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Elliott NC, Giles KL, Baum KA, Elzay SD, Backoulou GF. Aphid parasitism in winter wheat fields in a heterogeneous agricultural landscape. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 117:907-917. [PMID: 38634599 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The number, timing, and fitness of colonizing parasitoids in fields of ephemeral crops often depend on factors external to the fields. We investigated cereal aphid parasitism in 23 winter wheat fields using sentinel plants infested with bird cherry-oat aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and we investigated the effect of parasitoids on cereal aphid population growth using exclusion and parasitoid-accessible cages infested with bird cherry-oat aphids. Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Aphelinus nigritus (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), and Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in decreasing order of abundance, parasitized R. padi on sentinel plants. The mean percent parasitism in parasitoid-accessible cages was 5.2% in autumn and 35.0% in spring. Aphid population intensity was greater in complete exclusion than in parasitoid-accessible cages. Measures of landscape composition and configuration were quantified, and aphid parasitism in autumn by L. testaceipes and A. nigritus was positively associated with % landcover by summer crops and patch density. Parasitism by both species was negatively associated with contagion and % woodlands. Parasitism during spring was positively associated with % grassland and fractal dimension and negatively associated with % canola. The number of braconid mummies per sentinel plant was positively correlated to the number of braconid mummies on wheat stems from parasitoid-accessible cages. Results indicate that cereal aphid mortality caused by parasitoids and their ability to exert effective biological control is related to landscape structure. Comparing this study to an earlier study in the same agroecosystem demonstrated temporal stability of the landscape influence on aphid parasitism by L. testaceipes in winter wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman C Elliott
- Peanut and Field Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1301 N. Western Road, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Kristopher L Giles
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Kristen A Baum
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Sarah D Elzay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fort Hays State University, Albertson Hall 302, Hays, KS 67601, USA
| | - Georges F Backoulou
- Department of Biology, Langston University, 701 Sammy Davis Jr. Drive, Langston, OK 73050, USA
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2
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Delatouche L, Tixier P, Sainte-Rose J, Daribo MO, de Lapeyre de Bellaire L. How do hedgerow characteristics alter the dispersal of Pseudocercospora fijiensis propagules? PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1454-1464. [PMID: 37943106 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgerows represent an agroecological lever for pest management. To date, few studies have shown that they can be used as a lever for the control of aerial fungal diseases, especially as a barrier to dispersal. On banana production, the main disease is black leaf streak disease (BLSD), which is a fungal disease caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis. This pathogen disperses through two types of spores: ascospore and conidia. The aim of this study was to observe and to quantify the effect of hedgerows on BLSD dispersal. Trap plants were placed at the same distance to an artificial source of inoculum with a hedgerow on one side. Lesions were counted to establish the daily lesion density of each trap plant. The combination of hedgerow characteristics such as height, width, and optical porosity were used to evaluate its potential capacity to intercept spores. RESULTS When ascospores were used as a source of inoculum, the lesion density on traps plant decreased up to 50% between the hedgerow with the lowest interception capacities and the one with the highest interception capacities. For conidia, hedgerow height and side of the trap plants (with or without hedgerow between them and the source) were not significant, but low porosity of the hedgerow reduced the lesion density. On the contrary, for ascospore, the hedgerow effect was anisotropic; the trap plants on hedgerow side had less lesions. CONCLUSION Our study is the first experimental proof of the effect of hedgerows on P. fijiensis dispersion, both on conidia and ascospore. We showed that hedgerow characteristics impact the capacity of interception of the hedgerow. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Delatouche
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Le Lamentin, France
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Montpellier, France
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Montpellier, France
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Tixier
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Montpellier, France
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- UPR GECO, CIRAD, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
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3
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Lucatero A, Jha S, Philpott SM. Local Habitat Complexity and Its Effects on Herbivores and Predators in Urban Agroecosystems. INSECTS 2024; 15:41. [PMID: 38249047 PMCID: PMC10816164 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In urban community gardens, cultivated vegetation provides variable levels of habitat complexity, which can suppress pests by promoting predator diversity and improving pest control. In this study, we examine three components of the structural complexity of garden vegetation (cover, diversity, and connectivity) to investigate whether higher garden vegetation complexity leads to fewer herbivores, more predators, and higher predation. We worked in eight community gardens where we quantified vegetation complexity, sampled the arthropod community, and measured predation on corn earworm eggs. We found that plots with high vegetation cover supported higher species richness and greater abundance of predatory insects. High vegetation cover also supported a greater abundance and species richness of spiders. In contrast, high vegetation diversity was negatively associated with predator abundance. While high predator abundance was positively associated with egg predation, greater predator species richness had a negative impact on egg predation, suggesting that antagonism between predators may limit biological control. Community gardeners may thus manipulate vegetation cover and diversity to promote higher predator abundance and diversity in their plots. However, the species composition of predators and the prevalence of interspecific antagonism may ultimately determine subsequent impacts on biological pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azucena Lucatero
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
| | - Shalene Jha
- Integrative Biology Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78739, USA
| | - Stacy M. Philpott
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
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KhokharVoytas A, Shahbaz M, Maqsood MF, Zulfiqar U, Naz N, Iqbal UZ, Sara M, Aqeel M, Khalid N, Noman A, Zulfiqar F, Al Syaad KM, AlShaqhaa MA. Genetic modification strategies for enhancing plant resilience to abiotic stresses in the context of climate change. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:283. [PMID: 37642792 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the resilience of plants to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, heat, and cold, is crucial for ensuring global food security challenge in the context of climate change. The adverse effects of climate change, characterized by rising temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events, pose significant threats to agricultural systems worldwide. Genetic modification strategies offer promising approaches to develop crops with improved abiotic stress tolerance. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of various genetic modification techniques employed to enhance plant resilience. These strategies include the introduction of stress-responsive genes, transcription factors, and regulatory elements to enhance stress signaling pathways. Additionally, the manipulation of hormone signaling pathways, osmoprotectant accumulation, and antioxidant defense mechanisms is discussed. The use of genome editing tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9, for precise modification of target genes related to stress tolerance is also explored. Furthermore, the challenges and future prospects of genetic modification for abiotic stress tolerance are highlighted. Understanding and harnessing the potential of genetic modification strategies can contribute to the development of resilient crop varieties capable of withstanding adverse environmental conditions caused by climate change, thereby ensuring sustainable agricultural productivity and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | | | - Usman Zulfiqar
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Nargis Naz
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Usama Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maheen Sara
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Noreen Khalid
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Zulfiqar
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Khalid M Al Syaad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
