1
|
Svirčev Z, Chen L, Sántha K, Drobac Backović D, Šušak S, Vulin A, Palanački Malešević T, Codd GA, Meriluoto J. A review and assessment of cyanobacterial toxins as cardiovascular health hazards. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2829-2863. [PMID: 35997789 PMCID: PMC9395816 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eutrophicated waters frequently support bloom-forming cyanobacteria, many of which produce potent cyanobacterial toxins (cyanotoxins). Cyanotoxins can cause adverse health effects in a wide range of organisms where the toxins may target the liver, other internal organs, mucous surfaces and the skin and nervous system. This review surveyed more than 100 studies concerning the cardiovascular toxicity of cyanotoxins and related topics. Over 60 studies have described various negative effects on the cardiovascular system by seven major types of cyanotoxins, i.e. the microcystin (MC), nodularin (NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin (ATX), guanitoxin (GNTX), saxitoxin (STX) and lyngbyatoxin (LTX) groups. Much of the research was done on rodents and fish using high, acutely toxin concentrations and unnatural exposure routes (such as intraperitoneal injection), and it is thus concluded that the emphasis in future studies should be on oral, chronic exposure of mammalian species at environmentally relevant concentrations. It is also suggested that future in vivo studies are conducted in parallel with studies on cells and tissues. In the light of the presented evidence, it is likely that cyanotoxins do not constitute a major risk to cardiovascular health under ordinary conditions met in everyday life. The risk of illnesses in other organs, in particular the liver, is higher under the same exposure conditions. However, adverse cardiovascular effects can be expected due to indirect effects arising from damage in other organs. In addition to risks related to extraordinary concentrations of the cyanotoxins and atypical exposure routes, chronic exposure together with co-existing diseases could make some of the cyanotoxins more dangerous to cardiovascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Svirčev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Kinga Sántha
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Damjana Drobac Backović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Stamenko Šušak
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, UNS, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Vulin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, UNS, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Tamara Palanački Malešević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li B, Liu Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xie P. Research progress in the functionalization of microcystin-LR based on interdisciplinary technologies. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
3
|
Xu S, Yi X, Liu W, Zhang C, Massey IY, Yang F, Tian L. A Review of Nephrotoxicity of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110693. [PMID: 33142924 PMCID: PMC7693154 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms triggered by eutrophication and climate change have become a global public health issue. The toxic metabolites microcystins (MCs) generated by cyanobacteria can accumulate in food chain and contaminate water, thus posing a potential threat to human and animals health. Studies have suggested that aside liver, the kidney may be another target organ of MCs intoxication. Therefore, this review provides various evidences on the nephrotoxicity of MCs. The review concludes that nephrotoxicity of MCs may be related to inhibition of protein phosphatases and excessive production of reactive oxygen species, cytoskeleton disruption, endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage and cell apoptosis. To protect human from MCs toxic consequences, this paper also puts forward some directions for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; (S.X.); (W.L.); (C.Z.); (I.Y.M.)
| | - Xiping Yi
- School of Public Health, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China;
- Chenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Wenya Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; (S.X.); (W.L.); (C.Z.); (I.Y.M.)
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; (S.X.); (W.L.); (C.Z.); (I.Y.M.)
| | - Isaac Yaw Massey
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; (S.X.); (W.L.); (C.Z.); (I.Y.M.)
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; (S.X.); (W.L.); (C.Z.); (I.Y.M.)
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (L.T.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-84805460 (F.Y.)
