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White CR, Marshall DJ. How and Why Does Metabolism Scale with Body Mass? Physiology (Bethesda) 2023; 38:0. [PMID: 37698354 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00015.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Most explanations for the relationship between body size and metabolism invoke physical constraints; such explanations are evolutionarily inert, limiting their predictive capacity. Contemporary approaches to metabolic rate and life history lack the pluralism of foundational work. Here, we call for reforging of the lost links between optimization approaches and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Brown JM, Bouten W, Camphuysen KCJ, Nolet BA, Shamoun-Baranes J. Energetic and behavioral consequences of migration: an empirical evaluation in the context of the full annual cycle. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1210. [PMID: 36681726 PMCID: PMC9867707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal migrations are used by diverse animal taxa, yet the costs and benefits of migrating have rarely been empirically examined. The aim of this study was to determine how migration influences two ecological currencies, energy expenditure and time allocated towards different behaviors, in a full annual cycle context. We compare these currencies among lesser black-backed gulls that range from short- (< 250 km) to long-distance (> 4500 km) migrants. Daily time-activity budgets were reconstructed from tri-axial acceleration and GPS, which, in conjunction with a bioenergetics model to estimate thermoregulatory costs, enabled us to estimate daily energy expenditure throughout the year. We found that migration strategy had no effect on annual energy expenditure, however, energy expenditure through time deviated more from the annual average as migration distance increased. Patterns in time-activity budgets were similar across strategies, suggesting migration strategy does not limit behavioral adjustments required for other annual cycle stages (breeding, molt, wintering). Variation among individuals using the same strategy was high, suggesting that daily behavioral decisions (e.g. foraging strategy) contribute more towards energy expenditure than an individual's migration strategy. These findings provide unprecedented new understanding regarding the relative importance of fine versus broad-scale behavioral strategies towards annual energy expenditures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Morgan Brown
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem Bouten
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees C J Camphuysen
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Institute for Sea Research, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Bart A Nolet
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judy Shamoun-Baranes
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Meta-analysis reveals that resting metabolic rate is not consistently related to fitness and performance in animals. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:1097-1110. [PMID: 33721034 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01358-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Explaining variation in the fitness of organisms is a fundamental goal in evolutionary ecology. Maintenance energy metabolism is the minimum energy required to sustain biological processes at rest (resting metabolic rate: RMR) and is proposed to drive or constrain fitness of animals; however, this remains debated. Hypotheses have been proposed as to why fitness might increase with RMR (the 'increased intake' or 'performance' hypothesis), decrease with RMR (the 'compensation' or 'allocation' hypothesis), or vary among species and environmental contexts (the 'context dependent' hypothesis). Here, we conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature, finding 114 studies with 355 relationships between RMR and traits that may be related to fitness. We show that individuals with relatively high RMR generally have high fitness overall, which might be supported by an increased energy intake. However, fitness proxies are not interchangeable: the nature of the RMR-fitness relationship varied substantially depending on the specific trait in question, and we found no consistent relationship between RMR and those traits most closely linked with actual fitness (i.e., lifetime reproductive success). We hypothesise that maintaining high RMR is not costly when resources are unlimited, and we propose ideas for future studies to identify mechanisms underlying RMR-fitness relationships.
