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Liu Y, Jia R, Wang W, Wan Y, Gao Y, Zhan H, Ren J, Chen Z, Qiu F, Zhu J. Vascular plant communities and biocrusts act as controlling factors in mitigating soil erosion on the Great Wall in a semi-humid area of Northwestern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170515. [PMID: 38309344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The Great Wall, a World Heritage Site and a vertical wall habitat, is under threat of soil erosion. The role of vascular plants and biocrust in controlling soil erosion has attracted attention, yet our knowledge of the underlying mechanism is limited, and there is a lack of systematic strategies for erosion prevention and control. In this study, we quantified the vascular plant community functional composition (including species diversity, functional diversity, and community-weighted mean), biocrust coverage, and soil erosion levels associated with seven different zones (lower, middle, and upper zones on East and West faces, plus wall crest) of the Great Wall. We then employed a combination of linear regression analysis, random forest model, and structural equation model to evaluate the individual and combined effects, as well as the direction and relative importance of these factors in reducing soil erosion. The results indicated that the vascular plant species richness, species diversity, functional richness, community-weighted mean, and moss crust coverage decreased significantly from the crest to the lower zone of the Great Wall (P < 0.05), and were negatively correlated with the soil erosion area and depth on both sides of the Great Wall (P < 0.05). This suggests that higher zones on the wall favored the colonization and growth of biocrusts and vascular plants and that biocrusts and vascular plants reduced soil erosion on the wall. Based on these findings, we propose a "restoration framework" for managing soil erosion on walls, based on biocrust and vascular plant communities (namely target species selection, plant community construction, biocrust inoculation, and maintenance of community stability), which aims to address the urgent need for more effective soil erosion prevention and control strategies on the Great Wall and provide practical methods that practitioners can utilize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Liu
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongliang Jia
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wanfu Wang
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu 736200, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, China.
| | - Yuchen Wan
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanhong Gao
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongtao Zhan
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu 736200, China
| | - Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73000, China
| | - Zhang Chen
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu 736200, China
| | - Fei Qiu
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu 736200, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu 736200, China
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Afzal MR, Naz M, Ashraf W, Du D. The Legacy of Plant Invasion: Impacts on Soil Nitrification and Management Implications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2980. [PMID: 37631191 PMCID: PMC10458916 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant invasions can have long-lasting impacts on soil nitrification, which plays a critical role in nutrient cycling and plant growth. This review examines the legacy effects of plant invasion on soil nitrification, focusing on the underlying mechanisms, context dependence, and implications for management. We synthesize literature on the positive, negative and neutral legacy effects of plant invasion on soil nitrification, highlighting the complexity of these effects and the need for further research to fully understand them. Positive legacy effects include increased soil microbial biomass or activity, potentially enhancing nutrient availability for plants. However, negative legacy effects, like reduced nitrifier abundance, can result in decreased soil nitrification rates and nutrient availability. In some cases, changes to nitrification during active invasion appear transitory after the removal of invasive plants, indicating neutral short-term legacies. We discuss the context dependence of legacy effects considering factors, including location, specific invasive plant species, and other environmental conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of these legacy effects for management and restoration strategies, such as the removal or control of invasive plants, and potential approaches for restoring ecosystems with legacy effects on soil nitrification. Finally, we highlight future research directions, including further investigation into the mechanisms and context dependence of legacy effects, and the role of plant-microbe interactions. Overall, this review provides insights into the legacy effects of plant invasion on soil nitrification and their implications for ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rahil Afzal
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Misbah Naz
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Waqas Ashraf
- Soil and Water Testing Laboratory for Research, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute Faisalabad, Punjab 38850, Pakistan;
| | - Daolin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