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (L.T.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-84805460 (F.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu W, Zhan C, Zhang T, Zhang X. Microcystin-LR influences the in vitro oocyte maturation of zebrafish by activating the MAPK pathway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 215:105261. [PMID: 31419757 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacteria and their production of microcystins (MCs) exert significant toxicity on reproduction of fish, especially the process of oogenesis. Our previous studies demonstrated that MCs have negative impacts on the quantity and quality of mature oocytes in female zebrafish. However, the underlying mechanisms of MCs disrupting oocyte maturation (OM) have been rarely reported. In the present study, in vitro oocytes (immature) were separated from zebrafish and treated with 1, 10, 100 μg/L MC-LR. The serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity was downregulated significantly in oocytes exposed to 10 and 100 μg/L MC-LR for both 2 and 4 h. The phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were detected without noticeable change in all oocytes treated with MC-LR for 2 h, whereas the activated levels of MAPK subtypes (ERK, p38 and JNK) increased remarkably in the 100 μg/L MC-LR treatment of 4 h. In the oocytes exposed to 100 μg/L MC-LR for 4 h, germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) rates changed abnormally and maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activity increased significantly, in accordance with the upregulation of Cyclin B protein levels. Moreover, the MAPK inhibitors (10 μM) were applied to explore the role of MAPK subtypes during MC-LR influencing OM and results showed that ERK inhibitor U0126 and p38 inhibitor SB203580 mitigated the effects of 100 μg/L MC-LR-induced MAPK hyper-phosphorylation and elevated GVBD in the oocytes. In conclusion, the present study indicates that microcystins disrupt the meiotic maturation by the pathway of MC-PP2A-MAPK-OM due to the phosphorylation disorder in oocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunhua Zhan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tongzhou Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Facey JA, Steele JR, Violi JP, Mitrovic SM, Cranfield C. An examination of microcystin-LR accumulation and toxicity using tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs). Toxicon 2018; 158:51-56. [PMID: 30521837 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a potent cyanobacterial toxin responsible for animal and human poisonings worldwide. MC-LR is found in organisms throughout the foodweb, however there is conjecture regarding whether it biomagnifies. Few studies have investigated how MC-LR interacts with lipid membranes, a determinant of biomagnification potential. We tested whether 1 μM MC-LR irreversibly associates with lipid bilayers or causes the creation of pore defects upon short and long-term exposure. Using tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs), we observed an increase in membrane conduction in tBLMs, representing an interaction of microcystin-LR with the lipid bilayer and a change in membrane packing properties. However, there were minimal changes in membrane capacitance upon short and long-term exposure, and MC-LR exhibited a rapid off-rate. Upon 24 h exposure to the toxin, no lipophilic multimeric complexes were detected capable of altering the toxin's off-rate. There was no evidence of the creation of new pores. This study demonstrates that MC-LR does not irreversibly imbed itself into lipids membranes after short or long-term exposure and suggests MC-LR does not biomagnify through the food web via lipid storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Facey
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Joel R Steele
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Jake P Violi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Simon M Mitrovic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Charles Cranfield
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen L, Wang Y, Giesy JP, Chen F, Shi T, Chen J, Xie P. Microcystin-LR affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-inter-renal (HPI) axis in early life stages (embryos and larvae) of zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:540-548. [PMID: 29883955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Frequencies and durations of blooms of cyanobacteria are increasing. Some cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins including microcystins (MCs). MCs are the most common toxic products of hazardous algal blooms (HABs), with the greatest potential for exposure and to cause toxicity. Recently, MCs have been shown to disrupt endocrine functions. In this study, for the first time, effects of MC-LR on the hypothalamic-pituitary-inter-renal (HPI) axis during early embryonic development (embryos/larvae) of zebrafish (Danio rerio), were investigated. Embryos/larvae of zebrafish were exposed to 1, 10, 100, or 300 μg MC-LR/L during the period of 4-168 h post-fertilization (hpf). Exposure to 300 μg MC-LR/L resulted in significantly greater concentrations of whole-body cortisol than those in controls. Expressions of genes along the HPI axis and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR-) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR-) centered gene networks were evaluated by use of quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of mRNA for crh was significantly down-regulated by exposure to 300 μg MC-LR/L, while expressions of crhbp, crhr1, and crhr2 were significantly up-regulated, relative to controls. MC-LR caused significantly lesser levels of mRNA for steroidogenic genes including hmgra, star, and cyp17, but expression of mRNA for hsd20b was significantly greater than that of controls. Treatment with MC-LR also altered profiles of transcription of MR- and GR-centered gene networks, which might result in multiple responses. Taken together, these results demonstrated that MC-LR affected the corticosteroid-endocrine system of larvae of zebrafish. This study provided valuable insights into molecular mechanisms behind potential toxicity and endocrine disruption of MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yeke Wang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada
| | - Feng Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Shi
