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Williamson ZV, Blaauw BR, Joseph SV. Exploring risk factors for insect borer attack in Georgia's (USA) urban landscapes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299368. [PMID: 38408102 PMCID: PMC10896510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Urban trees are at risk of stress due to heat island effects and the increased proportion of impervious areas surrounding them. Among pests of trees, insect borers such as bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and flatheaded borers (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) are some of the most devastating, frequently colonizing stressed trees. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of biotic and abiotic risk factors on borer attacks on trees in urban areas. In the summer of 2021 and 2022, this study was conducted in 50 urban sites in Atlanta and Augusta, Georgia (USA). Specific factors explored include overall tree health, differentially warmer maximum and minimum temperatures of sites compared to surrounding areas, tree species, and the percentage of impervious surface surrounding trees. Generalized linear models and zero-inflated models explored how these factors were related to damage from these borers. The number of borer attacks on trees increased with higher percentage impervious area. As the two most commonly encountered trees, Acer rubrum was found to be significantly more susceptible to attack from borers than Ulmus parvifolia. Unhealthy trees were more likely to experience more frequent and more severe borer attack. Trees with increased impervious cover around them as well as those with differentially warmer daily maximum and minimum temperatures relative to surrounding were more likely to be attacked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia V Williamson
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA, United States of Ameica
| | - Brett R Blaauw
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens Campus, Athens, GA, United States of Ameica
| | - Shimat V Joseph
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA, United States of Ameica
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2
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Clark RC, Johnson JC. The functional microclimate of an urban arthropod pest: Urban heat island temperatures in webs of the western black widow spider. J Therm Biol 2024; 120:103814. [PMID: 38402729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Urbanization alters natural landscapes and creates unique challenges for urban wildlife. Similarly, the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect can produce significantly elevated temperatures in urban areas, and we have a relatively poor understanding of how this will impact urban biodiversity. In particular, most studies quantify the UHI using broad-scale climate data rather than assessing microclimate temperatures actually experienced by organisms. In addition, studies often fail to address spatial and temporal complexities of the UHI. Here we examine the thermal microclimate and UHI experienced in the web of Western black widow spiders (Latrodectus hesperus), a medically-important, superabundant urban pest species found in cities across the Western region of North America. We do this using replicate urban and desert populations across an entire year to account for seasonal variation in the UHI, both within and between habitats. Our findings reveal a strong nighttime, but no daytime, UHI effect, with urban spider webs being 2-5 °C warmer than desert webs at night. This UHI effect is most prominent during the spring and least prominent in winter, suggesting that the UHI need not be most pronounced when temperatures are most elevated. Urban web temperatures varied among urban sites in the daytime, whereas desert web temperatures varied among desert sites in the nighttime. Finally, web temperature was significantly positively correlated with a spider's boldness, but showed no relationship with voracity towards prey, web size, or body condition. Understanding the complexities of each organism's thermal challenges, the "functional microclimate", is crucial for predicting the impacts of urbanization and climate change on urban biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Clark
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - J Chadwick Johnson
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University at the West Campus, Glendale, AZ, 85069, USA.
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3
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Fyie LR, Tronetti HR, Gardiner MM, Meuti ME. Potential for urban warming to postpone overwintering dormancy of temperate mosquitoes. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103594. [PMID: 37429087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Cities are generally hotter than surrounding rural areas due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. These increases in temperature advance plant and animal phenology, development, and reproduction in the spring. However, research determining how increased temperatures affect the seasonal physiology of animals in the fall has been limited. The Northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens, is abundant in cities and transmits several pathogens including West Nile virus. Females of this species enter a state of developmental arrest, or reproductive diapause, in response to short days and low temperatures during autumn. Diapausing females halt reproduction and blood-feeding, and instead accumulate fat and seek sheltered overwintering sites. We found that exposure to increased temperatures in the lab that mimic the UHI effect induced ovarian development and blood-feeding, and that females exposed to these temperatures were as fecund as non-diapausing mosquitoes. We also found that females exposed to higher temperatures had lower survival rates in winter-like conditions, despite having accumulated equivalent lipid reserves relative to their diapausing congeners. These data suggest that urban warming may inhibit diapause initiation in the autumn, thereby extending the active biting season of temperate mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia R Fyie
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH, USA, 43210.
| | - Hannah R Tronetti
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH, USA, 43210
| | - Mary M Gardiner
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH, USA, 43210
| | - Megan E Meuti
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH, USA, 43210
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4
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Leotta L, Toscano S, Ferrante A, Romano D, Francini A. New Strategies to Increase the Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Woody Ornamental Plants in Mediterranean Climate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2022. [PMID: 37653939 PMCID: PMC10223706 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The native flora of different Mediterranean countries, often woody species, was widely recognized for its ornamental potential. The shrubs, in particular, are a typology of plants very widespread in the Mediterranean environment and constituent the 'Macchia', the typical vegetation of this ecosystem. The use of native shrubs for the realization of ornamental green areas has been recently examined for their adaptability to abiotic stress. Abiotic stresses, in fact, are the major limiting growth factor in urban and peri-urban areas. The identification and use of tolerant ornamental species allow the reduction of management costs and preserve the aesthetical value of green areas. Tolerance to drought stress, for instance, in the Mediterranean climate can improve the ecosystem services of these plants in the urban environment. In this review, the possibility to early individuate different plant species' mechanisms to tolerate or avoid the stresses is analysed, as well as the possibility to increase abiotic stress tolerance through genetic and agronomic strategies. The exploration of wild or spontaneous species can be a good source for selecting tolerant plants to be used as ornamental plants in urban areas. Among agronomic strategies, biostimulants, mulching, and plant combination can provide a useful solution to counteract abiotic stress in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Leotta
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy;
| | - Stefania Toscano
- Department of Science Veterinary, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Daniela Romano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Francini
- Centro di Ricerca in Produzioni Vegetali, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
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5
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Wilson CJ, Frank SD. Scale Insects Support Natural Enemies in Both Landscape Trees and Shrubs Below Them. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:1094-1105. [PMID: 36259264 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Scale insects are frequently abundant on urban trees. Although scales can worsen tree condition, some tree species tolerate moderate scale densities. Scales are prey for many natural enemies. Therefore, scale-infested trees may conserve natural enemies in their canopies and in nearby plants. We examined if scale-infested oaks-Quercus phellos L.-hosted more natural enemies than scale-uninfested oaks-Q. acutissima Carruth. and Q. lyrata Walter in Raleigh, NC. USA. We also tested if natural enemies were more abundant in holly shrubs (Ilex spp.) planted below scale-infested compared to scale-uninfested oaks. We collected natural enemies from the canopies of both tree types and from holly shrubs planted below these trees. To determine if tree type affected the abundance of natural enemies that passively dispersed to shrubs, we created hanging cup traps to collect arthropods as they fell from trees. To determine if natural enemies became more abundant on shrubs below scale-infested compared to scale-uninfested trees over short time scales, we collected natural enemies from holly shrubs below each tree type at three to six-day intervals. Scale-infested trees hosted more natural enemies than scale-uninfested trees and shrubs below scale-infested trees hosted more natural enemies than shrubs under scale-uninfested trees. Natural enemy abundance in hanging cup traps did not differ by tree type; however, shrubs underneath scale-infested trees accumulated more natural enemies than shrubs under scale-uninfested trees in six to nine days. Tolerating moderate pest densities in urban trees may support natural enemy communities, and thus biological control services, in shrubs below them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Wilson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven D Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Miles LS, Murray‐Stoker D, Nhan VJ, Johnson MTJ. Effects of urbanization on specialist insect communities of milkweed are mediated by spatial and temporal variation. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S. Miles
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - David Murray‐Stoker
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Vanessa J. Nhan
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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7
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Korányi D, Egerer M, Rusch A, Szabó B, Batáry P. Urbanization hampers biological control of insect pests: A global meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155396. [PMID: 35460770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Biological control is a major ecosystem service provided by pest natural enemies, even in densely populated areas where the use of pesticides poses severe risks to human and environmental health. However, the impact of urbanization on this service and the abundance patterns of relevant functional groups of arthropods (herbivores, predators, and parasitoids) remain contested. Here, we synthesize current evidence through three hierarchical meta-analyses and show that advancing urbanization leads to outbreaks of sap-feeding insects, declining numbers of predators with low dispersal abilities, and weakened overall biological pest control delivered by arthropods. Our results suggest that sedentary predators may have the potential to effectively regulate sap-feeders, that are one of the most important pests in urban environments. A well-connected network of structurally diverse and rich green spaces with less intensive management practices is needed to promote natural plant protection in urban landscapes and sustainable cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Korányi
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, "Lendület" Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary.
