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Liu X, Bezemer TM. Current and legacy effects of neighborhood communities on plant growth and aboveground herbivory. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kadowaki K, Yamamoto S, Sato H, Tanabe AS, Toju H. Aboveground herbivores drive stronger plant species-specific feedback than belowground fungi to regulate tree community assembly. Oecologia 2021; 195:773-784. [PMID: 33598833 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree species often become more dominant than arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species in temperate forests, but they generally coexist. Theory predicts that ecological feedback mediated by aboveground herbivory and/or belowground microbes could explain these dominance/coexistence patterns. An experimental test of how aboveground/belowground organisms associated with AM/EcM trees mediate ecological feedbacks has been lacking at the community-level. By establishing AM and EcM tree sapling assemblages in mesocosms and then introducing seedlings of each type in a reciprocal planting experiment, we compared seedling performance under varying sapling species (conspecifics, heterospecifics within the same and different mycorrhizal types), using traits that reflect either aboveground herbivory-mediated feedback or belowground fungal-mediated feedback or both. When examining seedling traits that reflect aboveground herbivory-mediated feedbacks (i.e., foliar damage), AM plants tended to experience less foliar damage and EcM plants more damage under conspecific versus heterospecific saplings within the same mycorrhizal types, and aboveground herbivory-mediated feedback was species-specific rather than mycorrhizal type-specific. Conversely, when examining traits that reflect belowground fungal-mediated feedbacks, both AM and EcM plant species often exhibited mycorrhizal type-specific feedbacks (e.g., greater aboveground biomass under the same versus different mycorrhizal-type saplings) rather than species-specific feedbacks. Furthermore, tree species affected by herbivory-mediated feedback were less affected by belowground feedback, indicating that the relative importance of the feedbacks varied among plant species. Analysis of plant-associated organisms verified that the feedback outcomes corresponded with species accumulation of belowground fungi (but not of aboveground herbivores). Thus, aboveground herbivores drive stronger plant species-specific feedback than belowground fungi to regulate temperate tree diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohmei Kadowaki
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan. .,The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Yoshida-nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akifumi S Tanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2 509-3, Otsu, 520-2113, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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Batyrshina ZS, Cna'ani A, Rozenberg T, Seifan M, Tzin V. The combined impacts of wheat spatial position and phenology on cereal aphid abundance. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9142. [PMID: 32518724 PMCID: PMC7258891 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wheat is a staple crop that suffers from massive yield losses caused by cereal aphids. Many factors can determine the abundance of cereal aphids and the damage they cause to plants; among them are the plant’s genetic background, as well as environmental conditions such as spatial position within the plot, the composition and the distance from neighboring vegetation. Although the effects of these factors have been under scrutiny for many years, the combined effect of both factors on aphid populations is not fully understood. The goal of this study was to examine the collective impact of genotype and environment on wheat phenology (developmental stages), chemical diversity (metabolites), and insect susceptibility, as manifested by cereal aphid abundance. Methods To determine the influence of plant genotype on the metrics mentioned above, we measured the phenology, chemical profile, and aphid abundance of four wheat genotypes, including the tetraploid wild emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides cv. Zavitan), tetraploid durum (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum cv. Svevo), and two hexaploid spring bread (Triticum aestivum), ‘Rotem’ and ‘Chinese Spring’. These genotypes are referred to as “focal” plants. To evaluate the impact of the environment, we scored the distance of each focal plant (spatial position) from two neighboring vegetation types: (i) natural resource and (ii) monoculture wheat resource. Results The results demonstrated that the wild emmer wheat was the most aphid-resistant, while the bread wheat Rotem was most aphid-susceptible. Aphids were more abundant in plants that matured early. The spatial position analysis demonstrated that aphids were more abundant in focal plants located closer to the margin monoculture wheat resource rather than to the natural resource, suggesting a resource concentration effect. The analysis of metabolic diversity showed that the levels of three specialized metabolites from the flavonoid class, differed between the wheat genotypes and some minor changes in central metabolites were shown as well. Altogether, these results demonstrate a combined effect of genetic background and spatial position on wheat phenology and aphid abundance on plants. This exposes the potential role of the marginal vegetation environment in shaping the insect population of desirable crops. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining plant intra-specific variation in the agriculture system because of its potential applications in reducing pest density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaniya S Batyrshina
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
| | - Alon Cna'ani
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel.,Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
| | - Tamir Rozenberg
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
| | - Merav Seifan
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
| | - Vered Tzin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Israel
