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Kahrizi MS, Nasiri K, Ebrahimzadeh F, Yaseri AF, Ghodratizadeh S, Gholamrezaei M, Rahat Dahmardeh A, Adili A, Amjidifar R, Hemmatzadeh M, Arabi M, Maghsoudi MR, Mohammadi H. Lymphopenia associated with survivin and its downstream pathway in COVID-19 serving as a potential route in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Adv Med Sci 2024; 69:190-197. [PMID: 38521459 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Starting in 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused an epidemic that was growing rapidly and has harmed millions of people globally. It has been demonstrated that survivin regulates lymphocyte survival, a main route involved in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Survivin belongs to the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, and its primary functions comprise regulating mitosis and inhibiting apoptosis. Since lower survivin expression has been shown to increase the sensitivity of lymphocytes to apoptotic induction, we looked into the function of survivin and its corresponding pathways in COVID-19 pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of survivin, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), caspases 3, 7, 9, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was evaluated at both mRNA and protein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from healthy donors and patients with severe and moderate COVID-19 by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Then, we enforced apoptosis to COVID-19 patient-derived lymphocytes, and the percent was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Survivin and XIAP were less expressed in PBMCs derived from COVID-19 patients as apoptosis inhibitors than PARP, cleaved-PARP, caspase 9, and cleaved caspases 3 and 7, according to the results of real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Additionally, according to the flow cytometry results, the down-regulation of survivin served as a potential factor in the lymphocyte depletion observed in patients with COVID-19. CONCLUSION The role of survivin and its related pathway was first discovered in the development of COVID-19 and may serve as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamyar Nasiri
- Department of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Soroush Ghodratizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mostafa Gholamrezaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Rahat Dahmardeh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ali Adili
- Department of Oncology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Senior Adult Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South, Florida, USA
| | - Rosita Amjidifar
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University of Iran, Ahar, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Arabi
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Maghsoudi
- Faculty of Emergency Medicine & Toxicology, Emergency Department, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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2
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Matsuzaka Y, Yashiro R. Immune Modulation Using Extracellular Vesicles Encapsulated with MicroRNAs as Novel Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105658. [PMID: 35628473 PMCID: PMC9146104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-tolerance involves protection from self-reactive B and T cells via negative selection during differentiation, programmed cell death, and inhibition of regulatory T cells. The breakdown of immune tolerance triggers various autoimmune diseases, owing to a lack of distinction between self-antigens and non-self-antigens. Exosomes are non-particles that are approximately 50–130 nm in diameter. Extracellular vesicles can be used for in vivo cell-free transmission to enable intracellular delivery of proteins and nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs encapsulated in exosomes can regulate the molecular pathways involved in the immune response through post-transcriptional regulation. Herein, we sought to summarize and review the molecular mechanisms whereby exosomal miRNAs modulate the expression of genes involved in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5449-5372
| | - Ryu Yashiro
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira 187-8551, Tokyo, Japan; or
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3
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Mair I, Besusso D, Saul L, Patel SD, Ravindran R, McPherson RC, Leech MD, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM, Mellanby RJ. PD-1 expression is upregulated on adapted T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis but is not required to maintain a hyporesponsive state. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:112-120. [PMID: 30485411 PMCID: PMC6492152 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