| | - Monika Egerer
- Technische Universität München, Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Hans Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Adrien Rusch
- INRAE, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, ISVV, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Borbála Szabó
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, "Lendület" Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Péter Batáry
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, "Lendület" Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
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8
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Water Availability Determines Tree Growth and Physiological Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stress in a Temperate North American Urban Forest. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Warmer temperatures and frequent drought directly affect urban tree health. Both abiotic conditions also affect tree health via increased density of some insect pests. Warming is predicted to benefit urban trees by increasing carbon sequestration and allocation to biomass. However, increased drought and pests are rarely considered despite often co-occurring with heat. To determine the combined effects of these abiotic and biotic factors, we manipulated water availability for established urban red maple trees across a gradient of warming and pest density and measured leaf-level processes and tree growth over two years. We find that water availability is a major determinant of tree growth, physiological processes, and resilience to urban stress factors. Maples performed better with more water, which also made them resistant to effects of temperature and pest density. However, when drought became too severe, leaf-level processes declined with warming. Tree basal area growth was unaffected after two years, but stem elongation increased with increasing water, temperature, and pest density. We discuss potential mechanisms driving these responses and the implications in the context of urban forest management. Urban forest designs that reduce drought and align species adaptations to local conditions are critical for designing more resilient and productive urban forests.
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9
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Arnold JE. Biological Control Services from Parasitic Hymenoptera in Urban Agriculture. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050467. [PMID: 35621801 PMCID: PMC9143015 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Our findings support the enemies hypothesis in urban agroecosystems. Local factors, including increased mulch coverage, crop richness, and percent of non-crop areas, are predictors of increased PH abundance and aphid parasitism rates. Our findings support and strengthen previous findings in UA research. Urban farmers should be encouraged to diversify urban agroecosystem spatial composition and implement APM practices to reduce pest impacts. Abstract Urban agriculture is practiced in spatially fragmented landscapes with unique characteristics that can impact species occurrence in time and space. As a result, biological control services, an ecosystem service from naturally occurring arthropod natural enemies, can be negatively impacted. Many urban farms forgo pesticides and utilize agroecological pest-management strategies that rely on natural enemies to help regulate pest populations. Understanding how these enemies are affected by landscape composition and on-farm management practices is critical to understanding agroecological pest management in UA and furthering our understanding of landscape-mediated population dynamics. Over two growing seasons, we sampled brassica crops in urban agriculture sites occurring on a spectrum of surrounding landscape imperviousness, spatial composition, size, and management practices to better understand parasitic Hymenoptera abundance, richness, and parasitism rates on the common cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae). We found that on-farm agroecological pest-management practices such as mulch coverage, floral richness, and overall crop-plant richness impacted parasitic Hymenoptera abundance. Larger proportions of on-farm noncrop area increased parasitoid abundance on urban farms. Aphid parasitism increased in relation to on-farm management practices, including increased crop-plant richness. These findings add to a growing understanding of urban agroecosystem function and support the enemies hypothesis in urban agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Earl Arnold
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management (ESPM), University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
- Department of Environmental Studies, Warren Wilson College, Asheville, NC 28815, USA
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10
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Qu J, Bonte D, Vandegehuchte ML. Phenotypic and genotypic divergence of plant‐herbivore interactions along an urbanization gradient. Evol Appl 2022; 15:865-877. [PMID: 35603025 PMCID: PMC9108311 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban environments provide challenging conditions for species survival, including increased temperatures, drought and pollution. Species can deal with these conditions through evolution across generations or the immediate expression of phenotypic plasticity. The resulting phenotypic changes are key to the performance of species and their interactions with other species in the community. We here document patterns of herbivory in Arabidopsis thaliana along a rural–urban gradient, and tested the genetic background and ecological consequences of traits related to herbivore resistance. Aphid densities increased with urbanization levels along the gradient while plant size did not change. Offspring of urban mothers, raised under common garden conditions, were larger and had a decreased trichome density and seed set but a higher caterpillar (Pieris brassicae) tolerance. In contrast, no urban evolution was detected for defences against aphids (Myzus persicae). Aphids reduced seed set more strongly in urban offspring, but this effect disappeared in second‐generation plants. In general, urban adaptations as expressed in size and caterpillar tolerance were found, but these adaptations were associated with smaller inflorescences. The maternal effect on the response of seed set to aphid feeding demonstrates the relevance of intergenerational plasticity as a direct ecological consequence of herbivory. Our study demonstrates that the urban environment interacts with the plant's genotype and the extended phenotype as determined by ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Qu
- Lushan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Jiujiang 332900 Jiangxi China
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Ghent University Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Dries Bonte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Ghent University Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Martijn L. Vandegehuchte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Ghent University Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Høgskoleringen 5 7491 Trondheim Norway
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11
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On-Farm Spatial Composition, Management Practices and Estimated Productivity of Urban Farms in the San Francisco Bay Area. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban areas are the fastest growing land type worldwide. By 2060, it is expected that approximately 70% of the human population will live in cities. With increased urban population growth, food sovereignty and security issues have gained more attention, resulting in a drastic increase in urban food production activities including, urban farming and gardening. The extent to which urban farms function, their social, ecological and economic composition, and their overall impact on local food security has become an often overlooked, but important topic. From 2014 to 2017, we partnered with 29 urban farms in the San Francisco Bay Area for a broad-scale survey of urban farm characteristics. Findings reported in this research focused on local (on-farm) characteristics, including management practices, on-farm spatial composition, and estimated productivity. We implemented open-ended surveys for farm managers to better understand management practices, measured on-farm elements, including yields, crop biodiversity, weed composition and abundance, and measured spatial characteristics such as area of production, non-crop area, and proportion of infrastructure to better understand how urban farms were spatially configured. We found trends regarding spatial composition, including a large proportion of farm area dedicated to infrastructure and underutilized potential production space. All farms surveyed had adopted a breadth of agroecological management practices, including cover cropping, crop rotations, intercropping, and a range of soil conservation practices. Measured farms are incredibly productive, with estimated seasonal yields of 7.14 kg/square meter. Estimated yields were comparable with actual yields as measured at two participating farms.