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Huberty M, Martis B, van Kampen J, Choi YH, Vrieling K, Klinkhamer PGL, Bezemer TM. Soil Inoculation Alters Leaf Metabolic Profiles in Genetically Identical Plants. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:745-755. [PMID: 32020484 PMCID: PMC7429552 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic properties of soil can influence growth and chemical composition of plants. Although it is well-known that soil microbial composition can vary greatly spatially, how this variation affects plant chemical composition is poorly understood. We grew genetically identical Jacobaea vulgaris in sterilized soil inoculated with live soil collected from four natural grasslands and in 100% sterilized soil. Within each grassland we sampled eight plots, totalling 32 different inocula. Two samples per plot were collected, leading to three levels of spatial variation: within plot, between and within grasslands. The leaf metabolome was analysed with 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to investigate if inoculation altered the metabolome of plants and how this varied between and within grasslands. Inoculation led to changes in metabolomics profiles of J. vulgaris in two out of four sites. Plants grown in sterilized and inoculated soils differed in concentrations of malic acid, tyrosine, trehalose and two pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). Metabolomes of plants grown in inoculated soils from different sites varied in glucose, malic acid, trehalose, tyrosine and in one PA. The metabolome of plants grown in soils with inocula from the same site was more similar than with inocula from distant sites. We show that soil influences leaf metabolomes. Performance of aboveground insects often depends on chemical composition of plants. Hence our results imply that soil microbial communities, via affecting aboveground plant metabolomes, can impact aboveground plant-insect food chains but that it is difficult to make general predictions due to spatial variation in soil microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Huberty
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Beverly Martis
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorian van Kampen
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Veen GF, Wubs ERJ, Bardgett RD, Barrios E, Bradford MA, Carvalho S, De Deyn GB, de Vries FT, Giller KE, Kleijn D, Landis DA, Rossing WAH, Schrama M, Six J, Struik PC, van Gils S, Wiskerke JSC, van der Putten WH, Vet LEM. Applying the Aboveground-Belowground Interaction Concept in Agriculture: Spatio-Temporal Scales Matter. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Muiruri EW, Barantal S, Iason GR, Salminen J, Perez‐Fernandez E, Koricheva J. Forest diversity effects on insect herbivores: do leaf traits matter? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2250-2260. [PMID: 30347456 PMCID: PMC6590441 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivore damage and abundance are often reduced in diverse plant stands. However, few studies have explored whether this phenomenon is a result of plant diversity effects on host plant traits. We explored indirect effects of tree species diversity on herbivory via changes in leaf traits in a long-term forest diversity experiment in Finland. We measured 16 leaf traits and leaf damage by four insect guilds (chewers, gall formers, leaf miners and rollers) on silver birch (Betula pendula) trees growing in one-, two-, three- and five-species mixtures. A decline in the frequency of birch in mixed stands resulted in reduced leaf area. This, in turn, mediated the reduction in chewing damage in mixed stands. In contrast, associational resistance of birch to leaf miners was not trait-mediated but driven directly by concurrent declines in birch frequency as tree species richness increased. Our results show that leaf trait variation across the diversity gradient might promote associational resistance, but these patterns are driven by an increase in the relative abundance of heterospecifics rather than by tree species richness per se. Therefore, accounting for concurrent changes in stand structure and key foliar traits is important for the interpretation of plant diversity effects and predictions of associational patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evalyne W. Muiruri
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamTW20 0EXUK
- CEFASPakefield RoadLowestoftNR33 0HTUK
| | - Sandra Barantal
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamTW20 0EXUK
| | | | | | | | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamTW20 0EXUK
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Drought and plant neighbourhood interactively determine herbivore consumption and performance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5930. [PMID: 29651050 PMCID: PMC5897364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Both plant neighbourhood composition and drought have well-known independent effects on insect herbivore performance, but their interactive effects remain elusive. In this study we performed a laboratory experiment to investigate the independent and combined effects of plant neighbourhood composition and drought on the performance of Gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar) feeding on silver birch (Betula pendula) leaves. For this, we collected leaf samples from birch trees growing in a field experiment where we manipulated both host-tree species diversity (three levels: birch monocultures, two-species mixtures associating birch with the pedunculate oak Quercus robur or maritime pine Pinus pinaster, and three-species mixture with pedunculate oak, the maritime pine and birch) and water availability (two levels: irrigated vs. non-irrigated). In most cases, plant neighbourhood composition and irrigation treatments independently and interactively affected herbivore performance traits, especially those related to growth and food (i.e. birch leaves) processing. By addressing the interactive effects of tree species diversity and drought on insect herbivory from the herbivore’s point of view, our study builds toward a better understanding of the multiple ecological drivers of plant-insect interactions.
