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Chadwick-Brown F, Endendijk JJ. Associations Between Sexualized Media Consumption, Sexual Double Standards, and Sexual Coercion Perpetration and Victimization in Late Adolescent Sexually Active Boys and Girls from The Netherlands. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024:10.1007/s10508-024-02988-1. [PMID: 39227498 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
This study examined associations between sexualized media consumption, sexual double standard (SDS) norms, and sexual coercion perpetration and victimization in late adolescence and whether these associations were moderated by gender. Participants were sexually active Dutch secondary school students aged 16-20 years (N = 255, 58.4% girls). Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire at a single time-point. Overall, more sexualized media consumption was associated with higher odds of both sexual coercion perpetration and victimization. These associations did not differ by gender. Specifically, viewing online pornography and sexually oriented reality television more frequently were associated with higher odds of sexual coercion perpetration, whereas viewing others' sexy social media posts more frequently was associated with higher odds of sexual coercion victimization. Finally, stronger endorsement of SDS norms was associated with lower odds of sexual coercion perpetration in girls, but with comparatively higher odds of sexual coercion perpetration in boys. Results indicate that consuming sexualized media and societal sexual double standards is associated with an increased risk of sexual coercion experiences in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye Chadwick-Brown
- Child and Adolescent Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce J Endendijk
- Child and Adolescent Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Mestre-Bach G, Villena-Moya A, Chiclana-Actis C. Pornography Use and Violence: A Systematic Review of the Last 20 Years. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1088-1112. [PMID: 37309642 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231173619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pornography use is one of the factors that has been proposed to be associated with violence. We aimed to explore the literature of the last 20 years, with the objective of understanding the possible association between pornography use and violence. Two electronic databases (PsycINFO/PsycARTICLES and PubMed/Medline) were used. We included members of the general population, of any sex, age, and sexual orientation, who were direct users of pornography or have a partner who uses pornography. Only studies with pornography use and violence assessments, and that specifically evaluated the association between both factors, were included. In all, 59 studies met the inclusion criteria. An association between pornography use and nonsexual violence seems to exist, although the causality of this association remains unclear. Heterogeneity of results exists regarding the association between pornography use and intimate partner sexual assault and coercion: some studies have failed to demonstrate this association, while others have observed it partially or significantly. Contradictory results have also been observed when examining the association between pornography use, rape myths, and other beliefs/attitudes. The main limitation is the heterogeneity in the conceptualization of both constructs (pornography and violence). Multiple theoretical models, methodologies, and categorizations have been used in the studies, complicating the comparability of the findings. The association between different types of violence and pornography use requires further in-depth research to better understand the specific link between both constructs.CRD42021259874.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación (CITEI) - Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Alejandro Villena-Moya
- Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación (CITEI) - Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
- Unidad de Sexología Clínica y Salud Sexual, Consulta Dr. Carlos Chiclana, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Chiclana-Actis
- Centro de Investigación, Transferencia e Innovación (CITEI) - Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
- Unidad de Sexología Clínica y Salud Sexual, Consulta Dr. Carlos Chiclana, Madrid, Spain
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Kiefer R, Orchowski LM, Raudales AM, Weiss NH. Role of Alexithymia in the Association Between Childhood Abuse and Risk Perception for Sexual Victimization in College Women. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:756-784. [PMID: 37750404 PMCID: PMC11262422 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231198099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Sexual victimization is prevalent among college women with a history of childhood abuse (CA), which some research suggests is linked to impaired risk perception for sexual victimization or difficulties identifying and responding to unwanted sexual advances. Alexithymia is one construct yet to be examined in the association between CA and risk perception for sexual victimization. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the associations between CA, alexithymia, and risk perception for sexual victimization in a sample of college women with a history of CA. Participants included 294 undergraduate women with a history of childhood emotional, physical, and/or sexual abuse (Mage = 20.6, 80.6% White). An a priori path analysis was conducted to examine whether alexithymia indirectly explains the association between CA and risk perception for sexual victimization (i.e., comprising two related constructs, including threat detection and behavioral response to threat). Supplementary analyses were conducted post hoc to examine potential differences across CA subtypes (emotional, physical, and sexual). Alexithymia indirectly explained the relationship between CA and threat detection, and behavioral response to threat. However, indirect effects were negative, suggesting that undergraduate women with more severe CA and alexithymia identify sexual assault threat cues and intentions to "leave" a hypothetical sexual assault scenario sooner rather than later. The same pattern of results was observed for emotional and physical (but not sexual) CA when examining their indirect effects on threat detection, and for emotional CA when examining behavioral response to threat. Findings contribute to the literature on sexual victimization by clarifying the role of alexithymia in risk perception for sexual victimization. Results also highlight the potential utility of increasing emotional literacy among college women with a history of CA (and especially emotional abuse) to facilitate adaptive responding to unwanted sexual advances.