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Fernández-Guisuraga JM, Calvo L, Fernandes PM, Hulet A, Perryman B, Schultz B, Jensen KS, Enterkine J, Boyd CS, Davies KW, Johnson DD, Wollstein K, Price WJ, Arispe SA. Estimates of fine fuel litter biomass in the northern Great Basin reveal increases during short fire-free intervals associated with invasive annual grasses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160634. [PMID: 36462652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Exotic annual grasses invasion across northern Great Basin rangelands has promoted a grass-fire cycle that threatens the sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) steppe ecosystem. In this sense, high accumulation rates and persistence of litter from annual species largely increase the amount and continuity of fine fuels. Here, we highlight the potential use and transferability of remote sensing-derived products to estimate litter biomass on sagebrush rangelands in southeastern Oregon, and link fire regime attributes (fire-free period) with litter biomass spatial patterns at the landscape scale. Every June, from 2018 to 2021, we measured litter biomass in 24 field plots (60 m × 60 m). Two remote sensing-derived datasets were used to predict litter biomass measured in the field plots. The first dataset used was the 30-m annual net primary production (NPP) product partitioned into plant functional traits (annual grass, perennial grass, shrub, and tree) from the Rangeland Analysis Platform (RAP). The second dataset included topographic variables (heat load index -HLI- and site exposure index -SEI-) computed from the USGS 30-m National Elevation Dataset. Through a frequentist model averaging approach (FMA), we determined that the NPP of annual and perennial grasses, as well as HLI and SEI, were important predictors of field-measured litter biomass in 2018, with the model featuring a high overall fit (R2 = 0.61). Model transferability based on extrapolating the FMA predictive relationships from 2018 to the following years provided similar overall fits (R2 ≈ 0.5). The fire-free period had a significant effect on the litter biomass accumulation on rangelands within the study site, with greater litter biomass in areas where the fire-free period was <10 years. Our findings suggest that the proposed remote sensing-derived products could be a key instrument to equip rangeland managers with additional information towards fuel management, fire management, and restoration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Fernández-Guisuraga
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Leonor Calvo
- Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Paulo M Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - April Hulet
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Barry Perryman
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary, and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Brad Schultz
- University of Reno Cooperative Extension Winnemucca County, University of Nevada, Winnemucca, NV 89445, USA
| | - K Scott Jensen
- University of Idaho Extension Service-Owyhee County, University of Idaho, Marsing, ID 83669, USA
| | - Josh Enterkine
- Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83706, USA
| | - Chad S Boyd
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Burns, OR 97720, USA
| | - Kirk W Davies
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Burns, OR 97720, USA
| | - Dustin D Johnson
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center-Burns, Oregon State University, Burns, OR 97720, USA
| | - Katherine Wollstein
- Oregon State University Extension Service-Malheur & Harney Counties, Oregon State University, Burns, OR 97720, USA
| | - William J Price
- Oregon State University Extension Service-Baker & Union Counties, Oregon State University, Baker City, OR 97814, USA
| | - Sergio A Arispe
- Oregon State University Extension Service-Malheur County, Oregon State University, Ontario, OR 97914, USA
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Slate ML, Matallana-Mejia N, Aromin A, Callaway RM. Nitrogen addition, but not pulse frequency, shifts competitive interactions in favor of exotic invasive plant species. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Knauf AE, Litton CM, Cole RJ, Sparks JP, Giardina CP, Gerow KG, Quiñones‐Santiago M. Nutrient‐use strategy and not competition determines native and invasive species response to changes in soil nutrient availability. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Knauf
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 1910 East‐West Road Honolulu HI 96822 U.S.A
| | - Creighton M. Litton
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 1910 East‐West Road Honolulu HI 96822 U.S.A
| | - Rebecca J. Cole
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 1910 East‐West Road Honolulu HI 96822 U.S.A
| | - Jed P. Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University E145 Corson Hall Ithaca NY 14853 U.S.A
| | - Christian P. Giardina
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry 60 Nowelo Street Hilo HI 96720 U.S.A
| | - Kenneth G. Gerow
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Wyoming Laramie, 1000 E., University Avenue Laramie WY 82071 U.S.A
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McMahon DE, Urza AK, Brown JL, Phelan C, Chambers JC. Modelling species distributions and environmental suitability highlights risk of plant invasions in western United States. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devin E. McMahon
- USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Reno NV USA
- USDA Forest Service Six Rivers National Forest Eureka CA USA
| | | | | | - Conor Phelan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada Reno NV USA
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7
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Rinella MJ, Reinhart KO. Toward more robust plant-soil feedback research. Ecology 2019; 99:550-556. [PMID: 29345304 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding if and how plant-soil biota feedbacks (PSFs) shape plant communities has become a major research priority. In this paper, we draw on a recent, high-profile PSF study to illustrate that certain widely used experimental methods cannot reliably determine if PSFs occur. One problem involves gathering soil samples adjacent to multiple conditioning plants, mixing the samples and then growing phytometers in the mixtures to test for PSFs. This mixed soil approach does not establish that the conditioning plant being present caused the soil biota to be present, the first step of a PSF. Also, soil mixing approximates replacing raw data with averages prior to analysis, a move certain to generate falsely precise statistical estimates. False precision also results from sample sizes being artificially inflated when phytometers are misinterpreted as experimental units. Plant biomass ratios become another source of false precision when individual plant values contribute to multiple ratio observations. Any one of these common missteps can cause still living null hypotheses to be pronounced dead, and risks of this increase with numbers of missteps. If soil organisms truly structure plant communities, then null hypotheses indicating otherwise will not survive proper testing. We discuss conceptual, experimental and analytical refinements to facilitate accurate testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Rinella
