Lerma, Campeche, Campeche, Mexico.,Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsteeg 4, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veikko Huhta
- Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Box 35, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tunsisa T Hurisso
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 1170 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,College of Agriculture, Environmental and Human Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO, 65101, USA
| | - Basil V Iannone
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Madalina Iordache
- Sustainable Development and Environmental Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat "King Michael the 1st of Romania" from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ulrich Irmler
- Institute for Ecosystem Research, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mari Ivask
- Tartu College, Tallinn University of Technology, Puiestee 78, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Juan B Jesús
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, José Antonio Novais, 12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jodi L Johnson-Maynard
- Department of Soil and Water Systems, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS, 2340, Moscow, USA
| | - Monika Joschko
- Experimental Infrastructure Platform (EIP), Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Eberswalder Str. 84, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Nobuhiro Kaneko
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Radoslava Kanianska
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Aidan M Keith
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Maria L Kernecker
- Land Use and Governance, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Eberswalder Str. 84, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Armand W Koné
- UFR Sciences de la Nature, UR Gestion Durable des Sols, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Yahya Kooch
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 46417-76489, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Sanna T Kukkonen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Survontie 9 A, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - H Lalthanzara
- Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Daniel R Lammel
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iurii M Lebedev
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 33, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 30-1 Bolshoy Boulevard, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | | | - Noa K Lincoln
- Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 102, Honolulu, USA
| | - Danilo López-Hernández
- Ecologia Aplicada, Instituto de Zoologia y Ecologia Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Ciudad Universitaria, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Scott R Loss
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, 008C, Ag Hall, Stillwater, USA
| | - Raphael Marichal
- UPR Systèmes de Pérennes, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, TA B-34/02 Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, France
| | - Radim Matula
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yukio Minamiya
- Tochigi Prefectural Museum, 2-2 Mutsumi-cho, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Jan Hendrik Moos
- Thuenen-Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 65, Braunschweig, Germany.,Thuenen-Institute of Organic Farming, Trenthorst 32, Westerau, Germany
| | - Gerardo Moreno
- Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Morón-Ríos
- Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho, poligono 2 A, Cd. Industrial de Lerma, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Hasegawa Motohiro
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 602-8580, Japan
| | - Bart Muys
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E Box, 2411, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neirynck
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Gaverstraat 35, 9500, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Norgrove
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Länggasse 85, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Marta Novo
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, José Antonio Novais, 12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Visa Nuutinen
- Soil Ecosystems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Victoria Nuzzo
- Natural Area Consultants, 1 West Hill School Road, Richford, NY, USA
| | - P Mujeeb Rahman
- Department of Zoology, PSMO College, Tirurangadi, Malappuram, Kerala, India, Malappuram, India
| | - Johan Pansu
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, CSIRO, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia.,UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS/Sorbonne Université, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
| | - Shishir Paudel
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, 008C, Ag Hall, Stillwater, USA.,Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Guénola Pérès
- UMR ECOBIO (Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Evolution) CNRS-Université de Rennes, Station Biologique, 35380, Paimpont, France.,UMR SAS, INRAE, Institut Agro Agrocampus Ouest, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lorenzo Pérez-Camacho
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá De Henares, Spain
| | - Jean-François Ponge
- Adaptations du Vivant, CNRS UMR 7179, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 Avenue du Petit Château, Brunoy, France
| | - Jörg Prietzel
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Irina B Rapoport
- Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories, Russian Academy of Sciences, I. Armand, 37a, Nalchik, Russia
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salvador Rebollo
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá De Henares, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Rodríguez
- Global Change Ecology and Evolution Research Group (GloCEE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá De Henares, Spain
| | - Alexander M Roth
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530, Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, USA.,Friends of the Mississippi River, 101 E 5th St. Suite 2000, St Paul, USA
| | - Guillaume X Rousseau
- Agriculture engineering, Agroecology Postgraduate Program, Maranhão State University, Avenida Lourenço Vieira da Silva 1000, São Luis, Brazil.,Biology, Biodiversity and Conservation Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses 1966, São Luis, Brazil
| | - Anna Rozen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Loes van Schaik
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsteeg 4, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bryant Scharenbroch
- College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI, 54481, USA.,The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Michael Schirrmann
- Department Engineering for Crop Production, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olaf Schmidt
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Boris Schröder
- Landscape Ecology and Environmental Systems Analysis, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19c, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Seeber
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Maxim P Shashkov
- Laboratory of Ecosystem Modelling, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 2, Pushchino, Russia.,Laboratory of Computational Ecology, Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology RAS - the Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vitkevicha str., 1, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Sandy M Smith
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Steinwandter
- Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Katalin Szlavecz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, USA
| | - José Antonio Talavera
- Department of animal biology, edaphology and geology, Faculty of Sciences (Biology), University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Santa Cruz De Tenerife, Spain
| | - Dolores Trigo
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, José Antonio Novais, 12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jiro Tsukamoto
- Forest Science, Kochi University, Monobe Otsu 200, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Sheila Uribe-López
- Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Nanotechnology Engineering, Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Méndez, Carr. Estatal libre Villahermosa-Comalcalco, Km 27 S/N, C.P. 86205 Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Anne W de Valença
- Unit Food & Agriculture, WWF-Netherlands, Driebergseweg 10, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Iñigo Virto
- Dpto. Ciencias, IS-FOOD, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Edificio Olivos - Campus Arrosadia, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adrian A Wackett
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, USA
| | - Matthew W Warren
- Earth Innovation Institute, 98 Battery Street Suite 250, San Francisco, USA
| | - Emily R Webster
- University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, USA
| | - Nathaniel H Wehr
- Natural Resources & Environmental Management, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1910 East West Rd, Honolulu, USA
| | - Joann K Whalen
- Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | | | - Volkmar Wolters
- Animal Ecology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, Giessen, Germany
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Irina V Zenkova
- Laboratory of terrestrial ecosystems, Federal Research Centre "Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems (INEP KSC RAS), Akademgorodok, 14a, Apatity, Murmansk, Province, Russia
| | - Weixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Erin K Cameron
- Department of Environmental Science, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Post Office Box 65, FI 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Spitzer CM, Lindahl B, Wardle DA, Sundqvist MK, Gundale MJ, Fanin N, Kardol P. Root trait-microbial relationships across tundra plant species. New Phytol 2021; 229:1508-1520. [PMID: 33007155 PMCID: PMC7821200 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine roots, and their functional traits, influence associated rhizosphere microorganisms via root exudation and root litter quality. However, little information is known about their relationship with rhizosphere microbial taxa and functional guilds. We investigated the relationships of 11 fine root traits of 20 sub-arctic tundra meadow plant species and soil microbial community composition, using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and high-throughput sequencing. We primarily focused on the root economics spectrum, as it provides a useful framework to examine plant strategies by integrating the co-ordination of belowground root traits along a resource acquisition-conservation trade-off axis. We found that the chemical axis of the fine root economics spectrum was positively related to fungal to bacterial ratios, but negatively to Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacterial ratios. However, this spectrum was unrelated to the relative abundance of functional guilds of soil fungi. Nevertheless, the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was positively correlated to root carbon content, but negatively to the numbers of root forks per root length. Our results suggest that the fine root economics spectrum is important for predicting broader groups of soil microorganisms (i.e. fungi and bacteria), while individual root traits may be more important for predicting soil microbial taxa and functional guilds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clydecia M. Spitzer