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Wright PJ, Tokunaga RS, Herbenick D. Model Specification in Media Effects Research. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:3181-3188. [PMID: 37814100 PMCID: PMC11167628 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wright
- Communication Science Unit, The Media School, Indiana University, 601 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Robert S Tokunaga
- Department of Communication, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Debby Herbenick
- The Center for Sexual Health Promotion, The School of Public Health at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Bhuptani PH, Kenney SR, Napper LE, Orchowski LM. Pornography Use, Perceived Peer Norms, and Attitudes Toward Women: A Study of College Men. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SEXUALITY EDUCATION 2023; 19:280-301. [PMID: 39171277 PMCID: PMC11335322 DOI: 10.1080/15546128.2023.2233414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Men's negative attitudes toward women is a known risk factor for sexual aggression perpetration. Sexual aggression is a widespread public health concern, especially among emerging adults, and is associated with a multitude of negative consequences. The current study evaluated whether pornography-related perceived peer norms, own approval, and self-reported use are associated with negative attitudes towards women in a sample of college men. Types of pornography examined included: pornography (in general), pornography that included portrayals of bondage, whipping, and spanking but without explicit dissent (i.e., pornography that depicted bondage/physical aggression), as well as pornography consisting of sexually explicit rape depictions in which force is used. Self-report measures assessing the frequency of pornography exposure, self-acceptance of pornography use, and perceived peer norms were collected from 283 college men. A multiple linear regression model revealed that only perceived peer norms for acceptance of pornography that depicted rape was positively associated with negative attitudes toward women. Findings highlight the importance of better understanding and addressing perceived peer norms in sexual assault prevention programs for college men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi H. Bhuptani
- Rhode Island Hospital
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Shannon R. Kenney
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lucy E. Napper
- Department of Psychology and Health, Medicine, and Society Program, Lehigh University
| | - Lindsay M. Orchowski
- Rhode Island Hospital
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Shi X, Zheng Y. Sexual Victimization in Adulthood and Associated Factors Among Men and Women: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Mainland China. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1001-1017. [PMID: 35041094 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Limited empirical research addresses sexual victimization and related factors among the general adult population in China. To address this gap, we explored the association between sexual victimization in adulthood and associated factors (unwanted sexual experiences [USE] before age 18, binge drinking prior to sex, hooking up, violent pornography use, awareness and perceived behavioral control of consent, and sexual refusal assertiveness) among a convenience Chinese sample. A cross-sectional study was performed in September 2020 among 898 screened men and women from 29 provinces in mainland China. Overall, 52.5% of men and 57.9% of women experienced sexual victimization at least once in adulthood. Men and women differed in the severity of sexual victimization in adulthood, with the mean severity scores of women being significantly higher than those of men. Hierarchical ordinal logistic regression revealed that, after considering control variables, correlates of severity of sexual victimization in adulthood included gender (OR 3.17, 95% CI 2.30-4.40), severity of USE before age 18 (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.92-2.73), binge drinking prior to sex (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.83-3.49), hook-up history (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.49-3.39), violent pornography use (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.04-1.09), lack of perceived behavioral control of communicating consent (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07), and sexual refusal assertiveness (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89-0.95). These findings indicate that early adverse sexual experiences, potential risky sexual behaviors, violent pornography use, and beliefs about consent and refusal may play an important role in predicting sexual victimization among Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Spadine M, Patterson MS, Brown S, Nelon J, Lanning B, Johnson DM. Predicting emotional abuse among a sample of college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:256-264. [PMID: 32208068 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1740709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aims to examine factors related to emotional abuse, an understudied type of intimate partner violence (IPV), among a sample of college students. Participants: 601 undergraduates from one large public university in the Midwestern United States (Spring 2017) and 756 undergraduates from one large public university in the Southern United States (Fall 2019) participated in the study. Methods: Participants completed an online survey measuring demographic information, behavioral variables (viewing porn, alcohol consumption, and hooking up), and history of violence (witnessing a father abuse his spouse, emotional abuse history). Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analyses predicting emotional abuse victimization were conducted. Results: Results indicate female, white, older students were more likely to report emotional abuse. Also, students witnessing their father abuse his spouse, frequent pornography use, increased alcohol use, and frequent hookups increased odds of emotional abuse. Conclusion: College campuses should consider emphasizing emotional abuse in IPV programing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Spadine
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Megan S Patterson
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sydney Brown
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jordan Nelon
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Beth Lanning
- Department of Public Health, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Dawn M Johnson
- Department of Counseling Psychology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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Ferguson CJ, Hartley RD. Pornography and Sexual Aggression: Can Meta-Analysis Find a Link? TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:278-287. [PMID: 32691692 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020942754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Whether pornography contributes to sexual aggression in real life has been the subject of dozens of studies over multiple decades. Nevertheless, scholars have not come to a consensus about whether effects are real. The current meta-analysis examined experimental, correlational, and population studies of the pornography/sexual aggression link dating back from the 1970s to the current time. Methodological weaknesses were very common in this field of research. Nonetheless, evidence did not suggest that nonviolent pornography was associated with sexual aggression. Evidence was particularly weak for longitudinal studies, suggesting an absence of long-term effects. Violent pornography was weakly correlated with sexual aggression, although the current evidence was unable to distinguish between a selection effect as compared to a socialization effect. Studies that employed more best practices tended to provide less evidence for relationships whereas studies with citation bias, an indication of researcher expectancy effects, tended to have higher effect sizes. Population studies suggested that increased availability of pornography is associated with reduced sexual aggression at the population level. More studies with improved practices and preregistration would be welcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard D Hartley
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
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McKee A, Litsou K, Byron P, Ingham R. The relationship between consumption of pornography and consensual sexual practice: Results of a mixed method systematic review. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3138/cjhs.2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on the findings of a systematic review of literature on pornography use and sexual consent published between January 2000 and December 2017. The review found that there exists little research explicitly addressing consent. There exists an extensive literature on the relationship between the consumption of pornography and sexual aggression/violence; however, this work fails to distinguish between consensual (kink, spanking, BDSM) and nonconsensual acts (sexual harassment and rape). Our thematic analysis found that there is no agreement in the literature reviewed as to whether consumption of pornography is correlated with better or worse understandings or practices of sexual consent. The majority of articles that identified correlations between aspects of sexual health and pornography consumption incorrectly assigned causality to pornography consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan McKee
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katerina Litsou
- Centre for Sexual Health Research, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Byron
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger Ingham