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu JX, Huang H, Yang L, Zhang XF, Zhang SS, Liu HH, Wang YQ, Yuan L, Cheng XM, Zhuang DG, Zhang HZ. Gastrointestinal toxicity induced by microcystins. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6:344-354. [PMID: 30283797 PMCID: PMC6163130 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v6.i10.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are produced by certain bloom-forming cyanobacteria that can induce toxicity in various organs, including renal toxicity, reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, and immunosuppressive effects. It has been a significant global environmental issue due to its harm to the aquatic environment and human health. Numerous investigators have demonstrated that MC exposure can induce a widespread epidemic of enterogastritis with symptoms similar to food poisoning in areas close to lakes. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have provided evidence of positive associations between MC exposure and gastrointestinal toxicity. The toxicity of MCs on the gastrointestinal tract is multidimensional. MCs can affect gastrointestinal barrier function and shift the structure of gut microbiota in different gut regions. Furthermore, MCs can inhibit the secretion of gastrointestinal digestive enzymes and the release of inflammatory cytokines, which affects the expression of immune-related genes in the intestine. The damage of the intestine is closely correlated to MC exposure because the intestine is the main site for the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The damage to the gastrointestinal tract due to MCs was summarized from different aspects, which can be used as a foundation for further exploration of molecular damage mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xia Wu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Nutriology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- Department of Nutriology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Shen-Shen Zhang
- Department of Nutriology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Hao-Hao Liu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Yue-Qin Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Le Yuan
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Xue-Min Cheng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Dong-Gang Zhuang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tokodi N, Drobac D, Meriluoto J, Lujić J, Marinović Z, Važić T, Nybom S, Simeunović J, Dulić T, Lazić G, Petrović T, Vuković-Gačić B, Sunjog K, Kolarević S, Kračun-Kolarević M, Subakov-Simić G, Miljanović B, Codd GA, Svirčev Z. Cyanobacterial effects in Lake Ludoš, Serbia - Is preservation of a degraded aquatic ecosystem justified? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1047-1062. [PMID: 29710560 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are present in many aquatic ecosystems in Serbia. Lake Ludoš, a wetland area of international significance and an important habitat for waterbirds, has become the subject of intense research interest because of practically continuous blooming of cyanobacteria. Analyses of water samples indicated a deterioration of ecological condition and water quality, and the presence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria (the most abundant Limnothrix redekei, Pseudanabaena limnetica, Planktothrix agardhii and Microcystis spp.). Furthermore, microcystins were detected in plants and animals from the lake: in macrophyte rhizomes (Phragmites communis, Typha latifolia and Nymphaea elegans), and in the muscle, intestines, kidneys, gonads and gills of fish (Carassius gibelio). Moreover, histopathological deleterious effects (liver, kidney, gills and intestines) and DNA damage (liver and gills) were observed in fish. A potential treatment for the reduction of cyanobacterial populations employing hydrogen peroxide was tested during this study. The treatment was not effective in laboratory tests although further in-lake trials are needed to make final conclusions about the applicability of the method. Based on our observations of the cyanobacterial populations and cyanotoxins in the water, as well as other aquatic organisms and, a survey of historical data on Lake Ludoš, it can be concluded that the lake is continuously in a poor ecological state. Conservation of the lake in order to protect the waterbirds (without urgent control of eutrophication) actually endangers them and the rest of the biota in this wetland habitat, and possibly other ecosystems. Thus, urgent measures for restoration are required, so that the preservation of this Ramsar site would be meaningful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Tokodi
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Damjana Drobac
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Lujić
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Zoran Marinović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - Tamara Važić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sonja Nybom
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jelica Simeunović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tamara Dulić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gospava Lazić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Rumenački put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Branka Vuković-Gačić
- Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Studenski Trg 16, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Karolina Sunjog
- Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Studenski Trg 16, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stoimir Kolarević
- Center for Genotoxicology and Ecogenotoxicology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Studenski Trg 16, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Margareta Kračun-Kolarević
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Despota Stefana 142, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Subakov-Simić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko Miljanović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu Q, Yan W, Cheng H, Liu C, Hung TC, Guo X, Li G. Parental transfer of microcystin-LR induced transgenerational effects of developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:471-478. [PMID: 28837927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) has been reported to cause developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish, but there are few studies on the mechanisms of MCLR-induced transgenerational effects of developmental neurotoxicity. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to 0, 1, 5, and 25 μg/L MCLR for 60 days. The F1 zebrafish embryos from the above-mentioned parents were collected and incubated in clean water for 120 h for hatching. After examining the parental zebrafish and F1 embryos, MCLR was detected in the gonad of adults and F1 embryos, indicating MCLR could potentially be transferred from parents to offspring. The larvae also showed a serious hypoactivity. The contents of dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine (ACh) were further detected, but only the first three neurotransmitters showed significant reduction in the 5 and 25 μg/L MCLR parental exposure groups. In addition, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was remarkably decreased in MCLR parental exposure groups, while the expression levels of manf, bdnf, ache, htr1ab, htr1b, htr2a, htr1aa, htr5a, DAT, TH1 and TH2 genes coincided with the decreased content of neurotransmitters (dopamine, DOPAC and serotonin) and the activity of AChE. Neuronal development related genes, α1-tubulin, syn2a, mbp, gfap, elavl3, shha and gap43 were also measured, but gap43 was the gene only up-regulated. Our results demonstrated MCLR could be transferred to offspring, and subsequently induce developmental neurotoxicity in F1 zebrafish larvae by disturbing the neurotransmitter systems and neuronal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards & Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, PR China