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgrändUmeå901 83Sweden
| | - Björn Lindahl
- Department of Soil and EnvironmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesBox 7014Uppsala750 07Sweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the EnvironmentNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Maja K. Sundqvist
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgrändUmeå901 83Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgrändUmeå901 83Sweden
| | - Nicolas Fanin
- INRAEBordeaux Sciences AgroUMR 1391 ISPA71 Avenue Edouard BourlauxVillenave‐d’Ornon CedexCS20032, F33882France
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkogsmarksgrändUmeå901 83Sweden
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16
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Forsmark B, Wallander H, Nordin A, Gundale MJ. Long‐term nitrogen enrichment does not increase microbial phosphorus mobilization in a northern coniferous forest. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Forsmark
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Annika Nordin
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology Umeå Plant Science Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
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17
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Grau-Andrés R, Wardle DA, Gundale MJ, Foster CN, Kardol P. Effects of plant functional group removal on CO 2 fluxes and belowground C stocks across contrasting ecosystems. Ecology 2020; 101:e03170. [PMID: 32846007 PMCID: PMC7757239 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in plant communities can have large effects on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and long‐term C stocks. However, how these effects are mediated by environmental context or vary among ecosystems is not well understood. To study this, we used a long‐term plant removal experiment set up across 30 forested lake islands in northern Sweden that collectively represent a strong gradient of soil fertility and ecosystem productivity. We measured forest floor CO2 exchange and aboveground and belowground C stocks for a 22‐yr experiment involving factorial removal of the two dominant functional groups of the boreal forest understory, namely ericaceous dwarf shrubs and feather mosses, on each of the 30 islands. We found that long‐term shrub and moss removal increased forest floor net CO2 loss and decreased belowground C stocks consistently across the islands irrespective of their productivity or soil fertility. However, we did see context‐dependent responses of respiration to shrub removals because removals only increased respiration on islands of intermediate productivity. Both CO2 exchange and C stocks responded more strongly to shrub removal than to moss removal. Shrub removal reduced gross primary productivity of the forest floor consistently across the island gradient, but it had no effect on respiration, which suggests that loss of belowground C caused by the removals was driven by reduced litter inputs. Across the island gradient, shrub removal consistently depleted C stocks in the soil organic horizon by 0.8 kg C/m2. Our results show that the effect of plant functional group diversity on C dynamics can be relatively consistent across contrasting ecosystems that vary greatly in productivity and soil fertility. These findings underline the key role of understory vegetation in forest C cycling, and suggest that global change leading to changes in the relative abundance of both shrubs and mosses could impact on the capacity of boreal forests to store C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Grau-Andrés
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - David A Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden.,Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Claire N Foster
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
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18
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Forsmark B, Nordin A, Maaroufi NI, Lundmark T, Gundale MJ. Low and High Nitrogen Deposition Rates in Northern Coniferous Forests Have Different Impacts on Aboveground Litter Production, Soil Respiration, and Soil Carbon Stocks. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNitrogen (N) deposition can change the carbon (C) sink of northern coniferous forests by changing the balance between net primary production and soil respiration. We used a field experiment in an N poor Pinus sylvestris forest where five levels of N (0, 3, 6, 12, and 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1, n = 6) had been added annually for 12–13 years to investigate how litter C inputs and soil respiration, divided into its autotrophic and heterotrophic sources, respond to different rates of N input, and its subsequent effect on soil C storage. The highest N addition rate (50 kg N ha−1 yr−1) stimulated soil C accumulation in the organic layer by 22.3 kg C kg−1 N added, increased litter inputs by 46%, and decreased soil respiration per mass unit of soil C by 31.2%, mainly by decreasing autotrophic respiration. Lower N addition rates (≤ 12 kg N ha−1 yr−1) had no effect on litter inputs or soil respiration. These results support previous studies reporting on increased litter inputs coupled to impeded soil C mineralization, contributing to enhancing the soil C sink when N is supplied at high rates, but add observations for lower N addition rates more realistic for N deposition. In doing so, we show that litter production in N poor northern coniferous forests can be relatively unresponsive to low N deposition levels, that stimulation of microbial activity at low N additions is unlikely to reduce the soil C sink, and that high levels of N deposition enhance the soil C sink by increasing litter inputs and decreasing soil respiration.
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19
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Phillips HRP, Guerra CA, Bartz MLC, Briones MJI, Brown G, Crowther TW, Ferlian O, Gongalsky KB, van den Hoogen J, Krebs J, Orgiazzi A, Routh D, Schwarz B, Bach EM, Bennett J, Brose U, Decaëns T, König-Ries B, Loreau M, Mathieu J, Mulder C, van der Putten WH, Ramirez KS, Rillig MC, Russell D, Rutgers M, Thakur MP, de Vries FT, Wall DH, Wardle DA, Arai M, Ayuke FO, Baker GH, Beauséjour R, Bedano JC, Birkhofer K, Blanchart E, Blossey B, Bolger T, Bradley RL, Callaham MA, Capowiez Y, Caulfield ME, Choi A, Crotty FV, Dávalos A, Cosin DJD, Dominguez A, Duhour AE, van Eekeren N, Emmerling C, Falco LB, Fernández R, Fonte SJ, Fragoso C, Franco ALC, Fugère M, Fusilero AT, Gholami S, Gundale MJ, López MG, Hackenberger DK, Hernández LM, Hishi T, Holdsworth AR, Holmstrup M, Hopfensperger KN, Lwanga EH, Huhta V, Hurisso TT, Iannone BV, Iordache M, Joschko M, Kaneko N, Kanianska R, Keith AM, Kelly CA, Kernecker ML, Klaminder J, Koné AW, Kooch Y, Kukkonen ST, Lalthanzara H, Lammel DR, Lebedev IM, Li Y, Lidon JBJ, Lincoln NK, Loss SR, Marichal R, Matula R, Moos JH, Moreno G, Morón-Ríos A, Muys B, Neirynck J, Norgrove L, Novo M, Nuutinen V, Nuzzo V, Rahman P M, Pansu J, Paudel S, Pérès G, Pérez-Camacho L, Piñeiro R, Ponge JF, Rashid MI, Rebollo S, Rodeiro-Iglesias J, Rodríguez MÁ, Roth AM, Rousseau GX, Rozen A, Sayad E, van Schaik L, Scharenbroch BC, Schirrmann M, Schmidt O, Schröder B, Seeber J, Shashkov MP, Singh J, Smith SM, Steinwandter M, Talavera JA, Trigo D, Tsukamoto J, de Valença AW, Vanek SJ, Virto I, Wackett AA, Warren MW, Wehr NH, Whalen JK, Wironen MB, Wolters V, Zenkova IV, Zhang W, Cameron EK, Eisenhauer N. Global distribution of earthworm diversity. Science 2019; 366:480-485. [PMID: 31649197 PMCID: PMC7335308 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax4851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Soil organisms, including earthworms, are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about their diversity, their distribution, and the threats affecting them. We compiled a global dataset of sampled earthworm communities from 6928 sites in 57 countries as a basis for predicting patterns in earthworm diversity, abundance, and biomass. We found that local species richness and abundance typically peaked at higher latitudes, displaying patterns opposite to those observed in aboveground organisms. However, high species dissimilarity across tropical locations may cause diversity across the entirety of the tropics to be higher than elsewhere. Climate variables were found to be more important in shaping earthworm communities than soil properties or habitat cover. These findings suggest that climate change may have serious implications for earthworm communities and for the functions they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R P Phillips
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guerra
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Maria J I Briones
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Thomas W Crowther
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konstantin B Gongalsky
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Krebs
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Devin Routh
- Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth M Bach
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Joanne Bennett
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thibaud Decaëns
- CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS-Univ Montpellier-Univ Paul-Valéry-EPHE-SupAgro Montpellier-INRA-IRD, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Birgitta König-Ries
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modeling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Jérôme Mathieu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UPEC, Paris 7, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Christian Mulder
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kelly S Ramirez
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Russell
- Department of Soil Zoology, Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, 02826 Görlitz, Germany
| | - Michiel Rutgers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Madhav P Thakur
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Franciska T de Vries
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diana H Wall
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative and School of Global Environmental Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Miwa Arai
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
| | - Fredrick O Ayuke
- Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology (LARMAT), College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00625, Kenya
| | - Geoff H Baker
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robin Beauséjour
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - José C Bedano
- Geology Department, FCEFQyN, ICBIA-CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), National University of Río Cuarto, X5804 BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Klaus Birkhofer
- Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Eric Blanchart
- Eco&Sols, University of Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Bernd Blossey
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Thomas Bolger
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Robert L Bradley
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Mac A Callaham
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yvan Capowiez
- UMR 1114 "EMMAH," INRA, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Mark E Caulfield
- Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Amy Choi
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Felicity V Crotty
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK
- School of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester GL7 6JS, UK
| | - Andrea Dávalos
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045, USA
| | - Darío J Diaz Cosin
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anahí Dominguez
- Geology Department, FCEFQyN, ICBIA-CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), National University of Río Cuarto, X5804 BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Andrés Esteban Duhour
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional de Luján, 6700 Luján, Argentina
| | | | - Christoph Emmerling
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Campus II, 54286 Trier, Germany
| | - Liliana B Falco
- Ciencias Básicas, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable-INEDES, Universidad Nacional de Luján, 6700 Luján, Argentina
| | - Rosa Fernández
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven J Fonte
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Carlos Fragoso
- Biodiversity and Systematic Network, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa 91070, Mexico
| | - André L C Franco
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Martine Fugère
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Abegail T Fusilero
- Department of Biological Science and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines-Mindanao, Barangay Mintal, 8000 Davao City, Philippines
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit (GhEnToxLab), Ghent University (UGent), Campus Coupure, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Michael J Gundale
- Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mónica Gutiérrez López
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis M Hernández
- Agricultural Engineering, Postgraduate Program in Agroecology, Maranhão State University, 65055-310 São Luís, Brazil
| | - Takuo Hishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 949 Ohkawauchi, Shiiba 883-0402, Japan
| | | | - Martin Holmstrup
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | | | - Esperanza Huerta Lwanga
- Agricultura Sociedad y Ambiente, Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma, Campeche 24500, Mexico
- Soil Physics and Land Management Degradation, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Veikko Huhta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tunsisa T Hurisso
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- College of Agriculture, Environmental and Human Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65101, USA
| | - Basil V Iannone
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Madalina Iordache
- Sustainable Development and Environment Engineering, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael the 1st of Romania," 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Monika Joschko
- Experimental Infrastructure Platform, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Nobuhiro Kaneko
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Radoslava Kanianska
- Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Aidan M Keith
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Courtland A Kelly
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Maria L Kernecker
- Land Use and Governance, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Jonatan Klaminder
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Armand W Koné
- UR Gestion Durable des Sols, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Yahya Kooch
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 46417-76489, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Sanna T Kukkonen
- Production Systems, Horticulture Technologies, Natural Resources Institute Finland, 40500 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - H Lalthanzara
- Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl 796001, India
| | - Daniel R Lammel
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Soil Science, ESALQ-USP, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418, Brazil
| | - Iurii M Lebedev
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
- M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yiqing Li
- College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management, University of Hawai'i, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Juan B Jesus Lidon
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa K Lincoln
- Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Scott R Loss
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Raphael Marichal
- UR Systèmes de pérennes, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Radim Matula
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hendrik Moos
- Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
- Thuenen-Institute of Organic Farming, 23847 Westerau, Germany
| | - Gerardo Moreno
- Forestry School-INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Morón-Ríos
- Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, 24500 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Bart Muys
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neirynck
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, 9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Norgrove
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Marta Novo
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Visa Nuutinen
- Soil Ecosystems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Victoria Nuzzo
- Natural Area Consultants, 1 West Hill School Road, Richford, NY 13835, USA
| | - Mujeeb Rahman P
- Department of Zoology, Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College, Tirurangadi, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - Johan Pansu
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
- UMR7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Shishir Paudel
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Guénola Pérès
- UMR SAS, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Lorenzo Pérez-Camacho
- Ecology and Forest Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá De Henares, Spain
| | - Raúl Piñeiro
- Computing, ESEI, Vigo, Edf. Politécnico-Campus As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Jean-François Ponge
- Adaptations du Vivant, CNRS UMR 7179, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 91800 Brunoy, France
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sub-campus Vehari, Vehari 61100, Pakistan
| | - Salvador Rebollo
- Ecology and Forest Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá De Henares, Spain
| | - Javier Rodeiro-Iglesias
- Departamento de Informática, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Rodríguez
- Group of Global Change Ecology and Evolution (GloCEE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Alexander M Roth
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55101, USA
- Friends of the Mississippi River, 101 East Fifth Street, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Guillaume X Rousseau
- Agricultural Engineering, Postgraduate Program in Agroecology, Maranhão State University, 65055-310 São Luís, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Conservation, Federal University of Maranhão, 65080-805 São Luís, Brazil
| | - Anna Rozen
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-087 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Loes van Schaik
- Institute of Ecology, Technical University of Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael Schirrmann
- Engineering for Crop Production, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olaf Schmidt
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Boris Schröder
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Landscape Ecology and Environmental Systems Analysis, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Seeber
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Maxim P Shashkov
- Laboratory of Ecosystem Modeling, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Sciences, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino 142290, Russia
- Laboratory of Computational Ecology, Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology-Branch of Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Amritsar 143002, India
| | - Sandy M Smith
- John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada
| | | | - José A Talavera
- Department of Animal Biology, University of La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Dolores Trigo
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jiro Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Monobe Otsu 200, Nankoku 783-8502, Japan
| | | | - Steven J Vanek
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Iñigo Virto
- Dpto. Ciencias, IS-FOOD, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Edificio Olivos-Campus Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adrian A Wackett
- Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Matthew W Warren
- Earth Innovation Institute, 98 Battery Street, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA
| | - Nathaniel H Wehr
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Joann K Whalen
- Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue H9X 3V9, Canada
| | | | - Volkmar Wolters
- Department of Animal Ecology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Irina V Zenkova
- Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Kola Science Centre, Institute of the North Industrial Ecology Problems, Apatity 184211, Russia
| | - Weixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Erin K Cameron