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, 243 Fort Keogh Road, Miles City, Montana, 59301, USA
| | - Kurt O Reinhart
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, 243 Fort Keogh Road, Miles City, Montana, 59301, USA
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8
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Miller EC, Perron GG, Collins CD. Plant-driven changes in soil microbial communities influence seed germination through negative feedbacks. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9298-9311. [PMID: 31463022 PMCID: PMC6706191 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) drive plant community diversity via interactions between plants and soil microbes. However, we know little about how frequently PSFs affect plants at the seed stage, and the compositional shifts in fungi that accompany PSFs on germination.We conducted a pairwise PSF experiment to test whether seed germination was differentially impacted by conspecific versus heterospecific soils for seven grassland species. We used metagenomics to characterize shifts in fungal community composition in soils conditioned by each plant species. To investigate whether changes in the abundance of certain fungal taxa were associated with multiple PSFs, we assigned taxonomy to soil fungi and identified putative pathogens that were significantly more abundant in soils conditioned by plant species that experienced negative or positive PSFs.We observed negative, positive, and neutral PSFs on seed germination. Although conspecific and heterospecific soils for pairs with significant PSFs contained host-specialized soil fungal communities, soils with specialized microbial communities did not always lead to PSFs. The identity of host-specialized pathogens, that is, taxa uniquely present or significantly more abundant in soils conditioned by plant species experiencing negative PSFs, overlapped among plant species, while putative pathogens within a single host plant species differed depending on the identity of the heterospecific plant partner. Finally, the magnitude of feedback on germination was not related to the degree of fungal community differentiation between species pairs involved in negative PSFs. Synthesis. Our findings reveal the potential importance of PSFs at the seed stage. Although plant species developed specialized fungal communities in rhizosphere soil, pathogens were not strictly host-specific and varied not just between plant species, but according to the identity of plant partner. These results illustrate the complexity of microbe-mediated interactions between plants at different life stages that next-generation sequencing can begin to unravel.
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Solomon JKQ. Characterization of Adult Functional Traits of Local Populations and Cultivars of Sandberg Bluegrass and Bottlebrush Squirreltail Perennial Bunchgrasses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E166. [PMID: 31212616 PMCID: PMC6631798 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant functional traits offer an understanding of the plant's ability to cope with varying environmental impositions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the above and belowground adult morphological and chemical composition traits of local populations of Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda J. Presl) and Bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey) collected in Nevada and their cultivated varieties. A total of six replications (one seedling each) from each population and cultivar of the two native perennial bunchgrasses were used in a randomized complete block design experiment. Each of the six seedlings from each sourced population was transplanted into individual tree pots (28 cm diameter × 61 cm height) containing 20.4 kg of air-dried Orr gravelly sandy loam soil in mid-November, 2015 and remained in the pots for the duration of the study (23 June, 2016). Traits evaluated were, plant height, leaf length, inflorescence length, shoot biomass, forage nutritive value, root morphological traits, and root carbon and nitrogen content. Traits means were considered different at P < 0.05. For Sandberg bluegrass, the cultivar 'Mountain Home' and the population from Panther Valley tended to have greater biomass than the population from Button Point but overall, the average of the two cultivars (10.8 g/plant) did not differ in shoot biomass relative to the local populations (7.6 g/plant). For squirreltail, plant height for the George St. Sonoma and Grass Valley populations (71.3 cm) was greater than the cultivars 'Toe Jam Creek' and 'Vale' (40.5 cm) but cultivars had greater biomass (12.6 g/plant) than the local populations (5.8 g/plant). Total root length and root diameter were not different among the Sanberg bluegrass and squirreltail populations. The results from traits expounded on in this study indicate the closeness of these populations for both species at their adult stage and provide insights for building a unified framework approach among the different agencies and restoration practitioners to aid in plant assemblages for restoration success in the Great Basin and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan K Q Solomon
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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10