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Vargas G, Rivera-Pedroza LF, García LF, Jahnke SM. Conservation Biological Control as an Important Tool in the Neotropical Region. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:134-151. [PMID: 36449176 PMCID: PMC9709742 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-022-01005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The history and recent developments of conservation biological control (CBC) in the context of industrialized and small-scale agriculture are discussed from theoretical framework available in the Neotropical region. A historical perspective is presented in terms of the transition of the way pests have been controlled since ancestral times, while some of these techniques persist in some areas cultivated on a small-scale agriculture. The context of industrialized agriculture sets the stage for the transition from chemical pesticides promoted in the green revolution to the more modern concept of IPM and finds in conservation biological an important strategy in relation to more sustainable pest management options meeting new consumer demands for cleaner products and services. However, it also noted that conservation, considered within a more integrative approach, establishes its foundations on an overall increase in floral biodiversity, that is, transversal to both small-scale and industrialized areas. In the latter case, we present examples where industrialized agriculture is implementing valuable efforts in the direction of conservation and new technologies are envisioned within more sustainable plant production systems and organizational commitment having that conservation biological control has become instrumental to environmental management plans. In addition, a metanalysis on the principal organisms associated with conservation efforts is presented. Here, we found that hymenopteran parasitoids resulted in the most studied group, followed by predators, where arachnids constitute a well-represented group, while predatory vertebrates are neglected in terms of reports on CBC. Our final remarks describe new avenues of research needed and highlight the need of cooperation networks to propose research, public outreach, and adoption as strategic to educate costumers and participants on the importance of conservation as main tool in sustainable pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Vargas
- Colombian Sugarcane Research Center (Cenicaña), San Antonio de los Caballeros, Vía Cali-Florida Km 26, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Leonardo F. Rivera-Pedroza
- Colombian Sugarcane Research Center (Cenicaña), San Antonio de los Caballeros, Vía Cali-Florida Km 26, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Luis F. García
- Northeastern Regional University Center, University of the Republic, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Simone Mundstock Jahnke
- Postgraduate Program in Plant Science, Faculty of Agronomy, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Phytosanitary Dept, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul Brazil
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de Paz V, Asís JD, Holzschuh A, Baños-Picón L. Effects of Traditional Orchard Abandonment and Landscape Context on the Beneficial Arthropod Community in a Mediterranean Agroecosystem. INSECTS 2023; 14:277. [PMID: 36975963 PMCID: PMC10056667 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural abandonment is one of the main land-use changes in Europe, and its consequences on biodiversity are context- and taxa-dependent. While several studies have worked on this topic, few have focused on traditional orchards, especially in different landscapes and under a Mediterranean climate. In this context, we aimed to determine the effects of almond orchard abandonment on the communities of three groups of beneficial arthropods and the role of the landscape context in modulating these effects. Between February and September 2019, four samplings were carried out in twelve almond orchards (three abandoned and three traditional (active orchards under traditional agricultural management) located in simple landscapes as well as three abandoned and three traditional in complex landscapes). Abandoned and traditional almond orchards harbor different arthropod communities and diversity metrics that are strongly conditioned by seasonality. Abandoned orchards can favor pollinators and natural enemies, providing alternative resources in simple landscapes. However, the role that abandoned orchards play in simple landscapes disappears as the percentage of semi-natural habitats in the landscape increases. Our results show that landscape simplification, through the loss of semi-natural habitats, has negative consequences on arthropod biodiversity, even in traditional farming landscapes with small fields and high crop diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor de Paz
- Departmento de Biología Animal, Ecología, Parasitología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.d.P.); (L.B.-P.)
| | - Josep D. Asís
- Departmento de Biología Animal, Ecología, Parasitología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.d.P.); (L.B.-P.)
| | - Andrea Holzschuh
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Laura Baños-Picón
- Departmento de Biología Animal, Ecología, Parasitología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.d.P.); (L.B.-P.)
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7
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Chaplin-Kramer R. Scale matters in service supply. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:176-177. [PMID: 36376601 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA. .,SPRING, Oakland, CA, USA. .,Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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8
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Bianchi FJ. From pattern to process: Towards mechanistic design principles for pest suppressive landscapes. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sciligo AR, M'Gonigle LK, Kremen C. Local diversification enhances pollinator visitation to strawberry and may improve pollination and marketability. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.941840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies show that semi-natural habitats within agricultural landscapes benefit native pollinating insects and increase resultant crop pollination services. More recently, evidence is emerging that agricultural diversification techniques on farms, as well as increased compositional and configurational heterogeneity within the cropped portion of landscapes, enhance pollinator communities. However, to date, only a few studies have investigated how diversifying the crops within the farm field itself (i.e., polyculture) influences wild pollinator communities and crop pollination services. In the Central Coast of California, we investigate how local crop diversification within fields, crossed with the proportion of natural habitat in the surrounding landscape, jointly affect pollinator communities and services to strawberry. On 16 organic farms varying in farm type (monoculture vs. polyculture) and proportion of natural land cover, we find that both factors enhance pollinator abundance and richness, although neither affect honey bee abundance. Further, natural cover has a stronger effect on pollinator richness on monoculture (vs. polyculture) farms. Although strawberry can self-pollinate, we document experimentally that pollinator exclusion doubles the probability of berry malformation, while excluding both pollinators and wind triples malformation, with corresponding effects on berry marketability. Finally, in post-hoc tests, we find that berry malformation is significantly higher with greater visitation by honey bees, and observed a trend that this reduction was mitigated by increased native bee richness. These results suggest that both polyculture and semi-natural habitat cover support more abundant and diverse pollinator communities, and that ambient levels of pollinator visitation to strawberry provide an important crop pollination service by improving berry marketability (i.e., by reducing berry malformation). Although further confirmation would be needed, our work suggests that honey bees alone do not provide sufficient pollination services. Prior work has shown that honey bees tend to visit only the top of the strawberry flower receptacle, while other native bees often crawl around the flower base, leading to more complete pollination of the achenes and, consequently, better formed berries. If honey bee visits reduced native bee visitation in our system, this could explain the unexpected correlation between increased honey bee visits and malformation.
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Towards Predictions of Interaction Dynamics between Cereal Aphids and Their Natural Enemies: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050479. [PMID: 35621813 PMCID: PMC9146300 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Understanding how pests and their natural enemies interact dynamically during the growing season and what drivers act on those interactions will help to develop efficient pest control strategies. We reviewed empirical and modeling publications on the drivers influencing the aphids–natural enemy dynamics. We found disparities between what is known empirically and what is used as main drivers in the models. Predation and parasitism are rarely measured empirically but are often represented in models, while plant phenology is supposed to be a strong driver of aphids’ dynamics while it is rarely used in models. Since modelers and empirical scientists do not share a lot of publications, we incite more crossover works between both communities to elaborate (i) new empirical settings based on simulation results and (ii) build more accurate and robust models integrating more key drivers of the aphid dynamics. These models could be integrated into decision support systems to help advisors and farmers to design more effective integrated pest management systems. Abstract (1) Although most past studies are based on static analyses of the pest regulation drivers, evidence shows that a greater focus on the temporal dynamics of these interactions is urgently required to develop more efficient strategies. (2) Focusing on aphids, we systematically reviewed (i) empirical knowledge on the drivers influencing the dynamics of aphid–natural enemy interactions and (ii) models developed to simulate temporal or spatio-temporal aphid dynamics. (3) Reviewed studies mainly focus on the abundance dynamics of aphids and their natural enemies, and on aphid population growth rates. The dynamics of parasitism and predation are rarely measured empirically, although it is often represented in models. Temperature is mostly positively correlated with aphid population growth rates. Plant phenology and landscape effects are poorly represented in models. (4) We propose a research agenda to progress towards models and empirical knowledge usable to design effective CBC strategies. We claim that crossover works between empirical and modeling community will help design new empirical settings based on simulation results and build more accurate and robust models integrating more key drivers of aphid dynamics. Such models, turned into decision support systems, are urgently needed by farmers and advisors in order to design effective integrated pest management.