- Department of Environmental Science, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Maaroufi NI, Nordin A, Palmqvist K, Hasselquist NJ, Forsmark B, Rosenstock NP, Wallander H, Gundale MJ. Anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment enhances soil carbon accumulation by impacting saprotrophs rather than ectomycorrhizal fungal activity. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:2900-2914. [PMID: 31166650 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition enhances carbon (C) sequestration in boreal forest soils. However, it is unclear how free-living saprotrophs (bacteria and fungi, SAP) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi responses to N addition impact soil C dynamics. Our aim was to investigate how SAP and EM communities are impacted by N enrichment and to estimate whether these changes influence decay of litter and humus. We conducted a long-term experiment in northern Sweden, maintained since 2004, consisting of ambient, low N additions (0, 3, 6, and 12 kg N ha-1 year-1 ) simulating current N deposition rates in the boreal region, as well as a high N addition (50 kg N ha-1 year-1 ). Our data showed that long-term N enrichment impeded mass loss of litter, but not of humus, and only in response to the highest N addition treatment. Furthermore, our data showed that EM fungi reduced the mass of N and P in both substrates during the incubation period compared to when only SAP organisms were present. Low N additions had no effect on microbial community structure, while the high N addition decreased fungal and bacterial biomasses and altered EM fungi and SAP community composition. Actinomycetes were the only bacterial SAP to show increased biomass in response to the highest N addition. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of how anthropogenic N enrichment can influence soil C accumulation rates and suggest that current N deposition rates in the boreal region (≤12 kg N ha-1 year-1 ) are likely to have a minor impact on the soil microbial community and the decomposition of humus and litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia I Maaroufi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Nordin
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristin Palmqvist
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Niles J Hasselquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Forsmark
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Håkan Wallander
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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21
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Craine JM, Elmore AJ, Wang L, Boeckx P, Delzon S, Fang Y, Gray A, Guerrieri R, Gundale MJ, Hietz P, Nelson DM, Peri PL, Templer PH, Werner C. Reply to: Data do not support large-scale oligotrophication of terrestrial ecosystems. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1287-1288. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Piper FI, Gundale MJ, Fuenzalida T, Fajardo A. Herbivore resistance in congeneric and sympatric Nothofagus species is not related to leaf habit. Am J Bot 2019; 106:788-797. [PMID: 31131459 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Two fundamental hypotheses on herbivore resistance and leaf habit are the resource availability hypothesis (RAH) and the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis (CNBH). The RAH predicts higher constitutive resistance by evergreens, and the CNBH predicts higher induced resistance by deciduous species. Although support for these hypotheses is mixed, they have rarely been examined in congeneric species. METHODS We compared leaf constitutive and induced resistance (as leaf polyphenol and tannin concentrations, and as damage level in non-choice experiments) and leaf traits associated with herbivory of coexisting Nothofagus species using (1) a defoliation experiment and (2) natural defoliation caused by an outbreak of a common defoliator of Nothofagus species. RESULTS In the defoliation experiment, polyphenol and tannin concentrations were similar between deciduous and evergreen species; regardless of leaf habit, polyphenols increased in response to defoliation. In the natural defoliation survey, N. pumilio (deciduous) had significantly higher herbivory, lower carbon/nitrogen ratio and leaf mass per area, and higher nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations than N. betuloides (evergreen); N. antarctica (deciduous) had intermediate values. Polyphenol concentrations and herbivore resistance indicated by the non-choice experiment were lower in N. pumilio than in N. antarctica and N. betuloides, which had similar values. CONCLUSIONS Higher herbivory in N. pumilio was associated with a higher nutritional value and a lower level of leaf carbon-based defenses compared to both the evergreen and the other deciduous species, indicating that herbivore resistance in Nothofagus species cannot be attributed to only leaf habit as predicted by the RAH or CNBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida I Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Moraleda 16, Coyhaique, 5951601, Chile
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomás Fuenzalida
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Moraleda 16, Coyhaique, 5951601, Chile
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Fanin N, Kardol P, Farrell M, Kempel A, Ciobanu M, Nilsson MC, Gundale MJ, Wardle DA. Effects of plant functional group removal on structure and function of soil communities across contrasting ecosystems. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1095-1103. [PMID: 30957419 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Loss of plant diversity has an impact on ecosystems worldwide, but we lack a mechanistic understanding of how this loss may influence below-ground biota and ecosystem functions across contrasting ecosystems in the long term. We used the longest running biodiversity manipulation experiment across contrasting ecosystems in existence to explore the below-ground consequences of 19 years of plant functional group removals for each of 30 contrasting forested lake islands in northern Sweden. We found that, against expectations, the effects of plant removals on the communities of key groups of soil organisms (bacteria, fungi and nematodes), and organic matter quality and soil ecosystem functioning (decomposition and microbial activity) were relatively similar among islands that varied greatly in productivity and soil fertility. This highlights that, in contrast to what has been shown for plant productivity, plant biodiversity loss effects on below-ground functions can be relatively insensitive to environmental context or variation among widely contrasting ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fanin
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden.,INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, CS, 20032, F33882, Villenave-d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mark Farrell
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Locked bag 2, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Anne Kempel
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden.,University of Bern, Institute of Plant Sciences, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Ciobanu
- Institute of Biological Research, Branch of the National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Str. Republicii 48, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David A Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden.,Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798
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Gundale MJ, Wardle DA, Kardol P, Nilsson MC. Comparison of plant-soil feedback experimental approaches for testing soil biotic interactions among ecosystems. New Phytol 2019; 221:577-587. [PMID: 30067296 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of interactions and feedbacks between plants and soils is a rapidly expanding research area, and a primary tool used in this field is to perform glasshouse experiments where soil biota are manipulated. Recently, there has been vigorous debate regarding the correctness of methods for carrying out these types of experiment, and specifically whether it is legitimate to mix soils from different sites or plots (mixed soil sampling, MSS) or not (independent soil sampling, ISS) to create either soil inoculum treatments or subjects. We performed the first empirical comparison of MSS vs ISS approaches by comparing growth of two boreal tree species (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris) in soils originating from 10 sites near the boreal forest limit in northern Sweden, and 10 sites in the subarctic region where boreal forests may potentially expand as a result of climate change. We found no consistent differences in the conclusions that we reached whether we used MSS or ISS approaches. We propose that researchers should not choose a soil handling method based on arguments that one method is inherently more correct than the other, but rather that method choice should be based on correct alignment with specific research questions and goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David A Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
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25
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Scott DL, Bradley RL, Bellenger JP, Houle D, Gundale MJ, Rousk K, DeLuca TH. Anthropogenic deposition of heavy metals and phosphorus may reduce biological N 2 fixation in boreal forest mosses. Sci Total Environ 2018; 630:203-210. [PMID: 29477819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A study was undertaken to test the effects of molybdenum (Mo) and phosphorus (P) amendments on biological nitrogen (N) fixation (BNF) by boreal forest moss-associated cyanobacteria. Feather moss (Pleurozium schreberi) samples were collected on five sites, on two dates and at different roadside distances (0-100m) corresponding to an assumed gradient of reactive N deposition. Potential BNF of Mo and P amended moss samples was measured using the acetylene reduction assay. Total N, P and heavy metal concentrations of mosses collected at 0 and 100m from roadsides were also measured. Likewise, the needles from Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) at different roadside distances were collected in late summer and analyzed for total N, P and heavy metals. There was a significant increase in BNF with roadside distance on 7-of-10 individual Site×Date combinations. We found no clear evidence of an N gradient across roadside distances. Elemental analyses of feather moss and Norway spruce needle tissues suggested decreasing deposition of heavy metals (Mo-Co-Cr-Ni-V-Pb-Ag-Cu) as well as P with increasing distance from the roadside. The effects of Mo and P amendments on BNF were infrequent and inconsistent across roadside distances and across sites. One particular site, however, displayed greater concentrations of heavy metals near the roadside, as well as a steeper P fertility gradient with roadside distance, than the other sites. Here, BNF increased with roadside distance only when moss samples were amended with P. Also at this site, BNF across all roadside distances was higher when mosses were amended with both Mo and P, suggesting a co-limitation of these two nutrients in controlling BNF. In summary, our study showed a potential for car emissions to increase heavy metals and P along roadsides and underscored the putative roles of these anthropogenic pollutants on BNF in northern latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton L Scott
- Université de Sherbrooke, Département de Biologie, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Robert L Bradley
- Université de Sherbrooke, Département de Biologie, Sherbrooke, Canada.