- Centre for Sexual Health Research, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Sutton TE, Simons LG, Tyler KA. Hooking-Up and Sexual Victimization on Campus: Examining Moderators of Risk. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP8146-NP8175. [PMID: 30973050 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519842178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hooking-up among college students presents an increased risk of sexual victimization, perhaps due to increased contact with potential perpetrators in a risky context. However, little work has examined factors that might increase the risk of victimization associated with hooking-up, and few studies examine victimization among both men and women. To address this gap in the literature, we utilize data from 702 college women and 677 college men to explore childhood sexual abuse, family violence, sexual minority (SM) status, and problematic alcohol use as potential moderators of the association between hooking-up and three forms of sexual victimization: coerced, incapacitated, and forced. Results of regression analyses indicate several significant interactions and significant main effects. For example, SM men and women were each at an increased risk of forced and incapacitated victimization when hook-up frequency was high compared with non-SM students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Sutton
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
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11
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Jeffrey NK, Barata PC. Intimate Partner Sexual Violence Among Canadian University Students: Incidence, Context, and Perpetrators' Perceptions. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:2123-2138. [PMID: 34169376 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Men's sexual violence against women is pervasive and is commonly committed against young women by intimate partners. Limited research has examined occurrence rates of intimate partner sexual violence among university students separated by various tactics and sexual acts. Using surveys with convenience samples of 142 Canadian university women and 441 Canadian university men, we examined women's self-reported intimate partner sexual violence victimization and men's self-reported perpetration rates in their most recent heterosexual intimate relationship in the past year. We examined a detailed breakdown across different tactics (i.e., verbal coercion, intoxication, and threats of harm/physical force) and sexual acts (i.e., nonpenetrative sexual contact; oral, vaginal, and anal penetration). Thirty-three percent of women reported at least one victimization experience, and 16% of men reported at least one perpetration experience. The most common tactic reported was verbal coercion for both women's victimization and men's perpetration, and the most common sexual act reported was vaginal penetration for women's victimization and oral sex for men's perpetration. We also examined contextual features and perceptions of the effects of perpetrators' most memorable incidents. These most memorable incidents often occurred either in their own or their partner's home and involved alcohol consumption. Most men reported no significant effects of their sexual violence on their relationships and sometimes normalized their behavior. We briefly discuss the implications of our results for future research and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Jeffrey
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Paula C Barata
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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12
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Exposure to sexually explicit media in early adolescence is related to risky sexual behavior in emerging adulthood. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230242. [PMID: 32275669 PMCID: PMC7147756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexually explicit media exposure during early adolescence has been found to be associated with risky sexual behavior. However, previous study suffered from methodological issue, such as selection bias. Furthermore, little is known about the effect of multi-modality sexually explicit media exposure on risky sexual behavior, and how this relationship can be applied to non-western societies. Objectives This study aimed to improve upon previous studies by using instrumental variable estimation. In addition, this study also included multi-modality of sexually explicit media and three risky sexual behavior measure from a sample of Taiwanese adolescents. Methods Participants were recruited from a prospective longitudinal study (Taiwan Youth Project). All were in 7th grade (mean age = 13.3) when the study was initiated in 2000. Sexually explicit media exposure, including ever-exposure and number of modalities exposed to, was measured in wave 2 (8th grade). Risky sexual behavior was measured in waves 8 (mean age = 20.3) and 10 (mean age = 24.3). A two-stage least squares regression was employed, with pubertal timing as the instrumental variable. Results About 50% of participants had been exposed to sexual media content by 8th grade, from an average of one modality. Sexually explicit media exposure predicted early sexual debut, unsafe sex, and multiple sexual partners (all: p < .05). Furthermore, exposure to more media modalities increased the likelihood of risky sexual behaviors. However, only the effect on early sexual debut was gender invariant. Conclusions Exposure to sexually explicit media in early adolescence had a substantive relationship with risky sexual behavior in the emerging adulthood. Knowledge of this causal like effect provides a basis for building better preventive programs in early adolescence. One prominent way is early education on media literacy, and physicians themselves may need to be familiar with such content to initiate it.