| | - Houcheng Cheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiaochun Guo
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng H, Yan W, Wu Q, Liu C, Gong X, Hung TC, Li G. Parental exposure to microcystin-LR induced thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish offspring, a transgenerational toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:981-988. [PMID: 28763935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR is the most poisonous and commonly encountered hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria in an aquatic ecosystem, and it may cause thyroid dysfunction in fish. The present study aimed to reveal the effects of transgenerational toxicity of MCLR on the thyroid endocrine system under sub-chronic exposure conditions. Adult zebrafish (F0) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (1, 5 and 25 μg/L) of MCLR for 45 days. The produced F1 embryos were then tested without further MCLR treatment. In the F0 generation, exposure to 25 μg/L MCLR reduced thyroxine (T4) but not 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T3) levels in females, while the T4 and T3 levels were unchanged in males. After parental exposure to MCLR, we observed a decreased hatching and growth retardation correlated with reduced thyroid hormone levels in the F1 offspring. The gene transcription and protein expression along the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis were detected to further investigate the possible mechanisms of MCLR-induced thyroid disruption. Our results indicated MCLR could disturb the thyroid endocrine system under environmentally relevant concentrations and the disrupting effects could be remarkably transmitted to its F1 offspring. We regard these adverse effects as a parental transgenerational toxicity of MCLR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houcheng Cheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards & Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Qin Wu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuying Gong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lone Y, Bhide M, Koiri RK. Amelioratory effect of coenzyme Q10 on potential human carcinogen Microcystin-LR induced toxicity in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 102:176-185. [PMID: 28219701 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are a group of cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by cyanobacteria. More than 100 microcystin analogues have been detected, among which microcystin-LR is the most abundant and toxic variant. Present study was designed to reveal whether potential human carcinogen microcystin-LR could imbalance the glycolytic-oxidative-nitrosative status of heart, kidney and spleen of mice and also to explore the amelioratory effect of coenzyme Q10 on microcystin-LR induced toxicity. Microcystin-LR was administered at a dose of 10 μg/kg bw/day, ip for 14 days in male mice. In microcystin-LR treated mice as compared to control, significant increase in the level of lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, lactate dehydrogenase, nitric oxide with a concomitant decrease in the level of glutathione was observed, suggesting microcystin-LR induced toxicity via induction of oxidative-nitrosative-glycolytic pathway. Although several studies have evaluated numerous antioxidants but still there is no effective chemoprotectant against microcystin-LR induced toxicity. When microcystin-LR treated mice were co-administered coenzyme Q10 (10 mg/kg bw/day, im) for 14 days, it was observed that coenzyme Q10 ameliorates microcystin-LR induced toxicity via modulation of glycolytic-oxidative-nitrosative stress pathway. Thus, the results suggest that coenzyme Q10 has a potential to be developed as preventive agent against microcystin-LR induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqoob Lone
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India
| | - Mangla Bhide
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India
| | - Raj Kumar Koiri
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cai Y, Zhang C, Hao L, Chen J, Xie P, Chen Z. Systematic identification of seven ribosomal protein genes in bighead carp and their expression in response to microcystin-LR. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:293-302. [PMID: 26961614 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is one of the most toxic cyanotoxins produced in algal blooms. The toxic effects of MCLR on the expression of some organelles genes (mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoskeleton etc) have been widely investigated, but little is known how it impacts on the expression of ribosomal genes. In this study we identified seven ribosomal protein genes RPS6, RPS12, RPS24, RPS27a, RPL12, RPL27 and RPL29 in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), whose expression was regulated by MCLR. The amino acid sequences of those 7 genes shared more than 90% identity with corresponding sequences from zebrafish, and were well conserved throughout evolution. The 3D structure prediction showed that the structures of these ribosomal proteins were conserved, but had species specificity. Q-PCR analysis revealed that expression of seven genes changed dramatically at 3 hr, then went back to a moderate change- level at 24 hr in almost all tested tissues (liver, kidney, intestine, heart, spleen and gill) post MCLR injection, but in brain expression of the seven genes stayed same as the normal level. This study will help us to know not only about the evolution and functions of ribosomal proteins in anti-MCLR response in bighead carp, but also about the MCLR toxicity and its impact on aquaculture and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- School of Petrolchemical Engneering, Changzhou University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sex-dependent effects of microcystin-LR on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis and gametogenesis of adult zebrafish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22819. [PMID: 26960901 PMCID: PMC4785373 DOI: 10.1038/srep22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While microcystins (MCs) have been reported to exert reproductive toxicity on fish with a sex-dependent effect, the underlying mechanism has been rarely investigated. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to 1, 5 and 20 μg/L MC-LR for 30 d. The gonad-somatic index declined in all treated males. 