| | | | - Daniel Houle
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kathrin Rousk
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas H DeLuca
- Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
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26
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Fanin N, Gundale MJ, Farrell M, Ciobanu M, Baldock JA, Nilsson MC, Kardol P, Wardle DA. Consistent effects of biodiversity loss on multifunctionality across contrasting ecosystems. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 2:269-278. [PMID: 29255299 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how loss of biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning, and thus the delivery of ecosystem goods and services, has become increasingly necessary in a changing world. Considerable recent attention has focused on predicting how biodiversity loss simultaneously impacts multiple ecosystem functions (that is, ecosystem multifunctionality), but the ways in which these effects vary across ecosystems remain unclear. Here, we report the results of two 19-year plant diversity manipulation experiments, each established across a strong environmental gradient. Although the effects of plant and associated fungal diversity loss on individual functions frequently differed among ecosystems, the consequences of biodiversity loss for multifunctionality were relatively invariant. However, the context-dependency of biodiversity effects also worked in opposing directions for different individual functions, meaning that similar multifunctionality values across contrasting ecosystems could potentially mask important differences in the effects of biodiversity on functioning among ecosystems. Our findings highlight that an understanding of the relative contribution of species or functional groups to individual ecosystem functions among contrasting ecosystems and their interactions (that is, complementarity versus competition) is critical for guiding management efforts aimed at maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality and the delivery of multiple ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fanin
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden. .,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1391 Interaction Soil Plant Atmosphere, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave-d'Ornon, France.
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mark Farrell
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcel Ciobanu
- Institute of Biological Research, Republicii Street 48, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jeff A Baldock
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David A Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.,Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore
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27
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Gundale MJ, Wardle DA, Kardol P, Van der Putten WH, Lucas RW. Soil handling methods should be selected based on research questions and goals. New Phytol 2017; 216:18-23. [PMID: 28800145 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David A Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wim H Van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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28
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Decker VHG, Bandau F, Gundale MJ, Cole CT, Albrectsen BR. Aspen phenylpropanoid genes' expression levels correlate with genets' tannin richness and vary both in responses to soil nitrogen and associations with phenolic profiles. Tree Physiol 2017; 37:270-279. [PMID: 27986954 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Condensed tannin (CT) contents of European aspen (Populus tremula L.) vary among genotypes, and increases in nitrogen (N) availability generally reduce plants' tannin production in favor of growth, through poorly understood mechanisms. We hypothesized that intrinsic tannin production rates may co-vary with gene expression responses to soil N and resource allocation within the phenylpropanoid pathway (PPP). Thus, we examined correlations between soil N levels and both expression patterns of eight PPP genes (measured by quantitative-reverse transcription PCR) and foliar phenolic compounds (measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) in young aspen genets with intrinsically extreme CT levels. Monitored phenolics included salicinoids, lignins, flavones, flavonols, CT precursors and CTs. The PPP genes were consistently expressed more strongly in high-CT trees. Low N supplements reduced expression of genes throughout the PPP in all genets, while high N doses restored expression of genes at the beginning and end of the pathway. These PPP changes were not reflected in pools of tannin precursors, but varying correlations between gene expression and foliar phenolic pools were detected in young and mature leaves, suggesting that processes linking gene expression and the resulting phenolics vary spatially and temporally. Precursor fluxes suggested that CT-related metabolic rate or sink controls are linked to intrinsic carbon allocation strategies associated with N responses. Overall, we found more negative correlations (indicative of allocation trade-offs) between PPP gene expression and phenolic products following N additions in low-CT plants than in high-CT plants. The tannin-related expression dynamics suggest that, in addition to defense, relative tannin levels may also be indicative of intraspecific variations in the way aspen genets respond to soil fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki H G Decker
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, UmeåSE 90187, Sweden
| | - Franziska Bandau
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, UmeåSE 90187, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, UmeåSE 90183, Sweden
| | - Christopher T Cole
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN56267, USA
| | - Benedicte R Albrectsen
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, UmeåSE 90187, Sweden
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Maaroufi NI, Nordin A, Palmqvist K, Gundale MJ. Chronic Nitrogen Deposition Has a Minor Effect on the Quantity and Quality of Aboveground Litter in a Boreal Forest. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162086. [PMID: 27580120 PMCID: PMC5007034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition enhances carbon (C) sequestration in boreal soils. However, key underlying mechanisms explaining this increase have not been resolved. Two potentially important mechanisms are that aboveground litter production increases, or that litter quality changes in response to N enrichment. As such, our aim was to quantify whether simulated chronic N deposition caused changes in aboveground litter production or quality in a boreal forest. We conducted a long-term (17 years) stand-scale (0.1 ha) forest experiment, consisting of three N addition levels (0, 12.5, and 50 kg N ha-1 yr-1) in northern Sweden, where background N deposition rates are very low. We measured the annual quantity of litter produced for 8 different litter categories, as well as their concentrations of C, N, phosphorus (P), lignin, cellulose and hemi-cellulose. Our results indicate that mosses were the only major litter component showing significant quantitative and qualitative alterations in response to the N additions, indicative of their ability to intercept a substantial portion of the N added. These effects were, however, offset by the other litter fractions where we found no changes in the total litter fluxes, or individual chemical constituents when all litter categories were summed. This study indicates that the current annual litter fluxes cannot explain the increase in soil C that has occurred in our study system in response to simulated chronic N application. These results suggest that other mechanisms are likely to explain the increased soil C accumulation rate we have observed, such as changes in soil microbial activity, or potentially transient changes in aboveground litter inputs that were no longer present at the time of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia I. Maaroufi
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Annika Nordin
- Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristin Palmqvist
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science (EMG), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
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Ganzlin PW, Gundale MJ, Becknell RE, Cleveland CC. Forest restoration treatments have subtle long-term effects on soil C and N cycling in mixed conifer forests. Ecol Appl 2016; 26:1503-1516. [PMID: 27755759 DOI: 10.1002/15-1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Decades of fire suppression following extensive timber harvesting have left much of the forest in the intermountain western United States exceedingly dense, and forest restoration techniques (i.e., thinning and prescribed fire) are increasingly being used in an attempt to mitigate the effects of severe wildfire, to enhance tree growth and regeneration, and to stimulate soil nutrient cycling. While many of the short-term effects of forest restoration have been established, the long-term effects on soil biogeochemical and ecosystem processes are largely unknown. We assessed the effects of commonly used forest restoration treatments (thinning, burning, and thinning + burning) on nutrient cycling and other ecosystem processes 11 yr after restoration treatments were implemented in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum)/Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) forest at the Lubrecht Fire and Fire Surrogates Study (FFS) site in western Montana, USA. Despite short-term (<3 yr) increases in soil inorganic nitrogen (N) pools and N cycling rates following prescribed fire, long-term soil N pools and N mineralization rates showed only subtle differences from untreated control plots. Similarly, despite a persistent positive correlation between fuels consumed in prescribed burns and several metrics of N cycling, variability in inorganic N pools decreased significantly since treatments were implemented, indicating a decline in N spatial heterogeneity through time. However, rates of net nitrification remain significantly higher in a thin + burn treatment relative to other treatments. Short-term declines in forest floor carbon (C) pools have persisted in the thin + burn treatment, but there were no significant long-term differences among treatments in extractable soil phosphorus (P). Finally, despite some short-term differences, long-term foliar nutrient concentrations, litter decomposition rates, and rates of free-living N fixation in the experimental plots were not different from control plots, suggesting nutrient cycles and ecosystem processes in temperate coniferous forests are resilient to disturbance following long periods of fire suppression. Overall, this study provides forest managers and policymakers valuable information showing that the effects of these commonly used restoration prescriptions on soil nutrient cycling are ephemeral and that use of repeated treatments (i.e., frequent fire) will be necessary to ensure continued restoration success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Ganzlin