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12
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Buenrostro JH, Hufbauer RA. Urban environments have species-specific associations with invasive insect herbivores. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Urban forests are critically important for providing ecosystem services to rapidly expanding urban populations, but their health is threatened by invasive insect herbivores. To protect urban forests against invasive insects and support future delivery of ecosystem services, we must first understand the factors that affect insect density across urban landscapes. This study explores how a variety of environmental factors that vary across urban habitats influence density of invasive insects. Specifically, we evaluate how vegetational complexity, distance to buildings, impervious surface, canopy temperature, host availability and density of co-occurring herbivores impact three invasive pests of elm trees: the elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola), the elm flea weevil (Orchestes steppensis) and the elm leafminer (Fenusa ulmi). Insect responses to these factors were species-specific, and all environmental factors were associated with density of at least one pest species except for distance to buildings. Elm leafminer density decreased with higher temperatures and was influenced by an interaction between vegetational complexity and impervious surface. Elm flea weevil density increased with greater host availability, and elm leaf beetle density increased with higher temperatures. Both elm leaf beetle and elm flea weevil density decreased with greater leafminer density, suggesting that insect density is mediated by species interactions. These findings can be used to inform urban pest management and tree care efforts, making urban forests more resilient in an era when globalization and climate change make them particularly vulnerable to attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline H Buenrostro
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA
| | - Ruth A Hufbauer
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO 80523-1021, USA
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Gardiner MM, Perry KI, Riley CB, Turo KJ, Delgado de la flor YA, Sivakoff FS. Community science data suggests that urbanization and forest habitat loss threaten aphidophagous native lady beetles. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2761-2774. [PMID: 33767834 PMCID: PMC7981222 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Community scientists have illustrated rapid declines of several aphidophagous lady beetle (Coccinellidae) species. These declines coincide with the establishment of alien coccinellids. We established the Buckeye Lady Beetle Blitz program to measure the seasonal occupancy of coccinellids within gardens across a wide range of landscape contexts. Following the Habitat Compression Hypothesis, we predicted that gardens within agricultural landscapes would be alien-dominated, whereas captures of natives would be higher within landscapes encompassing a high concentration of natural habitat.Within the state of Ohio, USA, community scientists collected lady beetles for a 7-day period across 4 years in June and August using yellow sticky card traps. All identifications were verified by professional scientists and beetles were classified by three traits: status (alien or native), mean body length, and primary diet. We compared the relative abundance and diversity of coccinellids seasonally and determined if the distribution of beetles by size, status, and diet was related to landscape features.Alien species dominated the aphidophagous fauna. Native aphidophagous coccinellid abundance was positively correlated with forest habitat while alien species were more common when gardens were embedded within agricultural landscapes. Urbanization was negatively associated with both aphidophagous alien and native coccinellids. Synthesis and Applications: Our census of native coccinellid species within residential gardens-a widespread and understudied habitat-was enabled by volunteers. These data will serve as an important baseline to track future changes within coccinellid communities within this region. We found that native coccinellid species richness and native aphidophagous coccinellid abundance in gardens were positively associated with forest habitat at a landscape scale of 2 km. However, our understanding of when and why (overwintering, summer foraging, or both) forest habitats are important remains unclear. Our findings highlight the need to understand how declining aphidophagous native species utilize forest habitats as a conservation priority.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayla I. Perry
- Department of EntomologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Christopher B. Riley
- Department of EntomologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- Bartlett Tree Research LaboratoriesCharlotteNCUSA
| | | | - Yvan A. Delgado de la flor
- Department of EntomologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
- California Department of Pesticide RegulationSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Frances S. Sivakoff
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityMarionOHUSA
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14
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Baxter-Gilbert J, Riley JL, Frère CH, Whiting MJ. Shrinking into the big city: influence of genetic and environmental factors on urban dragon lizard morphology and performance capacity. Urban Ecosyst 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-01065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Iuliano B, Gratton C. Temporal Resource (Dis)continuity for Conservation Biological Control: From Field to Landscape Scales. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Adams BJ, Li E, Bahlai CA, Meineke EK, McGlynn TP, Brown BV. Local- and landscape-scale variables shape insect diversity in an urban biodiversity hot spot. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02089. [PMID: 32017294 PMCID: PMC7317463 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Local community structure is shaped by processes acting at local and landscape scales. The relative importance of drivers operating across different spatial scales is difficult to test without observations across regional or latitudinal gradients. Cities exhibit strong but predictable environmental gradients overlaying a mosaic of highly variable but repeated habitat types within a constrained area. Thus, cities present a unique opportunity to explore how both local and landscape factors influence local biotic communities. We used insect communities to examine the interactions among local environmental variables (such as temperature and relative humidity), local habitat characteristics (such as plant community composition), and broad-scale patterns of urbanization (including biophysical, human-built, and socioeconomic variables) on local insect abundance, species richness, and species composition in Los Angeles, a hot, dry, near-desert city. After accounting for seasonal trends, insect species richness and abundance were highest in drier and hotter sites, but the magnitude of local environmental effects varied with the degree of urbanization. In contrast, insect species composition was best predicted by broad-scale urbanization trends, with the more native communities occurring in less urbanized sites and more cosmopolitan insects occurring in highly urbanized sites. However, insect species richness and abundance were >30% higher and insect composition was similar across sites that hosted either native or drought-tolerant plants, regardless of the degree of urbanization. These results demonstrate that urban insect biodiversity is a product of interacting mechanisms working at both local and landscape scales. However, local-scale changes to urban habitats, such as cultivating plants that are adapted to the natural environment nearest the city, can positively impact urban biodiversity regardless of location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Adams
- Urban Nature Research CenterNatural History Museum of Los Angeles CountyLos AngelesCalifornia90007USA
| | - Enjie Li
- Urban Nature Research CenterNatural History Museum of Los Angeles CountyLos AngelesCalifornia90007USA
| | | | - Emily K. Meineke
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Terrence P. McGlynn
- Department of BiologyCalifornia State UniversityDominguez HillsCarsonCalifornia90747USA
- Department of EntomologyNatural History Museum of Los Angeles CountyLos AngelesCalifornia90007USA
| | - Brian V. Brown
- Urban Nature Research CenterNatural History Museum of Los Angeles CountyLos AngelesCalifornia90007USA
- Department of EntomologyNatural History Museum of Los Angeles CountyLos AngelesCalifornia90007USA
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Funk A, Hutton P, Earl S, Deviche P, Sweazea K. Short communication: Levels of land use and land cover in Phoenix, Arizona are associated with elevated plasma triglycerides in the Gambel's Quail, Callipepla gambelii. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 247:110730. [PMID: 32437960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gambel's Quail, Callipepla gambelii, are gregarious birds commonly found in the southwestern deserts of the United States and Northwestern Mexico. With expanding urbanization, these birds are often found in exurban and suburban areas where they have access to food sources that may differ from those used by birds living in rural habitats and, as a result, also differ morphologically and physiologically. To investigate this hypothesis, we compared the morphology and nutritional physiology of quail sampled at sites varying with respect to land use and cover. We hypothesized that quail living in more developed areas have access to a greater variety of and to more stable food resources, and predicted that morphology and nutritional physiology would be associated with degree of urbanization. We sampled adult birds at locations in the greater Phoenix metropolitan, Arizona (USA) area that vary with respect to land use and cover types. At the time of capture, birds were weighed and chest circumference was recorded. We also collected a blood sample from the jugular vein of each individual for analysis of plasma glucose, total proteins, triglycerides, and free glycerol. Consistent with the hypothesis, birds living in more developed environments had larger chest circumferences and higher circulating lipid concentrations than birds living in less developed areas, suggesting greater access to lipid-rich foods. In addition, the areal proportion of grass and lakes was negatively correlated to plasma free glycerol (r = -0.46, p = .031), and positively, but not significantly, correlated to plasma protein concentrations (r = 0.388, p = .073). These results suggest that quail living in areas with more grass have access to less dietary fats than urban birds. The findings are the first to indicate an association between urbanization and the morphology and nutritional physiology of Gambel's Quail, but further study using more and larger samples is needed before these findings can be generalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Funk
- School of Life Sciences, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Pierce Hutton
- School of Life Sciences, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Stevan Earl
- Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Pierre Deviche
- School of Life Sciences, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Karen Sweazea
- School of Life Sciences, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Tempe, AZ, United States of America; College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America.
