Psychometric Evaluation of the Spanish and English Versions of the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale

Psychometric Properties of the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale-Chinese Version (SCSS-C) for Adults in Taiwan

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale-Chinese version (SCSS-C) in Taiwanese adults. A convenience sample of 232 participants in Taiwan completed an online survey, and 45 of the 232 participants completed the SCSS-C again over a 2 week interval. The content validity index of the SCSS-C was 0.97. Parallel analysis and exploratory factor analysis results revealed two factors (religious coping and non-religious coping). The internal consistency of the SCSS-C was satisfactory (α = 0.88 to 0.92). Test-retest reliability was satisfactory (r = 0.68 to 0.89). The psychometric properties of the SCSS-C were found to be acceptable for use in Taiwanese adults.

Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale (SCSS) for Greece

INTRODUCTION

Spirituality constitutes a central element of all health and social care professions. The Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale (SCSS) measures both spiritual and religious coping strategiesAim: The aim of this study was to provide evidence for the reliability and validity of SCSS for Greece.

METHODS

A total of 301 nurses were selected by convenience sampling and required to complete the SCSS and the FACIT-Spiritual Well-Being Scale-12 non-illness scale. Forward-translations and back-translations were conducted by two bilingual translators (English-Greek) grown up in English-speaking countries (USA, Australia) while cross-cultural adaptation followed strictly the recent WHO guidelines. The reliability and validity of the scale were evaluated by correlation analysis, t-test, and exploratory factor analysis.

RESULTS

Convergent validity was investigated in comparison to FACIT-Sp-12. Meaning, peace, faith, and total spirituality were positively correlated to SCSS as expected (r = 0.22 for Meaning, r = 0.34 for Peace, r = 0.70 for Faith, and r = 0.66 for Total Spirituality), implying sufficient convergent validity. The Cronbach's α coefficients of the two subscales were 0.91 and 0.78, respectively. Additionally, the Pearson correlation r for both spiritual and religious strategies showed strong correlations between the two measurements (p < 0.001), first administration and three weeks after.

CONCLUSION

SCSS has good reliability and validity among nurses in Greece.

Instruments for Assessing Spiritual/Religious Coping in Multicultural Clinical Settings

ABSTRACT

A review of literature was conducted to discover and compare various instruments that could be used in daily nursing practice to assess spiritual and religious coping in a variety of multicultural clinical settings. Fifteen spiritual and religious (S/R) instruments were identified, used in 31 studies in multiple countries. These S/R coping tools may be useful to nurses in assessment and for planning interventions.

The Importance of Spirituality for Women Facing Breast Cancer Diagnosis: A Qualitative Study

Breast cancer remains significantly distressing and produces profound changes in women’s lives. Spirituality is an important resource at the time of diagnosis and treatment decisions. This qualitative study aimed to explore the spiritual experience of women diagnosed with breast cancer and the considerations of spirituality in health care using the existential phenomenology approach. The sampling procedure was intentional, based on the study’s exclusion and inclusion criteria. Forty women participated in individual interviews. The research was conducted in the outpatient clinic of a reference federal university hospital in South-Eastern Brazil. Throughout the research process, ethical principles were carefully followed. Five themes were identified: (1) meaning of spirituality–source of spiritual strength, (2) well-being in the relationship with God, (3) well-being in religious fellowship, (4) values and purpose of life–meaning in life, and (5) spirituality as a foundation to continue. Respect for patient’s spiritual values was recognised as a fundamental principle in health care. Spirituality was revealed as a source of support during the complex process of being diagnosed with breast cancer. Thus, health care professionals that value and encourage spirituality are needed, favouring better patient response to the diagnosis.

Spiritual and Emotional Experience With a Diagnosis of Breast Cancer: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

The breast cancer diagnosis causes a high level of suffering and distress in patients who experience difficulties in coping. There is a need to improve knowledge of emotional and spiritual coping in response to the stressful situation of women who must face this diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES

The aims of this study were to map women's spiritual and emotional coping experiences reported after a breast cancer diagnosis and examine the proposed interventions and suggestions for clinical practice.

METHODS

A scoping review was performed by searching the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Latin American & Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Medical Literature Analyses and Retrieval System Online, Spanish Bibliographic Index of Health Sciences, PSYCINFO, and Google Scholar databases using Medical Subject Headings terms. Additional pertinent studies were identified by reviewing the bibliographies of the included studies. Twenty articles were included according to the recommendations for scoping reviews.