T cell adaptation is an important peripheral tolerogenic process which ensures that the T cell population can respond effectively to pathogens but remains tolerant to self‐antigens. We probed the mechanisms of T cell adaptation using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in which the fate of autopathogenic T cells could be followed. We demonstrated that immunisation with a high dose of myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide and complete Freund's adjuvant failed to effectively initiate EAE, in contrast to low dose MBP peptide immunisation which readily induced disease. The proportion of autopathogenic CD4+ T cells in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice immunised with a high dose of MBP peptide was not significantly different to mice immunised with a low dose. However, autopathogenic T cells in mice immunised with high dose MBP peptide had an unresponsive phenotype in ex vivo recall assays. Importantly, whilst expression of PD‐1 was increased on adapted CD4+ T cells within the CNS, loss of PD‐1 function did not prevent the development of the unresponsive state. The lack of a role for PD‐1 in the acquisition of the adapted state stands in striking contrast to the reported functional importance of PD‐1 in T cell unresponsiveness in other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Mair
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dario Besusso
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Louise Saul
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarju D Patel
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rahul Ravindran
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rhoanne C McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melanie D Leech
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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4
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population playing a pivotal role in immune responses and tolerance. DCs promote immune tolerance by participating in the negative selection of autoreactive T cells in the thymus. Furthermore, to eliminate autoreactive T cells that have escaped thymic deletion, DCs also induce immune tolerance in the periphery through various mechanisms. Breakdown of these functions leads to autoimmune diseases. Moreover, DCs play a critical role in maintenance of homeostasis in body organs, especially the skin and intestine. In this review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance induction by DCs in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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5
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Lunyak VV, Amaro-Ortiz A, Gaur M. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretory Responses: Senescence Messaging Secretome and Immunomodulation Perspective. Front Genet 2017; 8:220. [PMID: 29312442 PMCID: PMC5742268 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) have been tested in a significant number of clinical trials, where they exhibit regenerative and repair properties directly through their differentiation into the cells of the mesenchymal origin or by modulation of the tissue/organ microenvironment. Despite various clinical effects upon transplantation, the functional properties of these cells in natural settings and their role in tissue regeneration in vivo is not yet fully understood. The omnipresence of MSC throughout vascularized organs equates to a reservoir of potentially therapeutic regenerative depots throughout the body. However, these reservoirs could be subjected to cellular senescence. In this review, we will discuss current progress and challenges in the understanding of different biological pathways leading to senescence. We set out to highlight the seemingly paradoxical property of cellular senescence: its beneficial role in the development and tissue repair and detrimental impact of this process on tissue homeostasis in aging and disease. Taking into account the lessons from the different cell systems, this review elucidates how autocrine and paracrine properties of senescent MSC might impose an additional layer of complexity on the regulation of the immune system in development and disease. New findings that have emerged in the last few years could shed light on sometimes seemingly controversial results obtained from MSC therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meenakshi Gaur
- Aelan Cell Technologies, San Francisco, CA, United States
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6
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de Oliveira GLV, Ferreira AF, Gasparotto EPL, Kashima S, Covas DT, Guerreiro CT, Brum DG, Barreira AA, Voltarelli JC, Simões BP, Oliveira MC, de Castro FA, Malmegrim KCR. Defective expression of apoptosis-related molecules in multiple sclerosis patients is normalized early after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:383-398. [PMID: 28008595 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective apoptosis might be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). We evaluated apoptosis-related molecules in MS patients before and after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) using BCNU, Etoposide, AraC and Melphalan (BEAM) or cyclophosphamide (CY)-based conditioning regimens. Patients were followed for clinical and immunological parameters for 2 years after AHSCT. At baseline, MS patients had decreased proapoptotic BAD, BAX and FASL and increased A1 gene expression when compared with healthy counterparts. In the BEAM group, BAK, BIK, BIMEL , FAS, FASL, A1, BCL2, BCLXL , CFLIPL and CIAP2 genes were up-regulated after AHSCT. With the exception of BIK, BIMEL and A1, all genes reached levels similar to controls at day + 720 post-transplantation. Furthermore, in these patients, we observed increased CD8+ Fas+ T cell frequencies after AHSCT when compared to baseline. In the CY group, we observed increased BAX, BCLW, CFLIPL and CIAP1 and decreased BIK and BID gene expressions after transplantation. At day + 720 post-AHSCT, the expression of BAX, FAS, FASL, BCL2, BCLXL and CIAP1 was similar to that of controls. Protein analyses showed increased Bcl-2 expression before transplantation. At 1 year post-AHSCT, expression of Bak, Bim, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and cFlip-L was decreased when compared to baseline values. In summary, our findings suggest that normalization of apoptosis-related molecules is associated with the early therapeutic effects of AHSCT in MS patients. These mechanisms may be involved in the re-establishment of immune tolerance during the first 2 years post-transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L V de Oliveira
