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Firatli Y, Firatli E, Loimaranta V, Elmanfi S, Gürsoy UK. Regulation of gingival keratinocyte monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced protein (MCPIP)-1 and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein (MALT)-1 expressions by periodontal bacteria, lipopolysaccharide, and interleukin-1β. J Periodontol 2023; 94:130-140. [PMID: 35712915 PMCID: PMC10087685 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate oral bacteria- and interleukin (IL)-1β-induced protein and mRNA expression profiles of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced protein (MCPIP)-1 and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein (MALT)-1 in human gingival keratinocyte monolayers and organotypic oral mucosal models. METHODS Human gingival keratinocyte (HMK) monolayers were incubated with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1β. The protein levels of MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 were examined by immunoblots and mRNA levels by qPCR. MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 protein expression levels were also analyzed immunohistochemically using an organotypic oral mucosal model. One-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey correction was used in statistical analyses. RESULTS In keratinocyte monolayers, MCPIP-1 protein expression was suppressed by F. nucleatum and MALT-1 protein expression was suppressed by F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis LPS and IL-1β. P. gingivalis seemed to degrade MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 at all tested time points and degradation was inhibited when P. gingivalis was heat-killed. MCPIP-1 mRNA levels were increased by P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, and IL-1β, however, no changes were observed in MALT-1 mRNA levels. CONCLUSION Gingival keratinocyte MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 mRNA and protein expression responses are regulated by infection and inflammatory mediators. These findings suggest that periodontitis-associated bacteria-induced modifications in MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 responses can be a part of periodontal disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigit Firatli
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erhan Firatli
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vuokko Loimaranta
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Samira Elmanfi
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ulvi K Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Regulation of hBD-2, hBD-3, hCAP18/LL37, and Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion by Human Milk Oligosaccharides in an Organotypic Oral Mucosal Model. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060739. [PMID: 34208335 PMCID: PMC8231254 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), the third largest solid fraction in human milk, can modulate inflammation through Toll-like receptor signaling, but little is known about their immunomodulatory potential in the oral cavity. In this study, we determined whether the HMOs 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL) regulate human-beta defensin (hBD)-2 and -3, cathelicidin (hCAP18/LL-37), and cytokine responses in human gingival cells using a three-dimensional oral mucosal culture model. The model was incubated with 0.1% or 1% 2′-FL and 3-FL, alone and in combination, for 5 or 24 h, and hBD-2, hBD-3, and hCAP18/LL-37 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The expression profiles of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-1RA, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 were determined by LUMINEX immunoassay. The combination of 1% 2′-FL and 1% 3-FL, and 1% 3-FL alone, for 24 h upregulated hBD-2 protein expression significantly (p < 0.001 and p = 0.016, respectively). No changes in the other antimicrobial peptides or proinflammatory cytokines were observed. Thus, 3-FL, alone and in combination with 2′-FL, stimulates oral mucosal secretion of hBD-2, without effecting a proinflammatory response when studied in an oral mucosal culture model.
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Elmanfi S, Sintim HO, Zhou J, Gürsoy M, Könönen E, Gürsoy UK. Activation of Gingival Fibroblasts by Bacterial Cyclic Dinucleotides and Lipopolysaccharide. Pathogens 2020; 9:E792. [PMID: 32993127 PMCID: PMC7600373 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and respond with inflammatory proteins. Simultaneous impacts of bacterial cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gingival keratinocytes have been previously demonstrated, but the effects of these MAMPs on other periodontal cell types, such as gingival fibroblasts, remain to be clarified. The present aim was to examine the independent and combined effects of these cyclic dinucleotides and LPS on interleukin (IL) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) response of HGFs. The cells were incubated with c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP, either in the presence or absence of Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS, for 2 h and 24 h. The levels of IL-8, -10, and -34, and MMP-1, -2, and -3 secreted were measured by the Luminex technique. LPS alone or together with cyclic dinucleotides elevated IL-8 levels. IL-10 levels were significantly increased in the presence of c-di-GMP and LPS after 2 h but disappeared after 24 h of incubation. Concurrent treatment of c-di-AMP and LPS elevated MMP-1 levels, whereas c-di-GMP with LPS suppressed MMP-2 levels but increased MMP-3 levels. To conclude, we produce evidence that cyclic dinucleotides interact with LPS-mediated early response of gingival fibroblasts, while late cellular response is mainly regulated by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Elmanfi
