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Chiba N, Tada R, Ohnishi T, Matsuguchi T. TLR4/7-mediated host-defense responses of gingival epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30576. [PMID: 38726711 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Gingival epithelial cells (GECs) are physical and immunological barriers against outward pathogens while coping with a plethora of non-pathogenic commensal bacteria. GECs express several members of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and control subsequent innate immune responses. TLR4 senses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) while TLR7/8 recognizes single-strand RNA (ssRNA) playing important roles against viral infection. However, their distinct roles in GECs have not been fully demonstrated. Here, we analyzed biological responses of GECs to LPS and CL075, a TLR7/8 agonist. GE1, a mouse gingival epithelial cell line, constitutively express TLR4 and TLR7, but not TLR8, like primary skin keratinocytes. Stimulation of GE1 cells with CL075 induced cytokine, chemokine, and antimicrobial peptide expressions, the pattern of which is rather different from that with LPS: higher mRNA levels of interferon (IFN) β, CXCL10, and β-defensin (BD) 14 (mouse homolog of human BD3); lower levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), CCL5, CCL11, CCL20, CXCL2, and CX3CL1. As for the intracellular signal transduction of GE1 cells, CL075 rapidly induced significant AKT phosphorylation but failed to activate IKKα/β-NFκB pathway, whereas LPS induced marked IKKα/β-NFκB activation without significant AKT phosphorylation. In contrast, both CL075 and LPS induced rapid IKKα/β-NFκB activation and AKT phosphorylation in a macrophage cell line. Furthermore, specific inhibition of AKT activity abrogated CL075-induced IFNβ, CXCL10, and BD14 mRNA expression in GE1 cells. Thus, TLR4/7 ligands appear to induce rather different host-defense responses of GECs through distinct intracellular signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norika Chiba
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tada
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ohnishi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuguchi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Xiao X, Xiao X, Liu Y, Sun H, Liu X, Guo Z, Li Q, Sun W. Metaproteomics Characterizes the Human Gingival Crevicular Fluid Microbiome Function in Periodontitis. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37327455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults worldwide. The human proteome and metaproteome characterization of periodontitis is not clearly understood. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from eight periodontitis and eight healthy subjects. Both the human and microbial proteins were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 570 human proteins were found differentially expressed, which were primarily associated with inflammatory response, cell death, cellular junction, and fatty acid metabolism. For the metaproteome, 51 genera were identified, and 10 genera were found highly expressed in periodontitis, while 11 genera were downregulated. The analysis showed that microbial proteins related to butyrate metabolism were upregulated in periodontitis cases. In particular, correlation analysis showed that the expression of host proteins related to inflammatory response, cell death, cellular junction, and lipid metabolism correlates with the alteration of metaproteins, which reflect the changes of molecular function during the occurrence of periodontitis. This study showed that the gingival crevicular fluid human proteome and metaproteome could reflect the characteristics of periodontitis. This might benefit the understanding of the periodontitis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Xiao
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaoping Xiao
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yaoran Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Haidan Sun
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhengguang Guo
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
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Establishment of Biomimetic Soft Tissue Integration with the Surface of Zirconia Fused with Platelet-Activating Peptide. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134597. [PMID: 35806723 PMCID: PMC9267760 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue sealing around zirconia (ZrO2) abutment is critical for the long-term stability of dental implants. The goal of the study is to develop a strong basal lamina (BL)-mediated epithelial attachment to ZrO2 via a novel physicochemical immobilization method. An electrophoretic fusion (EPF) method was applied to fuse a phosphonic acid (PA) linker to ZrO2 discs. Bindings of the PA linker and the following protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) were verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR). Then, ZrO2 discs were doped in platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was measured to assess platelet activation. PRP-doped discs were subsequently co-cultured with human gingival epithelial cells (OBA9) to evaluate establishment of basal lamina-mediated epithelial attachment. The EPF method achieved robust immobilization of the PA linker and PAR4 onto the ZrO2 surface. The resultant PAR4-coupled ZrO2 successfully induced platelet aggregation and activation. Furthermore, a BL-mediated epithelial attachment was established. The results are significant for clinical application to minimize the risk of developing peri-implant diseases.