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Egerer M, Liere H, Lucatero A, Philpott SM. Plant damage in urban agroecosystems varies with local and landscape factors. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Egerer
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz California 95060 USA
| | - Heidi Liere
- Department of Environmental Studies Seattle University Seattle Washington 98122 USA
| | - Azucena Lucatero
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz California 95060 USA
| | - Stacy M. Philpott
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz California 95060 USA
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Frank SD, Just MG. Can Cities Activate Sleeper Species and Predict Future Forest Pests? A Case Study of Scale Insects. INSECTS 2020; 11:E142. [PMID: 32106554 PMCID: PMC7142728 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleeper species are innocuous native or naturalized species that exhibit invasive characteristics and become pests in response to environmental change. Climate warming is expected to increase arthropod damage in forests, in part, by transforming innocuous herbivores into severe pests: awakening sleeper species. Urban areas are warmer than natural areas due to the urban heat island effect and so the trees and pests in cities already experience temperatures predicted to occur in 50-100 years. We posit that arthropod species that become pests of urban trees are those that benefit from warming and thus should be monitored as potential sleeper species in forests. We illustrate this with two case studies of scale insects that are important pests of urban trees in parts of the US. Melanaspis tenebricosa and Parthenolecanium quercifex are geographically native to the US but take on invasive characteristics such as higher survival and reproduction and become disconnected from natural enemies on urban trees due to the urban heat island effect. This allows them to reach high densities and damage their host trees. Parthenolecanium quercifex density increases up to 12 times on urban willow oaks with just 2 °C of warming due to higher survival and adaptation to warmer temperatures. The urban heat island effect also creates a phenological mismatch between P. quercifex and its parasitoid complex, and so egg production is higher. Melanaspis tenebricosa density can increase 300 times on urban red maples with 2.5 °C of warming. This too is due to direct effects of warmer temperatures on survival and fecundity but M. tenebricosa also benefits from the drought stress incurred by warmer urban trees. These effects combine to increase M. tenebricosa density in forests as well as on urban trees at latitudes higher than its native range. We illustrate how cities provide a unique opportunity to study the complex effects of warming on insect herbivores. Studying pestilent urban species could be a pragmatic approach for identifying and preparing for sleeper species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Campus Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
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Just MG, Frank SD. Thermal Tolerance of Gloomy Scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in the Eastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:104-114. [PMID: 31904081 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An insect species' geographic distribution is probably delimited in part by physiological tolerances of environmental temperatures. Gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock)) is a native insect herbivore in eastern U.S. forests. In eastern U.S. cities, where temperatures are warmer than nearby natural areas, M. tenebricosa is a primary pest of red maple (Acer rubrum L.; Sapindales: Sapindaceae) With warming, M. tenebricosa may spread to new cities or become pestilent in forests. To better understand current and future M. tenebricosa distribution boundaries, we examined M. tenebricosa thermal tolerance under laboratory conditions. We selected five hot and five cold experimental temperatures representative of locations in the known M. tenebricosa distribution. We built models to predict scale mortality based on duration of exposure to warm or cold experimental temperatures. We then used these models to estimate upper and lower lethal durations, i.e., temperature exposure durations that result in 50% mortality. We tested the thermal tolerance for M. tenebricosa populations from northern, mid, and southern locations of the species' known distribution. Scales were more heat and cold tolerant of temperatures representative of the midlatitudes of their distribution where their densities are the greatest. Moreover, the scale population from the northern distribution boundary could tolerate cold temperatures from the northern boundary for twice as long as the population collected near the southern boundary. Our results suggest that as the climate warms the M. tenebricosa distribution may expand poleward, but experience a contraction at its southern boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Just
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Steven D Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Chesters D, Beckschäfer P, Orr MC, Adamowicz SJ, Chun K, Zhu C. Climatic and vegetational drivers of insect beta diversity at the continental scale. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13764-13775. [PMID: 31938480 PMCID: PMC6953656 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We construct a framework for mapping pattern and drivers of insect diversity at the continental scale and use it to test whether and which environmental gradients drive insect beta diversity. LOCATION Global; North and Central America; Western Europe. TIME PERIOD 21st century. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED Insects. METHODS An informatics system was developed to integrate terrestrial data on insects with environmental parameters. We mined repositories of data for distribution, climatic data were retrieved (WorldClim), and vegetation parameters inferred from remote sensing analysis (MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields). Beta diversity between sites was calculated and then modeled with two methods, Mantel test with multiple regression and generalized dissimilarity modeling. RESULTS Geographic distance was the main driver of insect beta diversity. Independent of geographic distance, bioclimate variables explained more variance in dissimilarity than vegetation variables, although the particular variables found to be significant were more consistent in the latter, particularly, tree cover. Tree cover gradients drove compositional dissimilarity at denser coverages, in both continental case studies. For climate, gradients in temperature parameters were significant in driving beta diversity more so than gradients in precipitation parameters. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Although environmental gradients drive insect beta diversity independently of geography, the relative contribution of different climatic and vegetational parameters is not expected to be consistent in different study systems. With further incorporation of additional temporal information and variables, this approach will enable the development of a predictive framework for conserving insect biodiversity at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Chesters
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Philip Beckschäfer
- Forest Inventory and Remote SensingFaculty of Forest Sciences and Forest EcologyGöttingen UniversityGöttingenGermany
- Northwest German Forest Research InstituteGöttingenGermany
| | - Michael C. Orr
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sarah J. Adamowicz
- Department of Integrative Biology & Biodiversity Institute of OntarioUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Kwok‐Pan Chun
- Department of GeographyHong Kong Baptist UniversityKowloon TongHong Kong S. A. R.China
| | - Chao‐Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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22
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Branco M, Nunes P, Roques A, Fernandes MR, Orazio C, Jactel H. Urban trees facilitate the establishment of non-native forest insects. NEOBIOTA 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.52.36358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cities, due to the presence of ports and airports and the high diversity of trees in streets, parks, and gardens, may play an important role for the introduction of invasive forest pests. We hypothesize that areas of urban forest facilitate the establishment of non-native forest pests. Based on scientific literature and a pan-European database on non-native species feeding on woody plants, we analysed where the first detections occurred in European countries. We collected site data for 137 first detections in Europe and 508 first European country-specific records. We also estimated the percentage of tree cover and suitable habitat (green areas with trees) in buffers around detection points. The large majority of first records (89% for first record in Europe and 88% for first records in a European country) were found in cities or suburban areas. Only 7% of the cases were in forests far from cities. The probability of occurrence decreased sharply with distance from the city. The probability to be detected in urban areas was higher for sap feeders, gall makers, and seed or fruit feeders (>90%) than for bark and wood borers (81%). Detection sites in cities were highly diverse, including public parks, street trees, university campus, arboreta, zoos, and botanical gardens. The average proportion of suitable habitat was less than 10% in urban areas where the species were detected. Further, more than 72% of the cases occurred in sites with less than 20% of tree cover. Hotspots of first detection were identified along the coastal regions of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, and near industrial areas of central Europe. We conclude that urban trees are main facilitators for the establishment of non-native forest pests, and that cities should thus be intensely surveyed. Moreover, as urban areas are highly populated, the involvement of citizens is highly recommended.