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11
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D. Fernandes L, Mata AS, Godoy WAC, Reigada C. Refuge distributions and landscape connectivity affect host-parasitoid dynamics: Motivations for biological control in agroecosystems. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267037. [PMID: 35421182 PMCID: PMC9009636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Species distributions are affected by landscape structure at different spatial scales. Here we study how the interplay between dispersal at different spatial scales and landscape connectivity and composition affect local species dynamics. Using a host-parasitoid model, we assessed host density and host occupancy on the landscape, under different parasitoid dispersal ranges and three local distributions of non-crop habitats, areas where hosts are unable to grow but parasitoids are provided with alternative hosts and food resources. Our results show distinct responses of host density to increases in non-crop area, measured by differences in slopes for different distributions of non-crop habitats, and that the effect of local landscape composition on species dynamics depends on the landscape connectivity at the regional scale. Moreover, we show how host density and occupancy are affected by increasing parasitoid dispersal ranges depending on landscape structure. Our results demonstrate the role of local and regional scales on species distributions and the importance of the combined effects of species biological parameters and landscape structure on species dynamics. Finally, we highlight the relevance of these aspects for the development of better strategies of biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D. Fernandes
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz—Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Angelica S. Mata
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Wesley A. C. Godoy
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz—Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Reigada
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Raatz L, Pirhofer Walzl K, Müller MEH, Scherber C, Joshi J. Who is the culprit: Is pest infestation responsible for crop yield losses close to semi-natural habitats? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13232-13246. [PMID: 34646465 PMCID: PMC8495789 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semi-natural habitats (SNHs) are becoming increasingly scarce in modern agricultural landscapes. This may reduce natural ecosystem services such as pest control with its putatively positive effect on crop production. In agreement with other studies, we recently reported wheat yield reductions at field borders which were linked to the type of SNH and the distance to the border. In this experimental landscape-wide study, we asked whether these yield losses have a biotic origin while analyzing fungal seed and fungal leaf pathogens, herbivory of cereal leaf beetles, and weed cover as hypothesized mediators between SNHs and yield. We established experimental winter wheat plots of a single variety within conventionally managed wheat fields at fixed distances either to a hedgerow or to an in-field kettle hole. For each plot, we recorded the fungal infection rate on seeds, fungal infection and herbivory rates on leaves, and weed cover. Using several generalized linear mixed-effects models as well as a structural equation model, we tested the effects of SNHs at a field scale (SNH type and distance to SNH) and at a landscape scale (percentage and diversity of SNHs within a 1000-m radius). In the dry year of 2016, we detected one putative biotic culprit: Weed cover was negatively associated with yield values at a 1-m and 5-m distance from the field border with a SNH. None of the fungal and insect pests, however, significantly affected yield, neither solely nor depending on type of or distance to a SNH. However, the pest groups themselves responded differently to SNH at the field scale and at the landscape scale. Our findings highlight that crop losses at field borders may be caused by biotic culprits; however, their negative impact seems weak and is putatively reduced by conventional farming practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Raatz
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversität PotsdamUniversität PotsdamPotsdamGermany
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.VMünchebergGermany
| | - Karin Pirhofer Walzl
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.VMünchebergGermany
- Institute at Brown for Environment and SocietyBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB)BerlinGermany
- Institute of BiologyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Marina E. H. Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.VMünchebergGermany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB)BerlinGermany
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK)Centre for Biodiversity MonitoringBonnGermany
| | - Jasmin Joshi
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB)BerlinGermany
- Institute for Landscape and Open SpaceEastern Switzerland University of Applied SciencesJona‐RapperswilSwitzerland
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Aguilera G, Riggi L, Miller K, Roslin T, Bommarco R. Organic fertilisation enhances generalist predators and suppresses aphid growth in the absence of specialist predators. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Aguilera
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Laura Riggi
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kirsten Miller
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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Vogel C, Chunga TL, Sun X, Poveda K, Steffan-Dewenter I. Higher bee abundance, but not pest abundance, in landscapes with more agriculture on a late-flowering legume crop in tropical smallholder farms. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10732. [PMID: 33643704 PMCID: PMC7899018 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Landscape composition is known to affect both beneficial insect and pest communities on crop fields. Landscape composition therefore can impact ecosystem (dis)services provided by insects to crops. Though landscape effects on ecosystem service providers have been studied in large-scale agriculture in temperate regions, there is a lack of representation of tropical smallholder agriculture within this field of study, especially in sub-Sahara Africa. Legume crops can provide important food security and soil improvement benefits to vulnerable agriculturalists. However, legumes are dependent on pollinating insects, particularly bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) for production and are vulnerable to pests. We selected 10 pigeon pea (Fabaceae: Cajunus cajan (L.)) fields in Malawi with varying proportions of semi-natural habitat and agricultural area within a 1 km radius to study: (1) how the proportion of semi-natural habitat and agricultural area affects the abundance and richness of bees and abundance of florivorous blister beetles (Coleoptera: Melloidae), (2) if the proportion of flowers damaged and fruit set difference between open and bagged flowers are correlated with the proportion of semi-natural habitat or agricultural area and (3) if pigeon pea fruit set difference between open and bagged flowers in these landscapes was constrained by pest damage or improved by bee visitation. Methods We performed three, ten-minute, 15 m, transects per field to assess blister beetle abundance and bee abundance and richness. Bees were captured and identified to (morpho)species. We assessed the proportion of flowers damaged by beetles during the flowering period. We performed a pollinator and pest exclusion experiment on 15 plants per field to assess whether fruit set was pollinator limited or constrained by pests. Results In our study, bee abundance was higher in areas with proportionally more agricultural area surrounding the fields. This effect was mostly driven by an increase in honeybees. Bee richness and beetle abundances were not affected by landscape characteristics, nor was flower damage or fruit set difference between bagged and open flowers. We did not observe a positive effect of bee density or richness, nor a negative effect of florivory, on fruit set difference. Discussion In our study area, pigeon pea flowers relatively late—well into the dry season. This could explain why we observe higher densities of bees in areas dominated by agriculture rather than in areas with more semi-natural habitat where resources for bees during this time of the year are scarce. Therefore, late flowering legumes may be an important food resource for bees during a period of scarcity in the seasonal tropics. The differences in patterns between our study and those conducted in temperate regions highlight the need for landscape-scale studies in areas outside the temperate region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Vogel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Timothy L Chunga
- Soils, Food and Healthy Communities, Ekwendeni, Mzimba District, Malawi
| | - Xiaoxuan Sun
- Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Carvalho SC, Junior PAS, Pereira PS, Sarmento RA, Farias ES, Lima CHO, Santos GR, Picanço MC. Spatial Distribution of Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Open-Field Yellow Melon, With Emphasis on the Role of Surrounding Vegetation as a Source of Initial Infestation. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2997-3003. [PMID: 32990732 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) is a serious pest of melon crops and is commonly found in the main producing areas of melon in Brazil (North and Northeast regions). This pest causes significant losses, damaging plants through feeding and tospovirus vectoring. Thus, the proper management of F. schultzei is crucial to prevent economic losses, and knowledge of the within-field distribution patterns of F. schultzei can be used to improve this pest management. This study aimed to determine the within-field distribution (through semivariogram modeling and kriging interpolation) and the factors associated with F. schultzei abundance in open-field yellow melon crops. We surveyed four yellow melon fields located in Formoso do Araguaia (Tocantins state, North Brazil) for thrips abundance in various crop stages (vegetative, flowering, and fruiting) in 2015 and 2016. Twelve models were fitted and it was determined that F. schultzei counts were strongly aggregated. The median spatial dependence was 4.79 m (range 3.55 to 8.02 m). The surface maps generated by kriging depicted an edge effect in fields 3 and 4. In addition, correlation analyses indicated that air temperature and presence of surrounding cucurbits are positively associated with F. schultzei abundance in yellow melon fields. Altogether, these insights can be combined for spatially based pest management, especially when the conditions (cucurbits in the surroundings and warmer periods) are favorable to F. schultzei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindoval C Carvalho