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Kołodziejek J. Growth and competitive interaction between seedlings of an invasive Rumex confertus and of co-occurring two native Rumex species in relation to nutrient availability. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3298. [PMID: 30824762 PMCID: PMC6397286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rumex confertus is an alien invasive perennial plant that has increased its range rapidly within central Europe in the last 100 years. This study examined the effects of a commercial fertilizer on the competition between the invasive Rumex confertus and two non-invasive native species R. acetosa or R. conglomeratus in terms of morphological and physiological traits and relative yield. All three Rumex species were grown in the open field with two levels of nutrient availability in field plots. Competition and fertilizer had significant effects on height, relative growth rate (RGR), specific leaf area (SLA) as well as shoot and root biomass of all three species. The fertilized plants had high macronutrient and nitrate contents in leaf tissue. Relative yield of R. confertus was <1, indicating that for this species the effects of interspecific competition were greater than those of intraspecific competition. The results of this experiment indicate that there is interaction between the nutrient status of the soil and the competition between species. Competitive superiority of R. confertus could explain its dominance in grasslands and in disturbed areas, and might explain its great influence on the occurrence of native species because competition intensity was high in fertilized plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremi Kołodziejek
- Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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11
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Hulvey KB, Leger EA, Porensky LM, Roche LM, Veblen KE, Fund A, Shaw J, Gornish ES. Restoration islands: a tool for efficiently restoring dryland ecosystems? Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin B. Hulvey
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth A. Leger
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia Street Reno NV 89557 U.S.A
| | - Lauren M. Porensky
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit USDA‐ARS 1701 Centre Avenue Fort Collins CO 80526 U.S.A
| | - Leslie M. Roche
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Kari E. Veblen
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
| | - Adam Fund
- Department of Wildland Resources Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
- The Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
| | - Julea Shaw
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Elise S. Gornish
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
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Blumenthal DM, LeCain DR, Augustine DJ. Composted manure application promotes long-term invasion of semi-arid rangeland byBromus tectorum. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; 1701 Center Avenue Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Daniel R. LeCain
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; 1701 Center Avenue Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - David J. Augustine
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; 1701 Center Avenue Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
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13
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Pilliod DS, Welty JL, Arkle RS. Refining the cheatgrass-fire cycle in the Great Basin: Precipitation timing and fine fuel composition predict wildfire trends. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8126-8151. [PMID: 29043061 PMCID: PMC5632665 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Larger, more frequent wildfires in arid and semi-arid ecosystems have been associated with invasion by non-native annual grasses, yet a complete understanding of fine fuel development and subsequent wildfire trends is lacking. We investigated the complex relationships among weather, fine fuels, and fire in the Great Basin, USA. We first modeled the annual and time-lagged effects of precipitation and temperature on herbaceous vegetation cover and litter accumulation over a 26-year period in the northern Great Basin. We then modeled how these fine fuels and weather patterns influence subsequent wildfires. We found that cheatgrass cover increased in years with higher precipitation and especially when one of the previous 3 years also was particularly wet. Cover of non-native forbs and native herbs also increased in wet years, but only after several dry years. The area burned by wildfire in a given year was mostly associated with native herb and non-native forb cover, whereas cheatgrass mainly influenced area burned in the form of litter derived from previous years' growth. Consequently, multiyear weather patterns, including precipitation in the previous 1-3 years, was a strong predictor of wildfire in a given year because of the time needed to develop these fine fuel loads. The strong relationship between precipitation and wildfire allowed us to expand our inference to 10,162 wildfires across the entire Great Basin over a 35-year period from 1980 to 2014. Our results suggest that the region's precipitation pattern of consecutive wet years followed by consecutive dry years results in a cycle of fuel accumulation followed by weather conditions that increase the probability of wildfire events in the year when the cycle transitions from wet to dry. These patterns varied regionally but were strong enough to allow us to model annual wildfire risk across the Great Basin based on precipitation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Pilliod
- Snake River Field StationU.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterBoiseIDUSA
| | - Justin L. Welty
- Snake River Field StationU.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterBoiseIDUSA
| | - Robert S. Arkle
- Snake River Field StationU.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterBoiseIDUSA
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Hacker RB, Toole ID, Melville GJ, Alemseged Y, Smith WJ. Managing competitive interactions to promote regeneration of native perennial grasses in semi-arid south-eastern Australia. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/rj16048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatments to reduce available soil nitrogen and achieve specified levels of weed control were evaluated for their capacity to promote regeneration of native perennial grasses in a degraded semi-arid woodland in central-western New South Wales. Treatments were factorial combinations of nitrogen-reduction levels and weed-control levels. The four levels of nitrogen reduction were no intervention, and oversowing of an unfertilised summer crop, an unfertilised winter crop or an unfertilised perennial grass. The three weed-control levels were defined by the outcome sought rather than the chemical applied and were nil, control of annual legumes and control of all annual species (AA).