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4
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Williams CL, Hindle AG. Field Physiology: Studying Organismal Function in the Natural Environment. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1979-2015. [PMID: 34190338 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Continuous physiological measurements collected in field settings are essential to understand baseline, free-ranging physiology, physiological range and variability, and the physiological responses of organisms to disturbances. This article presents a current summary of the available technologies to continuously measure the direct physiological parameters in the field at high-resolution/instantaneous timescales from freely behaving animals. There is a particular focus on advantages versus disadvantages of available methods as well as emerging technologies "on the horizon" that may have been validated in captive or laboratory-based scenarios but have yet to be applied in the wild. Systems to record physiological variables from free-ranging animals are reviewed, including radio (VHF/UFH) telemetry, acoustic telemetry, and dataloggers. Physiological parameters that have been continuously measured in the field are addressed in seven sections including heart rate and electrocardiography (ECG); electromyography (EMG); electroencephalography (EEG); body temperature; respiratory, blood, and muscle oxygen; gastric pH and motility; and blood pressure and flow. The primary focal sections are heart rate and temperature as these can be, and have been, extensively studied in free-ranging organisms. Predicted aspects of future innovation in physiological monitoring are also discussed. The article concludes with an overview of best practices and points to consider regarding experimental designs, cautions, and effects on animals. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1979-2015, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassondra L Williams
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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5
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Flack A, Schaeffer PJ, Taylor JRE, Müller I, Wikelski M, Fiedler W. Daily energy expenditure in white storks is lower after fledging than in the nest. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb219337. [PMID: 31900347 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.219337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many juvenile birds turn into long-distance migrants within weeks of fledging. This transition involves upheavals in their energy management as major changes in growth and activity occur. Understanding such ontogenetic transitions in energy allocation has been difficult because collecting continuous data on energy costs in wild developing birds was previously largely impossible. Here, we continuously measured heart rate and fine-scale movements of 20 free-living juvenile white storks (Ciconia ciconia) using on-board bio-loggers to explore individual and environmental factors relating to daily mean heart rate. In addition, we explored which specific energy management strategy storks use during these crucial early life stages. We found that daily mean heart rate increased with overall movement activity, and increasing body temperature, but that it decreased with age. Further, we found that during the nestling period, when growth costs are high, activity costs are low, and post-fledging that activity costs are increased while maintenance costs are low, indicating a constraint on overall energy use in both phases. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that individuals invested more energy per unit time while still in the nest than after fledging despite the high costs of flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Flack
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, D-78468 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Paul J Schaeffer
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 212 Pearson Hall, 700 E. High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Jan R E Taylor
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, ul. Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Inge Müller
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, D-78468 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, D-78468 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fiedler
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, D-78468 Konstanz, Germany
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6
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Powering Ocean Giants: The Energetics of Shark and Ray Megafauna. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:1009-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Portugal SJ, White CR, Frappell PB, Green JA, Butler PJ. Impacts of "supermoon" events on the physiology of a wild bird. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7974-7984. [PMID: 31380065 PMCID: PMC6662397 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The position of the Moon in relation to the Earth and the Sun gives rise to several predictable cycles, and natural changes in nighttime light intensity are known to cause alterations to physiological processes and behaviors in many animals. The limited research undertaken to date on the physiological responses of animals to the lunar illumination has exclusively focused on the synodic lunar cycle (full moon to full moon, or moon phase) but the moon's orbit-its distance from the Earth-may also be relevant. Every month, the moon moves from apogee, its most distant point from Earth-and then to perigee, its closest point to Earth. Here, we studied wild barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) to investigate the influence of multiple interacting lunar cycles on the physiology of diurnally active animals. Our study, which uses biologging technology to continually monitor body temperature and heart rate for an entire annual cycle, asks whether there is evidence for a physiological response to natural cycles in lunar brightness in wild birds, particularly "supermoon" phenomena, where perigee coincides with a full moon. There was a three-way interaction between lunar phase, lunar distance, and cloud cover as predictors of nighttime mean body temperature, such that body temperature was highest on clear nights when the full moon coincided with perigee moon. Our study is the first to report the physiological responses of wild birds to "supermoon" events; the wild geese responded to the combination of two independent lunar cycles, by significantly increasing their body temperature at night. That wild birds respond to natural fluctuations in nighttime ambient light levels support the documented responses of many species to anthropogenic sources of artificial light, that birds seem unable to override. As most biological systems are arguably organized foremost by light, this suggests that any interactions between lunar cycles and local weather conditions could have significant impacts on the energy budgets of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Portugal
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal HollowayUniversity of LondonEghamSurreyUK
| | - Craig R. White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Peter B. Frappell
- Office of the Dean of Graduate ResearchUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
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8