RESULTS

Study findings regarding emotional and spiritual coping with the diagnosis and proposed interventions were synthesized. A thematic list of interventions and recommendations for clinical practice is also provided.

CONCLUSIONS

The studies demonstrated that women with breast cancer are challenged by their emotions and experiences. The review highlights the importance of spiritual coping for redefining women's meaning in life. In clinical practice, caring for women's inherent needs when they are coping with a diagnosis is important to establish integral care.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Nurses can evaluate coping strategies, offer support for adaptation to the disease, provide qualified listening, help women in their search for significance while coping with cancer, and help them identify ways to overcome this stressful situation. Similarly, they can encourage patients to find spiritual comfort and emotional support.

Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire-II (CWEQ-II-PV)

BACKGROUND

Structural empowerment (SE) is an effective method of advancing work environments and has previously been widely discussed in Western countries. Due to the lack of culturally and academically accepted scales in Iran for measuring SE, localization of a foreign scale in this field is necessary.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed at investigating the validity and reliability of the Persian Version of the Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire-II (CWEQ-II-PV) among Iranian nurses.

METHODS

The present cross-sectional methodological research was conducted during 2017-2018. Participants were 230 nurses working in four teaching hospitals affiliated to Kashan University of Medical Sciences in Kashan, Iran, who were selected using quota sampling. A standard forward-backward translation procedure according to Wild et al. (2005) was used to translate the English Version of the CWEQ-II to Persian. The psychometric evaluation processes were achieved by face, content, and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis [CFA]). Reliability was examined using test-retest and Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency reliability.

RESULTS

The CWEQ-II-PV showed good content validity (the mean content validity scores for relevancy, clarity, and simplicity were 94%, 96%, and 94%, respectively). In the CFA, the original six-factor version with 19 items was confirmed. The original model was presented and incorporated in the CFA, indicating an acceptable fit for the model (root mean square error of approximation = 0.06, comparative fit index = 0.92, goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.94, and adjusted GFI = 0.91). Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.84 and for each component ranged from 0.71 to 0.87, indicating good internal consistency, and the test-retest Spearman and intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.93 and 0.87, respectively, showing good test-retest reliability.

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence was found to support the reliability and validity of the CWEQ-II-PV scale that measures the quality of the work environment for nurses from a SE perspective.

Use of spiritual coping strategies by gender, race/ethnicity, and religion at 1 and 3 months after infant's/child's intensive care unit death

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

In the United States, 57,000 children (newborn to 18 years) die annually. Bereaved parents may rely on religious or spiritual beliefs in their grief. The study's purpose was to examine differences in parents' use of spiritual and religious coping practices by gender, race/ethnicity, and religion at 1 and 3 months after infant/ICU death.

METHODS

The sample consisted of 165 bereaved parents, 78% minority. The Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale was used to measure religious and spiritual coping practices, separately. One-way ANOVAs indicated that Black non-Hispanic mothers used significantly more religious coping practices at 3 months than White non-Hispanic mothers. Protestant and Catholic parents used more religious coping practices than the "no" and "other" religion groups at 1 and 3 months. Within the 30 mother-father dyads (paired t-tests), mothers reported significantly greater use of religious coping practices at 1 and 3 months and spiritual coping practices at 3 months than fathers.

CONCLUSION

Religious coping practices were most commonly used by Black mothers and Protestant and Catholic parents. Within dyads, mothers used more spiritual and religious coping practices than fathers.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

These findings are beneficial for healthcare personnel in providing support to bereaved parents of diverse races/ethnicities and religions.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Filipino Versions of the Duke University Religion Index and the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale in Filipino Hemodialysis Patients

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Filipino versions of the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL-F) and the Spiritual Coping Strategies scale (SCS-F) for hemodialysis (HD) patients in the Philippines. A convenient sample of 162 HD patients was included in this descriptive, cross-sectional study. The DUREL-F and SCS-F exhibited acceptable internal consistency and stability reliability, as well as excellent content and construct validity. The findings confirmed the soundness of the psychometric properties of the two scales. Thus, they can be used for timely and accurate assessment of religiosity and spiritual coping utilization among Filipino patients receiving HD.