Regeneration of perennial grasses, predominantly Enteropogon acicularis, was promoted most rapidly by the AA level of weed control with no introduction of sown species. Sown species negated the benefits of weed control and limited but did not prevent the regeneration of native perennials. Sown species also contributed substantially to biomass production, which was otherwise severely limited under the AA level of weed control, and they were effective in reducing soil nitrogen availability. Sown species in combination with appropriate herbicide use can therefore maintain or increase available forage in the short–medium term, permit a low rate of native perennial grass recruitment, and condition the system (by reducing soil mineral nitrogen) for more rapid regeneration of native perennials should annual sowings be discontinued or a sown grass fail to persist.
Soil nitrate was reduced roughly in proportion to biomass production. High levels of soil nitrate did not inhibit native perennial grass regeneration when biomass was suppressed by AA weed control, and may be beneficial for pastoral production, but could also render sites more susceptible to future invasion of exotic annuals. The need for astute grazing management of the restored grassland is thus emphasised. This study was conducted on a site that supported a remnant population of perennial grasses. Use of the nitrogen-reduction techniques described may not be appropriate on sites where very few perennial grass plants remain.
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Kuebbing SE, Nuñez MA. Invasive non-native plants have a greater effect on neighbouring natives than other non-natives. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16134. [PMID: 27618506 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Human activity is creating a global footprint by changing the climate, altering habitats and reshuffling the distribution of species. The movement of species around the globe has led to the naturalization and accumulation of multiple non-native species within ecosystems, which is frequently associated with habitat disturbance and changing environmental conditions. However, interactions among species will also influence community composition, but little is known about the full range of direct and indirect interactions among native and non-native species. Here, we show through a meta-analysis of 1,215 pairwise plant interactions between 274 vascular plant species in 21 major habitat types that interactions between non-native plants are asymmetrical with interactions between non-native and native plants. Non-native plants were always bad neighbours, but the negative effect of non-natives on natives was around two times greater than the effect of non-natives on other non-natives. In contrast, the performance of non-native plants was five times higher in the presence of a neighbouring native plant species than in the presence of a neighbouring non-native plant species. Together, these results demonstrate that invaded plant communities may accumulate additional non-native species even if direct interactions between non-natives species are negative. Put another way, invasions may be more likely to lead to more invasions, requiring more active management of ecosystems by promoting native species restoration to undermine invasive positive feedback and to assist native species recovery in invaded ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Kuebbing
- School of Forestry &Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Martin A Nuñez
- Grupo de Ecologia de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche CP 8400, Argentina
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16
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Blumenthal DM, Kray JA, Ortmans W, Ziska LH, Pendall E. Cheatgrass is favored by warming but not CO2 enrichment in a semi-arid grassland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3026-3038. [PMID: 27090757 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 and warming may alter terrestrial ecosystems by promoting invasive plants with strong community and ecosystem impacts. Invasive plant responses to elevated CO2 and warming are difficult to predict, however, because of the many mechanisms involved, including modification of phenology, physiology, and cycling of nitrogen and water. Understanding the relative and interactive importance of these processes requires multifactor experiments under realistic field conditions. Here, we test how free-air CO2 enrichment (to 600 ppmv) and infrared warming (+1.5 °C day/3 °C night) influence a functionally and phenologically distinct invasive plant in semi-arid mixed-grass prairie. Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), a fast-growing Eurasian winter annual grass, increases fire frequency and reduces biological diversity across millions of hectares in western North America. Across 2 years, we found that warming more than tripled B. tectorum biomass and seed production, due to a combination of increased recruitment and increased growth. These results were observed with and without competition from native species, under wet and dry conditions (corresponding with tenfold differences in B. tectorum biomass), and despite the fact that warming reduced soil water. In contrast, elevated CO2 had little effect on B. tectorum invasion or soil water, while reducing soil and plant nitrogen (N). We conclude that (1) warming may expand B. tectorum's phenological niche, allowing it to more successfully colonize the extensive, invasion-resistant northern mixed-grass prairie, and (2) in ecosystems where elevated CO2 decreases N availability, CO2 may have limited effects on B. tectorum and other nitrophilic invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Julie A Kray
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - William Ortmans
- Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Lewis H Ziska
- Crop Systems and Global Change Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Botany & Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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17