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), 11-keto testosterone (11-KT) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels increased in serum from all treated females, while T, FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels changed in all treated males. Histomorphological observation showed that MC-LR exposure evidently retarded oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Transcriptional changes of 22 genes of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis exhibited sex-specific responses, and the relationship between gene transcriptions and gametogenesis was evaluated by principle component analysis (PCA). Major contributors to PC1 (gnrh2, gnrhr3, ar, lhr, hmgra, hmgrb and cyp19a) were positively correlated with the number of post-vitellogenic oocytes, while PC1 (gnrh2, lhβ, erβ, fshr, cyp11a and 17βhsd) were positively correlated with the number of spermatozoa. The protein levels of 17βHSD and CYP19a were affected in both females and males. In conclusion, this study first investigated the sex-dependent effects of microcystins on fish reproduction and revealed some important molecular biomarkers related to gametogenesis in zebrafish suffered from MC-LR.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen L, Chen J, Zhang X, Xie P. A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 301:381-99. [PMID: 26521084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies provide strong evidence of positive associations between microcystins (MCs) exposure and reproductive toxicity, representing a threat to human reproductive health and the biodiversity of wild life. This paper reviews current knowledge of the reproductive toxicity of MCs, with regard to mammals, fishes, amphibians, and birds, mostly in males. Toxicity of MCs is primarily governed by the inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) and disturbance of cellular phosphorylation balance. MCs exposure is related to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, leading to cytoskeleton disruption, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and DNA damage. MCs induce cell apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial and ROS and ER pathways. Through PP1/2A inhibition and oxidative stress, MCs lead to differential expression/activity of transcriptional factors and proteins involved in the pathways of cellular differentiation, proliferation, and tumor promotion. MC-induced DNA damage is also involved in carcinogenicity. Apart from a direct effect on testes and ovaries, MCs indirectly affect sex hormones by damaging the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and liver. Parental exposure to MCs may result in hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity of offspring. We also summarize the current research gaps which should be addressed by further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lone Y, Koiri RK, Bhide M. An overview of the toxic effect of potential human carcinogen Microcystin-LR on testis. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:289-296. [PMID: 28962362 PMCID: PMC5598424 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms due to water eutrophication evokes extreme concerns. These blooms produce cyanotoxins which are hazardous to living organisms. So far among these toxins, Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most toxic and the most frequently encountered toxin produced by the cyanobacteria in the contaminated aquatic environment. Microcystin-LR is a potential carcinogen for animals and humans, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified Microcystin-LR as a possible human carcinogen. After liver, testis has been considered as one of the most important target organs of Microcystin-LR toxicity. Microcystin-LR crosses the blood–testis barrier and interferes with DNA damage repair pathway and also increases expression of the proto-oncogenes, genes involved in the response to DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in testis. Toxicity of MC-LR disrupts the motility and morphology of sperm and also affects the hormone levels of male reproductive system. MC-LR treated mice exhibit oxidative stress in testis through the alteration of antioxidant enzyme activity and also affect the histopathology of male reproductive system. In the present review, an attempt has been made to comprehensively address the impact of MC-LR toxicity on testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqoob Lone
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Raj Kumar Koiri
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Mangla Bhide
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu W, Qiao Q, Chen Y, Wu K, Zhang X. Microcystin-LR exposure to adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) leads to growth inhibition and immune dysfunction in F1 offspring, a parental transmission effect of toxicity. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 155:360-367. [PMID: 25105566 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are algal toxins produced intracellularly within the cyanobacteria cells. MCs exposure exerts great harm to the reproductive system of fish and deteriorates the quality of eggs and sperms, and has further adverse effects on early developmental stages of fish. Whether the MC toxicity can be parentally transmitted to offspring, even though the embryos and larvae are free of MC exposure? In the present study, adult zebrafish were continuously exposed to MC-LR (with dose of 1, 5 and 20 μg/L) for 30 days. After MC-LR exposure, fertilized eggs were collected and the following F1 generation was reared in water containing no MC-LR until 60 days post fertilization (dpf). In F1 offspring, both body weight and body length were evidently dropped. Some growth and immune related genes were detected using the real-time PCR. The transcriptional levels of these genes significantly decreased in F1 offspring of zebrafish whose parents were treated with 5 and 20 μg/L MC-LR. The activities of some antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) significantly dropped in 5 and 20 μg/L MC-LR groups, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels markedly increased in all the three treatment groups. Furthermore, distinct pathological changes in liver were observed in F1 zebrafish. Our findings show that the MC-LR exposure to parental zebrafish results in liver damage and evidently influences the growth and immune function in F1 offspring. We consider this damage as a parental transmission effect of microcystin toxicity. Further mechanism studies are necessary to elucidate this transmission effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Liu
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Qiao
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Wu