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A F Ferreira
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E P L Gasparotto
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Kashima
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D T Covas
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C T Guerreiro
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D G Brum
- Department of Neurology, Psicology and Psiquiatry, School of Medicine of Botucatu, University of State of São Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu
| | - A A Barreira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J C Voltarelli
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B P Simões
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C Oliveira
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F A de Castro
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K C R Malmegrim
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Survival of autoreactive T lymphocytes by microRNA-mediated regulation of apoptosis through TRAIL and Fas in type 1 diabetes. Genes Immun 2016; 17:342-8. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Corrado M, Mariotti FR, Trapani L, Taraborrelli L, Nazio F, Cianfanelli V, Soriano ME, Schrepfer E, Cecconi F, Scorrano L, Campello S. Macroautophagy inhibition maintains fragmented mitochondria to foster T cell receptor-dependent apoptosis. EMBO J 2016; 35:1793-809. [PMID: 27390127 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics and functionality are linked to the autophagic degradative pathway under several stress conditions. However, the interplay between mitochondria and autophagy upon cell death signalling remains unclear. The T-cell receptor pathway signals the so-called activation-induced cell death (AICD) essential for immune tolerance regulation. Here, we show that this apoptotic pathway requires the inhibition of macroautophagy. Protein kinase-A activation downstream of T-cell receptor signalling inhibits macroautophagy upon AICD induction. This leads to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which are fragmented, display remodelled cristae and release cytochrome c, thereby driving apoptosis. Autophagy-forced reactivation that clears the Parkin-decorated mitochondria is as effective in inhibiting apoptosis as genetic interference with cristae remodelling and cytochrome c release. Thus, upon AICD induction regulation of macroautophagy, rather than selective mitophagy, ensures apoptotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Corrado
- Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Lucia Taraborrelli
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Nazio
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Cianfanelli
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Emilie Schrepfer
- Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Campello
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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9
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Abstract
Following acute-phase infection, activated T cells are terminated to achieve immune homeostasis, failure of which results in lymphoproliferative and autoimmune diseases. We report that sterile α- and heat armadillo-motif-containing protein (SARM), the most conserved Toll-like receptors adaptor, is proapoptotic during T-cell immune response. SARM expression is significantly reduced in natural killer (NK)/T lymphoma patients compared with healthy individuals, suggesting that decreased SARM supports NK/T-cell proliferation. T cells knocked down of SARM survived and proliferated more significantly compared with wild-type T cells following influenza infection in vivo. During activation of cytotoxic T cells, the SARM level fell before rising, correlating inversely with cell proliferation and subsequent T-cell clearance. SARM knockdown rescued T cells from both activation- and neglect-induced cell deaths. The mitochondria-localized SARM triggers intrinsic apoptosis by generating reactive oxygen species and depolarizing the mitochondrial potential. The proapoptotic function is attributable to the C-terminal sterile alpha motif and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domains. Mechanistically, SARM mediates intrinsic apoptosis via B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family members. SARM suppresses B cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) and downregulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, which are cell survival effectors. Overexpression of Bcl-xL and double knockout of Bcl-2 associated X protein and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist killer substantially reduced SARM-induced apoptosis. Collectively, we have shown how T-cell death following infection is mediated by SARM-induced intrinsic apoptosis, which is crucial for T-cell homeostasis.