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23
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McGlynn TP, Meineke EK, Bahlai CA, Li E, Hartop EA, Adams BJ, Brown BV. Temperature accounts for the biodiversity of a hyperdiverse group of insects in urban Los Angeles. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191818. [PMID: 31575368 PMCID: PMC6790764 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The urban heat island effect is a worldwide phenomenon that has been linked to species distributions and abundances in cities. However, effects of urban heat on biotic communities are nearly impossible to disentangle from effects of land cover in most cases because hotter urban sites also have less vegetation and more impervious surfaces than cooler sites within cities. We sampled phorid flies, one of the largest, most biologically diverse families of true flies (Insecta: Diptera: Phoridae), at 30 sites distributed within the central Los Angeles Basin, where we found that temperature and the density of urban land cover are decoupled. Abundance, richness, and community composition of phorids inside urban Los Angeles were most parsimoniously accounted for by mean air temperature in the week preceding sampling. Sites with intermediate mean temperatures had more phorid fly individuals and higher richness. Communities were more even at urban sites with lower minimum temperatures and sites located further away from natural areas, suggesting that communities separated from natural source populations may be more homogenized. Species composition was best explained by minimum temperature. Inasmuch as warmer areas within cities can predict future effects of climate change, phorid fly communities are likely to shift nonlinearly under future climates in more natural areas. Exhaustive surveys of biotic communities within cities, such as the one we describe here, can provide baselines for determining the effects of urban and global climate warming as they intensify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence P McGlynn
- Department of Biology, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA.,Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Emily K Meineke
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christie A Bahlai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Enjie Li
- Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Emily A Hartop
- Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.,Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin J Adams
- Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Brian V Brown
- Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
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Burley H, Beaumont LJ, Ossola A, Baumgartner JB, Gallagher R, Laffan S, Esperon-Rodriguez M, Manea A, Leishman MR. Substantial declines in urban tree habitat predicted under climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:451-462. [PMID: 31176230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Globally, local governments are increasing investment in urban greening projects. However, there is little consideration of whether the species being planted will be resilient to climate change. We assessed the distribution of climatically suitable habitat, now and in the future, for 176 tree species native to Australia, commonly planted across Australia's Significant Urban Areas (SUAs) and currently grown by commercial nurseries. Species' occurrence records were obtained from inventories and herbaria, globally and across Australia, and combined with baseline climate data (WorldClim, 1960-1990) and six climate scenarios for 2030 and 2070 using climatic suitability models (CSMs). CSMs for each species were calibrated and projected onto baseline and future scenarios. We calculated changes in the size of climatically suitable habitat for each species across each SUA, and identified urban areas that are likely to have suitable climate for either fewer or more of our study species under future climate. By 2070, climatically suitable habitat in SUAs is predicted to decline for 73% of species assessed. For 18% of these species, climatically suitable area is predicted to be more than halved, relative to their baseline extent. Generally, for urban areas in cooler regions, climatically suitable habitat is predicted to increase. By contrast, for urban areas in warmer regions, a greater proportion of tree species may lose climatically suitable habitat. Our results highlight changing patterns of urban climatic space for commonly planted species, suggesting that local governments and the horticultural industry should take a proactive approach to identify new climate-ready species for urban plantings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Burley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Linda J Beaumont
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Alessandro Ossola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - John B Baumgartner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Rachael Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Shawn Laffan
- School of BEES, The University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Manea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Michelle R Leishman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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Backe KM, Frank SD. Chronology of Gloomy Scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Infestations on Urban Trees. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:1113-1120. [PMID: 31504349 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pest abundance on urban trees often increases with surrounding impervious surface. Gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa Comstock; Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a pest of red maples (Acer rubrum L.; Sapindales: Sapindaceae) in the southeast United States, reaches injurious levels in cities and reduces tree condition. Here, we use a chronosequence field study in Raleigh, NC, to investigate patterns in gloomy scale densities over time from the nursery to 13 yr after tree planting, with a goal of informing more efficient management of gloomy scale on urban trees. We examine how impervious surfaces affect the progression of infestations and how infestations affect tree condition. We find that gloomy scale densities remain low on trees until at least seven seasons after tree planting, providing a key timepoint for starting scouting efforts. Scouting should focus on tree branches, not tree trunks. Scale density on tree branches increases with impervious surface across the entire studied tree age range and increases faster on individual trees that are planted in areas with high impervious surface cover. There is a lag between the onset of pest infestations and a decline in tree condition, indicating that gloomy scale management should begin prior to a visible decline in tree condition. Our results inform management of gloomy scale in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi M Backe
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Steven D Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Effects of temperature and habitat complexity on an urban tree pest (Tinocallis kahawaluokalani), natural enemies, and predation services in the city. Urban Ecosyst 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-019-00900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Miles LS, Breitbart ST, Wagner HH, Johnson MTJ. Urbanization Shapes the Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Arthropod Herbivore Interactions. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Urban tree pests and natural enemies respond to habitat at different spatial scales. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTrees provide many ecosystem services in our urban environments. However, city trees are often stressed by pests that are typically higher than those in nearby natural areas. Our research highlights a potential mismatch in scale between the habitat elements that affect the densities of pests and their natural enemies on city trees. We tested a well-known ecological concept, the enemies hypothesis, in the city, where relationships of pests and their enemies have not been thoroughly studied. To test our hypothesis that natural enemies and aphid predation services on urban trees increase with more local structural complexity around trees, we collected data on crape myrtle trees on NC State University’s campus from 2016 to 2017. We measured local structural complexity of vegetation around study trees, quantified impervious cover among other urban habitat elements, collected crape myrtle aphids (Tinocallis kahawaluokalani) and their natural enemies on trees, and performed predation experiments. We found that aphid abundance was positively correlated with more impervious cover within 100 m of crape myrtle trees. Alternatively, greater local structural complexity within the 10 × 10 m area around crape myrtles correlated with a higher abundance of natural enemies. Aphid predation was mostly predicted by local structural complexity and impervious cover within 20 m of crape myrtle trees. Together, these findings suggest that although the impervious nature of our cities may mean higher densities of some pests, local landscapes around trees can play an important role in maintaining natural enemies and predation services that help regulate pest populations.