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zeng C, Sun H, Xie P, Wang J, Zhang G, Chen N, Yan W, Li G. The role of apoptosis in MCLR-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 149:25-32. [PMID: 24555956 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that cyanobacteria-derived microcystin-leucine-arginine (MCLR) is able to induce developing toxicity, such as malformation, growth delay and also decreased heart rates in zebrafish embryos. However, the molecular mechanisms by which MCLR induces its toxicity during the development of zebrafish remain largely unknown. Here, we evaluate the role of apoptosis in MCLR-induced developmental toxicity. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of MCLR (0, 0.2, 0.5, 2, and 5.0 mg L(-1)) for 96 h, at which time reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly induced in the 2 and 5.0 mg L(-1) MCLR exposure groups. Acridine orange (AO) staining and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay showed that MCLR exposure resulted in cell apoptosis. To test the apoptotic pathway, the expression pattern of several apoptotic-related genes was examined for the level of enzyme activity, gene and protein expression, respectively. The overall results demonstrate that MCLR induced ROS which consequently triggered apoptosis in the heart of developing zebrafish embryos. Our results also indicate that the p53-Bax-Bcl-2 pathway and the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway play major roles in MCLR-induced apoptosis in the developing embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zeng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Nan Chen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards & Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Risk assessment of microcystins in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from eight eutrophic lakes in China. Food Chem 2013; 140:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
19
|
Renal accumulation and effects of intraperitoneal injection of extracted microcystins in omnivorous crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Toxicon 2013; 70:62-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
20
|
Papadimitriou T, Katsiapi M, Kormas KA, Moustaka-Gouni M, Kagalou I. Artificially-born "killer" lake: phytoplankton based water quality and microcystin affected fish in a reconstructed lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 452-453:116-124. [PMID: 23500405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lake Karla (Greece) is an example of a lake ecosystem which was dried in 1960's and now is restored, facing various anthropogenic pressures, whereas it is also listed in the network of Greek protected areas in terms of its conservation value. The objective of the present study was to determine the presence of microcystins (MCYST) in the lake water and their accumulation in tissues of the commercial fish species Cyprinus carpio, along with the highlighting of phytoplankton community and general limnological features of Lake Karla, a newly reconstructed lake, the first year of its refilling. MCYST concentrations in water and fish tissues were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results suggest that Lake Karla has undergone a progressive cultural eutrophication with frequent cyanobacterial blooms. The most dominant species in lake's phytoplankton were Anabaenopsis elenkinii, Sphaerospermopsis and Planktothrix agardhii. MCYST concentrations were detected in water samples comparable to those reported for other eutrophicated Mediterranean lakes while considerable amounts of MCYST were detected in the tissues of the species C. carpio in the following order: liver>kidney>brain>intestine>muscles. The presence of prominent cyanobacterial blooms dominated by toxic species highlights the need to undertake eutrophication control measures so as to avoid further toxicological problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Th Papadimitriou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Analysis of MC-LR and MC-RR in tissue from freshwater fish (Tinca tinca) and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in tench ponds (Cáceres, Spain) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 57:170-8. [PMID: 23537600 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study a new method has been developed and validated for detecting free microcystins (MCs) (MC-RR, MC-LR and MC-YR) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in the cyprinid Tinca tinca and in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii collected from three ponds in Extremadura (Spain) where the presence of the cyanobacteria species Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena spiroides has been confirmed. Once the method had been validated, free MCs were determined in fish (tench, T. tinca) and crayfish from different ponds in order to understand how they are bioaccumulated through the food web. MCs were not detected in any of the fish samples analyzed. It was confirmed that P. clarkii accumulated MCs in their tissues without losing their organoleptic characteristics, with MC-LR (2.3-18.1 μg MC-LR/g body weight) being the predominant MC variant detected in all the crayfish samples. MC-RR was measured in 50% of the samples analyzed, ranging between 1.4 and 7.8 μg MC-RR/g body weight and no MC-YR was detected. The results indicated that crayfish can accumulate free MCs in higher quantities than tench that live in ponds contaminated by toxic cyanobacteria species, and emphasized the need for regular monitoring if the health risks associated with their consumption are to be avoided.
Collapse
|
22
|
Global effects of subchronic treatment of microcystin-LR on rat splenetic protein levels. J Proteomics 2012; 77:383-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
23
|
Sotton B, Devaux A, Givaudan N, Guillard J, Domaizon I, Bony S, Anneville O. Short-term uptake of microcystin-LR by Coregonus lavaretus: GST activity and genotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1788-1796. [PMID: 22539116 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, juvenile whitefish weighing 2 g were exposed by force-feeding to two ecologically relevant doses (0.05 and 0.5 μg per fish) of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Then over 96 h the MC uptake in fish liver and muscle was measured, as the activity of the detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the liver, and the genotoxicity impact on red blood cells. Results show that (1) the MC-LR equivalent concentrations increased for both doses and in both organs of whitefish with approximately threefold lower concentrations for the low dose compared to the high dose in both organs and threefold lower concentrations in the muscle compared to the liver for each dose (2) the liver GST activity increased during the first 48 h of exposure with fivefold higher GST activity for the highest dose at 48 h compared to control and (3) MC-LR leads to deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks that were detected by the comet assay and shown to be partially repaired. This work demonstrates that European whitefish could be impacted by cyanobacteria toxins due to rapid microcystin uptake, especially in the context of chronic contamination, which can occur during long bloom episodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Sotton