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (S.E.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
| | - Herman O. Sintim
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (S.E.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
| | - Eija Könönen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (S.E.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
- Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, City of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ulvi K. Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (S.E.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Biofilm Reduces Gingival Epithelial Cell Keratin Expression in an Organotypic Gingival Tissue Culture Model. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040278. [PMID: 31805672 PMCID: PMC6963591 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells express keratins, which are essential for the structural integrity and mechanical strength of the cells. In the junctional epithelium (JE) of the tooth, keratins such as K16, K18, and K19, are expressed, which is typical for non-differentiated and rapidly dividing cells. The expression of K17, K4, and K13 keratins can be induced by injury, bacterial irritation, smoking, and inflammation. In addition, these keratins can be found in the sulcular epithelium and in the JE. Our aim was to estimate the changes in K4, K13, K17, and K19 expression in gingival epithelial cells exposed to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. An organotypic gingival mucosa and biofilm co-culture was used as a model system. The effect of the biofilm after 24 h was assessed using immunohistochemistry. The structure of the epithelium was also studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expression of K17 and K19, as well as total keratin expression, decreased in the suprabasal layers of epithelium, which were in close contact with the A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm. The effect on keratin expression was biofilm specific. The expression of K4 and K13 was low in all of the tested conditions. When stimulated with the A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm, the epithelial contact site displayed a thick necrotic layer on the top of the epithelium. The A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm released vesicles, which were found in close contact with the epithelium. After A. actinomycetemcomitans irritation, gingival epithelial cells may lose their resistance and become more vulnerable to bacterial infection.
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de Carvalho Dias K, de Sousa DL, Barbugli PA, Cerri PS, Salih VM, Vergani CE. Development and characterization of a 3D oral mucosa model as a tool for host-pathogen interactions. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 152:52-60. [PMID: 30017850 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to (i) design, develop and validate a practical and physiologically relevant reconstituted in vitro oral mucosa tissue model and (ii) to assess its applicability in in vitro host-pathogen interactions with C. albicans and S. aureus. Co-culture organotypic constructions were created by incorporating specific numbers of keratinocytes (NOK-si) onto cellularised, collagen gel scaffolds containing human gingival fibroblasts incubated in KGM media and cultured for 14 days. The detection of the appropriate oral mucosa/epithelial structure was evaluated by histology (hematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (P.A.S.) and Picrosirius red), and immunocytochemistry (cytokeratin 13, cytokeratin 14, Ki-67 and collagen IV) compared to a normal human gingiva. The morphology of the reconstituted tissue was analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy. To further quantitate tissue damage, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured in the tissue supernatant. NOK-si grown upon a gingival scaffold provided an organotypic model in an in vitro setting and exhibited structural characteristics typically associated with normal oral mucosa. Immunocytochemistry revealed the detection of epithelial cytokeratins 13 and 14, Col IV and Ki-67 in the reconstituted oral mucosa model. Infection was detected after 8 h and 16 h. This study presents an in vitro cellularised, organotypic model of reconstituted oral mucosa, which enables close control and characterization of its structure and differentiation over a mid-length period of time in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kássia de Carvalho Dias
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Oral Rehabilitation Program, Araraquara School of Dentistry UNESP, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Centro, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Denise Lins de Sousa
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Oral Rehabilitation Program, Araraquara School of Dentistry UNESP, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Centro, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Aboud Barbugli
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Oral Rehabilitation Program, Araraquara School of Dentistry UNESP, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Centro, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Sérgio Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Araraquara School of Dentistry UNESP, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vehid Max Salih
- Plymouth University, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, UK.