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Shikama Y, Kurosawa M, Furukawa M, Kudo Y, Ishimaru N, Matsushita K. The Priming Potential of Interferon Lambda-1 for Antiviral Defense in the Oral Mucosa. Inflammation 2022; 45:1348-1361. [PMID: 35044570 PMCID: PMC8767043 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oral mucosa is one of the first lines of the innate host defense system against microbial invasion. Interferon (IFN) lambda-1 (IFN-λ1), a type III IFN, exhibits type I IFN-like antiviral activity. In contrast to ubiquitously expressed type I IFN receptors, IFN-λ receptor 1 (IFN-λR1), which has higher affinity for type III IFNs than low-affinity interleukin (IL)-10 receptor 2, is mainly expressed on epithelial cells. Although IFN-λ1 has been shown to exert antiviral effects in the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and skin, the regulation of type III IFN receptor expression and its functions in the oral mucosa remain unclear. We herein showed the expression of IFN-λR1 in human gingival keratinocytes. The expression of IL-6, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (a critical molecule for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection), and IL-8 in human primary gingival keratinocytes (HGK) were significantly higher following treatments with either type I IFN (IFN-β) or type II IFN (IFN-γ) than with IFN-λ1. However, the IFN-λ1 treatment strongly induced toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), which mainly recognize viral nucleic acids, via the STAT1-mediated pathway. Furthermore, a stimulation with a RIG-I or TLR3 agonist promoted the production of IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-λ in HGK, which was significantly enhanced by a pretreatment with IFN-λ1. These results suggest that IFN-λ1 may contribute to the activation of innate immune responses to oral viral infections by up-regulating the expression of RIG-I and TLR3 and priming their functions in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Shikama
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Mie Kurosawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Masae Furukawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Bioscience, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, 474-8511, Japan
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da Silva MP, Silva VDO, Pasetto S, Ando-Suguimoto ES, Kawamoto D, Mata GMSC, Murata RM, Mayer MPA, Chen C. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Outer Membrane Proteins 29 and 29 Paralogue Induce Evasion of Immune Response. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:835902. [PMID: 35187533 PMCID: PMC8851312 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.835902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is abundant within the microbial dysbiotic community of some patients with periodontitis. Aa outer membrane protein 29 (OMP29), a member of the OMPA family, mediates the invasion of Aa to gingival epithelial cells (GECs). This study evaluated the effect of OMP29 and its paralogue OMP29par on the response of GECs to Aa. The omp29 or/and omp29par deletion mutants AaΔ29, AaΔ29P, and AaΔ29Δ29P were constructed, and recombinant Aa OMP29His was obtained. Microarray analysis and the evaluation of cxcl-8 gene expression were performed to examine the response of GECs line OBA-09 to Aa and its mutants. The expression of cxcl-8 and its product CXCL-8 was examined in LPS-stimulated OBA-09 cells with Aa OMP29His. Proteomics analysis showed that the deletion of omp29 led to overexpression of both OMP29par and another membrane protein OMP39, the expression of which was further increased in AaΔ29Δ29P. OBA-09 cells challenged with AaΔ29Δ29P exhibited a higher expression of cxcl-8 in comparison to wildtype Aa strain AaD7S or single-deletion mutants AaΔ29 or AaΔ29P. LPS-stimulated OBA-09 cells challenged with Aa OMP29His showed reduced expressions of cxcl-8 and its product CXCL-8. OBA-09 cells challenged with AaΔ29Δ29P in comparison to Aa strain AaD7S resulted in higher expressions of genes involved in apoptosis and inflammatory response such as bcl2, birc3, casp3, c3, ep300, fas, fosb, grb2, il-1α, il-1β, il-6, cxcl-8, nr3c1, prkcq, socs3, and tnfrsf1β and reduced expressions of cd74, crp, faslg, tlr1, and vcam1. The results suggested a novel strategy of Aa, mediated by OMP29 and OMP29par, to evade host immune response by inhibiting CXCL-8 expression and modulating the genes involved in apoptosis and inflammatory response in GECs. Pending further confirmation, the strategy might interfere with the recruitment of neutrophils and dampen the host inflammatory response, leading to a more permissive subgingival niche for bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Paulino da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Viviam de Oliveira Silva
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Centro Universitário Atenas- UniAtenas, Paracatu, Brazil
| | - Silvana Pasetto