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Rodenhizer KAE, Edwards KM. The Impacts of Sexual Media Exposure on Adolescent and Emerging Adults' Dating and Sexual Violence Attitudes and Behaviors: A Critical Review of the Literature. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2019; 20:439-452. [PMID: 29333966 DOI: 10.1177/1524838017717745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dating violence (DV) and sexual violence (SV) are widespread problems among adolescents and emerging adults. A growing body of literature demonstrates that exposure to sexually explicit media (SEM) and sexually violent media (SVM) may be risk factors for DV and SV. The purpose of this article is to provide a systematic and comprehensive literature review on the impact of exposure to SEM and SVM on DV and SV attitudes and behaviors. A total of 43 studies utilizing adolescent and emerging adult samples were reviewed, and collectively the findings suggest that (1) exposure to SEM and SVM is positively related to DV and SV myths and more accepting attitudes toward DV and SV; (2) exposure to SEM and SVM is positively related to actual and anticipated DV and SV victimization, perpetration, and bystander nonintervention; (3) SEM and SVM more strongly impact men's DV and SV attitudes and behaviors than women's DV and SV attitudes and behaviors; and (4) preexisting attitudes related to DV and SV and media preferences moderate the relationship between SEM and SVM exposure and DV and SV attitudes and behaviors. Future studies should strive to employ longitudinal and experimental designs, more closely examine the mediators and moderators of SEM and SVM exposure on DV and SV outcomes, focus on the impacts of SEM and SVM that extend beyond men's use of violence against women, and examine the extent to which media literacy programs could be used independently or in conjunction with existing DV and SV prevention programs to enhance effectiveness of these programming efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie M Edwards
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- 2 Women's Studies Program, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Sutton TE, Gordon Simons L, Martin BT, Klopack ET, Gibbons FX, Beach SRH, Simons RL. Racial Discrimination as a Risk Factor for African American Men's Physical Partner Violence: A Longitudinal Test of Mediators and Moderators. Violence Against Women 2019; 26:164-190. [PMID: 30822237 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219830245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although researchers have explored negative individual consequences of racial discrimination, very little work has examined the connection between discrimination and intimate partner violence (IPV) among African American men. Existing work tends to be cross-sectional and does not specify mediators or moderators that might explain this link. Thus, in the current study, we use longitudinal, prospective data from 200 young men to examine potential mediators and moderators of this association. Results demonstrated that anger and hostile attribution bias mediate the association between racial discrimination and IPV perpetration. Both corporal punishment and authoritative parenting acted as moderators, but the patterns of influence differed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Sutton
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
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15
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Stanley N, Barter C, Wood M, Aghtaie N, Larkins C, Lanau A, Överlien C. Pornography, Sexual Coercion and Abuse and Sexting in Young People's Intimate Relationships: A European Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:2919-2944. [PMID: 26951609 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516633204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
New technology has made pornography increasingly accessible to young people, and a growing evidence base has identified a relationship between viewing pornography and violent or abusive behavior in young men. This article reports findings from a large survey of 4,564 young people aged 14 to 17 in five European countries which illuminate the relationship between regular viewing of online pornography, sexual coercion and abuse and the sending and receiving of sexual images and messages, known as "sexting." In addition to the survey, which was completed in schools, 91 interviews were undertaken with young people who had direct experience of interpersonal violence and abuse in their own relationships. Rates for regularly viewing online pornography were very much higher among boys and most had chosen to watch pornography. Boys' perpetration of sexual coercion and abuse was significantly associated with regular viewing of online pornography. Viewing online pornography was also associated with a significantly increased probability of having sent sexual images/messages for boys in nearly all countries. In addition, boys who regularly watched online pornography were significantly more likely to hold negative gender attitudes. The qualitative interviews illustrated that, although sexting is normalized and perceived positively by most young people, it has the potential to reproduce sexist features of pornography such as control and humiliation. Sex and relationships education should aim to promote a critical understanding of pornography among young people that recognizes its abusive and gendered values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carolina Överlien
