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Lammerant R, Rita A, Borghetti M, Muscarella R. Water-limited environments affect the association between functional diversity and forest productivity. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10406. [PMID: 37560182 PMCID: PMC10408253 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between biodiversity and ecosystem function can depend on environmental conditions. This contingency can impede our ability to predict how biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) relationships will respond to future environmental change, causing a clear need to explore the processes underlying shifts in BEF relationships across large spatial scales and broad environmental gradients. We compiled a dataset on five functional traits (maximum height, wood density, specific leaf area [SLA], seed size, and xylem vulnerability to embolism [P50]), covering 78%-90% of the tree species in the National Forest Inventory from Italy, to test (i) how a water limitation gradient shapes the functional composition and diversity of forests, (ii) how functional composition and diversity of trees relate to forest annual increment via mass ratio and complementarity effects, and (iii) how the relationship between functional diversity and annual increment varies between Mediterranean and temperate climate regions. Functional composition varied with water limitation; tree communities tended to have more conservative traits in sites with higher levels of water limitation. The response of functional diversity differed among traits and climatic regions but among temperate forest plots, we found a consistent increase of functional diversity with water limitation. Tree diversity was positively associated with annual increment of Italian forests through a combination of mass ratio and niche complementarity effects, but the relative importance of these effects depended on the trait and range of climate considered. Specifically, niche complementarity effects were more strongly associated with annual increment in the Mediterranean compared to temperate forests. Synthesis: Overall, our results suggest that biodiversity mediates forest annual increment under water-limited conditions by promoting beneficial interactions between species and complementarity in resource use. Our work highlights the importance of conserving functional diversity for future forest management to maintain forest annual increment under the expected increase in intensity and frequency of drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel Lammerant
- Department of Ecology & GeneticsUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Present address:
Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of HelsinkiHankoFinland
| | - Angelo Rita
- Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IIPortici (Napoli)Italy
| | - Marco Borghetti
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi della BasilicataPotenzaItaly
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2
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Packer JG, Ganf G, Kueffer C, Facelli JM, Pyšek P. Endemic macrophyte is more plastic than two cosmopolitan species in fluctuating water levels and nutrient-enriched conditions. T ROY SOC SOUTH AUST 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03721426.2020.1848981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin G. Packer
- Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - George Ganf
- Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cristoph Kueffer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- , Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, Rapperswil, Switzerland
| | - José M. Facelli
- Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Harpole WS, Sullivan LL, Lind EM, Firn J, Adler PB, Borer ET, Chase J, Fay PA, Hautier Y, Hillebrand H, MacDougall AS, Seabloom EW, Bakker JD, Cadotte MW, Chaneton EJ, Chu C, Hagenah N, Kirkman K, La Pierre KJ, Moore JL, Morgan JW, Prober SM, Risch AC, Schuetz M, Stevens CJ. Out of the shadows: multiple nutrient limitations drive relationships among biomass, light and plant diversity. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Stanley Harpole
- Department of Physiological Diversity Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Am Kirchtor 1 Halle (Saale) 06108 Germany
| | - Lauren L. Sullivan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of MN St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Eric M. Lind
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of MN St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Jennifer Firn
- School of Earth, Environmental and Bio‐logical Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Qld 4001 Australia
| | - Peter B. Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Elizabeth T. Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of MN St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Jonathan Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Am Kirchtor 1 Halle (Saale) 06108 Germany
| | - Philip A. Fay
- USDA‐ARS Grassland Soil and Water Research Lab Temple TX 76502 USA
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group Department of Biology Utrecht University Padualaan 8 Utrecht CH 3584 The Netherlands
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment University of Oldenburg Schleusenstrasse 1 Wilhelmshaven D‐26381 Germany
| | | | - Eric W. Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of MN St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Jonathan D. Bakker
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto – Scarborough 1265 Military trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Enrique J. Chaneton
- IFEVA/CONICET – Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente. Facultad de Agronomía Universidad de Buenos Aires Av. San Martín 4453 (C1417DSE) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Chengjin Chu
- SYSU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Conservation State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Nicole Hagenah
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa
| | - Kevin Kirkman
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa
| | - Kimberly J. La Pierre
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 647 Contees Wharf Rd Edgewater MD 21037 USA
| | - Joslin L. Moore
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - John W. Morgan
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Bundoora Vic. 3086 Australia
| | | | - Anita C. Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Community Ecology Birmensdorf 8903 Switzerland
| | - Martin Schuetz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Community Ecology Birmensdorf 8903 Switzerland
| | - Carly J. Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YQ UK