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Abdala-Roberts L, Pratt R, Pratt JD, Mooney KA. Traits underlying community consequences of plant intra-specific diversity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183493. [PMID: 28886028 PMCID: PMC5590834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A plant's performance and interactions with other trophic levels are recorgnized to be contingent upon plant diversity and underlying associational dynamics, but far less is known about the plant traits driving such phenomena. We manipulated diversity in plant traits using pairs of plant and a substitutive design to elucidate the mechanisms underlying diversity effects operating at a fine spatial scale. Specifically, we measured the effects of diversity in sex (sexual monocultures vs. male and female genotypes together) and growth rate (growth rate monocultures vs. fast- and slow-growing genotypes together) on growth of the shrub Baccharis salicifolia and on above- and belowground consumers associated with this plant. We compared effects on associate abundance (# associates per plant) vs. density (# associates per kg plant biomass) to elucidate the mechanisms underlying diversity effects; effects on abundance but not density suggest diversity effects are mediated by resource abundance (i.e. plant biomass) alone, whereas effects on density suggest diversity effects are mediated by plant-based heterogeneity or quality. Sexual diversity increased root growth but reduced the density (but not abundance) of the dietary generalist aphid Aphis gossypii and its associated aphid-tending ants, suggesting sex mixtures were of lower quality to this herbivore (e.g. via reduced plant quality), and that this effect indirectly influenced ants. Sexual diversity had no effect on the abundance or density of parasitoids attacking A. gossypii, the dietary specialist aphid Uroleucon macolai, or mycorrhizae. In contrast, growth rate diversity did not influence plant growth or any associates except for the dietary specialist aphid U. macolai, which increased in both abundance and density at high diversity, suggesting growth rate mixtures were of higher quality to this herbivore. These results highlight that plant associational and diversity effects on consumers are contingent upon the source of plant trait variation, and that the nature of such dynamics may vary both within and among trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Riley Pratt
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Irvine Ranch Conservancy, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica D. Pratt
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kailen A. Mooney
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Plant ontogenetic stage and features of surrounding plant neighbourhoods can strongly influence herbivory and defences on focal plants. However, the effects of both factors have been assessed independently in previous studies. Here we tested for the independent and interactive effects of neighbourhood type (low vs. high frequency of our focal plant species in heterospecific stands) and ontogeny on leaf herbivory, physical traits and chemical defences of the English oak Quercus robur. We further tested whether plant traits were associated with neighbourhood and ontogenetic effects on herbivory. We found that leaf herbivory decreased in stands with a low frequency of Q. robur, and that saplings received less herbivory than adult trees. Interestingly, we also found interactive effects of these factors where a difference in damage between saplings and adult trees was only observed in stands with a high frequency of Q. robur. We also found strong ontogenetic differences in leaf traits where saplings had more defended leaves than adult trees, and this difference in turn explained ontogenetic differences in herbivory. Plant trait variation did not explain the neighbourhood effect on herbivory. This study builds towards a better understanding of the concurrent effects of plant individual- and community-level characteristics influencing plant-herbivore interactions.