- 3 Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- 4 Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Salazar LF, Swartout KM, Swahn MH, Bellis AL, Carney J, Vagi KJ, Lokey C. Precollege Sexual Violence Perpetration and Associated Risk and Protective Factors Among Male College Freshmen in Georgia. J Adolesc Health 2018; 62:S51-S57. [PMID: 29455718 PMCID: PMC5858555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sexual violence (SV) perpetration on college campuses is a serious and prevalent public health issue in the U.S. In response, incoming male freshmen are mandated to receive SV prevention programming. To provide a more effective response, however, we need to understand the SV behaviors of male freshmen before they arrive on campus and the associated factors that contribute to risk and that afford protection, areas that have received limited attention. METHODS Male freshmen (N = 1,133) across 30 selected 4-year colleges and universities throughout the state of Georgia were recruited for a longitudinal study on SV perpetration. Levels of precollege SV as well as a range of covariates were assessed at baseline. Self-reported SV perpetrators were compared with nonperpetrators on demographic and hypothesized covariates deemed either risk or protective; then risk and protective models were analyzed using binary logistic regression. RESULTS Weighted analyses revealed that 19.3% self-reported perpetrating SV before college. Before starting college, young men who reported more sexual media consumption, heavy episodic drinking, hypermasculine beliefs, and peers who endorsed SV were more likely to have a history of SV perpetration at college matriculation. Alternatively, men with more knowledge of effective sexual consent and stronger family functioning were less likely to arrive to college with an SV perpetration history. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of incoming male freshmen have perpetrated SV previously. Colleges and universities need to assess incoming freshmen for risk behaviors and negative beliefs and to offer both primary and secondary preventions to more effectively reduce further perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Salazar
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Kevin M Swartout
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Monica H Swahn
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jhetari Carney
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kevin J Vagi
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Colby Lokey
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Wright PJ, Tokunaga RS, Kraus A. Consumption of Pornography, Perceived Peer Norms, and Condomless Sex. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2016; 31:954-963. [PMID: 26752322 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2015.1022936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sexual scripts in pornography rarely include condoms. Many U.S. college students consume pornography and have unprotected sex. Yet no study appears to have investigated whether pornography consumption is correlated with having unprotected sex among U.S. college students. This article reports results from two studies of pornography consumption and condomless sex among U.S. college students. Pornography consumption was directly associated with a higher likelihood of condomless sex in study 1. This finding was replicated in study 2. Study 2 also explored whether perceptions of peers' use of condoms partially mediates the association between pornography consumption and condomless sex. Pornography consumption was associated with lower estimations of peers' condom use, and lower estimations of peers' condom use were associated with personally engaging in condomless sex.
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18
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Mechanisms That Link Parenting Practices to Adolescents’ Risky Sexual Behavior: A Test of Six Competing Theories. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 45:255-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Ybarra ML, Strasburger VC, Mitchell KJ. Sexual media exposure, sexual behavior, and sexual violence victimization in adolescence. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2014; 53:1239-47. [PMID: 24928575 DOI: 10.1177/0009922814538700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research suggests sexual media affects sexual behavior, but most studies are based on regional samples and few include measures of newer mediums. Furthermore, little is known about how sexual media relates to sexual violence victimization. METHODS Data are from 1058 youth 14 to 21 years of age in the national, online Growing up with Media study. RESULTS Forty-seven percent reported that many or almost all/all of at least one type of media they consumed depicted sexual situations. Exposure to sexual media in television and movies, and music was greater than online and in games. All other things equal, more frequent exposure to sexual media was related to ever having had sex, coercive sex victimization, and attempted/completed rape but not risky sexual behavior. CONCLUSIONS Longer standing mediums such as television and movies appear to be associated with greater amounts of sexual media consumption than newer ones, such as the Internet. A nuanced view of how sexual media content may and may not be affecting today's youth is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Ybarra
- Center for Innovative Public Health Research, San Clemente, CA, USA
| | | | - Kimberly J Mitchell
- University of New Hampshire, Crimes against Children Research Center, Durham, NH, USA
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20
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Kogan SM, Simons LG, Chen Y, Burwell S, Brody GH. Protective Parenting, Relationship Power Equity, and Condom Use Among Rural African American Emerging Adult Women. FAMILY RELATIONS 2013; 62:341-353. [PMID: 23729949 PMCID: PMC3667763 DOI: 10.1111/fare.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections disproportionately affect African Americans, particularly young women. The influence of a set of interrelated protective parenting processes-instrumental and emotional support, sexual risk communication, and encouragement of goals for employment or education-on emerging adult women was examined. Parenting was hypothesized to affect consistent condom use through its association with women's reports of power equity in their intimate relationships. Hypotheses were tested with 135 sexually active women 18 to 21 years of age living in rural southern communities. Structural equation modeling indicated that (a) parenting processes predicted women's self-reported relationship power equity and consistent condom use, and (b) relationship power equity predicted consistent condom use. Limited support emerged for a mediational role of relationship power equity in explaining the influence of parenting on consistent condom use. Parental involvement and young women's establishment of personal control in their intimate relationships are important goals for sexual risk reduction programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Kogan
- Department of Human Development and Family Science and the Center for Family Research, University of Georgia
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