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Noto AE, Shurin JB. Interactions among salt marsh plants vary geographically but not latitudinally along the California coast. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6549-6558. [PMID: 28861256 PMCID: PMC5574795 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength of species interactions often varies geographically and locally with environmental conditions. Competitive interactions are predicted to be stronger in benign environments while facilitation is expected to be stronger in harsh ones. We tested these ideas with an aboveground neighbor removal experiment at six salt marshes along the California coast. We determined the effect of removals of either the dominant species, Salicornia pacifica, or the subordinate species on plant cover, aboveground biomass and community composition, as well as soil salinity and moisture. We found that S. pacifica consistently competed with the subordinate species and that the strength of competition varied among sites. In contrast with other studies showing that dominant species facilitate subordinates by moderating physical stress, here the subordinate species facilitated S. pacifica shortly after removal treatments were imposed, but the effect disappeared over time. Contrary to expectations based on patterns observed in east coast salt marshes, we did not see patterns in species interactions in relation to latitude, climate, or soil edaphic characteristics. Our results suggest that variation in interactions among salt marsh plants may be influenced by local‐scale site differences such as nutrients more than broad latitudinal gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akana E Noto
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | - Jonathan B Shurin
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA USA
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Wu H, Carrillo J, Ding J. Species diversity and environmental determinants of aquatic and terrestrial communities invaded by Alternanthera philoxeroides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:666-675. [PMID: 28069304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of invasive species on native biodiversity varies across environments, with invasion effects of amphibious plant species across terrestrial and aquatic systems especially poorly understood. In this study, we established 29 terrestrial plots and 23 aquatic plots which were invaded by the alien plant alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides in Southern China. We measured α-species diversity (Shannon-Wiener and Simpson index), species richness and evenness, species cover and the importance value (a comprehensive index of cover, height and abundance) of A. philoxeroides in invaded communities in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. We recorded seven environmental factors (longitude, latitude, elevation above sea level, temperature, precipitation, ammonia and nitrate) across habitats. We then used Redundancy Analysis (RDA) to determine which factors best explain A. philoxeroides invasion in either environment type. We found that terrestrial habitats had greater species diversity (Shannon index) than aquatic habitats, and the biotic resistance of aquatic plant communities to the A. philoxeroides invasion was weaker than terrestrial plant communities. Accumulated ammonia improved some indices of species diversity (Shannon-Weiner, Simpson) and evenness, but decreased species cover of A. philoxeroides in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Precipitation increased species richness in terrestrial habitats but decreased richness in aquatic habitats. Precipitation increased A. philoxeroides cover in both environment types, while elevated nitrate increased A. philoxeroides cover in terrestrial habitats only. In aquatic habitats, species richness increased but A. philoxeroides cover decreased with increasing longitude. Our study indicates that increased precipitation may accelerate A. philoxeroides spread across aquatic and terrestrial habitats, while reducing nitrate inputs could inhibit terrestrial A. philoxeroides invasion. Aquatic communities appear to be more vulnerable to invasion by A. philoxeroides than terrestrial communities, likely due to low native species diversity. We need to intensify invasion assessment of water ecosystems in lower longitudinal regions of China and elsewhere where diversity is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juli Carrillo
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jianqing Ding
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
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Wu H, Ismail M, Ding J. Global warming increases the interspecific competitiveness of the invasive plant alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:1415-1422. [PMID: 27720597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Global warming could accelerate the spread of invasive species to higher latitudes and intensify their effects on native species. Here, we report results of two years of field surveys along a latitudinal gradient (21°N to 31°N) in southern China, to determine the species structure of the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides community. We also performed a replacement series experiment (mono and mixed) to evaluate the effects of elevated temperature on the competitiveness of A. philoxeroides with the native co-occurring species Digitaria sanguinalis. In the field survey, we found that the dominance of A. philoxeroides increased with increasing of latitude gradient while cover of D. sanguinalis decreased. In monospecific plantings, artificial warming reduced the length of D. sanguinalis roots. In mixed plantings, warming reduced both A. philoxeroides abundance and D. sanguinalis stem length when A. philoxeroides was more prevalent in the planting. Warming also significantly reduced D. sanguinalis biomass, but increased that of A. philoxeroides. In addition, elevated temperatures significantly reduced the relative yield (RY) of D. sanguinalis, particularly when A. philoxeroides was planted in higher proportion in the plot. These results suggest that the invasiveness of A. philoxeroides increased with increasing latitude, and that warming may increase the effectiveness of its interspecific competition with D. sanguinalis. Hence, under global warming conditions, the harm to native species from A. philoxeroides would increase at higher latitudes. Our findings are critical for predicting the invasiveness of alien species under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mohannad Ismail
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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7
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Trowbridge CC, Stanley A, Kaye TN, Dunwiddie PW, Williams JL. Long-term effects of prairie restoration on plant community structure and native population dynamics. Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C. Trowbridge
- Department of Geography; University of British Columbia; 1984 West Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z2 Canada