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Forin-Wiart MA, Enstipp MR, LE Maho Y, Handrich Y. Why implantation of bio-loggers may improve our understanding of how animals cope within their natural environment. Integr Zool 2019; 14:48-64. [PMID: 30251470 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bio-loggers are miniaturized autonomous devices that record quantitative data on the state of free-ranging animals (e.g. behavior, position and physiology) and their natural environment. This is especially relevant for species where direct visual observation is difficult or impossible. Today, ongoing technical development allows the monitoring of numerous parameters in an increasing range of species over extended periods. However, the external attachment of devices might affect various aspects of animal performance (energetics, thermoregulation, foraging as well as social and reproductive behavior), which ultimately affect fitness. External attachment might also increase entanglement risk and the conspicuousness of animals, leaving them more vulnerable to predation. By contrast, implantation of devices can mitigate many of these undesirable effects and might be preferable, especially for long-term studies, provided that the many challenges associated with surgical procedures can be mastered. Implantation may then allow us to gather data that would be impossible to obtain otherwise and thereby may provide new and ecologically relevant insights into the life of wild animals. Here, we: (i) discuss the pros and cons of attachment methods; (ii) highlight recent field studies that used implanted bio-loggers to address eco-physiological questions in a wide range of species; and (iii) discuss logger implantation in light of ethical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Amélie Forin-Wiart
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Manfred R Enstipp
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France.,Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UMR 7372, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Yvon LE Maho
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France.,Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Département de Biologie Polaire, Monaco
| | - Yves Handrich
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Portugal
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham UK
| | - Craig R. White
- Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton, Melbourne Vic. Australia
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10
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Tickle PG, Hutchinson JR, Codd JR. Energy allocation and behaviour in the growing broiler chicken. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4562. [PMID: 29540782 PMCID: PMC5852157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Broiler chickens are increasingly at the forefront of global meat production but the consequences of fast growth and selection for an increase in body mass on bird health are an ongoing concern for industry and consumers. To better understand the implications of selection we evaluated energetics and behaviour over the 6-week hatch-to-slaughter developmental period in a commercial broiler. The effect of posture on resting metabolic rate becomes increasingly significant as broilers grow, as standing became more energetically expensive than sitting. The proportion of overall metabolic rate accounted for by locomotor behaviour decreased over development, corresponding to declining activity levels, mean and peak walking speeds. These data are consistent with the inference that broilers allocate energy to activity within a constrained metabolic budget and that there is a reducing metabolic scope for exercise throughout their development. Comparison with similarly sized galliforms reveals that locomotion is relatively energetically expensive in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Tickle
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Jonathan R Codd
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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11
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Hicks O, Burthe S, Daunt F, Butler A, Bishop C, Green JA. Validating accelerometry estimates of energy expenditure across behaviours using heart rate data in a free-living seabird. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1875-1881. [PMID: 28258086 PMCID: PMC5450806 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.152710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two main techniques have dominated the field of ecological energetics: the heart rate and doubly labelled water methods. Although well established, they are not without their weaknesses, namely expense, intrusiveness and lack of temporal resolution. A new technique has been developed using accelerometers; it uses the overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) of an animal as a calibrated proxy for energy expenditure. This method provides high-resolution data without the need for surgery. Significant relationships exist between the rate of oxygen consumption (V̇O2 ) and ODBA in controlled conditions across a number of taxa; however, it is not known whether ODBA represents a robust proxy for energy expenditure consistently in all natural behaviours and there have been specific questions over its validity during diving, in diving endotherms. Here, we simultaneously deployed accelerometers and heart rate loggers in a wild population of European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis). Existing calibration relationships were then used to make behaviour-specific estimates of energy expenditure for each of these two techniques. Compared with heart rate-derived estimates, the ODBA method predicts energy expenditure well during flight and diving behaviour, but overestimates the cost of resting behaviour. We then combined these two datasets to generate a new calibration relationship between ODBA and V̇O2 that accounts for this by being informed by heart rate-derived estimates. Across behaviours we found a good relationship between ODBA and V̇O2 Within individual behaviours, we found useable relationships between ODBA and V̇O2 for flight and resting, and a poor relationship during diving. The error associated with these new calibration relationships mostly originates from the previous heart rate calibration rather than the error associated with the ODBA method. The equations provide tools for understanding how energy constrains ecology across the complex behaviour of free-living diving birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Hicks
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
| | - Sarah Burthe
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Francis Daunt
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Adam Butler
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, The King's Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Charles Bishop
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Jonathan A Green
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
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12