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Rachel E Becknell
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Cory C Cleveland
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
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Kardol P, Spitzer CM, Gundale MJ, Nilsson MC, Wardle DA. Trophic cascades in the bryosphere: the impact of global change factors on top-down control of cyanobacterial N2-fixation. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:967-76. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Clydecia M. Spitzer
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 901 83 Umeå Sweden
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Kumordzi BB, Gundale MJ, Nilsson MC, Wardle DA. Shifts in Aboveground Biomass Allocation Patterns of Dominant Shrub Species across a Strong Environmental Gradient. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157136. [PMID: 27270445 PMCID: PMC4896472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Most plant biomass allocation studies have focused on allocation to shoots versus roots, and little is known about drivers of allocation for aboveground plant organs. We explored the drivers of within-and between-species variation of aboveground biomass allocation across a strong environmental resource gradient, i.e., a long-term chronosequence of 30 forested islands in northern Sweden across which soil fertility and plant productivity declines while light availability increases. For each of the three coexisting dominant understory dwarf shrub species on each island, we estimated the fraction of the total aboveground biomass produced year of sampling that was allocated to sexual reproduction (i.e., fruits), leaves and stems for each of two growing seasons, to determine how biomass allocation responded to the chronosequence at both the within-species and whole community levels. Against expectations, within-species allocation to fruits was least on less fertile islands, and allocation to leaves at the whole community level was greatest on intermediate islands. Consistent with expectations, different coexisting species showed contrasting allocation patterns, with the species that was best adapted for more fertile conditions allocating the most to vegetative organs, and with its allocation pattern showing the strongest response to the gradient. Our study suggests that co-existing dominant plant species can display highly contrasting biomass allocations to different aboveground organs within and across species in response to limiting environmental resources within the same plant community. Such knowledge is important for understanding how community assembly, trait spectra, and ecological processes driven by the plant community vary across environmental gradients and among contrasting ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright B. Kumordzi
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Université Laval, Département des Sciences du bois et de la forêt, Pavillon Abitibi-Price, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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Lucas RW, Sponseller RA, Gundale MJ, Stendahl J, Fridman J, Högberg P, Laudon H. Long-term declines in stream and river inorganic nitrogen (N) export correspond to forest change. Ecol Appl 2016; 26:545-556. [PMID: 27209794 DOI: 10.1890/14-2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have exerted a powerful influence on the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) and drive changes that can be a challenge to predict given the influence of multiple environmental stressors. This study focused on understanding how land management and climate change have together influenced terrestrial N storage and watershed inorganic N export across boreal and sub-arctic landscapes in northern Sweden. Using long-term discharge and nutrient concentration data that have been collected continuously for over three decades, we calculated the hydrologic inorganic N export from nine watersheds in this region. We found a consistent decline in inorganic N export from 1985 to 2011 over the entire region from both small and large watersheds, despite the absence of any long-term trend in river discharge during this period. The steepest declines in inorganic N export were observed during the growing season, consistent with the hypothesis that observed changes are biologically mediated and are not the result of changes in long-term hydrology. Concurrent with the decrease in inorganic N export, we report sustained increases in terrestrial N accumulation in forest biomass and soils across northern Sweden. Given the close communication of nutrient and energy stores between plants, soils, and waters, our results indicate a regional tightening of the N cycle in an already N-limited environment as a result of changes in forest management and climate-mediated growth increases. Our results are consistent with declining inorganic N efflux previously reported from small headwater streams in other ecosystems and shed new light on the mechanisms controlling these patterns by identifying corresponding shifts in the terrestrial N balance, which have been altered by a combination of management activities and climate change.
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Sponseller RA, Gundale MJ, Futter M, Ring E, Nordin A, Näsholm T, Laudon H. Nitrogen dynamics in managed boreal forests: Recent advances and future research directions. Ambio 2016; 45 Suppl 2:175-87. [PMID: 26744052 PMCID: PMC4705067 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) availability plays multiple roles in the boreal landscape, as a limiting nutrient to forest growth, determinant of terrestrial biodiversity, and agent of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. We review existing research on forest N dynamics in northern landscapes and address the effects of management and environmental change on internal cycling and export. Current research foci include resolving the nutritional importance of different N forms to trees and establishing how tree-mycorrhizal relationships influence N limitation. In addition, understanding how forest responses to external N inputs are mediated by above- and belowground ecosystem compartments remains an important challenge. Finally, forestry generates a mosaic of successional patches in managed forest landscapes, with differing levels of N input, biological demand, and hydrological loss. The balance among these processes influences the temporal patterns of stream water chemistry and the long-term viability of forest growth. Ultimately, managing forests to keep pace with increasing demands for biomass production, while minimizing environmental degradation, will require multi-scale and interdisciplinary perspectives on landscape N dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Sponseller
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Mangement, SLU, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Martyn Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Eva Ring
- Skogforsk, Uppsala Science Park, 751 83, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Annika Nordin
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology and Mangement, SLU, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Mangement, SLU, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
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Meunier CL, Gundale MJ, Sánchez IS, Liess A. Impact of nitrogen deposition on forest and lake food webs in nitrogen-limited environments. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:164-79. [PMID: 25953197 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased reactive nitrogen (Nr ) deposition has raised the amount of N available to organisms and has greatly altered the transfer of energy through food webs, with major consequences for trophic dynamics. The aim of this review was to: (i) clarify the direct and indirect effects of Nr deposition on forest and lake food webs in N-limited biomes, (ii) compare and contrast how aquatic and terrestrial systems respond to increased Nr deposition, and (iii) identify how the nutrient pathways within and between ecosystems change in response to Nr deposition. We present that Nr deposition releases primary producers from N limitation in both forest and lake ecosystems and raises plants' N content which in turn benefits herbivores with high N requirements. Such trophic effects are coupled with a general decrease in biodiversity caused by different N-use efficiencies; slow-growing species with low rates of N turnover are replaced by fast-growing species with high rates of N turnover. In contrast, Nr deposition diminishes below-ground production in forests, due to a range of mechanisms that reduce microbial biomass, and decreases lake benthic productivity by switching herbivore growth from N to phosphorus (P) limitation, and by intensifying P limitation of benthic fish. The flow of nutrients between ecosystems is expected to change with increasing Nr deposition. Due to higher litter production and more intense precipitation, more terrestrial matter will enter lakes. This will benefit bacteria and will in turn boost the microbial food web. Additionally, Nr deposition promotes emergent insects, which subsidize the terrestrial food web as prey for insectivores or by dying and decomposing on land. So far, most studies have examined Nr -deposition effects on the food web base, whereas our review highlights that changes at the base of food webs substantially impact higher trophic levels and therefore food web structure and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric L Meunier