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Local and Landscape Effects to Biological Controls in Urban Agriculture-A Review. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10070215. [PMID: 31336586 PMCID: PMC6681219 DOI: 10.3390/insects10070215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Urban agriculture is widely practiced throughout the world. Urban agriculture practitioners have diverse motivations and circumstances, but one problem is ubiquitous across all regions: insect pests. Many urban farmers and gardeners either choose to, or are required to forego, the use of chemical controls for pest outbreaks because of costs, overspray in populated areas, public health, and environmental concerns. An alternative form of pest control is conservation biological control (CBC)—a form of ecological pest management—that can reduce the severity of pest outbreaks and crop damage. Urban farmers relying on CBC often assume that diversification practices similar to those used in rural farms may reduce insect pest populations and increase populations of beneficial insects, yet these management practices may be inappropriate for applications in fragmented urban environments. In this review, we assess urban CBC research and provide a synthesis for urban agriculture practitioners. Our findings indicate that local and landscape factors differentially affect insect pests and beneficial arthropods across the reviewed studies, and we identify several on-farm practices that can be implemented to increase biological control in urban agriculture.
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Schueller SK, Paul S, Payer N, Schultze R, Vikas M. Urbanization decreases the extent and variety of leaf herbivory for native canopy tree species Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, and Acer saccharum. Urban Ecosyst 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-019-00866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Long LC, D'Amico V, Frank SD. Urban forest fragments buffer trees from warming and pests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:1523-1530. [PMID: 30678010 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trees are important components of urban landscapes because of the ecosystem services they provide. However, the effects of urbanization, particularly high temperatures, can benefit chronic insect pests and threaten ecosystem services offered by urban trees. Urban forest fragments are an often-overlooked component of the greater urban forest which may help to mitigate the damaging effects of urbanization. Melanaspis tenebricosa (gloomy scale) is a common pest of Acer rubrum (red maple) that becomes more abundant because of the urban heat island effect. We conducted observational and manipulative field experiments to test the hypothesis that trees in urban forest fragments would be cooler than those in surrounding ornamental landscapes and would thus have fewer M. tenebricosa, particularly in a hot mid-latitude city. Trees in forest fragments were 1.3° cooler and had three orders of magnitude fewer M. tenebricosa than trees in ornamental landscapes in Raleigh, NC USA. However, there was no difference in M. tenebricosa density between forest and landscape trees in Newark, DE and Philadelphia, PA USA which are 3.95 degrees of latitude higher, and nearer to the northern range extent. Trees in landscapes and forest fragments did not differ in predawn water potential, a measure of water stress, but likely differed in soil composition and moisture. We used potted trees to control for these differences and found that M. tenebricosa density still increased three times more in landscapes than forests suggesting temperature and not tree stress is the dominant factor. Taken together our results indicate two things. First, that trees growing in urban forest fragments are buffered from a chronic urban tree pest due to lower temperatures. Second, that temperature-driven differences in M. tenebricosa density which we saw in Raleigh could predict future density of the pest in higher latitude cities as the climate warms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C Long
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Vincent D'Amico
- U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 531 S. College Ave, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Steven D Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Just MG, Dale AG, Long LC, Frank SD. Urbanization drives unique latitudinal patterns of insect herbivory and tree condition. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Just
- Dept of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Adam G. Dale
- Entomology and Nematology Dept, Univ. of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Lawrence C. Long
- Dept of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Steven D. Frank
- Dept of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
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Frank SD, Backe KM, McDaniel C, Green M, Widney S, Dunn RR. Exotic urban trees conserve similar natural enemy communities to native congeners but have fewer pests. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6531. [PMID: 30867988 PMCID: PMC6409088 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban trees serve a critical conservation function by supporting arthropod and vertebrate communities but are often subject to arthropod pest infestations. Native trees are thought to support richer arthropod communities than exotic trees but may also be more susceptible to herbivorous pests. Exotic trees may be less susceptible to herbivores but provide less conservation value as a consequence. We tested the hypotheses that native species in Acer and Quercus would have more herbivorous pests than exotic congeners and different communities of arthropod natural enemies. The density of scale insects, common urban tree pests, was greatest on a native Acer and a native Quercus than exotic congeners in both years of our research (2012 and 2016) and sometimes reached damaging levels. However, differences in predator and parasitoid abundance, diversity, and communities were not consistent between native and exotic species in either genus and were generally similar. For example, in 2012 neither predator nor parasitoid abundance differed among native and exotic Acer congeners but in 2016 a native species, A. saccharum, had the least of both groups. A native, Q. phellos, had significantly more predators and parasitoids in 2012 than its native and exotic congeners but no differences in 2016. Parasitoid communities were significantly different among Acer species and Quercus species due in each case to greater abundance of a single family on one native tree species. These native and exotic tree species could help conserve arthropod natural enemies and achieve pest management goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Frank
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kristi M. Backe
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Casey McDaniel
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Green
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Clemson University Arthropod Collection, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Sarah Widney
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Meineke EK, Davies TJ. Museum specimens provide novel insights into changing plant-herbivore interactions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:20170393. [PMID: 30455211 PMCID: PMC6282078 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence shows that species interactions may mediate how individual species respond to climate change. However, long-term anthropogenic effects on species interactions are poorly characterized owing to a lack of data. Insect herbivory is a major ecological process that represents the interaction between insect herbivores and their host plants, but historical data on insect damage to plants is particularly sparse. Here, we suggest that museum collections of insects and plants can fill key gaps in our knowledge on changing trophic interactions, including proximate mechanisms and the net outcomes of multiple global change drivers across diverse insect herbivore-plant associations. We outline theory on how global change may affect herbivores and their host plants and highlight the unique data that could be extracted from museum specimens to explore their shifting interactions. We aim to provide a framework for using museum specimens to explore how some of the most diverse co-evolved relationships are responding to climate and land use change.This article is part of the theme issue 'Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Meineke
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Departments of Botany, Forest, and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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Dale AG, Frank SD. Urban plants and climate drive unique arthropod interactions with unpredictable consequences. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 29:27-33. [PMID: 30551822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urban areas, a rapidly expanding land cover type, are composed of a mix of impervious surfaces, ornamental plants, and remnant habitat, which alters abiotic conditions and affects arthropod community assemblages and trophic interactions. Importantly, these effects often reduce arthropod diversity and may increase, reduce, or not change individual species or trophic interactions, which affects human and environmental health. Despite the pace of urbanization, drivers and consequences of change in urban arthropod communities remains poorly understood. Here, we review recent findings that shed light on the effects of urbanization on plants and abiotic conditions that drive arthropod community composition and trophic interactions, with discussion of how these effects conflict with human values and can be mitigated for future urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Dale
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - Steven D Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