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo A S Junior
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Poliana S Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Renato A Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Elizeu S Farias
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos H O Lima
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Gil R Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Picanço
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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Pan H, Liu B, Jaworski CC, Yang L, Liu Y, Desneux N, Thomine E, Lu Y. Effects of Aphid Density and Plant Taxa on Predatory Ladybeetle Abundance at Field and Landscape Scales. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11100695. [PMID: 33066204 PMCID: PMC7602106 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In agroecosystems, predatory ladybeetles play an important role in suppressing aphid populations. How ladybeetles make use of host plant diversity in multicropping landscapes has rarely been documented in China. In this study, we examined the relationship between aphid densities and ladybeetle densities at both the local field and landscape scales. Overall, we found that there was a positive correlation between aphid densities and ladybeetle densities. However, plant taxa had no significant influence on predatory ladybeetle abundance at the local field scale. In addition, the effect of aphids on ladybeetles abundance was influenced by the crop type and growing season at the regional landscape scale. There was a significant positive correlation between aphid and ladybeetle populations on cotton only in July and August, whereas the correlation was significant for maize throughout the whole growing season. The δ13C value indicated that most prey aphids for ladybeetles originated from crops where aphids are abundant (cotton in June and July; both maize and cotton in August). These findings improved our understanding of the migration and dispersal of ladybeetles among different habitats and plant species and provided insight into the promotion of regional conservation and pest control of natural enemies in Northern China. Abstract In agroecosystems, predatory ladybeetles play an important role in restraining aphid population growth and suppressing aphid populations. They can adapt to various habitats and make use of various aphid species associated with multiple host plants during their life cycle. Agricultural landscapes in China are composed of a mosaic of small fields with a diverse range of crops, and how ladybeetles make use of host plant diversity in such landscapes has rarely been documented. In this study, we examined the relationship between aphid densities and ladybeetle densities in two different settings: (i) on the majority of plant species (including crops, trees, and weeds) at a local field scale in 2013 and 2014, and (ii) in paired cotton and maize crop fields at a regional landscape scale in 2013. Overall, we found that aphid abundance determined predatory ladybeetle abundance at both the local field and landscape scales, and there was a positive correlation between aphid densities and ladybeetle densities. However, plant taxa had no significant influence on the predatory ladybeetle abundance at the local field scale. In addition, the effect of aphids on ladybeetles abundance was influenced by the crop type and growing season at the regional landscape scale. There was a significant positive correlation between aphids and ladybeetles populations on cotton only in July and August, whereas the correlation was significant for maize throughout the whole growing season. We also conducted an analysis of the stable carbon isotope ratios of the adult ladybeetles caught in cotton and maize fields (C3 and C4 crops, respectively) in a regional landscape-scale survey in 2013. The δ13Cvalue indicated that most prey aphids for ladybeetles originated from crops where aphids are abundant (cotton in June and July; both maize and cotton in August).These findings improved our understanding of the migration and dispersal of ladybeetles among different habitats and plant species and provided insight into the promotion of the regional conservation and pest control of natural enemies in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.P.); (B.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Korla, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.P.); (B.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | | | - Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.P.); (B.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.P.); (B.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte D’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France; (N.D.); (E.T.)
| | - Eva Thomine
- Université Côte D’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France; (N.D.); (E.T.)
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.P.); (B.L.); (L.Y.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Ebeling A, Lind EW, Meyer ST, Barnes AD, Borer ET, Eisenhauer N, Weisser WW. Contrasting effects of plant diversity on β- and γ-diversity of grassland invertebrates. Ecology 2020; 101:e03057. [PMID: 32239498 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of primary producers strongly affects the structure and diversity of species assemblages at other trophic levels. However, limited knowledge exists of how plant diversity effects at small spatial scales propagate to consumer communities at larger spatial scales. We assessed arthropod community β and γ-diversity in response to experimentally manipulated plant community richness in two long-term grassland biodiversity experiments (Jena, Germany and Cedar Creek, USA) replicated over two years. We calculated arthropod species turnover among all plot combinations (β-diversity), and accumulated number of arthropod species occurring on (1) all pairwise plot combinations and (2) 40 randomly selected six-plot combinations (γ-diversity). The components of arthropod diversity were tested against two measures of plant diversity, namely average plant α-diversity ( PSR ¯ ) and the average difference in plant α-diversity between plots (ΔPSR). Whereas PSR ¯ points to the overall importance of plant α-diversity for arthropod community turnover and diversity on a larger scale, ΔPSR represents the role of habitat heterogeneity. We demonstrate that arthropod γ-diversity is supported by high, homogeneous plant α-diversity, despite lower arthropod β-diversity among high- compared to low-diversity plant communities. We also show that, in six-plot combinations, average plant α-diversity has a positive influence on arthropod γ-diversity only when homogeneity in plant α-diversity is also high. Varying heterogeneity in six-plot combinations showed that combinations consisting solely of plots with an intermediate level of plant α-diversity support a higher number of arthropod species compared to combinations that contain a mix of high- and low-diversity plots. In fact, equal levels of arthropod diversity were found for six-plot combinations with only intermediate or high plant α-diversity, due to saturating benefits of local and larger-scale plant diversity for higher trophic levels. Our results, alongside those of recent observational studies, strongly suggest that maintaining high α-diversity in plant communities is important for conserving multiple components of arthropod diversity. As arthropods carry out a range of essential ecosystem functions, such as pollination and natural pest-control, our findings provide crucial insight for effective planning of human-dominated landscapes to maximize both ecological and economic benefits in grassland systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - E W Lind
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, MN 55108, USA
| | - S T Meyer
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - A D Barnes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - E T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, MN 55108, USA
| | - N Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - W W Weisser
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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18
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Tooker JF, O'Neal ME, Rodriguez-Saona C. Balancing Disturbance and Conservation in Agroecosystems to Improve Biological Control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:81-100. [PMID: 31923378 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances associated with agricultural intensification reduce our ability to achieve sustainable crop production. These disturbances stem from crop-management tactics and can leave crop fields more vulnerable to insect outbreaks, in part because natural-enemy communities often tend to be more susceptible to disturbance than herbivorous pests. Recent research has explored practices that conserve natural-enemy communities and reduce pest outbreaks, revealing that different components of agroecosystems can influence natural-enemy populations. In this review, we consider a range of disturbances that influence pest control provided by natural enemies and how conservation practices can mitigate or counteract disturbance. We use four case studies to illustrate how conservation and disturbance mitigation increase the potential for biological control and provide co-benefits for the broader agroecosystem. To facilitate the adoption of conservation practices that improve top-down control across significant areas of the landscape, these practices will need to provide multifunctional benefits, but should be implemented with natural enemies explicitly in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Tooker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Matthew E O'Neal