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Parent Perception of Uncertainty Scale (PPUS) among parents of children with cancer diagnosis

Objective

Parents of children diagnosed with cancer often experience high levels of illness uncertainty. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Chinese Version of the Parent Perception of Uncertainty Scale for Childhood Cancer (PPUS-CC) in Mainland China.

Methods

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed using study population of 420 parents. The participants were also given the social support questionnaire and assessed using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Zarit Burden Interview, and Self-Rating Depression Scale to test the association with PPUS-CC and obtain the cut-off of the scale.

Results

The Chinese version of PPUS-CC includes 14 items, and two factors were extracted by EFA, which could explain the 54.56% variances. The Cronbach's α of two factors ranged from 0.830 to 0.877. The dimensions of PPUS-CC show statistical association with other scales, and the cut-off is 42.5.

Conclusion

The Chinese version of PPUS-CC, as a reliable, valid, and easy-to-use clinical tool, can be adapted in clinical settings as a screening tool to recognize parents with high-risk psychological problems.

Validation and application of the Chinese version of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) among parents of children with cancer diagnosis

PURPOSE

Parents of children diagnosed with cancer often experience considerable emotional distress for their children with negative emotions, such as disbelief, depression, anxiety, hope and shock. Resilience is defined as the psychological characteristics that promote positive adaptation in the face of stress and adversity, which has been demonstrated to relate to positive coping and less psychological distress. Thus, a quick screening tool to evaluate the levels of resilience of parents with cancer-diagnosed children is urgently required.

METHODS

The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate the CD-RISC-10 using a sample size of 500 parents. Velicer's Minimum Average Partial (MAP) Test and a parallel analysis were also supplemented to confirm the EFA-derived structure of the scale. The participants were given the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10), Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) and Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire (MCMQ) to test the associates with CD-RISC-10 and obtain the cut-off of the scale.

RESULTS

The Chinese version of CD-RISC-10 has good psychometric properties and retains its single dimension in the original English version, which can explain 49.602% of the total variance. The CFA demonstrates the fit indices of a one-order model: Chi-Square = 39.987, CMIN/DF = 1.333, P < 0.001, TLI = 0.914, CFI = 0.981, GFI = 0.962, NFI = 0.926, IFI = 0.979, RFI = 0.889, RMR = 0.042, and RMSEA = 0.041. The CD-RISC presents statistical associations with other scales, and the cut-off is 25.5.

CONCLUSIONS

The Chinese version of the CD-RISC-10, which is reliable, valid and easy to use, is suitable for clinical settings. The CD-RISC-10 enables a quick understanding of the level of resilience of the parents when their children undergo treatment, which can be the most important indicator to their psychological health.

Validation of questionnaire on the Spiritual Needs Assessment for Patients (SNAP) questionnaire in Brazilian Portuguese

Objectives

Spirituality is related to the care and the quality of life of cancer patients. Thus, it is very important to assess their needs. The objective of this study was the translation and cultural adjustment of the Spiritual Needs Assessment for Patients (SNAP) questionnaire to the Brazilian Portuguese language.

Methodology

The translation and cultural adjustment of the SNAP questionnaire involved six stages: backtranslation, revision of backtranslation, translation to the original language and adjustments, pre-test on ten patients, and test and retest with 30 patients after three weeks. Adult patients, with a solid tumour and literate with a minimum of four years schooling were included. For analysis and consistency we used the calculation of the Cronbach alpha coefficient and the Pearson linear correlation.

Results

The final questionnaire had some language and content adjustments compared to the original version in English. The correlation analysis of each item with the total score of the questionnaire showed coefficients above 0.99. The calculation of the Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.9. The calculation of the Pearson linear correlation with the test and retest of the questionnaire was equal to 0.95.

Conclusion

The SNAP questionnaire translated into Brazilian Portuguese is adequately reliable and consistent. This instrument allows adequate access to spiritual needs and can help patient care.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale Arabic Version for Saudi Nursing Students

AIM

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Coping Strategies scale Arabic version (SCS-A) in a sample of nursing students in Saudi Arabia.

METHOD

This study had a cross-sectional design with a convenience sample of 100 nursing students in Saudi Arabia. Using the SCS-A and the Muslim Religiosity Scale for data collection, data were analyzed to establish the reliability and validity of the SCS-A.