| | - Amanda Stanley
- Wilburforce Foundation; 2034 NW 56th Street, Ste 300 Seattle WA 98107 U.S.A
| | - Thomas N. Kaye
- Institute for Applied Ecology; 563 SW Jefferson Avenue Corvallis OR 97333 U.S.A
| | - Peter W. Dunwiddie
- Department of Biology; University of Washington; 24 Kincaid Hall Seattle WA 98105 U.S.A
| | - Jennifer L. Williams
- Department of Geography and Biodiversity Research Centre; University of British Columbia; 1984 West Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z2 Canada
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Klanderud K, Vandvik V, Goldberg D. The Importance of Biotic vs. Abiotic Drivers of Local Plant Community Composition Along Regional Bioclimatic Gradients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130205. [PMID: 26091266 PMCID: PMC4474800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed if the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors for plant community composition differs along environmental gradients and between functional groups, and asked which implications this may have in a warmer and wetter future. The study location is a unique grid of sites spanning regional-scale temperature and precipitation gradients in boreal and alpine grasslands in southern Norway. Within each site we sampled vegetation and associated biotic and abiotic factors, and combined broad- and fine-scale ordination analyses to assess the relative explanatory power of these factors for species composition. Although the community responses to biotic and abiotic factors did not consistently change as predicted along the bioclimatic gradients, abiotic variables tended to explain a larger proportion of the variation in species composition towards colder sites, whereas biotic variables explained more towards warmer sites, supporting the stress gradient hypothesis. Significant interactions with precipitation suggest that biotic variables explained more towards wetter climates in the sub alpine and boreal sites, but more towards drier climates in the colder alpine. Thus, we predict that biotic interactions may become more important in alpine and boreal grasslands in a warmer future, although more winter precipitation may counteract this trend in oceanic alpine climates. Our results show that both local and regional scales analyses are needed to disentangle the local vegetation-environment relationships and their regional-scale drivers, and biotic interactions and precipitation must be included when predicting future species assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Klanderud
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Biology Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Biology Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Deborah Goldberg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Tamburello L, Maggi E, Benedetti-Cecchi L, Bellistri G, Rattray AJ, Ravaglioli C, Rindi L, Roberts J, Bulleri F. Variation in the impact of non-native seaweeds along gradients of habitat degradation: a meta-analysis and an experimental test. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tamburello
- Dipto di Biologia; Univ. of Pisa, CoNISMa; via Derna 1 IT-56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Elena Maggi
- Dipto di Biologia; Univ. of Pisa, CoNISMa; via Derna 1 IT-56126 Pisa Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Bellistri
- Dipto di Biologia; Univ. of Pisa, CoNISMa; via Derna 1 IT-56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Alex James Rattray
- Dipto di Biologia; Univ. of Pisa, CoNISMa; via Derna 1 IT-56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Chiara Ravaglioli
- Dipto di Biologia; Univ. of Pisa, CoNISMa; via Derna 1 IT-56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Luca Rindi
- Dipto di Biologia; Univ. of Pisa, CoNISMa; via Derna 1 IT-56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Jason Roberts
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke Univ.; Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Fabio Bulleri
- Dipto di Biologia; Univ. of Pisa, CoNISMa; via Derna 1 IT-56126 Pisa Italy
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10
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Wilson SD. Managing contingency in semiarid grassland restoration through repeated planting. Restor Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Wilson
- Department of Biology; University of Regina; Regina Saskatchewan S4S 0A2 Canada
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Habitat requirements, short-term population dynamics and coexistence of native and invasive Impatiens species: a field study. Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Caplat P, Cheptou PO, Diez J, Guisan A, Larson BMH, Macdougall AS, Peltzer DA, Richardson DM, Shea K, van Kleunen M, Zhang R, Buckley YM. Movement, impacts and management of plant distributions in response to climate change: insights from invasions. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li H, Colica G, Wu PP, Li D, Rossi F, De Philippis R, Liu Y. Shifting species interaction in soil microbial community and its influence on ecosystem functions modulating. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 65:700-8. [PMID: 23299348 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The supportive and negative evidence for the stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) led to an ongoing debate among ecologists and called for new empirical and theoretical work. In this study, we took various biological soil crust (BSCs) samples along a spatial gradient with four environmental stress levels to examine the fitness of SGH in microbial interactions and evaluate its influence on biodiversity-function relationships in BSCs. A new assessment method of species interactions within hard-cultured invisible soil community was employed, directly based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprint images. The results showed that biotic interactions in soil phototroph community dramatically shifted from facilitation to dominant competition with the improvement of microhabitats. It offered new evidence, which presented a different perspective on the hypothesis that the relative importance of facilitation and competition varies inversely along the gradient of abiotic stress. The path analysis indicated that influence of biotic interactions (r = 0.19, p < 0.05) on ecosystem functions is lower than other community properties (r = 0.62, p < 0.001), including soil moisture, crust coverage, and biodiversity. Furthermore, the correlation between species interactions and community properties was non-significant with low negative influence (r = -0.27, p > 0.05). We demonstrate that the inversion of biotic interaction as a response to the gradient of abiotic stresses existed not only in the visible plant community but also in the soil microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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