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Comprehensive Oral Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ellen Sayuri Ando-Suguimoto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dione Kawamoto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gardênia Márcia Silva Campos Mata
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Alimentação e Nutrição, Centro Multidisciplinar UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Mendonça Murata
- Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine of University of East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Casey Chen
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Anti-Inflammatory and Protective Effects of Juncus effusus L. Water Extract on Oral Keratinocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9770899. [PMID: 35028318 PMCID: PMC8752227 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9770899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by periodontopathogenic bacteria that form biofilms in periodontal pockets. The gingival epithelium acts as the first physical barrier in fighting attacks by periodontopathogenic pathogens, such as the primary etiological agent Porphyromonas gingivalis, and various exogenous chemicals, as well as regulates the local innate immune responses. Therefore, the development of novel oral care products to inhibit inflammatory reactions caused by bacterial infection and protect the gingival epithelium is necessary. Juncus effusus L. has generally been used as an indigenous medicine, such as a diuretic, an antipyretic, and an analgesic, in ancient practice. In this study, we examined the effects of a water extract from J. effusus L. on the inhibition of the inflammatory reaction elicited by bacterial infection and protection of the oral epithelium by chemical irritation. Pretreatment of oral epithelial cells with the water extract from J. effusus L. significantly reduced P. gingivalis or its lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) mediated production of chemokines (interleukin-8 and C-C-chemokine ligand20) in a concentration-dependent manner with comparable to or greater effects than epigallocatechin gallate and protected oral epithelial cells from injury by chemical irritants, cetylpyridinium chloride, and benzethonium chloride. Moreover, the water extract from J. effusus L. in the presence of antimicrobial agents or antifibrinolytics already used as ingredients in mouthwash could significantly reduce the production of chemokines from P. gingivalis LPS-stimulated oral epithelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggest that the water extract from J. effusus L. is potentially useful for oral care to prevent oral infections, such as periodontal infections, and maintain oral epithelial function.
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Albuquerque-Souza E, Ishikawa KH, Amado PP, Nicoli JR, Holzhausen M, Mayer MPA. Probiotics improve re-epithelialization of scratches infected by Porphyromonas gingivalis through up-regulating CXCL8-CXCR1/CXCR2 axis. Anaerobe 2021; 72:102458. [PMID: 34547426 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis inhibits the release of CXCL8 by gingival epithelial cells and reduces their proliferation. We previously reported that Bifidocaterium sp. and Lactobacillus sp. immunomodulate gingival epithelial cells response to this periodontal pathogen, but their effects on re-epithelialization properties are still unknown. Herein we explored these activities of potential probiotics on gingival epithelial cells and clarified their mechanisms. The immortalized OBA-9 lineage was used to perform in vitro scratches. Twelve clinical isolates and commercially available strains of Bifidobacterium sp. and Lactobacillus sp. were screened. L. casei 324 m and B. pseudolongum 1191A were selected to perform mechanistic assays with P. gingivalis W83 infection and the following parameters were measured: percentage of re-epithelialization by DAPI immunofluorescence area measurement; cell number by Trypan Blue exclusion assay; CXCL8 regulation by ELISA and RT-qPCR; and expression of CXCL8 cognate receptors-CXCR1 and CXCR2 by Flow Cytometry. Complementary mechanistic assays were performed with CXCL8, in the presence or absence of the CXCR1/CXCR2 inhibitor-reparixin. L. casei 324 m and B. pseudolongum 1191A enhanced re-epithelialization/cell proliferation as well as inhibited the harmful effects of P. gingivalis W83 on these activities through an increase in the expression and release of CXCL8 and in the number of cells positive for CXCR1/CXCR2. Further, we revealed that the beneficial effects of these potential probiotics were dependent on activation of the CXCL8-CXCR1/CXCR2 axis. The current findings indicate that these potential probiotics strains may improve wound healing in the context of the periodontal tissues by a CXCL8 dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Albuquerque-Souza
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karin Hitomi Ishikawa
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Penas Amado
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacques Robert Nicoli