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Irwin RE, Warren PS, Adler LS. Phenotypic selection on floral traits in an urban landscape. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20181239. [PMID: 30111599 PMCID: PMC6111176 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Native species are increasingly living in urban landscapes associated with abiotic and biotic changes that may influence patterns of phenotypic selection. However, measures of selection in urban and non-urban environments, and exploration of the mechanisms associated with such changes, are uncommon. Plant-animal interactions have played a central role in the evolution of flowering plants and are sensitive to changes in the urban landscape, and thus provide opportunities to explore how urban environments modify selection. We evaluated patterns of phenotypic selection on the floral and resistance traits of Gelsemium sempervirens in urban and non-urban sites. The urban landscape had increased florivory and decreased pollen receipt, but showed only modest differences in patterns of selection. Directional selection for one trait, larger floral display size, was stronger in urban compared to non-urban sites. Neither quadratic nor correlational selection significantly differed between urban and non-urban sites. Pollination was associated with selection for larger floral display size in urban compared to non-urban sites, due to the differences in the translation of pollination into seeds rather than pollinator selectivity. Thus, our data suggest that urban landscapes may not result in sweeping differences in phenotypic selection but rather modest differences for some traits, potentially mediated by species interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Irwin
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Paige S Warren
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Lynn S Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Lahr EC, Dunn RR, Frank SD. Getting ahead of the curve: cities as surrogates for global change. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20180643. [PMID: 30051830 PMCID: PMC6053926 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization represents an unintentional global experiment that can provide insights into how species will respond and interact under future global change scenarios. Cities produce many conditions that are predicted to occur widely in the future, such as warmer temperatures, higher carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and exacerbated droughts. In using cities as surrogates for global change, it is challenging to disentangle climate variables-such as temperature-from co-occurring or confounding urban variables-such as impervious surface-and then to understand the interactive effects of multiple climate variables on both individual species and species interactions. However, such interactions are also difficult to replicate experimentally, and thus the challenges of cities are also their unique advantage. Here, we review insights gained from cities, with a focus on plants and arthropods, and how urban findings agree or disagree with experimental predictions and historical data. We discuss the types of hypotheses that can be best tested in cities, caveats to urban research and how to further validate cities as surrogates for global change. Lastly, we summarize how to achieve the goal of using urban species responses to predict broader regional- and ecosystem-level patterns in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Lahr
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Steven D Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Egerer MH, Liere H, Lin BB, Jha S, Bichier P, Philpott SM. Herbivore regulation in urban agroecosystems: Direct and indirect effects. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Variation in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance among red maple (Acer rubrum) urban planted cultivars and wildtype trees in the southeastern United States. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197866. [PMID: 29795659 PMCID: PMC5967720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a fundamental process that trees perform over fluctuating environmental conditions. This study of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) characterizes photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency in planted cultivars relative to wildtype trees. Red maple is common in cities, yet there is little understanding of how physiological processes affect the long-term growth, condition, and ecosystem services provided by urban trees. In the first year of our study, we measured leaf-level gas exchange and performed short-term temperature curves on urban planted cultivars and on suburban and rural wildtype trees. In the second year, we compared urban planted cultivars and urban wildtype trees. In the first year, urban planted trees had higher maximum rates of photosynthesis and higher overall rates of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance throughout the summer, relative to suburban or rural wildtype trees. Urban planted trees again had higher maximum rates of photosynthesis in the second year. However, urban wildtype trees had higher water use efficiency as air temperatures increased and similar overall rates of photosynthesis, relative to cultivars, in mid and late summer. Our results show that physiological differences between cultivars and wildtype trees may relate to differences in their genetic background and their responses to local environmental conditions, contingent on the identity of the horticultural variety. Overall, our results suggest that wildtype trees should be considered for some urban locations, and our study is valuable in demonstrating how site type and tree type can inform tree planting strategies and improve long-term urban forest sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana El‐Sabaawi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
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Meineke EK, Frank SD. Water availability drives urban tree growth responses to herbivory and warming. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Meineke
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Herbaria Cambridge MA USA
| | - Steven D. Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
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42
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Lowenstein DM, Minor ES. Herbivores and natural enemies of brassica crops in urban agriculture. Urban Ecosyst 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-018-0738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hamblin AL, Youngsteadt E, Frank SD. Wild bee abundance declines with urban warming, regardless of floral density. Urban Ecosyst 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-018-0731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Nguyen HQ, Andersen DK, Kim Y, Jang Y. Urban heat island effect on cicada densities in metropolitan Seoul. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4238. [PMID: 29340243 PMCID: PMC5768176 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urban heat island (UHI) effect, the ubiquitous consequence of urbanization, is considered to play a major role in population expansion of numerous insects. Cryptotympana atrata and Hyalessa fuscata are the most abundant cicada species in the Korean Peninsula, where their population densities are higher in urban than in rural areas. We predicted a positive relationship between the UHI intensities and population densities of these two cicada species in metropolitan Seoul. Methods To test this prediction, enumeration surveys of cicada exuviae densities were conducted in 36 localities located within and in the vicinity of metropolitan Seoul. Samples were collected in two consecutive periods from July to August 2015. The abundance of each species was estimated by two resource-weighted densities, one based on the total geographic area, and the other on the total number of trees. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors critical for the prevalence of cicada species in the urban habitat. Results C. atrata and H. fuscata were major constituents of cicada species composition collected across all localities. Minimum temperature and sampling period were significant factors contributing to the variation in densities of both species, whereas other environmental factors related to urbanization were not significant. More cicada exuviae were collected in the second rather than in the first samplings, which matched the phenological pattern of cicadas in metropolitan Seoul. Cicada population densities increased measurably with the increase in temperature. Age of residential complex also exhibited a significantly positive correlation to H. fuscata densities, but not to C. atrata densities. Discussion Effects of temperature on cicada densities have been discerned from other environmental factors, as cicada densities increased measurably in tandem with elevated temperature. Several mechanisms may contribute to the abundance of cicadas in urban environments, such as higher fecundity of females, lower mortality rate of instars, decline in host plant quality, and local adaptation of organisms, but none of them were tested in the current study. Conclusions In sum, results of the enumeration surveys of cicada exuviae support the hypothesis that the UHI effect underlies the population expansion of cicadas in metropolitan Seoul. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms for this remain untested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Q Nguyen
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Desiree K Andersen
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuseob Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yikweon Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Meineke E, Youngsteadt E, Dunn RR, Frank SD. Urban warming reduces aboveground carbon storage. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1574. [PMID: 27708149 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial amount of global carbon is stored in mature trees. However, no experiments to date test how warming affects mature tree carbon storage. Using a unique, citywide, factorial experiment, we investigated how warming and insect herbivory affected physiological function and carbon sequestration (carbon stored per year) of mature trees. Urban warming increased herbivorous arthropod abundance on trees, but these herbivores had negligible effects on tree carbon sequestration. Instead, urban warming was associated with an estimated 12% loss of carbon sequestration, in part because photosynthesis was reduced at hotter sites. Ecosystem service assessments that do not consider urban conditions may overestimate urban tree carbon storage. Because urban and global warming are becoming more intense, our results suggest that urban trees will sequester even less carbon in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Meineke
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Elsa Youngsteadt
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA University of Copenhagen Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven D Frank
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