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA;
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19
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Chaplin-Kramer R, O'Rourke M, Schellhorn N, Zhang W, Robinson BE, Gratton C, Rosenheim JA, Tscharntke T, Karp DS. Measuring What Matters: Actionable Information for Conservation Biocontrol in Multifunctional Landscapes. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Li Z, Li L, Liu B, Wang L, Parajulee MN, Chen F. Effects of seed mixture sowing with transgenic Bt rice and its parental line on the population dynamics of target stemborers and leafrollers, and non-target planthoppers. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:777-794. [PMID: 29368405 PMCID: PMC7379676 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread planting of insect-resistant crops has caused a dramatic shift in agricultural landscapes, thus raising concerns about the potential impacts on both target and non-target pests. In this study, we examined the potential effects of intra-specific seed mixture sowing with transgenic Bt rice (Bt) and its parental non-transgenic line (Nt) (100% Bt rice [Bt100 ], 5% Nt+95% Bt [Nt05 Bt95 ], 10% Nt+90% Bt [Nt10 Bt90 ], 20% Nt+80% Bt [Nt20 Bt80 ], 40% Nt+60% Bt [Nt40 Bt60 ] and 100% Nt rice [Nt100 ]) on target and non-target pests in a 2-year field trial in southern China. The occurrence of target pests, Sesamia inferens, Chilo suppressalis and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, decreased with the increased ratio of Bt rice, and the mixture ratios with more than 90% Bt rice (Bt100 and Nt05 Bt95 ) significantly increased the pest suppression efficiency, with the lowest occurrences of non-target planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera in Nt100 and Nt05 Bt95 . Furthermore, there were no significant differences in 1000-grain dry weight and grain dry weight per 100 plants between Bt100 and Nt05 Bt95 . Seed mixture sowing of Bt rice with ≤10% (especially 5%) of its parent line was sufficient to overcome potential compliance issues that exist with the use of block or structured refuge to provide most effective control of both target and non-target pests without compromising the grain yield. It is also expected that the strategy of seed mixture sowing with transgenic Bt rice and the non-transgenic parental line would provide rice yield stability while decreasing the insecticide use frequency in rice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Department of EntomologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Li‐Kun Li
- Department of EntomologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of EntomologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Long Wang
- Department of EntomologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Megha N. Parajulee
- Texas A&M University AgriLife Research and Extension CenterLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Fa‐Jun Chen
- Department of EntomologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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21
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Effectiveness of augmentative biological control depends on landscape context. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8664. [PMID: 31209256 PMCID: PMC6572857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological pest control by natural enemies is an important component of sustainable crop production. Among biological control approaches, natural enemy augmentation is an effective alternative when naturally occurring enemies are not sufficiently abundant or effective. However, it remains unknown whether the effectiveness of augmentative biocontrol varies along gradients of landscape composition, and how the interactions with resident enemies may modulate the collective impact on pest suppression. By combining field and lab experiments, we evaluated how landscape composition influenced the effectiveness of predator augmentation, and the consequences on pest abundance, plant damage, and crop biomass. We show for the first time that the effectiveness of predator augmentation is landscape-dependent. In complex landscapes, with less cropland area, predator augmentation increased predation rates, reduced pest abundance and plant damage, and increased crop biomass. By contrast, predator releases in simple landscapes had a negative effect on pest control, increasing plant damage and reducing crop biomass. Results from the lab experiment further suggested that landscape simplification can lead to greater interference among predators, causing a decrease in predator foraging efficiency. Our results indicate that landscape composition influence the effectiveness of augmentative biocontrol by modulating interactions between the introduced predators and the local enemy community.
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22
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Ricci B, Lavigne C, Alignier A, Aviron S, Biju-Duval L, Bouvier JC, Choisis JP, Franck P, Joannon A, Ladet S, Mezerette F, Plantegenest M, Savary G, Thomas C, Vialatte A, Petit S. Local pesticide use intensity conditions landscape effects on biological pest control. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182898. [PMID: 31164058 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex landscapes including semi-natural habitats are expected to favour natural enemies thereby enhancing natural pest biocontrol in crops. However, when considering a large number of situations, the response of natural biocontrol to landscape properties is globally inconsistent, a possible explanation being that local agricultural practices counteract landscape effects. In this study, along a crossed gradient of pesticide use intensity and landscape simplification, we analysed the interactive effects of landscape characteristics and local pesticide use intensity on natural biocontrol. During 3 years, using a set of sentinel prey (weed seeds, aphids and Lepidoptera eggs), biocontrol was estimated in 80 commercial fields located in four contrasted regions in France. For all types of prey excepted weed seeds, the predation rate was influenced by interactions between landscape characteristics and local pesticide use intensity. Proportion of meadow and length of interface between woods and crops had a positive effect on biocontrol of aphids where local pesticide use intensity was low but had a negative effect elsewhere. Moreover, the landscape proportion of suitable habitats for crop pests decreased the predation of sentinel prey, irrespectively of the local pesticide use intensity for weed seeds, but only in fields with low pesticide use for Lepidoptera eggs. These results show that high local pesticide use can counteract the positive expected effects of semi-natural habitats, but also that the necessary pesticide use reduction should be associated with semi-natural habitat enhancement to guarantee an effective natural biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ricci
- 1 Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 21000 Dijon , France
| | - C Lavigne
- 2 INRA, Unité Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles , 84000 Avignon
| | - A Alignier
- 3 BAGAP, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, ESA , 35042 Rennes , France.,4 LTSER France - 'Zone Atelier Armorique', BAGAP , 35042 Rennes , France
| | - S Aviron
- 3 BAGAP, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, ESA , 35042 Rennes , France.,4 LTSER France - 'Zone Atelier Armorique', BAGAP , 35042 Rennes , France
| | - L Biju-Duval
- 1 Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 21000 Dijon , France
| | - J C Bouvier
- 2 INRA, Unité Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles , 84000 Avignon
| | - J-P Choisis
- 5 Dynafor, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, INPT - EI PURPAN , 31326 Castanet-Tolosan , France.,6 LTSER France - 'Zone Atelier Pyrénées-Garonne', Dynafor , 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane , France
| | - P Franck
- 2 INRA, Unité Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles , 84000 Avignon
| | - A Joannon
- 3 BAGAP, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, ESA , 35042 Rennes , France.,4 LTSER France - 'Zone Atelier Armorique', BAGAP , 35042 Rennes , France
| | - S Ladet
- 5 Dynafor, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, INPT - EI PURPAN , 31326 Castanet-Tolosan , France.,6 LTSER France - 'Zone Atelier Pyrénées-Garonne', Dynafor , 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane , France
| | - F Mezerette
- 1 Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 21000 Dijon , France
| | - M Plantegenest
- 7 Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1349 IGEPP , 35042 Rennes , France
| | - G Savary
- 3 BAGAP, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, ESA , 35042 Rennes , France.,4 LTSER France - 'Zone Atelier Armorique', BAGAP , 35042 Rennes , France
| | - C Thomas
- 2 INRA, Unité Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles , 84000 Avignon
| | - A Vialatte
- 5 Dynafor, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, INPT - EI PURPAN , 31326 Castanet-Tolosan , France.,6 LTSER France - 'Zone Atelier Pyrénées-Garonne', Dynafor , 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane , France
| | - S Petit
- 1 Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté , 21000 Dijon , France