| | - Carlos Eduardo Vergani
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Oral Rehabilitation Program, Araraquara School of Dentistry UNESP, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Centro, 14801903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Areid N, Peltola A, Kangasniemi I, Ballo A, Närhi TO. Effect of ultraviolet light treatment on surface hydrophilicity and human gingival fibroblast response on nanostructured titanium surfaces. Clin Exp Dent Res 2018; 4:78-85. [PMID: 29955391 PMCID: PMC6010723 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of nanostructured TiO2 coatings on human gingival fibroblast and to explore the influence of ultraviolet (UV) light on surface wettability and cellular response. Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy discs (n = 96) were divided into three groups: a sol-gel-derived MetAlive™ (MA) coating; hydrothermal (HT) coating; and a non-coated (NC) group. Forty-eight titanium substrates were further treated with UV light for 15 min. The water contact angles of the substrates were measured using the sessile drop method. Human gingival fibroblasts were used to evaluate the cell adhesion strength and cell proliferation on experimental surfaces. The strength of cell adhesion against enzymatic detachment was studied after 6 hr of adhesion using gentle trypsinization for 15 min at room temperature. A fluorescence microscope was used for cell imaging (Zeiss-stereo-lumar-v12), and images were analyzed for cell counting, and the percentage of detached cells were calculated. The proliferation of cultured cells up to 10 days was determined according to the cell activity using Alamar Blue™assay. The HT group had the lowest contact angle value (31.1°) followed by MetAlive™ (35.3°), whereas the NC group had the highest contact angle (50.3°). After UV light treatment, all surfaces become considerably more hydrophilic. There was a significant difference in the amount of adherent cells between sol-gel and HT groups when compared with the NC group (p < .05) with detachment percentages of 35.8%, 36.4%, and 70.7%, respectively. All substrate types showed an increase in cell proliferation rate until 10 days. It can be concluded that nanostructured titanium oxide implant surfaces, obtained by sol-gel and HT coating methods, enhance the surface wettability and improve human gingival fibroblast function in terms of adhesion and proliferation rate when compared with non-coated surfaces. UV light treatment clearly enhances the wettability of all titanium surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagat Areid
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Stomatognathic PhysiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Ari Peltola
- Turku Clinical Biomaterials CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | | | - Ahmed Ballo
- Division of Prosthodontics and Dental Geriatrics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of British ColumbiaBCCanada
| | - Timo O. Närhi
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Stomatognathic PhysiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial DiseaseTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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Gursoy UK, Gursoy M, Könönen E, Sintim HO, Uitto VJ, Syrjänen S. Construction and characterization of a multilayered gingival keratinocyte culture model: the TURK-U model. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2345-2354. [PMID: 27752840 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In construction of epithelial cells as multilayers, the cells are grown submerged to confluence on fibroblast-embedded collagen gels and, then, lifted to air to promote their stratification. We recently demonstrated that gingival epithelial cells form uniform monolayers on semi-permeable nitrocellulose membranes, supported with a semi-solid growth medium, which allows the cells to grow at an air-liquid-solid interface from the beginning of the culturing protocol. In this study, the aim was to further develop our previous model to form a multilayered gingival epithelial culture model. Two different epithelial cell lines (HaCaT from skin and HMK from gingiva) were used in all experiments. Both cell lines were grown first as monolayers for 3 days. After that, keratinocytes were trypsinized, counted and seeded on a sterile semi-permeable nitrocellulose membrane placed on the top of a semi-solid growth medium, forming an air-liquid-solid interface for the cells to grow. At days 1, 4, and 7, epithelial cells were fixed, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned for routine Hematoxylin-Eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin (Ck). At day 1, HMK cells grew as monolayers, while HaCaT cells stratified forming an epithelium with two to three layers. At day 4, a stratified epithelium in the HMK model had four to five layers and its proliferation continued up to day 7. HaCaT cells formed a dense and weakly proliferating epithelium with three to four layers of stratification at day 4 but the proliferation disappeared at day 7. At all days, both models were strongly positive for Ck5, Ck7, and Ck 19, and weakly positive for Ck10. Gingival epithelial cells stratify successfully on semi-permeable nitrocellulose membranes, supported with a semi-solid growth medium. This technique allows researchers to construct uniform gingival epithelial cell multilayers at an air-liquid-solid interface, without using collagen gels, resulting in a more reproducible method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulvi K Gursoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Mervi Gursoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Könönen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, Turku, Finland