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Irene S Sánchez
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Antonia Liess
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Maaroufi NI, Nordin A, Hasselquist NJ, Bach LH, Palmqvist K, Gundale MJ. Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition enhances carbon sequestration in boreal soils. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:3169-80. [PMID: 25711504 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed that carbon (C) sequestration in response to reactive nitrogen (Nr ) deposition in boreal forests accounts for a large portion of the terrestrial sink for anthropogenic CO2 emissions. While studies have helped clarify the magnitude by which Nr deposition enhances C sequestration by forest vegetation, there remains a paucity of long-term experimental studies evaluating how soil C pools respond. We conducted a long-term experiment, maintained since 1996, consisting of three N addition levels (0, 12.5, and 50 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) ) in the boreal zone of northern Sweden to understand how atmospheric Nr deposition affects soil C accumulation, soil microbial communities, and soil respiration. We hypothesized that soil C sequestration will increase, and soil microbial biomass and soil respiration will decrease, with disproportionately large changes expected compared to low levels of N addition. Our data showed that the low N addition treatment caused a non-significant increase in the organic horizon C pool of ~15% and a significant increase of ~30% in response to the high N treatment relative to the control. The relationship between C sequestration and N addition in the organic horizon was linear, with a slope of 10 kg C kg(-1) N. We also found a concomitant decrease in total microbial and fungal biomasses and a ~11% reduction in soil respiration in response to the high N treatment. Our data complement previous data from the same study system describing aboveground C sequestration, indicating a total ecosystem sequestration rate of 26 kg C kg(-1) N. These estimates are far lower than suggested by some previous modeling studies, and thus will help improve and validate current modeling efforts aimed at separating the effect of multiple global change factors on the C balance of the boreal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia I Maaroufi
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901, Sweden
| | - Annika Nordin
- Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Niles J Hasselquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901, Sweden
| | - Lisbet H Bach
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science (EMG), Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Kristin Palmqvist
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science (EMG), Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901, Sweden
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De Long JR, Sundqvist MK, Gundale MJ, Giesler R, Wardle DA. Effects of elevation and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on plant defence compounds in subarctic tundra heath vegetation. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. De Long
- Department of Forest Ecology & Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE‐901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Maja K. Sundqvist
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Umeå University SE‐901 87 Umeå Sweden
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate The Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology & Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE‐901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Reiner Giesler
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Umeå University SE‐901 87 Umeå Sweden
- Climate Impacts Research Centre Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Umeå University SE‐981 07 Abisko Sweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology & Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE‐901 83 Umeå Sweden
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Piper FI, Gundale MJ, Fajardo A. Extreme defoliation reduces tree growth but not C and N storage in a winter-deciduous species. Ann Bot 2015; 115:1093-103. [PMID: 25851136 PMCID: PMC4648455 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is a growing concern about how forests will respond to increased herbivory associated with climate change. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) limitation are hypothesized to cause decreasing growth after defoliation, and eventually mortality. This study examines the effects of a natural and massive defoliation by an insect on mature trees' C and N storage, which have rarely been studied together, particularly in winter-deciduous species. METHODS Survival, growth rate, carbon [C, as non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration] and nitrogen (N) storage, defences (tannins and total polyphenols), and re-foliation traits were examined in naturally defoliated and non-defoliated adult trees of the winter-deciduous temperate species Nothofagus pumilio 1 and 2 years after a massive and complete defoliation caused by the caterpillar of Ormiscodes amphimone (Saturniidae) during summer 2009 in Patagonia. KEY RESULTS Defoliated trees did not die but grew significantly less than non-defoliated trees for at least 2 years after defoliation. One year after defoliation, defoliated trees had similar NSC and N concentrations in woody tissues, higher polyphenol concentrations and lower re-foliation than non-defoliated trees. In the second year, however, NSC concentrations in branches were significantly higher in defoliated trees while differences in polyphenols and re-foliation disappeared and decreased, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The significant reduction in growth following defoliation was not caused by insufficient C or N availability, as frequently assumed; instead, it was probably due to growth limitations due to factors other than C or N, or to preventative C allocation to storage. This study shows an integrative approach to evaluating plant growth limitations in response to disturbance, by examining major resources other than C (e.g. N), and other C sinks besides storage and growth (e.g. defences and re-foliation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida I Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Conicyt-Regional R10C1003, Universidad Austral de Chile, Camino Baguales s/n, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile and Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Conicyt-Regional R10C1003, Universidad Austral de Chile, Camino Baguales s/n, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile and Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Conicyt-Regional R10C1003, Universidad Austral de Chile, Camino Baguales s/n, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile and Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Jonsson M, Kardol P, Gundale MJ, Bansal S, Nilsson MC, Metcalfe DB, Wardle DA. Direct and Indirect Drivers of Moss Community Structure, Function, and Associated Microfauna Across a Successional Gradient. Ecosystems 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gundale MJ, Kardol P, Nilsson MC, Nilsson U, Lucas RW, Wardle DA. Interactions with soil biota shift from negative to positive when a tree species is moved outside its native range. New Phytol 2014; 202:415-421. [PMID: 24444123 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies evaluating plant-soil biota interactions in both native and introduced plant ranges are rare, and thus far have lacked robust experimental designs to account for several potential confounding factors. Here, we investigated the effects of soil biota on growth of Pinus contorta, which has been introduced from Canada to Sweden. Using Swedish and Canadian soils, we conducted two glasshouse experiments. The first experiment utilized unsterilized soil from each country, with a full-factorial cross of soil origin, tree provenance, and fertilizer addition. The second experiment utilized gamma-irradiated sterile soil from each country, with a full-factorial cross of soil origin, soil biota inoculation treatments, tree provenance, and fertilizer addition. The first experiment showed higher seedling growth on Swedish soil relative to Canadian soil. The second experiment showed this effect was due to differences in soil biotic communities between the two countries, and occurred independently of all other experimental factors. Our results provide strong evidence that plant interactions with soil biota can shift from negative to positive following introduction to a new region, and are relevant for understanding the success of some exotic forest plantations, and invasive and range-expanding native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Urban Nilsson
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Richard W Lucas
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David A Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83, Umeå, Sweden
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Kumordzi BB, Nilsson MC, Gundale MJ, Wardle DA. Changes in local-scale intraspecific trait variability of dominant species across contrasting island ecosystems. Ecosphere 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/es13-00339.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Pluchon N, Gundale MJ, Nilsson M, Kardol P, Wardle DA. Stimulation of boreal tree seedling growth by wood‐derived charcoal: effects of charcoal properties, seedling species and soil fertility. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Pluchon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE 901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE 901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Marie‐Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE 901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE 901 83 Umeå Sweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SE 901 83 Umeå Sweden