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Tabassum S, Leishman MR. Trait values and not invasive status determine competitive outcomes between native and invasive species under varying soil nutrient availability. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samiya Tabassum
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - Michelle R. Leishman
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales Australia
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18
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Tulloss EM, Cadenasso ML. The Effect of Nitrogen Deposition on Plant Performance and Community Structure: Is It Life Stage Specific? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156685. [PMID: 27253718 PMCID: PMC4890792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition is a key global change factor that is increasing and affecting the structure and function of many ecosystems. To determine the influence of N deposition on specific systems, however, it is crucial to understand the temporal and spatial patterns of deposition as well as the response to that deposition. Response of the receiving plant communities may depend on the life stage-specific performance of individual species. We focus on the California oak savanna because N deposition to this system is complex—characterized by hotspots on the landscape and seasonal pulses. In a greenhouse experiment, we investigated the relative influence of N deposition on plant performance during early growth, peak biomass, and senescent life stages across different soil types, light, and community compositions. To represent the community we used three grass species—a native, naturalized exotic, and invasive exotic. At early growth and peak biomass stages performance was measured as height, and shoot and root biomass, and at the senescent stage as seed production. Simulated N deposition 1) increased shoot biomass and height of the native and, even more so, the naturalized exotic during early growth, 2) positively affected root biomass in all species during peak biomass, and 3) had no influence on seed production at the senescent stage. Alone, N deposition was not a strong driver of plant performance; however, small differences in performance among species in response to N deposition could affect community composition in future years. In particular, if there is a pulse of N deposition during the early growth stage, the naturalized exotic may have a competitive advantage that could result in its spread. Including spatial and temporal heterogeneity in a complex, manipulative experiment provides a clearer picture of not only where N management efforts should be targeted on the landscape, but also when.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M. Tulloss
- University of California Davis, Department of Plant Sciences, Davis, California, United States of America
- La Salle High School, Yakima, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mary L. Cadenasso
- University of California Davis, Department of Plant Sciences, Davis, California, United States of America
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19
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Baer SG, Blair JM, Collins SL. Environmental heterogeneity has a weak effect on diversity during community assembly in tallgrass prairie. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1890/15-0888.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara G. Baer
- Department of Plant Biology and Center of Ecology; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale Illinois 62901 USA
| | - John M. Blair
- Division of Biology; Kansas State University; Manhattan Kansas 66502 USA
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology; University of New Mexico; Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
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20
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Annual grass invasion in sagebrush steppe: the relative importance of climate, soil properties and biotic interactions. Oecologia 2016; 181:543-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Cole IA, Prober SM, Lunt ID, Koen TB. A plant traits approach to managing legacy species during restoration transitions in temperate eucalypt woodlands. Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Cole
- Institute for Land, Water and Society; Charles Sturt University; PO Box 789 Albury NSW Australia 2640
- Office of Environment and Heritage; PO Box 445 Cowra NSW Australia
| | | | - Ian D. Lunt
- Institute for Land, Water and Society; Charles Sturt University; PO Box 789 Albury NSW Australia 2640
| | - Terry B. Koen
- Office of Environment and Heritage; PO Box 445 Cowra NSW Australia
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22
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Ecological Genetics, Local Adaptation, and Phenotypic Plasticity in Bromus tectorum in the Context of a Changing Climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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23
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Brooks ML, Brown CS, Chambers JC, D’Antonio CM, Keeley JE, Belnap J. Exotic Annual Bromus Invasions: Comparisons Among Species and Ecoregions in the Western United States. SPRINGER SERIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Plant Community Resistance to Invasion by Bromus Species: The Roles of Community Attributes, Bromus Interactions with Plant Communities, and Bromus Traits. SPRINGER SERIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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25
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Can commercial soil microbial treatments remediate plant-soil feedbacks to improve restoration seedling performance? Restor Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Jones RO, Chambers JC, Board DI, Johnson DW, Blank RR. The role of resource limitation in restoration of sagebrush ecosystems dominated by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00285.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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27