FINDINGS

Good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α > .70) and stability reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > .80) were observed. Two dominant factors were extracted from the scale items, the nonreligious coping strategies and religious coping strategies, which accounted for 35.5% and 32.7% of the variance, respectively. The religious coping subscale exhibited a strong positive correlation with the religious practices subscale of the Muslim Religious Involvement Scale ( r = .45, p < .001) and total religiosity score ( r = .48, p < .001) as well as a weak positive correlation with the intrinsic religious beliefs subscale ( r = .25, p < .05). No significant relationship was found between nonreligious coping subscale and the Muslim Religious Involvement Scale.

CONCLUSION

The SCS-A exhibited an acceptable validity and reliability, supporting its sound psychometric properties with respect to the responses from Saudi nursing students.

Psychometric properties of the Persian spiritual coping strategies scale in hemodialysis patients

Spiritual strategies may provide an effective way of coping with disease. This study sought to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the spiritual coping strategies (SCS) scale among Iranian hemodialysis patients. A convenience sample of 204 hemodialysis patients was recruited to participate in the study. A forward-backward translation method was used to produce the Persian version of the scale. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha and item-total score correlation. Two-week test-retest reliability was also assessed. The convergent and divergent validity of the scale was evaluated using the Duke University Religion Index and a visual analogue scale for health status. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess the factor structure. Participants consisted of 113 males and 91 females (mean age 57.2 [SD = 9.7]). Cronbach's alpha was acceptable (0.87). We found two underlying factors similar to the original scale. The correlations between the study scales confirmed the convergent and divergent validity of the SCS. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to the data (GFI = 0.923, CFI = 0.948 and RMSEA = 0.068). The Persian version of the SCS has sound psychometric properties in Iranian hemodialysis patients. Future research should consider applying the scale to populations with other religious/cultural backgrounds.

Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Scale in patients with cancer

PURPOSE

Uncertainty is a major component in the illness experiences which extraordinarily can affect the psychological adjustment and the illness outcomes. Uncertainty in illness is defined as inability to define the illness-related events to the illness or disability in predicting the illness outcomes. The present study aimed to translate the Persian version of Uncertainty in Illness Scale (MUIS-A) and to investigate its psychometric properties on patients with cancer.

METHOD

In this methodological study, validation of the Persian version of MUIS-A was performed in Iran on 420 cancer patients attending two major hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The scale was translated into Persian and back translated into English and revised according to editorial comments of the scale designers. Then, content and face validity, construct validity, internal consistency reliability and stability of the Persian version were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and LISREL 8.5.

RESULTS

Mean of the participants MUIS-A score was 90.1 (16.8). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed validity of the whole instrument and its four subscales. The consistency of the instrument with a three-week interval was r = 0.91. Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 for the whole scale of 32 MUIS-A items and α = 0.58-0.86 for its four factors.

CONCLUSIONS

The Persian version of the MUIS-A has good psychometric properties. It can be used to assess uncertainty in illness in Iranian patients with cancer.

Spiritual coping, religiosity and quality of life: a study on Muslim patients undergoing haemodialysis

AIM

The number of haemodialysis patients globally is increasing and spiritual resources may help overcome adjustment problems among such patients. This study examined the relationships between spiritual/religious, demographic and clinical variables and quality of life among Iranian Muslims undergoing haemodialysis.

METHODS

Using a cross-sectional design, 362 haemodialysis patients were surveyed from three general hospitals located in Tehran, Iran. Spiritual coping strategies, Duke University Religion Index, EQ-5D 3L and a demographic questionnaire were administered. Hierarchical regression was used to identify predictors of quality of life and health status.

RESULTS

The distribution of reported problems across dimensions of quality of life was: mobility (59.4%), usual activities (30.4%), self-care (21.3%), pain/discomfort (47.8%) and anxiety/depression (29.3%). Univariate analysis showed that factors such as age, sex, marital status, location, number of children, body mass index, serum albumin, having diabetes mellitus or other comorbidity, as well as spiritual/religious factors that were related to quality of life, health status or both. Regression models revealed that demographics, clinical variables and especially spiritual/religious factors explained about 40% of variance of quality of life and nearly 25% of the variance in health status.

CONCLUSION

Spiritual resources may contribute to better quality of life and health status among haemodialysis patients. Further longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these associations are causal and the direction of effect.