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Veli-Jukka Uitto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stina Syrjänen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Ahlstrand T, Tuominen H, Beklen A, Torittu A, Oscarsson J, Sormunen R, Pöllänen MT, Permi P, Ihalin R. A novel intrinsically disordered outer membrane lipoprotein of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans binds various cytokines and plays a role in biofilm response to interleukin-1β and interleukin-8. Virulence 2016; 8:115-134. [PMID: 27459270 PMCID: PMC5383217 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1216294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) do not have a well-defined and stable 3-dimensional fold. Some IDPs can function as either transient or permanent binders of other proteins and may interact with an array of ligands by adopting different conformations. A novel outer membrane lipoprotein, bacterial interleukin receptor I (BilRI) of the opportunistic oral pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans binds a key gatekeeper proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β. Because the amino acid sequence of the novel lipoprotein resembles that of fibrinogen binder A of Haemophilus ducreyi, BilRI could have the potential to bind other proteins, such as host matrix proteins. However, from the tested host matrix proteins, BilRI interacted with neither collagen nor fibrinogen. Instead, the recombinant non-lipidated BilRI, which was intrinsically disordered, bound various pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-10. Moreover, BilRI played a role in the in vitro sensing of IL-1β and IL-8 because low concentrations of cytokines did not decrease the amount of extracellular DNA in the matrix of bilRI− mutant biofilm as they did in the matrix of wild-type biofilm when the biofilms were exposed to recombinant cytokines for 22 hours. BilRI played a role in the internalization of IL-1β in the gingival model system but did not affect either IL-8 or IL-6 uptake. However, bilRI deletion did not entirely prevent IL-1β internalization, and the binding of cytokines to BilRI was relatively weak. Thus, BilRI might sequester cytokines on the surface of A. actinomycetemcomitans to facilitate the internalization process in low local cytokine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli Ahlstrand
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Heidi Tuominen
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Arzu Beklen
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Annamari Torittu
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- b Oral Microbiology , Department of Odontology, Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Raija Sormunen
- c Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology , University of Oulu , Oulu Finland
| | | | - Perttu Permi
- e Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,f Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland.,g Department of Chemistry , Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Riikka Ihalin
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
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Massera J, Kokkari A, Närhi T, Hupa L. The influence of SrO and CaO in silicate and phosphate bioactive glasses on human gingival fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:196. [PMID: 26099346 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the effect of substituting SrO for CaO in silicate and phosphate bioactive glasses on the human gingival fibroblast activity. In both materials the presence of SrO led to the formation of a CaP layer with partial Sr substitution for Ca. The layer at the surface of the silicate glass consisted of HAP whereas at the phosphate glasses it was close to the DCPD composition. In silicate glasses, SrO gave a faster initial dissolution and a thinner reaction layer probably allowing for a continuous ion release into the solution. In phosphate glasses, SrO decreased the dissolution process and gave a more strongly bonded reaction layer. Overall, the SrO-containing silicate glass led to a slight enhancement in the activity of the gingival fibroblasts cells when compared to the SrO-free reference glass, S53P4. The cell activity decreased up to 3 days of culturing for all phosphate glasses containing SrO. Whereas culturing together with the SrO-free phosphate glass led to complete cell death at 7 days. The glasses containing SrO showed rapid cell proliferation and growth between 7 and 14 days, reaching similar activity than glass S53P4. The addition of SrO in both silicate and phosphate glasses was assumed beneficial for proliferation and growth of human gingival fibroblasts due to Sr incorporation in the reaction layer at the glass surface and released in the cell culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Massera
- Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500, Turku, Finland,
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Jiang Q, Yu Y, Ruan H, Luo Y, Guo X. Morphological and functional characteristics of human gingival junctional epithelium. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:30. [PMID: 24708739 PMCID: PMC4234347 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to observe the morphological characteristics and identify the function characteristics of junctional epithelium (JE) tissues and cultured JE cells. METHODS Paraffin sections of human molar or premolar on the gingival buccolingual side were prepared from 6 subjects. HE staining and image analysis were performed to measure and compare the morphological difference among JE, oral gingival epithelium (OGE) and sulcular epithelium (SE). Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the expression pattern of cytokeratin 5/6, 7, 8/18, 10/13, 16, 17, 19, and 20 in JE, OGE and SE. On the other hand, primary human JE and OGE cells were cultured in vitro. Cell identify was confirmed by histology and immunohistochemistry. In a co-culture model, TEM was used to observe the attachment formation between JE cells and tooth surface. RESULTS Human JE was a unique tissue which was different from SE and OGE in morphology. Similarly, morphology of JE cells was also particular compared with OGE cells cultured in vitro. In addition, JE cells had a longer incubation period than OGE cells. Different expression of several CKs illustrated JE was in a characteristic of low differentiation and high regeneration. After being co-cultured for 14 d, multiple cell layers, basement membrane-like and hemidesmosome-like structures were appeared at the junction of JE cell membrane and tooth surface. CONCLUSIONS JE is a specially stratified epithelium with low differentiation and high regeneration ability in gingival tissue both in vivo and in vitro. In co-culture model, human JE cells can form basement membrane-like and hemidesmosome-like structures in about 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youcheng Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Korpela J, Kokkari A, Korhonen H, Malin M, Närhi T, Seppälä J. Biodegradable and bioactive porous scaffold structures prepared using fused deposition modeling. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 101:610-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pöllänen MT, Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Uitto VJ. Fusobacterium nucleatumBiofilm Induces Epithelial Migration in an Organotypic Model of Dento-Gingival Junction. J Periodontol 2012; 83:1329-35. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.110535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rautava J, Pöllänen M, Laine MA, Willberg J, Lukkarinen H, Soukka T. Effects of tacrolimus on an organotypic raft-culture model mimicking oral mucosa. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37:897-903. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2012.04372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Paino A, Lohermaa E, Sormunen R, Tuominen H, Korhonen J, Pöllänen MT, Ihalin R. Interleukin-1β is internalised by viable Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm and locates to the outer edges of nucleoids. Cytokine 2012; 60:565-74. [PMID: 22898394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans causes periodontitis, which is a biofilm infection that destroys tooth-supportive tissues. Interleukin (IL)-1β, a central proinflammatory cytokine of periodontitis, is an essential first line cytokine for local inflammation that modulates the cell proliferation and anti-pathogen response of human gingival keratinocytes. Previously, we demonstrated that A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms bind IL-1β; however, whether this binding is an active process is not known. In this study, we showed for the first time with immuno-electron microscopy that viable bacterial biofilm cells internalised IL-1β when co-cultured with an organotypic mucosa. Decreased biofilm viability hindered the ability of biofilm to sequester IL-1β and caused IL-1β leakage into the culture medium. In some A. actinomycetemcomitans cells, intracellular IL-1β localized to the outer edges of the nucleoids. We identified the DNA-binding protein HU as an IL-1β interacting protein with mass spectroscopy and showed the interaction of recombinant HU and IL-1βin vitro using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Close contact with a viable A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm decreased the proliferation and apoptosis of human gingival keratinocytes as demonstrated using Ki-67 and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. Our results suggest that viable A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms may disturb the critical first steps of local inflammation in periodontitis by binding and internalising IL-1β. The interaction of IL-1β with conserved HU provides a potential mechanism for shaping bacterial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamari Paino
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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15
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Host-bacteria crosstalk at the dentogingival junction. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:821383. [PMID: 22899931 PMCID: PMC3412119 DOI: 10.1155/2012/821383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentogingival junction is of crucial importance in periodontal host defense both structurally and functionally. Oral bacteria exert a constant challenge to the host cells and tissues at the dentogingival junction. The host response is set up to eliminate the pathogens by the innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. In health, the commensal bacteria and the host defense mechanisms are in a dynamic steady state. During periodontal disease progression, the dental bacterial plaque, junctional epithelium (JE), inflammatory cells, connective tissue, and bone all go through a series of changes. The tissue homeostasis is turned into tissue destruction and progression of periodontitis. The classical study of Slots showed that in the bacterial plaque, the most remarkable change is the shift from gram-positive aerobic and facultatively anaerobic flora to a predominantly gram-negative and anaerobic flora. This has been later confirmed by several other studies. Furthermore, not only the shift of the bacterial flora to a more pathogenic one, but also bacterial growth as a biofilm on the tooth surface, allows the bacteria to communicate with each other and exert their virulence aimed at favoring their growth. This paper focuses on host-bacteria crosstalk at the dentogingival junction and the models studying it in vitro.