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Olito C, White CR, Marshall DJ, Barneche DR. Estimating monotonic rates from biological data using local linear regression. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:759-764. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.148775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accessing many fundamental questions in biology begins with empirical estimation of simple monotonic rates of underlying biological processes. Across a variety of disciplines, ranging from physiology to biogeochemistry, these rates are routinely estimated from non-linear and noisy time series data using linear regression and ad hoc manual truncation of non-linearities. Here, we introduce the R package LoLinR, a flexible toolkit to implement local linear regression techniques to objectively and reproducibly estimate monotonic biological rates from non-linear time series data, and demonstrate possible applications using metabolic rate data. LoLinR provides methods to easily and reliably estimate monotonic rates from time series data in a way that is statistically robust, facilitates reproducible research, and is applicable to a wide variety of research disciplines in the biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Olito
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Diego R. Barneche
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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13
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Cirtwill AR, Stouffer DB, Romanuk TN. Latitudinal gradients in biotic niche breadth vary across ecosystem types. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1589. [PMID: 26559955 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several properties of food webs-the networks of feeding links between species-are known to vary systematically with the species richness of the underlying community. Under the 'latitude-niche breadth hypothesis', which predicts that species in the tropics will tend to evolve narrower niches, one might expect that these scaling relationships could also be affected by latitude. To test this hypothesis, we analysed the scaling relationships between species richness and average generality, vulnerability and links per species across a set of 196 empirical food webs. In estuarine, marine and terrestrial food webs there was no effect of latitude on any scaling relationship, suggesting constant niche breadth in these habitats. In freshwater communities, on the other hand, there were strong effects of latitude on scaling relationships, supporting the latitude-niche breadth hypothesis. These contrasting findings indicate that it may be more important to account for habitat than latitude when exploring gradients in food-web structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Cirtwill
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Department of Biology, Life Science Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., PO BOX 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Daniel B Stouffer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Tamara N Romanuk
- Department of Biology, Life Science Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., PO BOX 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
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14
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White CR, Alton LA, Crispin TS, Halsey LG. Phylogenetic comparisons of pedestrian locomotion costs: confirmations and new insights. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6712-6720. [PMID: 27777742 PMCID: PMC5058540 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The energetic costs for animals to locomote on land influence many aspects of their ecology. Size accounts for much of the among-species variation in terrestrial transport costs, but species of similar body size can still exhibit severalfold differences in energy expenditure. We compiled measurements of the (mass-specific) minimum cost of pedestrian transport (COTmin, mL/kg/m) for 201 species - by far the largest sample to date - and used phylogenetically informed comparative analyses to investigate possible eco-evolutionary differences in COTmin between various groupings of those species. We investigated number of legs, ectothermy and endothermy, waddling, and nocturnality specifically in lizards. Thus, our study primarily revisited previous theories about variations in COTmin between species, testing them with much more robust analyses. Having accounted for mass, while residual COTmin did not differ between bipedal and other species, specifically waddling bipeds were found to have relatively high COTmin. Furthermore, nocturnal lizards have relatively low COTmin although temperature does not appear to affect COTmin in ectotherms. Previous studies examining across-species variation in COTmin from a biomechanical perspective show that the differences between waddling birds and nonwaddling species, and between nocturnal lizards and other ecotherms, are likely to be attributable to differences in ground reaction forces, posture, and effective limb length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R White
- Centre for Geometric Biology School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia; School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lesley A Alton
- Centre for Geometric Biology School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia; School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Taryn S Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lewis G Halsey
- Department of Life Sciences Centre for Research in Ecology University of Roehampton Holybourne Avenue London SW15 4JD UK
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15
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Diving physiology of seabirds and marine mammals: Relevance, challenges and some solutions for field studies. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 202:38-52. [PMID: 27421239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To fully understand how diving seabirds and marine mammals balance the potentially conflicting demands of holding their breath while living their lives underwater (and maintaining physiological homeostasis during exercise, feeding, growth, and reproduction), physiological studies must be conducted with animals in their natural environments. The purpose of this article is to review the importance of making physiological measurements on diving animals in field settings, while acknowledging the challenges and highlighting some solutions. The most extreme divers are great candidates for study, especially in a comparative and mechanistic context. However, physiological data are also required of a wide range of species for problems relating to other disciplines, in particular ecology and conservation biology. Physiological data help with understanding and predicting the outcomes of environmental change, and the direct impacts of anthropogenic activities. Methodological approaches that have facilitated the development of field-based diving physiology include the isolated diving hole protocol and the translocation paradigm, and while there are many techniques for remote observation, animal-borne biotelemetry, or "biologging", has been critical. We discuss issues related to the attachment of instruments, the retrieval of data and sensing of physiological variables, while also considering negative impacts of tagging. This is illustrated with examples from a variety of species, and an in-depth look at one of the best studied and most extreme divers, the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri). With a variety of approaches and high demand for data on the physiology of diving seabirds and marine mammals, the future of field studies is bright.