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Fine-scale variation in microclimate across an urban landscape shapes variation in mosquito population dynamics and the potential of Aedes albopictus to transmit arboviral disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005640. [PMID: 28558030 PMCID: PMC5466343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most statistical and mechanistic models used to predict mosquito-borne disease transmission incorporate climate drivers of disease transmission by utilizing environmental data collected at geographic scales that are potentially coarser than what mosquito populations may actually experience. Temperature and relative humidity can vary greatly between indoor and outdoor environments, and can be influenced strongly by variation in landscape features. In the Aedes albopictus system, we conducted a proof-of-concept study in the vicinity of the University of Georgia to explore the effects of fine-scale microclimate variation on mosquito life history and vectorial capacity (VC). We placed Ae. albopictus larvae in artificial pots distributed across three replicate sites within three different land uses–urban, suburban, and rural, which were characterized by high, intermediate, and low proportions of impervious surfaces. Data loggers were placed into each larval environment and in nearby vegetation to record daily variation in water and ambient temperature and relative humidity. The number of adults emerging from each pot and their body size and sex were recorded daily. We found mosquito microclimate to significantly vary across the season as well as with land use. Urban sites were in general warmer and less humid than suburban and rural sites, translating into decreased larval survival, smaller body sizes, and lower per capita growth rates of mosquitoes on urban sites. Dengue transmission potential was predicted to be higher in the summer than the fall. Additionally, the effects of land use on dengue transmission potential varied by season. Warm summers resulted in a higher predicted VC on the cooler, rural sites, while warmer, urban sites had a higher predicted VC during the cooler fall season. Environmental factors influence the dynamics of mosquito-borne disease transmission. Most models used to predict mosquito-borne disease transmission incorporate climate data collected at coarser scales than mosquitoes typically experience. Climate conditions can vary greatly between indoor and outdoor environments, and are influenced by landscape features. We conducted a field experiment with the Asian tiger mosquito to explore how microclimate variation across an urban landscape affects mosquito life history and potential to transmit arboviruses, like dengue. We demonstrate that climate conditions captured by weather stations do not reflect relevant mosquito microclimate, and that subtle variation in mean and diurnal ranges of temperature and relative humidity can lead to appreciable variation in key mosquito / pathogen traits that are important for transmission. Our results have implications for statistical and mechanistic models used to predict variation in transmission across seasons, regions, and land uses, but also for building in realistic environmental variation in laboratory work on mosquito-pathogen interactions. Finally, the variation in microclimate we observed across land use was subtle; likely because our study site is a relatively small city. Nevertheless, these translated into considerable differences in mosquito traits and dengue transmission potential, suggesting these effects could be much larger in more expansive cities.
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Lowe E, Wilder S, Hochuli D. Life history of an urban-tolerant spider shows resilience to anthropogenic habitat disturbance. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/jux004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Philpott SM, Bichier P. Local and landscape drivers of predation services in urban gardens. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:966-976. [PMID: 28083983 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In agroecosystems, local and landscape features, as well as natural enemy abundance and richness, are significant predictors of predation services that may result in biological control of pests. Despite the increasing importance of urban gardening for provisioning of food to urban populations, most urban gardeners suffer from high pest problems, and have little knowledge about how to manage their plots to increase biological control services. We examined the influence of local, garden scale (i.e., herbaceous and arboreal vegetation abundance and diversity, ground cover) and landscape (i.e., landscape diversity and surrounding land use types) characteristics on predation services provided by naturally occurring predators in 19 urban gardens in the California central coast. We introduced sentinel pests (moth eggs and larvae and pea aphids) onto greenhouse-raised plants taken to gardens and assigned to open or bagged (predator exclosure) treatments. We found high predation rates with between 40% and 90% of prey items removed in open treatments. Predation services varied with local and landscape factors, but significant predictors differed by prey species. Predation of eggs and aphids increased with vegetation complexity in gardens, but larvae predation declined with vegetation complexity. Smaller gardens experienced higher predation services, likely due to increases in predator abundance in smaller gardens. Several ground cover features influenced predation services. In contrast to patterns in rural agricultural landscapes, predation on aphids declined with increases in landscape diversity. In sum, we report the relationships between several local management factors, as well as landscape surroundings, and implications for garden management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Philpott
- Department of Environmental Studies, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
| | - Peter Bichier
- Department of Environmental Studies, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
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49
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Youngsteadt E, Ernst AF, Dunn RR, Frank SD. Responses of arthropod populations to warming depend on latitude: evidence from urban heat islands. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1436-1447. [PMID: 27809387 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological effects of climate change are expected to vary geographically, with a strong signature of latitude. For ectothermic animals, there is systematic latitudinal variation in the relationship between climate and thermal performance curves, which describe the relationship between temperature and an organism's fitness. Here, we ask whether these documented latitudinal patterns can be generalized to predict arthropod responses to warming across mid- and high temperate latitudes, for taxa whose thermal physiology has not been measured. To address this question, we used a novel natural experiment consisting of a series of urban warming gradients at different latitudes. Specifically, we sampled arthropods from a single common street tree species across temperature gradients in four US cities, located from 35.8 to 42.4° latitude. We captured 6746 arthropods in 34 families from 111 sites that varied in summer average temperature by 1.7-3.4 °C within each city. Arthropod responses to warming within each city were characterized as Poisson regression coefficients describing change in abundance per °C for each family. Family responses in the two midlatitude cities were heterogeneous, including significantly negative and positive effects, while those in high-latitude cities varied no more than expected by chance within each city. We expected high-latitude taxa to increase in abundance with warming, and they did so in one of the two high-latitude cities; in the other, Queens (New York City), most taxa declined with warming, perhaps due to habitat loss that was correlated with warming in this city. With the exception of Queens, patterns of family responses to warming were consistent with predictions based on known latitudinal patterns in arthropod physiology relative to regional climate. Heterogeneous responses in midlatitudes may be ecologically disruptive if interacting taxa respond oppositely to warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Youngsteadt
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Andrew F Ernst
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven D Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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50
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Warming and drought combine to increase pest insect fitness on urban trees. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173844. [PMID: 28278206 PMCID: PMC5344462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban habitats are characterized by impervious surfaces, which increase temperatures and reduce water availability to plants. The effects of these conditions on herbivorous insects are not well understood, but may provide insight into future conditions. Three primary hypotheses have been proposed to explain why multiple herbivorous arthropods are more abundant and damaging in cities, and support has been found for each. First, less complex vegetation may reduce biological control of pests. Second, plant stress can increase plant quality for pests. And third, urban warming can directly increase pest fitness and abundance. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and the effects of temperature and plant stress are particularly related. Thus, we test the hypothesis that urban warming and drought stress combine to increase the fitness and abundance of the scale insect, Melanaspis tenebricosa, an urban tree pest that is more abundant in urban than rural areas of the southeastern U.S. We did this by manipulating drought stress across an existing mosaic of urban warming. We found support for the additive effect of temperature and drought stress such that female embryo production and body size increased with temperature and was greater on drought-stressed than watered trees. This study provides further evidence that drivers of pest insect outbreaks act in concert, rather than independently, and calls for more research that manipulates multiple abiotic factors related to urbanization and climate change to predict their effects on ecological interactions. As cities expand and the climate changes, warmer temperatures and drought conditions may become more widespread in the native range of this pest. These changes have direct physiological benefits for M. tenebricosa, and potentially other pests, that may increase their fitness and abundance in urban and natural forests.
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