- INRA, UMR CARRTEL, 75 av. de Corzent, 74203, Thonon Les Bains, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li H, Cai Y, Xie P, Chen J, Hao L, Li G, Xiong Q. Identification and expression profile of Id1 in bighead carp in response to microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:324-333. [PMID: 22683524 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a widespread cyanotoxin produced in algal blooms, and has potent hepatotoxicity and tumor-promoting activity. We cloned the full-length cDNA of Id1 in bighead carp. The full-length Id1 cDNA was 954bp and contained a 387bp ORF. Bighead carp Id1 shared high identity with zebrafish Id1 amino acid sequence, and phylogenetic analysis showed that teleost Id1 evolved closely. Bighead carp Id1 constitutively expressed in all tested tissues in normal. When tested at two different time points post exposure and at 3 different MCLR doses, Id1 expression increased in a time-dependent pattern, and Id1 expression in brain was very sensitive to MCLR exposure. The present study will help us to understand more about the evolution of Id1 molecule and its role in the MCLR induced cell differentiation and cancer promoting in bighead carp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yan Cai
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Le Hao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Qian Xiong
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang Z, Wu H, Li Y. Toxic effect on tissues and differentially expressed genes in hepatopancreas identified by suppression subtractive hybridization of freshwater pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii) following microcystin-LR challenge. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:393-403. [PMID: 20957730 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are a family of potent hepatotoxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria and can cause animal intoxications and human diseases. In this study, the effect of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on the tissues of freshwater pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii) was evaluated and differentially expressed genes in the hepatopancreas of the mussel exposed to MC-LR were identified. HPLC analysis of cell extracts from various tissues of the mussel indicated that the hepatopancreas had the highest MC-LR levels (55.78 ± 6.73 μg g⁻¹ DW) after 15-day exposure. The MC-LR concentration in gill or muscle was an order of magnitude less than in hepatopancreas or gonad. Subtractive cDNA library was constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), and ∼400 positive clones were sequenced, from which 98 high quality sequences were obtained by BLAST analysis. The screening identified numerous genes involved in apoptosis, signal transduction, cytoskeletal remodel, innate immunity, material and energy metabolism, translation and transcription which were extensively discussed. The results of this study add large amount of information to the mussel genome data, and for the first time present the basic data on toxicity effect of MC-LR on mussel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhou W, Liang H, Zhang X. Erythrocyte damage of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) caused by microcystin-LR: in vitro study. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 38:849-858. [PMID: 22286870 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fish suffer from anemia and hypovolemic hypotensive shock after in vivo exposure with microcystins.However, except for in vivo causes for anemia and hypotension, an in vitro study of fish erythrocytes exposed to MC is necessary. For a better understanding of hematology toxicity of MC, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the toxic effects of microcystin on fish erythrocytes in vitro. Crucian carp erythrocytes were incubated in vitro with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) at doses of 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1,000 nM.The level of lipid peroxidate significantly increased in MC-LR treatment groups. Glutathione decreased after exposure to MC-LR. The activities of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase,glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase,were significantly increased after exposure with MC-LR.The hemolysis was significantly increased, while the activities of acetylcholinesterase, Na?–K?-ATPase and Ca2?–Mg2?-ATPase were significantly decreased. In addition, pathological alterations in agglomerated and jagged erythrocytes were observed in blood smears. The findings indicate that damages to erythrocytes should also be responsible for anemia and hypotensive shock or even death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenshan Zhou
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dyble J, Gossiaux D, Landrum P, Kashian DR, Pothoven S. A kinetic study of accumulation and elimination of microcystin-LR in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) tissue and implications for human fish consumption. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2553-2571. [PMID: 22363240 PMCID: PMC3280582 DOI: 10.3390/md9122553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish consumption is a potential route of human exposure to the hepatotoxic microcystins, especially in lakes and reservoirs that routinely experience significant toxic Microcystis blooms. Understanding the rates of uptake and elimination for microcystins as well as the transfer efficiency into tissues of consumers are important for determining the potential for microcystins to be transferred up the food web and for predicting potential human health impacts. The main objective of this work was to conduct laboratory experiments to investigate the kinetics of toxin accumulation in fish tissue. An oral route of exposure was employed in this study, in which juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were given a single oral dose of 5 or 20 μg of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) via food and accumulation in the muscle, liver, and tank water were measured over 24 h. Peak concentrations of the water soluble fraction of microcystin were generally observed 8-10 h after dosing in the liver and after 12-16 h in the muscle, with a rapid decline in both tissues by 24 h. Up to 99% of the total recoverable (i.e., unbound) microcystin was measured in the tank water by 16 h after exposure. The relatively rapid uptake and elimination of the unbound fraction of microcystin in the liver and muscle of juvenile yellow perch within 24 h of exposure indicates that fish consumption may not be a major route of human exposure to microcystin, particularly in the Great Lakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Dyble
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 4840 South State Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA; (D.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Duane Gossiaux