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16
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Elliott KH. Measurement of flying and diving metabolic rate in wild animals: Review and recommendations. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 202:63-77. [PMID: 27264988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Animals' abilities to fly long distances and dive to profound depths fascinate earthbound researchers. Due to the difficulty of making direct measurements during flying and diving, many researchers resort to modeling so as to estimate metabolic rate during each of those activities in the wild, but those models can be inaccurate. Fortunately, the miniaturization, customization and commercialization of biologgers has allowed researchers to increasingly follow animals on their journeys, unravel some of their mysteries and test the accuracy of biomechanical models. I provide a review of the measurement of flying and diving metabolic rate in the wild, paying particular attention to mass loss, doubly-labelled water, heart rate and accelerometry. Biologgers can impact animal behavior and influence the very measurements they are designed to make, and I provide seven guidelines for the ethical use of biologgers. If biologgers are properly applied, quantification of metabolic rate across a range of species could produce robust allometric relationships that could then be generally applied. As measuring flying and diving metabolic rate in captivity is difficult, and often not directly translatable to field conditions, I suggest that applying multiple techniques in the field to reinforce one another may be a viable alternative. The coupling of multi-sensor biologgers with biomechanical modeling promises to improve precision in the measurement of flying and diving metabolic rate in wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Elliott
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Enstipp MR, Ballorain K, Ciccione S, Narazaki T, Sato K, Georges J. Energy expenditure of adult green turtles (
Chelonia mydas
) at their foraging grounds and during simulated oceanic migration. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred R. Enstipp
- IPHC Université de Strasbourg 23 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
- UMR 7178 CNRS 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Katia Ballorain
- IPHC Université de Strasbourg 23 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
- UMR 7178 CNRS 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Stéphane Ciccione
- Kélonia, l'observatoire des tortues marines BP 40 97436 Saint Leu La Réunion France
| | - Tomoko Narazaki
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute University of Tokyo 5‐1‐5 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277‐8564 Japan
| | - Katsufumi Sato
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute University of Tokyo 5‐1‐5 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277‐8564 Japan
| | - Jean‐Yves Georges
- IPHC Université de Strasbourg 23 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
- UMR 7178 CNRS 67037 Strasbourg France
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Portugal SJ, Green JA, Halsey LG, Arnold W, Careau V, Dann P, Frappell PB, Grémillet D, Handrich Y, Martin GR, Ruf T, Guillemette MM, Butler PJ. Associations between Resting, Activity, and Daily Metabolic Rate in Free-Living Endotherms: No Universal Rule in Birds and Mammals. Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:251-61. [PMID: 27153134 DOI: 10.1086/686322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Energy management models provide theories and predictions for how animals manage their energy budgets within their energetic constraints, in terms of their resting metabolic rate (RMR) and daily energy expenditure (DEE). Thus, uncovering what associations exist between DEE and RMR is key to testing these models. Accordingly, there is considerable interest in the relationship between DEE and RMR at both inter- and intraspecific levels. Interpretation of the evidence for particular energy management models is enhanced by also considering the energy spent specifically on costly activities (activity energy expenditure [AEE] = DEE - RMR). However, to date there have been few intraspecific studies investigating such patterns. Our aim was to determine whether there is a generality of intraspecific relationships among RMR, DEE, and AEE using long-term data sets for bird and mammal species. For mammals, we use minimum heart rate (fH), mean fH, and activity fH as qualitative proxies for RMR, DEE, and AEE, respectively. For the birds, we take advantage of calibration equations to convert fH into rate of oxygen consumption in order to provide quantitative proxies for RMR, DEE, and AEE. For all 11 species, the DEE proxy was significantly positively correlated with the RMR proxy. There was also evidence of a significant positive correlation between AEE and RMR in all four mammal species but only in some of the bird species. Our results indicate there is no universal rule for birds and mammals governing the relationships among RMR, AEE, and DEE. Furthermore, they suggest that birds tend to have a different strategy for managing their energy budgets from those of mammals and that there are also differences in strategy between bird species. Future work in laboratory settings or highly controlled field settings can tease out the environmental and physiological processes contributing to variation in energy management strategies exhibited by different species.