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Schindler BY, Vasl A, Blaustein L, Gurevich D, Kadas GJ, Seifan M. Fine-scale substrate heterogeneity does not affect arthropod communities on green roofs. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6445. [PMID: 30918748 PMCID: PMC6430103 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Green roofs, which are roofs with growing substrate and vegetation, can provide habitat for arthropods in cities. Maintaining a diversity of arthropods in an urban environment can enhance the functions they fill, such as pest control and soil development. Theory suggests that the creation of a heterogeneous environment on green roofs would enhance arthropod diversity. Several studies have examined how arthropod diversity can be enhanced on green roofs, and particularly whether substrate properties affect the arthropod community, but a gap remains in identifying the effect of substrate heterogeneity within a green roof on the arthropod community. In this paper, it is hypothesized that creating heterogeneity in the substrate would directly affect the diversity and abundance of some arthropod taxa, and indirectly increase arthropod diversity through increased plant diversity. These hypotheses were tested using green roof plots in four treatments of substrate heterogeneity: (1) homogeneous dispersion; (2) mineral heterogeneity-with increased tuff concentration in subplots; (3) organic heterogeneity-with decreased compost concentrations in subplots; (4) both mineral and organic heterogeneity. Each of the four treatments was replicated twice on each of three roofs (six replicates per treatment) in a Mediterranean region. There was no effect of substrate heterogeneity on arthropod diversity, abundance, or community composition, but there were differences in arthropod communities among roofs. This suggests that the location of a green roof, which can differ in local climatic conditions, can have a strong effect on the composition of the arthropod community. Thus, arthropod diversity may be promoted by building green roofs in a variety of locations throughout a city, even if the roof construction is similar on all roofs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bracha Y. Schindler
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amiel Vasl
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Leon Blaustein
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - David Gurevich
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gyongyver J. Kadas
- Environmental Research Group, Sustainability Research Institute, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Merav Seifan
- Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker, Israel
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Crop pests and predators exhibit inconsistent responses to surrounding landscape composition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7863-E7870. [PMID: 30072434 PMCID: PMC6099893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800042115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have fostered the now-prevalent assumption that noncrop habitat facilitates better pest suppression by providing shelter and food resources to the predators and parasitoids of crop pests. Based on our analysis of the largest pest-control database of its kind, noncrop habitat surrounding farm fields does affect multiple dimensions of pest control, but the actual responses of pests and enemies are highly variable across geographies and cropping systems. Because noncrop habitat often does not enhance biological control, more information about local farming contexts is needed before habitat conservation can be recommended as a viable pest-suppression strategy. Consequently, when pest control does not benefit from noncrop vegetation, farms will need to be carefully comanaged for competing conservation and production objectives. The idea that noncrop habitat enhances pest control and represents a win–win opportunity to conserve biodiversity and bolster yields has emerged as an agroecological paradigm. However, while noncrop habitat in landscapes surrounding farms sometimes benefits pest predators, natural enemy responses remain heterogeneous across studies and effects on pests are inconclusive. The observed heterogeneity in species responses to noncrop habitat may be biological in origin or could result from variation in how habitat and biocontrol are measured. Here, we use a pest-control database encompassing 132 studies and 6,759 sites worldwide to model natural enemy and pest abundances, predation rates, and crop damage as a function of landscape composition. Our results showed that although landscape composition explained significant variation within studies, pest and enemy abundances, predation rates, crop damage, and yields each exhibited different responses across studies, sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing in landscapes with more noncrop habitat but overall showing no consistent trend. Thus, models that used landscape-composition variables to predict pest-control dynamics demonstrated little potential to explain variation across studies, though prediction did improve when comparing studies with similar crop and landscape features. Overall, our work shows that surrounding noncrop habitat does not consistently improve pest management, meaning habitat conservation may bolster production in some systems and depress yields in others. Future efforts to develop tools that inform farmers when habitat conservation truly represents a win–win would benefit from increased understanding of how landscape effects are modulated by local farm management and the biology of pests and their enemies.
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Li Z, Wan G, Wang L, Parajulee MN, Zhao Z, Chen F. Effects of seed mixture sowing with resistant and susceptible rice on population dynamics of target planthoppers and non-target stemborers and leaffolders. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1664-1676. [PMID: 29330915 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread planting of insect-resistant crops has caused a dramatic shift in agricultural landscapes, thus raising concerns about the potential impact on both target and non-target pests worldwide. In this study, we examined the potential effects of six seed mixture ratios of insect-resistance dominance [100% (R100), 95% (S05R95), 90% (S10R90), 80% (S20R80), 60% (S40R60), and 0% (S100)] on target and non-target pests in a 2-year field trial in southern China. RESULTS The occurrence of the target pests Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera decreased with an increase in the ratio of resistant rice, and mixture ratios with ≥90% resistant rice significantly increased the pest suppression efficiency, with the lowest occurrences of the non-target pests Sesamia inferens, Chilo suppressalis and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis for S100 and S10R90 seed mixture ratios. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the 1000-grain dry weight and grain yield between R100 and other treatments with ≥80% resistant seeds in the mixture (S20R80, S10R90 and S05R95). CONCLUSION S10R90 produced a good yield and provided the most effective control of both target and non-target pests, with the potential to significantly reduce the application of chemical pesticides for integrated pest management in paddy fields. It is further presumed that the strategy of seed mixture with resistant and susceptible rice would be advantageous for rice yield stability. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guijun Wan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M University AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Zihua Zhao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Redlich S, Martin EA, Steffan-Dewenter I. Landscape-level crop diversity benefits biological pest control. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Redlich
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Emily A. Martin
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; Biocenter University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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27
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Complementarity among natural enemies enhances pest suppression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8172. [PMID: 28811504 PMCID: PMC5557966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural enemies have been shown to be effective agents for controlling insect pests in crops. However, it remains unclear how different natural enemy guilds contribute to the regulation of pests and how this might be modulated by landscape context. In a field exclusion experiment in oilseed rape (OSR), we found that parasitoids and ground-dwelling predators acted in a complementary way to suppress pollen beetles, suggesting that pest control by multiple enemies attacking a pest during different periods of its occurrence in the field improves biological control efficacy. The density of pollen beetle significantly decreased with an increased proportion of non-crop habitats in the landscape. Parasitism had a strong effect on pollen beetle numbers in landscapes with a low or intermediate proportion of non-crop habitats, but not in complex landscapes. Our results underline the importance of different natural enemy guilds to pest regulation in crops, and demonstrate how biological control can be strengthened by complementarity among natural enemies. The optimization of natural pest control by adoption of specific management practices at local and landscape scales, such as establishing non-crop areas, low-impact tillage, and temporal crop rotation, could significantly reduce dependence on pesticides and foster yield stability through ecological intensification in agriculture.
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28
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Identifying the landscape drivers of agricultural insecticide use leveraging evidence from 100,000 fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5473-5478. [PMID: 28484021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620674114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural landscape intensification has enabled food production to meet growing demand. However, there are concerns that more simplified cropland with lower crop diversity, less noncrop habitat, and larger fields results in increased use of pesticides due to a lack of natural pest control and more homogeneous crop resources. Here, we use data on crop production and insecticide use from over 100,000 field-level observations from Kern County, California, encompassing the years 2005-2013 to test if crop diversity, field size, and cropland extent affect insecticide use in practice. Overall, we find that higher crop diversity does reduce insecticide use, but the relationship is strongly influenced by the differences in crop types between diverse and less diverse landscapes. Further, we find insecticide use increases with increasing field size. The effect of cropland extent is distance-dependent, with nearby cropland decreasing insecticide use, whereas cropland further away increases insecticide use. This refined spatial perspective provides unique understanding of how different components of landscape simplification influence insecticide use over space and for different crops. Our results indicate that neither the traditionally conceived "simplified" nor "complex" agricultural landscape is most beneficial to reducing insecticide inputs; reality is far more complex.