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 4840 South State Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA; (D.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Peter Landrum
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 4840 South State Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA; (D.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Donna R. Kashian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Steven Pothoven
- Lake Michigan Field Station, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 1431 Beach Street, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li G, Chen J, Xie P, Jiang Y, Wu L, Zhang X. Protein expression profiling in the zebrafish (Danio rerio
) embryos exposed to the microcystin-LR. Proteomics 2011; 11:2003-18. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
29
|
Zhang X, Ji W, Zhang H, Zhang W, Xie P. Studies on the toxic effects of microcystin-LR on the zebrafish (Danio rerio) under different temperatures. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:561-7. [PMID: 21089159 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that fish have stronger tolerance than mammals to microcystin (MC) exposure, and such a difference is attributed to their different core body temperatures. However, no in vivo study has been conducted to investigate the effects of temperature on MC-induced toxicity in fish, a typical poikilotherm. Tolerance and detoxification response of zebrafish treated with MC-LR were investigated under three temperatures. The LD50 values evidently increased with a decline of the temperature (547, 260 and 176 µg kg⁻¹ at 12, 22 and 32 °C, respectively), indicating stronger tolerance of the fish at lower temperatures. Changes in the transcription of glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoforms in the fish were observed, and their sensitivity of response in the transcription of GST mRNA was on the order of 12 > 32 > 22°C. We screened out several GST genes which were more delicate to solve the MC-LR exposure at different temperatures, i.e. GST rho1, al, p1 and theta1 in the 12 °C group, and GST zeta1 and p2 in the 22 and 32 °C groups. Our findings partly validate the hypothesis that high temperature enhances toxic effects of MCs on poikilotherms. Our studies also indicate that temperature-dependent toxic effects should be taken into account for field toxic assessment of microcystins in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhang
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University; Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hao L, Xie P, Li H, Li G, Xiong Q, Wang Q, Qiu T, Liu Y. Transcriptional alteration of cytoskeletal genes induced by microcystins in three organs of rats. Toxicon 2010; 55:1378-86. [PMID: 20184910 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the mechanisms of toxicity of microcystins by measuring the transcription levels of nine cytoskeletal genes (actin, tubulin, vimentin, ezrin, radixin, moesin, MAP1b, tau, stathmin) in the liver, kidney and spleen of male Wistar rats treated with microcystins at a dose of 80 microg MC-LReq kg(-1) bw. Microcystins disrupted the transcriptional homeostasis of cytoskeletal genes in these organs. Changes in the transcription of four genes (beta-actin, ezrin, radixin and tau) in liver, one gene (stathmin) in kidney, and one gene (radixin) in spleen were significantly correlated with the tissue concentration of microcystins. However, the influences on the transcription of most genes we studied were greater in the liver than in the kidney or spleen. The effects of microcystins on the transcription of cytoskeletal genes may explain some of the morphological and pathological changes observed in these organs and provide new information on the hepatotoxicity of these compounds. Additionally, transcriptional changes in tumor-associated cytoskeletal genes (ezrin, moesin and stathmin) that were observed in the present study provide a possible clue to the tumor-promoting potential of microcystins and their influences on the transcription of MAP1b and tau imply possible neurological toxicity of microcystins in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Hao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hao L, Xie P, Fu J, Li G, Xiong Q, Li H. The effect of cyanobacterial crude extract on the transcription of GST mu, GST kappa and GST rho in different organs of goldfish (Carassius auratus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 90:1-7. [PMID: 18760847 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases play important roles in the detoxification of microcystin. Core-sequences of three classes of GST (mu, kappa and rho) were cloned from goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) i.p. injected with cyanobacterial crude extract at two doses (50 and 200 microg MC-LReq kg(-1)BW). The relative changes of the mRNA abundance in liver, kidney and intestine were analyzed by real-time PCR. The transcription of GST mu was inhibited in intestine at both doses and the transcription of GST kappa was inhibited from 12 to 48h in kidney at both doses. The decreased transcription of GST rho was detected in all three organs at the high dose. It is suggested that transcription inhibition of GST rho might be significant in MCs toxicity at higher toxin concentration in omnivorous freshwater fish. Alteration in transcription of GSTs stimulated by MCs implicates an increased health risk to fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Hao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang Q, Xie P, Chen J, Liang G. Distribution of microcystins in various organs (heart, liver, intestine, gonad, brain, kidney and lung) of Wistar rat via intravenous injection. Toxicon 2008; 52:721-7. [PMID: 18775740 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of microcystins (MCs) in various tissues of Wistar rats was studied under laboratory conditions. Rats were injected intravenously (i.v.) with extracted MCs at a dose of 80 microg MC-LR(equivalent)/kg body weight. MCs concentrations in various tissues were detected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24h post-injection using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The highest concentration of MCs was found in kidney (0.034-0.295 microg/g dry weight), followed by lung (0.007-0.067 microg/g dry weight), stomach (0.010-0.058 microg/g dry weight) and liver (0.003-0.052 microg/g dry weight). The maximum MCs content in the whole body of rat, 2.9% of the injected dose, was observed at 2h post-injection. MCs concentration was higher in kidney than in liver during the experiment, and two peaks of MCs concentration (at 2 and 24h, respectively) were observed in kidney, indicating that MCs can be excreted directly via kidney of rat. Though heart, intestine, spleen, brain, gonad and stomach contained less than 0.2% of injected MCs during the whole experiment stage, the presence of MCs in these tissues represents potential damage to them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|