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Thaxter CB, Ross-Smith VH, Clark JA, Clark NA, Conway GJ, Marsh M, Leat EH, Burton NH. A trial of three harness attachment methods and their suitability for long-term use on Lesser Black-backed Gulls and Great Skuas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03078698.2014.995546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Welcker J, Speakman JR, Elliott KH, Hatch SA, Kitaysky AS. Resting and daily energy expenditures during reproduction are adjusted in opposite directions in free‐living birds. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorg Welcker
- Norwegian Polar Institute Fram Centre N‐9296 Tromsø Norway
- Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Irving 311Fairbanks Alaska 99775 USA
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of AberdeenTillydrone Avenue Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 West Beichen RoadChaoyang Beijing China
| | - Kyle H. Elliott
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg ManitobaR3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Scott A. Hatch
- Alaska Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 4210 University Drive Anchorage Alaska99508 USA
| | - Alexander S. Kitaysky
- Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Irving 311Fairbanks Alaska 99775 USA
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21
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The relationship between energy expenditure and speed during pedestrianlocomotion in birds: A morphological basis for the elevated y-intercept? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 165:295-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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White CR, Green JA, Martin GR, Butler PJ, Grémillet D. Energetic constraints may limit the capacity of visually guided predators to respond to Arctic warming. J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. A. Green
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of Liverpool; Liverpool; Merseyside; UK
| | - G. R. Martin
- School of Biosciences; The University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
| | - P. J. Butler
- School of Biosciences; The University of Birmingham; Birmingham; UK
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Green JA, Aitken-Simpson EJ, White CR, Bunce A, Butler PJ, Frappell PB. An increase in minimum metabolic rate and not activity explains field metabolic rate changes in a breeding seabird. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:1726-35. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.085092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The field metabolic rate (FMR) of a free-ranging animal can be considered as the sum of its maintenance costs (minimum metabolic rate; MMR), and additional costs associated with thermoregulation, digestion, production and activity. However, the relationships between these two quantities and how they relate to behaviour and extrinsic influences is not clear. In seabirds, FMR has been shown to increase during the breeding season. This is presumed to be the result of an increase in foraging activity, stimulated by increased food demands from growing chicks, but few studies have investigated in detail the factors that underlie these increases. We studied free-ranging Australasian gannets (Morus serrator) throughout their five-month breeding season, and evaluated FMR, MMR and activity-related metabolic costs on a daily basis using the heart-rate method. In addition we recorded behaviour (flying and diving) simultaneously in the same individuals. FMR increased steadily throughout the breeding season, increasing by 11% from the incubation period to the long chick-brooding period. However, this was not accompanied by either an increase in flying or diving behaviour, or an increase in the energetic costs of activity. Instead, the changes in FMR could be explained exclusively by a progressive increase in MMR. Seasonal changes in MMR could be due to a change in body composition or a decrease in body condition associated with changing allocation of resources between provisioning adults and growing chicks. Our study highlights the importance of measuring physiological parameters continuously in free-ranging animals in order to fully understand the mechanisms underpinning seasonal changes in physiology and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ashley Bunce
- University of Queensland; Deakin University, Australia
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White CR, Cassey P, Schimpf NG, Halsey LG, Green JA, Portugal SJ. Implantation reduces the negative effects of bio-logging devices on birds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 216:537-42. [PMID: 23125345 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.076554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal-borne logging or telemetry devices are widely used for measurements of physiological and movement data from free-living animals. For such measurements to be relevant, however, it is essential that the devices themselves do not affect the data of interest. A recent meta-analysis reported an overall negative effect of these devices on the birds that bear them, i.e. on nesting productivity, clutch size, nest initiation date, offspring quality, body condition, flying ability, foraging behaviours, energy expenditure and survival rate. Method of attachment (harness, collar, glue, anchor, implant, breast-mounted or tailmount) had no influence on the strength of these effects but anchored and implanted transmitters had the highest reported rates of device-induced mortality. Furthermore, external devices, but not internal devices, caused an increase in 'device-induced behaviour' (comfort behaviours such as preening, fluffing and stretching, and unrest activities including unquantifiable 'active' behaviours). These findings suggest that, with the exception of device-induced behaviour, external attachment is preferable to implantation. In the present study we undertake a meta-analysis of 183 estimates of device impact from 39 studies of 36 species of bird designed to explicitly compare the effects of externally attached and surgically implanted devices on a range of traits, including condition, energy expenditure and reproduction. In contrast to a previous study, we demonstrate that externally attached devices have a consistent detrimental effect (i.e. negative influences on body condition, reproduction, metabolism and survival), whereas implanted devices have no consistent effect. We also show that the magnitude of the negative effect of externally attached devices decreases with time. We therefore conclude that device implantation is preferable to external attachment, providing that the risk of mortality associated with the anaesthesia and surgery required for implantation can be mitigated. We recommend that studies employing external devices use devices that can be borne for long periods, and, wherever possible, deploy devices in advance of the time period of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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25