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29
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Cohen AL, Crowder DW. The impacts of spatial and temporal complexity across landscapes on biological control: a review. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 20:13-18. [PMID: 28602231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological control is affected by the composition of landscapes surrounding agricultural fields. Natural enemy communities are typically more diverse, and effective at providing biological control services, in complex compared to simple landscapes. However, the use of simple metrics to characterize landscapes, such as the proportion of agricultural habitat, obscures the mechanisms by which landscapes affect biological control. Studies that evaluate the overall complexity of agricultural landscapes, and their temporal variability, allow for a greater mechanistic understanding of the impacts of landscape composition on biological control. From an applied perspective, decision support systems, which deliver real-time information about pest and natural enemy populations, are an effective tool for delivering recommendations to strengthen biological control across space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Cohen
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, PO Box 646382, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, PO Box 646382, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
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30
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Kuyah S, Öborn I, Jonsson M, Dahlin AS, Barrios E, Muthuri C, Malmer A, Nyaga J, Magaju C, Namirembe S, Nyberg Y, Sinclair FL. Trees in agricultural landscapes enhance provision of ecosystem services in Sub-Saharan Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES & MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21513732.2016.1214178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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31
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Dainese M, Montecchiari S, Sitzia T, Sigura M, Marini L. High cover of hedgerows in the landscape supports multiple ecosystem services in Mediterranean cereal fields. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Dainese
- DAFNAE-Entomology; University of Padova; viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry; University of Padova; viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Silvia Montecchiari
- DAFNAE-Entomology; University of Padova; viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - Tommaso Sitzia
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry; University of Padova; viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - Maurizia Sigura
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science; University of Udine; via delle Scienze 206 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marini
- DAFNAE-Entomology; University of Padova; viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
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32
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Karp DS, Moses R, Gennet S, Jones MS, Joseph S, M'Gonigle LK, Ponisio LC, Snyder WE, Kremen C. Agricultural practices for food safety threaten pest control services for fresh produce. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Karp
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- The Nature Conservancy San Francisco CA 94105 USA
| | - Rebekah Moses
- Swanton Pacific Ranch California Polytechnic State University Davenport CA 95017 USA
| | - Sasha Gennet
- The Nature Conservancy San Francisco CA 94105 USA
| | - Matthew S. Jones
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Shimat Joseph
- University of California Cooperative Extension Salinas CA 93901 USA
| | - Leithen K. M'Gonigle
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Lauren C. Ponisio
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - William E. Snyder
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Claire Kremen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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33
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Wang L, Hui C, Sandhu HS, Li Z, Zhao Z. Population dynamics and associated factors of cereal aphids and armyworms under global change. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18801. [PMID: 26689373 PMCID: PMC4686941 DOI: 10.1038/srep18801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the impacts of global change, which comprises largely climate and landscape changes, on agricultural pests is crucial for developing sustainable pest management. This research is focused on understanding the factors associated with population dynamics of cereal aphids and armyworms feeding on wheat in Henan province in China from 1987 to 2010. Association between changes in climate (temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity) and agricultural characteristics (wheat proportion, crop diversity, fertilizer input, and wheat yield per unit area) and damage from cereal aphids and armyworms were examined. Cereal aphid damage has been rising, while armyworm damage had no obvious trends, but with strong year-to-year fluctuations. The analysis indicates that the factors most strongly associated with the population dynamics of cereal aphids are fertilizer input and mean temperature in February, while the population dynamics of armyworms is significantly related to precipitation in May. By comparing the characteristics of these two agricultural pests, we identify possible reasons for the disparity between their associated factors, which are related to the differences in their foraging behaviour, host range, migration capacity, and life history. These results may contribute to developing ecologically based pest management for cereal aphids and armyworms under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyun Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cang Hui
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa
- Mathematical and Physical Biosciences, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg 7945, South Africa
| | - Hardev S. Sandhu
- Everglades Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Belle Glade, USA
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zihua Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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34
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Tamburini G, De Simone S, Sigura M, Boscutti F, Marini L. Conservation tillage mitigates the negative effect of landscape simplification on biological control. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tamburini
- DAFNAE-Entomology; University of Padova; viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - Serena De Simone
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science; University of Udine; via delle Scienze 206 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Maurizia Sigura
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science; University of Udine; via delle Scienze 206 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Francesco Boscutti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science; University of Udine; via delle Scienze 206 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marini
- DAFNAE-Entomology; University of Padova; viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
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35
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Larsen AE, Gaines SD, Deschênes O. Spatiotemporal variation in the relationship between landscape simplification and insecticide use. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 25:1976-1983. [PMID: 26591462 DOI: 10.1890/14-1283.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Agrochemicals have numerous negative impacts on human health, ecosystem services, and ecological communities. Thus, their efficient use is an economic and ecological priority. Simplified landscapes may enhance insecticide use by reducing natural enemies and increasing connectivity of crops, but empirical tests of this theory are inconclusive. We explored the relationship between landscape simplification and insecticide use using longitudinal data from USDA Census of Agriculture spanning six censuses and 25 years (1987, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012) for nearly 3000 counties across the continental United States. The effect of landscape simplification was highly variable spatially and temporally. Landscape simplification was consistently correlated with increased insecticide use in some regions, but not in others. Our results indicate that the landscape-simplification-insecticide-use relationship is dynamic, and that national land use policy would benefit from actions that adequately reflect the spatial differences in the importance of landscape complexity to insecticide use.
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36
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Habitat heterogeneity stabilizes the spatial and temporal interactions between cereal aphids and parasitic wasps. Basic Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Abstract
In 2006, a deadly Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak in bagged spinach was traced to California's Central Coast region, where >70% of the salad vegetables sold in the United States are produced. Although no definitive cause for the outbreak could be determined, wildlife was implicated as a disease vector. Growers were subsequently pressured to minimize the intrusion of wildlife onto their farm fields by removing surrounding noncrop vegetation. How vegetation removal actually affects foodborne pathogens remains unknown, however. We combined a fine-scale land use map with three datasets comprising ∼250,000 enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), generic E. coli, and Salmonella tests in produce, irrigation water, and rodents to quantify whether seminatural vegetation surrounding farmland is associated with foodborne pathogen prevalence in California's Central Coast region. We found that EHEC in fresh produce increased by more than an order of magnitude from 2007 to 2013, despite extensive vegetation clearing at farm field margins. Furthermore, although EHEC prevalence in produce was highest on farms near areas suitable for livestock grazing, we found no evidence of increased EHEC, generic E. coli, or Salmonella near nongrazed, seminatural areas. Rather, pathogen prevalence increased the most on farms where noncrop vegetation was removed, calling into question reforms that promote vegetation removal to improve food safety. These results suggest a path forward for comanaging fresh produce farms for food safety and environmental quality, as federal food safety reforms spread across ∼4.5 M acres of US farmland.