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Zefferman E, Stevens JT, Charles GK, Dunbar-Irwin M, Emam T, Fick S, Morales LV, Wolf KM, Young DJN, Young TP. Plant communities in harsh sites are less invaded: a summary of observations and proposed explanations. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv056. [PMID: 26002746 PMCID: PMC4497477 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant communities in abiotically stressful, or 'harsh', habitats have been reported to be less invaded by non-native species than those in more moderate habitats. Here, we synthesize descriptive and experimental evidence for low levels of invasion in habitats characterized by a variety of environmental stressors: low nitrogen; low phosphorus; saline, sodic or alkaline soils; serpentine soils; low soil moisture; shallow/rocky soils; temporary inundation; high shade; high elevation; and high latitude. We then discuss major categories of hypotheses to explain this pattern: the propagule limitation mechanism suggests invasion of harsh sites is limited by relatively low arrival rates of propagules compared with more moderate habitats, while invasion resistance mechanisms suggest that harsh habitats are inherently less invasible due to stressful abiotic conditions and/or increased effects of biotic resistance from resident organisms. Both propagule limitation and invasion resistance may simultaneously contribute to low invadedness of harsh sites, but the management implications of these mechanisms differ. If propagule limitation is more important, managers should focus on reducing the likelihood of propagule introductions. If invasion resistance mechanisms are in play, managers should focus on restoring or maintaining harsh conditions at a site to reduce invasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Zefferman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Present address: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37917, USA
| | - Jens T Stevens
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA John Muir Institute for the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Grace K Charles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mila Dunbar-Irwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Taraneh Emam
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen Fick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Laura V Morales
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kristina M Wolf
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Derek J N Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Truman P Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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28
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Zhu H, Fu B, Wang S, Zhu L, Zhang L, Jiao L, Wang C. Reducing soil erosion by improving community functional diversity in semi-arid grasslands. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huoxing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology; Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100085 China
- Joint Centre for Global Change Studies; Beijing 100875 China
| | - Bojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology; Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100085 China
- Joint Centre for Global Change Studies; Beijing 100875 China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology; Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100085 China
| | - Linhai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology; Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100085 China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology; Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100085 China
| | - Lei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology; Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100085 China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology; Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100085 China
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29
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Newman RF, Krzic M, Wallace BM. Differing effects of biosolids on native plants in grasslands of southern british columbia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:1672-8. [PMID: 25603253 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.01.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if application of biosolids is beneficial for restoring semiarid grasslands. The effects of a one-time surface application of biosolids at a rate of 20 Mg ha on individual plant species and plant community composition were examined at three degraded semiarid grassland sites located in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. Biosolids application did not result in desirable changes in plant species composition at the two drier sites (with annual precipitation <400 mm) yet led to overall positive plant species changes at the least dry site (with annual precipitation of 400 mm). An important late-seral species of semiarid grasslands, bluebunch wheatgrass [ (Pursh) Á. Löve], did not respond or decreased at the two drier sites but increased at the least dry site. Exotic invasive plant species increased on all sites. The total vegetative cover of native perennial grasses increased from 41 to 99% at the least dry site, with important decreases in low-growing, early-seral forb species. Although cheatgrass ( L.) was not significantly increased by the biosolids treatment, the dominance of cheatgrass and lower growing season precipitation at the two drier sites were likely key reasons for the poor biosolids restoration success at these sites. Despite some concerns, there is potential to use biosolids to restore grassland plant communities successfully within 4 or 5 yr on more mesic grassland sites; however, biosolids use on drier sites where exotic invasives are present cannot be recommended.