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marinella Holzhausen
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia P A Mayer
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus by-products on gingival epithelial cells challenged with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 128:105174. [PMID: 34058722 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Probiotics are usually given as living cells, but their effects may be also achieved by postbiotics. We hypothesized that probiotics products (spent media and lysate) altered the response induced by P. gingivalis in gingival epithelial cells (GECS). METHODS Immortalized human OBA-9 GECs (∼2,5 × 105cells/well) were challenged with P. gingivalis ATCC33277, and co-infected with L. rhamnosus Lr-32 for 4 h. L. rhamnosus Lr-32 spent medium or cells lysate was added to GECs co-infected with P. gingivalis. Another set of OBA-9 GECs were first exposed to P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and then to the living probiotic or probiotic products. Transcription of genes encoding inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL-8) and receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) were evaluated by RT-qPCR. P. gingivalis growth under L. rhamnosus Lr-32 postbiotics was also evaluated. RESULTS L. rhamnosus Lr-32 spent media decreased cell viability, while living cells and cell lysates did not. L. rhamnosus Lr-32 lysate, but not spent media, upregulated transcription of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL-8) in GECs infected with P. gingivalis. Transcription of TRL2 was upregulated in all experimental groups compared to control, whereas TLR4 was upregulated by the probiotic or its postbiotics in P. gingivalis infected cells. Spent media and lysates reduced the growth of P. gingivalis. CONCLUSION L. rhamnosus Lr-32 cell components rather than live probiotic enhanced the expression of inflammatory mediators in P. gingivalis infected gingival epithelial cells. The increased potential of Lr-32 cell lysates to promote immune response to the periodontopathogen may favor pathogen elimination but may also lead to additional deleterious effects of the exacerbated inflammation.
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Yagi H, Fujihara C, Murakami S. Effects of oxidative stress-induced increases in Zn 2+ concentrations in human gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:512-522. [PMID: 33641168 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Previous studies have reported that oxidative stress increases intracellular Zn2+ concentrations and induces cytotoxicity. However, no studies have investigated whether oxidative stress induces such changes in periodontal tissue cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of oxidative stress on intracellular Zn2+ concentration in periodontium constituent cells and its potential relationship with periodontal disease. METHODS We analyzed changes in intracellular Zn2+ concentrations in human gingival epithelial (epi4) cells treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). The fluorescent probes FluoZin-3 AM and CellTracker Green CMFDA were used to detect intracellular Zn2+ and thiol groups, respectively. Western blot analyses, luciferase reporter assays, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were performed to examine the effect of intracellular Zn2+ on epi4 cells. RESULTS H2 O2 treatment increased intracellular concentrations of Zn2+ in epi4 cells by facilitating the movement of Zn2+ from cellular nonprotein thiols to the cytoplasm and promoting cell membrane permeability to Zn2+ . Furthermore, H2 O2 -induced increases in intracellular Zn2+ activated the p38 cAMP response element-binding protein/mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 CREB/MAPK) cascade, upregulated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) DNA binding, and increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9). CONCLUSION Increases in intracellular Zn2+ induced by oxidative stress activate signaling pathways involved in inflammation, potentially contributing to the progression of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yagi
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chiharu Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Okada T, Iwayama T, Murakami S, Torimura M, Ogura T. Nanoscale observation of PM2.5 incorporated into mammalian cells using scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscope. Sci Rep 2021; 11:228. [PMID: 33420286 PMCID: PMC7794539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 has been correlated with risk factors for various diseases and infections. It promotes tissue injury by direct effects of particle components. However, effects of PM2.5 on cells have not been fully investigated. Recently, we developed a novel imaging technology, scanning electron-assisted dielectric-impedance microscopy (SE-ADM), which enables observation of various biological specimens in aqueous solution. In this study, we successfully observed PM2.5 incorporated into living mammalian cells in culture media. Our system directly revealed the process of PM2.5 aggregation in the cells at a nanometre resolution. Further, we found that the PM2.5 aggregates in the intact cells were surrounded by intracellular membrane-like structures of low-density in the SE-ADM images. Moreover, the PM2.5 aggregates were shown by confocal Raman microscopy to be located inside the cells rather than on the cell surface. We expect our method to be applicable to the observation of various nanoparticles inside cells in culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Okada