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38
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Wood SA, Karp DS, DeClerck F, Kremen C, Naeem S, Palm CA. Functional traits in agriculture: agrobiodiversity and ecosystem services. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:531-9. [PMID: 26190137 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Functional trait research has led to greater understanding of the impacts of biodiversity in ecosystems. Yet, functional trait approaches have not been widely applied to agroecosystems and understanding of the importance of agrobiodiversity remains limited to a few ecosystem processes and services. To improve this understanding, we argue here for a functional trait approach to agroecology that adopts recent advances in trait research for multitrophic and spatially heterogeneous ecosystems. We suggest that trait values should be measured across environmental conditions and agricultural management regimes to predict how ecosystem services vary with farm practices and environment. This knowledge should be used to develop management strategies that can be easily implemented by farmers to manage agriculture to provide multiple ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Agriculture and Food Security Center, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
| | - Daniel S Karp
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Nature Conservancy, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Fabrice DeClerck
- Agriculture and Food Security Center, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA; Agrobiodiversity and Ecosystem Services Programme, Biodiversity International, Montpellier 34000, France
| | - Claire Kremen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shahid Naeem
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Cheryl A Palm
- Agriculture and Food Security Center, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
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39
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Martin EA, Reineking B, Seo B, Steffan-Dewenter I. Pest control of aphids depends on landscape complexity and natural enemy interactions. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1095. [PMID: 26734497 PMCID: PMC4699780 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are a major concern in agricultural crops worldwide, and control by natural enemies is an essential component of the ecological intensification of agriculture. Although the complexity of agricultural landscapes is known to influence natural enemies of pests, few studies have measured the degree of pest control by different enemy guilds across gradients in landscape complexity. Here, we use multiple natural-enemy exclosures replicated in 18 fields across a gradient in landscape complexity to investigate (1) the strength of natural pest control across landscapes, measured as the difference between pest pressure in the presence and in the absence of natural enemies; (2) the differential contributions of natural enemy guilds to pest control, and the nature of their interactions across landscapes. We show that natural pest control of aphids increased up to six-fold from simple to complex landscapes. In the absence of pest control, aphid population growth was higher in complex than simple landscapes, but was reduced by natural enemies to similar growth rates across all landscapes. The effects of enemy guilds were landscape-dependent. Particularly in complex landscapes, total pest control was supplied by the combined contribution of flying insects and ground-dwellers. Birds had little overall impact on aphid control. Despite evidence for intraguild predation of flying insects by ground-dwellers and birds, the overall effect of enemy guilds on aphid control was complementary. Understanding pest control services at large spatial scales is critical to increase the success of ecological intensification schemes. Our results suggest that, where aphids are the main pest of concern, interactions between natural enemies are largely complementary and lead to a strongly positive effect of landscape complexity on pest control. Increasing the availability of seminatural habitats in agricultural landscapes may thus benefit not only natural enemies, but also the effectiveness of aphid natural pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Martin
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, Würzburg , Germany
| | - Björn Reineking
- Irstea, UR EMGR, St-Martin-d'Hères, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; Biogeographical Modelling, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bumsuk Seo
- Biogeographical Modelling, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Department of Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, Würzburg , Germany
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40
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Henri DC, Jones O, Tsiattalos A, Thébault E, Seymour CL, van Veen FJF. Natural vegetation benefits synergistic control of the three main insect and pathogen pests of a fruit crop in southern Africa. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic C. Henri
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Owen Jones
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Ariana Tsiattalos
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Elisa Thébault
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris; UMR 7618 (UPMC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, UPEC, Paris Diderot); Université Pierre et Marie Curie; 7 quai St Bernard 75005 Paris France
| | - Colleen L. Seymour
- South African National Biodiversity Institute; Kirstenbosch Gardens, PVT Bag X7 Claremont 7735 South Africa
| | - F. J. Frank van Veen
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
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41
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Shifts in natural enemy assemblages resulting from landscape simplification account for biocontrol loss in wheat fields. Ecol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-015-1245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Schellhorn NA, Parry HR, Macfadyen S, Wang Y, Zalucki MP. Connecting scales: achieving in-field pest control from areawide and landscape ecology studies. INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 22:35-51. [PMID: 25099692 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Areawide management has a long history of achieving solutions that target pests, however, there has been little focus on the areawide management of arthropod natural enemies. Landscape ecology studies that show a positive relationship between natural enemy abundance and habitat diversity demonstrate landscape-dependent pest suppression, but have not yet clearly linked their findings to pest management or to the suite of pests associated with crops that require control. Instead the focus has often been on model systems of single pest species and their natural enemies. We suggest that management actions to capture pest control from natural enemies may be forth coming if: (i) the suite of response and predictor variables focus on pest complexes and specific management actions; (ii) the contribution of "the landscape" is identified by assessing the timing and numbers of natural enemies immigrating and emigrating to and from the target crop, as well as pests; and (iii) pest control thresholds aligned with crop development stages are the benchmark to measure impact of natural enemies on pests, in turn allowing for comparison between study regions, and generalizations. To achieve pest control we will need to incorporate what has been learned from an ecological understanding of model pest and natural enemy systems and integrate areawide landscape management with in-field pest management.
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Effects of agricultural intensification on ability of natural enemies to control aphids. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8024. [PMID: 25620737 PMCID: PMC4306106 DOI: 10.1038/srep08024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural intensification through increasing fertilization input and cropland expansion has caused rapid loss of semi-natural habitats and the subsequent loss of natural enemies of agricultural pests. It is however extremely difficult to disentangle the effects of agricultural intensification on arthropod communities at multiple spatial scales. Based on a two-year study of seventeen 1500 m-radius sites, we analyzed the relative importance of nitrogen input and cropland expansion on cereal aphids and their natural enemies. Both the input of nitrogen fertilizer and cropland expansion benefited cereal aphids more than primary parasitoids and leaf-dwelling predators, while suppressing ground-dwelling predators, leading to an disturbance of the interspecific relationship. The responses of natural enemies to cropland expansion were asymmetric and species-specific, with an increase of primary parasitism but a decline of predator/pest ratio with the increasing nitrogen input. As such, agricultural intensification (increasing nitrogen fertilizer and cropland expansion) can destabilize the interspecific relationship and lead to biodiversity loss. To this end, sustainable pest management needs to balance the benefit and cost of agricultural intensification and restore biocontrol service through proliferating the role of natural enemies at multiple scales.
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Ferreira CP, Esteva L, Godoy WAC, Cônsoli FL. Landscape diversity influences dispersal and establishment of pest with complex nutritional ecology. Bull Math Biol 2014; 76:1747-61. [PMID: 24859828 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-014-9975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of landscape structure on species with resource nutritional partition between the immature and adult stages by investigating how food quality and spatial structure of a landscape may affect the invasion and colonization of the insect pest, Diabrotica speciosa. To this end, we formulated two bidimensional stochastic cellular automata, one for the insect immature stage and the other for the adult stage. The automata are coupled by adult oviposition and emergence. Further, each automata site has a specific culture type, which can affect differently the fitness attributes of immatures and adults, such as mortality, development and oviposition rates. We derived the mean-field approximation for these automata model, from which we obtained conditions for insect invasion. We ran numerical simulations using entomological parameters obtained from laboratory experiments (using bean, soybean, potato, and corn crops), and we compared the results of the automata with the ones given by the mean-field approximation. Finally, using artificially generated landscapes, we discussed how the structured heterogeneous landscape can affect dispersal and establishment of insect populations.
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Palmu E, Ekroos J, Hanson HI, Smith HG, Hedlund K. Landscape-scale crop diversity interacts with local management to determine ground beetle diversity. Basic Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schellhorn NA, Bianchi FJJA, Hsu CL. Movement of entomophagous arthropods in agricultural landscapes: links to pest suppression. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 59:559-581. [PMID: 24397523 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-161952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Entomophagous arthropods can provide valuable biological control services, but they need to fulfill their life cycle in agricultural landscapes often dominated by ephemeral and disturbed habitats. In this environment, movement is critical to escape from disturbances and to find resources scattered in space and time. Despite considerable research effort in documenting species movement and spatial distribution patterns, the quantification of arthropod movement has been hampered by their small size and the variety of modes of movement that can result in redistribution at different spatial scales. In addition, insight into how movement influences in-field population processes and the associated biocontrol services is limited because emigration and immigration are often confounded with local-scale population processes. More detailed measurements of the habitat functionality and movement processes are needed to better understand the interactions between species movement traits, disturbances, the landscape context, and the potential for entomophagous arthropods to suppress economically important pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Schellhorn
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, and Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia;
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Kang W, Hoffmeister M, Martin EA, Steffan-Dewenter I, Han D, Lee D. Effects of management and structural connectivity on the plant communities of organic vegetable field margins in South Korea. Ecol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-013-1081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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