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30
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Vaness BM, Wilson SD, MacDougall AS. Decreased root heterogeneity and increased root length following grassland invasion. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M. Vaness
- Department of Biology; University of Regina; Regina SK S4S 0A2 Canada
| | - Scott D. Wilson
- Department of Biology; University of Regina; Regina SK S4S 0A2 Canada
| | - Andrew S. MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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31
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Török K, Szitár K, Halassy M, Szabó R, Szili-Kovács T, Baráth N, Paschke MW. Long-term outcome of nitrogen immobilization to restore endemic sand grassland in Hungary. J Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Török
- Centre for Ecological Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Alkotmány u. 2-4 Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Katalin Szitár
- Centre for Ecological Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Alkotmány u. 2-4 Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Melinda Halassy
- Centre for Ecological Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Alkotmány u. 2-4 Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Rebeka Szabó
- Centre for Ecological Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Alkotmány u. 2-4 Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Tibor Szili-Kovács
- Centre for Agricultural Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Herman Ottó út 15 Budapest 1022 Hungary
| | - Norbert Baráth
- Centre for Ecological Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Alkotmány u. 2-4 Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Mark W. Paschke
- Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Dept; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523-1472 USA
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32
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Resilience to Stress and Disturbance, and Resistance to Bromus tectorum L. Invasion in Cold Desert Shrublands of Western North America. Ecosystems 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-013-9725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Funk JL. The physiology of invasive plants in low-resource environments. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 1:cot026. [PMID: 27293610 PMCID: PMC4806624 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cot026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
While invasive plant species primarily occur in disturbed, high-resource environments, many species have invaded ecosystems characterized by low nutrient, water, and light availability. Species adapted to low-resource systems often display traits associated with resource conservation, such as slow growth, high tissue longevity, and resource-use efficiency. This contrasts with our general understanding of invasive species physiology derived primarily from studies in high-resource environments. These studies suggest that invasive species succeed through high resource acquisition. This review examines physiological and morphological traits of native and invasive species in low-resource environments. Existing data support the idea that species invading low-resource environments possess traits associated with resource acquisition, resource conservation or both. Disturbance and climate change are affecting resource availability in many ecosystems, and understanding physiological differences between native and invasive species may suggest ways to restore invaded ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Funk
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
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34
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Cleland EE, Larios L, Suding KN. Strengthening Invasion Filters to Reassemble Native Plant Communities: Soil Resources and Phenological Overlap. Restor Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2012.00896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Drenovsky RE, Grewell BJ, D'Antonio CM, Funk JL, James JJ, Molinari N, Parker IM, Richards CL. A functional trait perspective on plant invasion. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:141-53. [PMID: 22589328 PMCID: PMC3380596 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Global environmental change will affect non-native plant invasions, with profound potential impacts on native plant populations, communities and ecosystems. In this context, we review plant functional traits, particularly those that drive invader abundance (invasiveness) and impacts, as well as the integration of these traits across multiple ecological scales, and as a basis for restoration and management. SCOPE We review the concepts and terminology surrounding functional traits and how functional traits influence processes at the individual level. We explore how phenotypic plasticity may lead to rapid evolution of novel traits facilitating invasiveness in changing environments and then 'scale up' to evaluate the relative importance of demographic traits and their links to invasion rates. We then suggest a functional trait framework for assessing per capita effects and, ultimately, impacts of invasive plants on plant communities and ecosystems. Lastly, we focus on the role of functional trait-based approaches in invasive species management and restoration in the context of rapid, global environmental change. CONCLUSIONS To understand how the abundance and impacts of invasive plants will respond to rapid environmental changes it is essential to link trait-based responses of invaders to changes in community and ecosystem properties. To do so requires a comprehensive effort that considers dynamic environmental controls and a targeted approach to understand key functional traits driving both invader abundance and impacts. If we are to predict future invasions, manage those at hand and use restoration technology to mitigate invasive species impacts, future research must focus on functional traits that promote invasiveness and invader impacts under changing conditions, and integrate major factors driving invasions from individual to ecosystem levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Drenovsky
- Biology Department, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118-4581, USA.
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36
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37
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Drenovsky RE, Khasanova A, James JJ. Trait convergence and plasticity among native and invasive species in resource-poor environments. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2012; 99:629-39. [PMID: 22434772 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF STUDY Functional trait comparisons provide a framework with which to assess invasion and invasion resistance. However, recent studies have found evidence for both trait convergence and divergence among coexisting dominant native and invasive species. Few studies have assessed how multiple stresses constrain trait values and plasticity, and no study has included direct measurements of nutrient conservation traits, which are critical to plants growing in low-resource environments. METHODS We evaluated how nutrient and water stresses affect growth and allocation, water potential and gas exchange, and nitrogen (N) allocation and use traits among a suite of six codominant species from the Intermountain West to determine trait values and plasticity. In the greenhouse, we grew our species under a full factorial combination of high and low N and water availability. We measured relative growth rate (RGR) and its components, total biomass, biomass allocation, midday water potential, photosynthetic rate, water-use efficiency (WUE), green leaf N, senesced leaf N, total N pools, N productivity, and photosynthetic N use efficiency. KEY RESULTS Overall, soil water availability constrained plant responses to N availability and was the major driver of plant trait variation in our analysis. Drought decreased plant biomass and RGR, limited N conservation, and led to increased WUE. For most traits, native and nonnative species were similarly plastic. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest native and invasive biomass dominants may converge on functionally similar traits and demonstrate comparable ability to respond to changes in resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Drenovsky
- Biology Department, John Carroll University 20700 North Park Blvd., University Heights, Ohio 44118, USA.
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