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Kim TN. How plant neighborhood composition influences herbivory: Testing four mechanisms of associational resistance and susceptibility. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176499. [PMID: 28486538 PMCID: PMC5423596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neighboring plants can decrease or increase each other’s likelihood of damage from herbivores through associational resistance or susceptibility, respectively. Associational effects (AE) can transpire through changes in herbivore or plant traits that affect herbivore movement, densities, and feeding behaviors to ultimately affect plant damage. While much work has focused on understanding the mechanisms that underlie associational effects, we know little about how these mechanisms are influenced by neighborhood composition, i.e., plant density or relative frequency which is necessary to make predictions about when AE should occur in nature. Using a series of field and greenhouse experiments, I examined how plant density and relative frequency affected plant damage to Solanum carolinense and four mechanisms that underlie AE; (i) accumulation of insect herbivores and arthropod predators, (ii) microclimate conditions, (iii) plant resistance, and (iv) specialist herbivore preference. I found a positive relationship between S. carolinense damage and the relative frequency of a non-focal neighbor (Solidago altissima) and all four AE mechanisms were influenced by one or multiple neighborhood components. Frequency-dependence in S. carolinense damage is most likely due to greater generalist herbivore load on S. carolinense (through spillover from S. altissima) with microclimate variables, herbivore preference, predation pressures, and plant resistance having relatively weaker effects. Associational effects may have long-term consequences for these two plant species during plant succession and understanding context-dependent herbivory has insect pest management implication for other plant species in agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania N. Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Castagneyrol B, Bonal D, Damien M, Jactel H, Meredieu C, Muiruri EW, Barbaro L. Bottom-up and top-down effects of tree species diversity on leaf insect herbivory. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3520-3531. [PMID: 28515887 PMCID: PMC5433970 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of plant neighbors commonly results in direct, bottom-up effects on herbivore ability to locate their host, and in indirect effects on herbivores involving changes in plant traits and a top-down control by their enemies. Yet, the relative contribution of bottom-up and top-down forces remains poorly understood. We also lack knowledge on the effect of abiotic constraints such as summer drought on the strength and direction of these effects. We measured leaf damage on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), alone or associated with birch, pine or both in a long-term tree diversity experiment (ORPHEE), where half of the plots were irrigated while the other half remained without irrigation and received only rainfall. We tested three mechanisms likely to explain the effects of oak neighbors on herbivory: (1) Direct bottom-up effects of heterospecific neighbors on oak accessibility to herbivores, (2) indirect bottom-up effects of neighbors on the expression of leaf traits, and (3) top-down control of herbivores by predators. Insect herbivory increased during the growth season but was independent of neighbor identity and irrigation. Specific leaf area, leaf toughness, and thickness varied with neighbor identity while leaf dry matter content or C:N ratio did not. When summarized in a principal component analysis (PCA), neighbor identity explained 87% of variability in leaf traits. PCA axes partially predicted herbivory. Despite greater rates of attack on dummy caterpillars in irrigated plots, avian predation, and insect herbivory remained unrelated. Our study suggests that neighbor identity can indirectly influence insect herbivory in mixed forests by modifying leaf traits. However, we found only partial evidence for these trait-mediated effects and suggest that more attention should be paid to some unmeasured plant traits such as secondary metabolites, including volatile organic compounds, to better anticipate the effects of climate change on plant-insect interactions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Bonal
- EEFINRAUniversité de Lorraine54280ChampenouxFrance
| | - Maxime Damien
- ECOBIOUMR CNRS 6553Université de Rennes35042RennesFrance
| | | | | | - Evalyne W. Muiruri
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamSurrey TW20 0EXUK
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityStockton Road, DurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Luc Barbaro
- BIOGECOINRAUniv. Bordeaux33610CestasFrance
- DynaforINPTEI PurpanINRAUniversité de Toulouse31320AuzevilleFrance
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12
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Interactive effects of above- and belowground herbivory and plant competition on plant growth and defence. Basic Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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