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10
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de Oliveira GLV, Malmegrim KCR, Ferreira AF, Tognon R, Kashima S, Couri CEB, Covas DT, Voltarelli JC, de Castro FA. Up-regulation of fas and fasL pro-apoptotic genes expression in type 1 diabetes patients after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:291-302. [PMID: 22519592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, resulting in insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia. Recent studies have described that apoptosis impairment during central and peripheral tolerance is involved in T1D pathogenesis. In this study, the apoptosis-related gene expression in T1D patients was evaluated before and after treatment with high-dose immunosuppression followed by autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HDI-AHSCT). We also correlated gene expression results with clinical response to HDI-AHSCT. We observed a decreased expression of bad, bax and fasL pro-apoptotic genes and an increased expression of a1, bcl-x(L) and cIAP-2 anti-apoptotic genes in patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) compared to controls. After HDI-AHSCT, we found an up-regulation of fas and fasL and a down-regulation of anti-apoptotic bcl-x(L) genes expression in post-HDI-AHSCT periods compared to pre-transplantation. Additionally, the levels of bad, bax, bok, fasL, bcl-x(L) and cIAP-1 genes expression were found similar to controls 2 years after HDI-AHSCT. Furthermore, over-expression of pro-apoptotic noxa at 540 days post-HDI-AHSCT correlated positively with insulin-free patients and conversely with glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GAD65) autoantibody levels. Taken together, the results suggest that apoptosis-related genes deregulation in patients' PBMCs might be involved in breakdown of immune tolerance and consequently contribute to T1D pathogenesis. Furthermore, HDI-AHSCT modulated the expression of some apoptotic genes towards the levels similar to controls. Possibly, the expression of these apoptotic molecules could be applied as biomarkers of clinical remission of T1D patients treated with HDI-AHSCT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L V de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Department of Clinical Analysis, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Han D, Leyva CA, Matheson D, Mineo D, Messinger S, Blomberg BB, Hernandez A, Meneghini LF, Allende G, Skyler JS, Alejandro R, Pugliese A, Kenyon NS. Immune profiling by multiple gene expression analysis in patients at-risk and with type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2011; 139:290-301. [PMID: 21414848 PMCID: PMC3096683 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for biomarkers to monitor the development and progression of type 1 DM. We analyzed mRNA expression levels for granzyme B, perforin, fas ligand, TNF-α, IFN-γ, Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and Immunoglobulin G gamma chain (IgG<gamma>) genes in peripheral blood of at-risk, new-onset and long-term type 1 DM , and healthy controls. The majority of the genes were suppressed in long-term type 1 DM compared to controls and new-onset patients. IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA levels were significantly higher in new-onset compared to at-risk and long-term groups. There was decreased mRNA expression for AID and IgG<gamma> and up-regulation of IFN-γ with age in controls. Data suggest an overall depressed immunity in long-term type 1 DM. Increased gene expression levels for IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 in new-onset patients from at-risk patients might be used as potential markers for progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Han
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Carlos A. Leyva
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Della Matheson
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Davide Mineo
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Shari Messinger
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Bonnie B. Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ana Hernandez
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Luigi F. Meneghini
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gloria Allende
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jay S. Skyler
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Medicine, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rodolfo Alejandro
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Medicine, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Medicine, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Norma S. Kenyon
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Medicine, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA,Department of Surgery, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Wong MS, Hawthorne WJ, Manolios N. Gene therapy in diabetes. SELF NONSELF 2010; 1:165-175. [PMID: 21487475 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.3.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease, whereby auto-reactive cytotoxic T cells target and destroy insulin-secreting β-cells in pancreatic islets leading to insulin deficiency and subsequent hyperglycemia. These individuals require multiple daily insulin injections every day of their life without which they will develop life-threatening diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and die. Gene therapy by viral vector and non-viral transduction may be useful techniques to treat T1D as it can be applied from many different angles; such as the suppression of autoreactive T cells to prevent islet destruction (prophylactic) or the replacement of the insulin gene (post-disease). The need for a better method for providing euglycemia arose from insufficient numbers of cadaver islets for transplantation and the immunosuppression required post-transplant. Ectopic expression of insulin or islet modification have been examined, but not perfected. This review examines the various gene transfer methods, gene therapy techniques used to date and promising novel techniques for the maintenance of euglycemia in the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Wong