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Gursoy UK, Pöllänen M, Könönen E, Uitto VJ. A Novel Organotypic Dento-Epithelial Culture Model: Effect of Fusobacterium nucleatum Biofilm on B-Defensin-2, -3, and LL-37 Expression. J Periodontol 2012; 83:242-7. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Paino A, Tuominen H, Jääskeläinen M, Alanko J, Nuutila J, Asikainen SE, Pelliniemi LJ, Pöllänen MT, Chen C, Ihalin R. Trimeric form of intracellular ATP synthase subunit β of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans binds human interleukin-1β. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18929. [PMID: 21533109 PMCID: PMC3078924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms resist host defenses and antibiotics partly because of their decreased metabolism. Some bacteria use proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, as cues to promote biofilm formation and to alter virulence. Although one potential bacterial IL-1β receptor has been identified, current knowledge of the bacterial IL-1β sensing mechanism is limited. In chronic biofilm infection, periodontitis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans requires tight adherence (tad)-locus to form biofilms, and tissue destroying active lesions contain more IL-1β than inactive ones. The effect of IL-1β on the metabolic activity of A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm was tested using alamarBlue™. The binding of IL-1β to A. actinomycetemcomitans cells was investigated using transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. To identify the proteins which interacted with IL-1β, different protein fractions from A. actinomycetemcomitans were run in native-PAGE and blotted using biotinylated IL-1β and avidin-HRP, and identified using mass spectroscopy. We show that although IL-1β slightly increases the biofilm formation of A. actinomycetemcomitans, it reduces the metabolic activity of the biofilm. A similar reduction was observed with all tad-locus mutants except the secretin mutant, although all tested mutant strains as well as wild type strains bound IL-1β. Our results suggest that IL-1β might be transported into the A. actinomycetemcomitans cells, and the trimeric form of intracellular ATP synthase subunit β interacted with IL-1β, possibly explaining the decreased metabolic activity. Because ATP synthase is highly conserved, it might universally enhance biofilm resistance to host defense by binding IL-1β during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamari Paino
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Tuominen
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mari Jääskeläinen
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jonna Alanko
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jari Nuutila
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Marja T. Pöllänen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, USC School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Riikka Ihalin
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Areva S, Aäritalo V, Tuusa S, Jokinen M, Lindén M, Peltola T. Sol-Gel-derived TiO2-SiO2 implant coatings for direct tissue attachment. Part II: Evaluation of cell response. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2007; 18:1633-42. [PMID: 17483880 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Silica-releasing sol-gel derived TiO2-SiO2 coatings with tailored nanostructure were evaluated in fibroblast and osteoblast cell cultures. The adhesion of both fibroblasts and osteoblasts proceeded within two hours. The highest fibroblast proliferation activities were observed on the TiO2-SiO2 (70:30) and (30:70) coatings. However, the cell layer on TiO2-SiO2 (30:70) coating was disordered. Prolonged osteoblast activity was observed on the coatings as a function of increased amount of released silica. At day 21 the surfaces were fully covered by the calcified nodules and extracellular matrix except for the coatings TiO2-SiO2 (10:90) i.e. having the highest SiO2 amount. The results suggested that TiO2-SiO2 (70:30) was the best for fibroblasts and TiO2-SiO2 (30:70) for osteoblasts. The applicability of the sol-gel derived TiO2 and TiO2-SiO2 coatings as an alternative for the calcium phosphate based implant coatings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Areva
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, 20500 Turku, Finland.
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Livny O, Kaplan I, Reifen R, Polak-Charcon S, Madar Z, Schwartz B. Oral Cancer Cells Differ From Normal Oral Epithelial Cells in Tissuelike Organization and in Response to Lycopene Treatment: An Organotypic Cell Culture Study. Nutr Cancer 2003; 47:195-209. [PMID: 15087273 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc4702_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We established distinctive monolayer and organotypic cell culture techniques to assess possible differences in cross-talk and spatial and structural organization of oral cancer cells compared with normal oral cells and also to evaluate possible differential responses of the cells to carotenoids. In monolayers, we investigated the effect of lycopene on the proliferation of an established oral cancer cell line, KB-1, and compared it with a primary cell line obtained from normal oral mucosa. Lycopene exerted a significant inhibitory effect on KB-1 cell proliferation inducing a dose-dependent downregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) associated with upregulation of connexin-43 (Cx-43) expression, whereas in the normal oral mucosal cells lycopene did not affect either PCNA expression, which was very low, or the expression of Cx-43, which was basically very high. Lycopene significantly inhibited the formation of colonies induced by the carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) on normal oral cells and almost completely abrogated the hyperplastic effect induced by MCA. KB-1 cells and normal oral epithelial cells in the organotypic cell culture method differed in their stratification and intercellular adhesion patterns as well as in the expression profile of cytokeratins, vimentin, and Cx-43. Lycopene induced Cx-43 expression in KB-1 cells grown by the organotypic raft method, similar to KB-1 cells grown as monolayers. We conclude that lycopene is a promising chemopreventive, pro-differentiating, and anticarcinogenic agent. No adverse effects of lycopene were detected in normal cells cultured in either monolayer or organotypic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Livny
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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