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Determinants of inter-specific variation in basal metabolic rate. J Comp Physiol B 2012; 183:1-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Grémillet D, Meslin L, Lescroël A. Heat dissipation limit theory and the evolution of avian functional traits in a warming world. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Meslin
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution à Montpellier; CNRS; UMR5554(CNRS/UMII/IRD); Université Montpellier II; Place E. Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier cedex 5; France
| | - Amélie Lescroël
- Biodiversité et Gestion des Territoires; URU420, Université de Rennes 1 - UMR 7204 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 263 avenue du Général Leclerc; CS 74205; 35042; Rennes Cedex; France
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Guillemette M, Butler P. Seasonal variation in energy expenditure is not related to activity level or water temperature in a large diving bird. J Exp Biol 2012; 215:3161-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
There is considerable interest in understanding how the energy budget of an endotherm is modulated from a physiological and ecological point of view. In this paper, we used the heart rate method and daily heart rate (DHR), as a proxy of DEE across seasons, to test the effect of locomotion activity and water temperature on the energy budget of a large diving bird. DHR was monitored continuously in common eiders (Somateria mollissima) during seven months together with measures of time spent flying and time spent feeding. DHR varied substantially during the recording period with numerous increases and decreases that occurred across seasons although we could not find any relationship between DHR and the time spent active (feeding and flying). However, inactive heart rate (IHR) decreased as locomotion activity increases suggesting common eiders were using behavioural compensation when under a high work load. We were also unable to detect a negative relationship between water temperature and resting heart rate, a proxy of resting metabolic rate. This was unexpected based on the assumption that high thermoregulation costs would be associated with cold waters. We showed that high level of energy expenditure coincided with feather moult and warm waters, which suggest that the observed variable pattern of seasonal DEE was driven by feather growth and possibly by other productive costs. Nevertheless, our results indicate that behavioural compensation and possibly the timing of moult may be used as mechanisms to reduce seasonal variation in energy expenditure.
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28
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Enstipp MR, Ciccione S, Gineste B, Milbergue M, Ballorain K, Ropert-Coudert Y, Kato A, Plot V, Georges JY. Energy expenditure of freely swimming adult green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and its link with body acceleration. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:4010-20. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.062943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Marine turtles are globally threatened. Crucial for the conservation of these large ectotherms is a detailed knowledge of their energy relationships, especially their at-sea metabolic rates, which will ultimately define population structure and size. Measuring metabolic rates in free-ranging aquatic animals, however, remains a challenge. Hence, it is not surprising that for most marine turtle species we know little about the energetic requirements of adults at sea. Recently, accelerometry has emerged as a promising tool for estimating activity-specific metabolic rates of animals in the field. Accelerometry allows quantification of the movement of animals (ODBA/PDBA, overall/partial dynamic body acceleration), which, after calibration, might serve as a proxy for metabolic rate. We measured oxygen consumption rates () of adult green turtles (Chelonia mydas; 142.1±26.9 kg) at rest and when swimming within a 13 m-long swim channel, using flow-through respirometry. We investigated the effect of water temperature (Tw) on turtle and tested the hypothesis that turtle body acceleration can be used as a proxy for . Mean mass-specific () of six turtles when resting at a Tw of 25.8±1.0°C was 0.50±0.09 ml min–1 kg–0.83. increased significantly with Tw and activity level. Changes in were paralleled by changes in respiratory frequency (fR). Deploying bi-axial accelerometers in conjunction with respirometry, we found a significant positive relationship between and PDBA that was modified by Tw. The resulting predictive equation was highly significant (r2=0.83, P<0.0001) and associated error estimates were small (mean algebraic error 3.3%), indicating that body acceleration is a good predictor of in green turtles. Our results suggest that accelerometry is a suitable method to investigate marine turtle energetics at sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred R. Enstipp
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Ciccione
- Kélonia, l'observatoire des tortues marines, BP 40, 97436 Saint Leu, La Réunion, France
| | - Benoit Gineste
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Myriam Milbergue
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Katia Ballorain
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Akiko Kato
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Virginie Plot
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Yves Georges
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
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