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Gundale MJ, From F, Bach LH, Nordin A. Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition in boreal forests has a minor impact on the global carbon cycle. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:276-86. [PMID: 24115224 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed that increases in anthropogenic reactive nitrogen (Nr ) deposition may cause temperate and boreal forests to sequester a globally significant quantity of carbon (C); however, long-term data from boreal forests describing how C sequestration responds to realistic levels of chronic Nr deposition are scarce. Using a long-term (14-year) stand-scale (0.1 ha) N addition experiment (three levels: 0, 12.5, and 50 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) ) in the boreal zone of northern Sweden, we evaluated how chronic N additions altered N uptake and biomass of understory communities, and whether changes in understory communities explained N uptake and C sequestration by trees. We hypothesized that understory communities (i.e. mosses and shrubs) serve as important sinks for low-level N additions, with the strength of these sinks weakening as chronic N addition rates increase, due to shifts in species composition. We further hypothesized that trees would exhibit nonlinear increases in N acquisition, and subsequent C sequestration as N addition rates increased, due to a weakening understory N sink. Our data showed that understory biomass was reduced by 50% in response to the high N addition treatment, mainly due to reduced moss biomass. A (15) N labeling experiment showed that feather mosses acquired the largest fraction of applied label, with this fraction decreasing as the chronic N addition level increased. Contrary to our hypothesis, the proportion of label taken up by trees was equal (ca. 8%) across all three N addition treatments. The relationship between N addition and C sequestration in all vegetation pools combined was linear, and had a slope of 16 kg C kg(-1) N. While canopy retention of Nr deposition may cause C sequestration rates to be slightly different than this estimate, our data suggest that a minor quantity of annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions are sequestered into boreal forests as a result of Nr deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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Gundale MJ, Bach LH, Nordin A. The impact of simulated chronic nitrogen deposition on the biomass and N₂-fixation activity of two boreal feather moss-cyanobacteria associations. Biol Lett 2013; 9:20130797. [PMID: 24196519 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bryophytes achieve substantial biomass and play several key functional roles in boreal forests that can influence how carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling respond to atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen (Nr). They associate with cyanobacteria that fix atmospheric N₂, and downregulation of this process may offset anthropogenic Nr inputs to boreal systems. Bryophytes also promote soil C accumulation by thermally insulating soils, and changes in their biomass influence soil C dynamics. Using a unique large-scale (0.1 ha forested plots), long-term experiment (16 years) in northern Sweden where we simulated anthropogenic Nr deposition, we measured the biomass and N₂-fixation response of two bryophyte species, the feather mosses Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi. Our data show that the biomass declined for both species; however, N₂-fixation rates per unit mass and per unit area declined only for H. splendens. The low and high treatments resulted in a 29% and 54% reduction in total feather moss biomass, and a 58% and 97% reduction in total N₂-fixation rate per unit area, respectively. These results help to quantify the sensitivity of feather moss biomass and N₂ fixation to chronic Nr deposition, which is relevant for modelling ecosystem C and N balances in boreal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, , Umeå 90183, Sweden
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Lindo Z, Nilsson MC, Gundale MJ. Bryophyte-cyanobacteria associations as regulators of the northern latitude carbon balance in response to global change. Glob Chang Biol 2013; 19:2022-35. [PMID: 23505142 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems in the far north, including arctic and boreal biomes, are a globally significant pool of carbon (C). Global change is proposed to influence both C uptake and release in these ecosystems, thereby potentially affecting whether they act as C sources or sinks. Bryophytes (i.e., mosses) serve a variety of key functions in these systems, including their association with nitrogen (N2 )-fixing cyanobacteria, as thermal insulators of the soil, and producers of recalcitrant litter, which have implications for both net primary productivity (NPP) and heterotrophic respiration. While ground-cover bryophytes typically make up a small proportion of the total biomass in northern systems, their combined physical structure and N2 -fixing capabilities facilitate a disproportionally large impact on key processes that control ecosystem C and N cycles. As such, the response of bryophyte-cyanobacteria associations to global change may influence whether and how ecosystem C balances are influenced by global change. Here, we review what is known about their occurrence and N2 -fixing activity, and how bryophyte systems will respond to several key global change factors. We explore the implications these responses may have in determining how global change influences C balances in high northern latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Lindo
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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Wardle DA, Gundale MJ, Jäderlund A, Nilsson MC. Decoupled long-term effects of nutrient enrichment on aboveground and belowground properties in subalpine tundra. Ecology 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/12-0948.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sundqvist MK, Wardle DA, Olofsson E, Giesler R, Gundale MJ. Chemical properties of plant litter in response to elevation: subarctic vegetation challenges phenolic allocation theories. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja K. Sundqvist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå; SE-901 83; Sweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå; SE-901 83; Sweden
| | - Elin Olofsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå; SE-901 83; Sweden
| | - Reiner Giesler
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University; Abisko; SE-981 07; Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå; SE-901 83; Sweden
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Gundale MJ, Hyodo F, Nilsson MC, Wardle DA. Nitrogen niches revealed through species and functional group removal in a boreal shrub community. Ecology 2012; 93:1695-706. [DOI: 10.1890/11-1877.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Plant productivity is predicted to increase in boreal forests owing to climate change, but this may depend on whether N inputs from biological N-fixation also increases. We evaluated how alteration of climatic factors affects N input from a widespread boreal N-fixer, i.e. cyanobacteria associated with the feather moss Pleurozium schreberi. In each of 10 forest stands in northern Sweden, we established climate-change plots, including a control (ambient climate) plot and three plots experiencing a +2°C temperature increase, an approximately threefold reduction in precipitation frequency, and either 0.07, 0.29 or 1.16 times normal summer precipitation. We monitored N-fixation in these plots five times between 2007 and 2009, and three times in 2010 after climate treatments ended to assess their recovery. Warmer temperatures combined with less frequent precipitation reduced feather moss moisture content and N-fixation rates regardless of total precipitation. After climate treatments ended, recovery of N-fixation rates occurred on the scale of weeks to months, suggesting resilience of N-fixation to changes in climatic conditions. These results suggest that modelling of biological N-inputs in boreal forests should emphasize precipitation frequency and evaporative water loss in conjunction with elevated temperature rather than absolute changes in mean precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83 Umeå, Sweden.
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Gundale MJ, Nilsson M, Bansal S, Jäderlund A. The interactive effects of temperature and light on biological nitrogen fixation in boreal forests. New Phytol 2012; 194:453-463. [PMID: 22329746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant productivity is predicted to increase in northern latitudes as a result of climate warming; however, this may depend on whether biological nitrogen (N)-fixation also increases. We evaluated how the variation in temperature and light affects N-fixation by two boreal feather mosses, Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens, which are the primary source of N-fixation in most boreal environments. We measured N-fixation rates 2 and 4 wk after exposure to a factorial combination of environments of normal, intermediate and high temperature (16.3, 22.0 and 30.3°C) and light (148.0, 295.7 and 517.3 μmol m(-2) s(-1)). Our results showed that P. schreberi achieved higher N-fixation rates relative to H. splendens in response to warming treatments, but that the highest warming treatment eventually caused N-fixation to decline for both species. Light strongly interacted with warming treatments, having positive effects at low or intermediate temperatures and damaging effects at high temperatures. These results suggest that climate warming may increase N-fixation in boreal forests, but that increased shading by the forest canopy or the occurrence of extreme temperature events could limit increases. They also suggest that P. schreberi may become a larger source of N in boreal forests relative to H. splendens as climate warming progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sheel Bansal
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Jäderlund
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE901-83 Umeå, Sweden
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