- Department of Rheumatology; University of Sydney; Sydney, NSW Australia
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Wang PW, Lin TK, Weng SW, Liou CW. Mitochondrial DNA variants in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes - relevance of asian population studies. Rev Diabet Stud 2009; 6:237-46. [PMID: 20043036 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2009.6.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction involves defective insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells, and insulin resistance in insulin-sensitive tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. Mitochondria are recognized as the most important cellular source of energy, and the major generator of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intracellular antioxidative systems have been developed to cope with increased oxidative damage. In case of minor oxidative stress, the cells may increase the number of mitochondria to produce more energy. A mechanism called mitochondrial biogenesis, involving several transcription factors and regulators, controls the quantity of mitochondria. When oxidative damage is advanced beyond the repair capacity of antioxidative systems, then oxidative stress can lead to cell death. Therefore, this organelle is central to cell life or death. Available evidence increasingly shows genetic linkage between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Based on previous studies, the mtDNA 16189 variant is associated with metabolic syndrome, higher fasting insulin concentration, insulin resistance index and lacunar cerebral infarction. These data support the involvement of mitochondrial genetic variation in the pathogenesis of T2D. Importantly, phylogeographic studies of the human mtDNAs have revealed that the human mtDNA tree is rooted in Africa and radiates into different geographic regions and can be grouped as haplogroups. The Asian populations carry very different mtDNA haplogroups as compared to European populations. Therefore, it is critically important to determine the role of mtDNA polymorphisms in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 83305
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Hao J, Shen W, Tian C, Liu Z, Ren J, Luo C, Long J, Sharman E, Liu J. Mitochondrial nutrients improve immune dysfunction in the type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:701-11. [PMID: 18410524 PMCID: PMC3822877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of type 2 diabetes is accompanied by decreased immune function and the mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesize that oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction may play an important role in the immune dysfunction in diabetes. In the present study, we investigated this hypothesis in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats by treatment with a combination of four mitochondrial-targeting nutrients, namely, R-α-lipoic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, nicotinamide and biotin. We first studied the effects of the combination of these four nutrients on immune function by examining cell proliferation in immune organs (spleen and thymus) and immunomodulating factors in the plasma. We then examined, in the plasma and thymus, oxidative damage biomarkers, including lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, reactive oxygen species, calcium and antioxidant defence systems, mitochondrial potential and apoptosis-inducing factors (caspase 3, p53 and p21). We found that immune dysfunction in these animals is associated with increased oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction and that the nutrient treatment effectively elevated immune function, decreased oxidative damage, enhanced mitochondrial function and inhibited the elevation of apoptosis factors. These effects are comparable to, or greater than, those of the anti-diabetic drug pioglitazone. These data suggest that a rational combination of mitochondrial-targeting nutrients may be effective in improving immune function in type 2 diabetes through enhancement of mitochondrial function, decreased oxidative damage, and delayed cell death in the immune organs and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Hao
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Kalousek I, Brodska B, Otevrelova P, Röselova P. BimEL-dependent apoptosis induced in peripheral blood lymphocytes withn-butyric acid is moderated by variation in expression of c-myc and p21(WAF1). Cell Biochem Funct 2008; 26:509-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chang HW, Chow YH, Chong P, Sia C. The cross-regulatory relationship between human dendritic and regulatory T cells and its role in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Rev Diabet Stud 2007; 4:68-76. [PMID: 17823690 PMCID: PMC2036261 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2007.4.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and T regulatory (Treg) cells play a crucial role in maintaining the tolerance needed to prevent the onset of autoimmunity that leads to the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Various experimental studies have shown that human DC subsets are involved in the induction of anergy in T cells and in the differentiation of conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes into the respective subtypes of Treg cells. Treg cells, in turn, have been shown to modulate the function of DCs to exhibit tolerogenic properties. To evaluate whether T1DM development is related to abnormalities in DCs and Treg cells, many attempts have been made to characterize these cell types in diabetic individuals and in subjects at risk of developing the disease. This review aims to supply an update on the progress made in these aspects of T1DM research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles Sia
- Address correspondence to: Charles Sia, e-mail:
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