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Iwayama
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0851, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0851, Japan
| | - Masaki Torimura
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ogura
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
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Leal AMC, Beserra Dos Santos MV, da Silva Filho EC, Menezes de Carvalho AL, Tabchoury CPM, Vale GC. Development of an Experimental Dentifrice with Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles and High Fluoride Concentration to Manage Root Dentin Demineralization. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:7469-7479. [PMID: 33116482 PMCID: PMC7547140 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s264754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-fluoride dentifrice is used to manage root caries, but there is no evidence whether its association with nanohydroxyapatite could provide an additional protection for root caries. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and evaluate the effect of an experimental dentifrice with high fluoride (F−) concentration and nanohydroxyapatite (nano-HA) on root dentin demineralization. Materials and Methods After formulation of dentifrices, root dentin specimens were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 10) using different dentifrice treatments: placebo; nano-HA without F−; 1,100 µg F−/g; 1,100 µg F−/g + nano-HA; 5,000 µg F−/g; and 5,000 µg F−/g + nano-HA. A pH cycling model was performed for 10 days, in which treatments were performed twice a day. After that period, the longitudinal hardness was evaluated and the area of demineralization (ΔS) was calculated. The formulated dentifrices were evaluated for primary stability, cytotoxicity, and other technical parameters. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test with p set at 5% were used for data analysis. Results The experimental dentifrices were stable and had no cytotoxicity. Regarding dentin demineralization, the placebo group significantly increased ΔS compared to all other treatment groups (p<0.001). The dentifrices containing 5,000 µg F−/g, regardless of the presence of nano-HA, led to a smaller lesion area in relation to the other treatments (p<0.001). Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that nano-HA reduced dentin demineralization, and dentifrice with 5,000 µg F−/g dentifrices, regardless of the presence of nano-HA, showed a greater reduction in root dentin demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Glauber Campos Vale
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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12
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Liu J, Wang Y, Meng H, Yu J, Lu H, Li W, Lu R, Zhao Y, Li Q, Su L. Butyrate rather than LPS subverts gingival epithelial homeostasis by downregulation of intercellular junctions and triggering pyroptosis. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46:894-907. [PMID: 31241781 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (NaB) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gingival epithelial barrier. MATERIAL AND METHODS We cultured human primary gingival epithelial cells and investigated the effects of NaB and LPS on gingival epithelial barrier and involved mechanisms at in vitro and in vivo levels by immunostaining, confocal microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), FTIC-dextran flux, flow cytometry, real-time PCR and Western blot assays. RESULTS Our results showed that NaB, rather than LPS, destroyed the epithelial barrier by breaking down cell-cell junctions and triggering gingival epithelial cell pyroptosis with characteristic morphological changes, including swollen cells, large bubbles, pore formation in the plasma membrane and subcellular organelles changes. The upregulated expression of pyroptosis-related markers, caspase-3 and gasdermin-E (GSDME) contributed to this effect. Pyroptosis aroused by NaB is a pro-inflammatory cell death. Pyroptotic cell death provoked inflammatory responses by upregulation of IL-8 and MCP-1, and releasing intracellular contents into the extracellular microenvironment after pyroptotic rupture of the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS Our new findings indicate that butyrate is a potent destructive factor of gingival epithelial barrier and pro-inflammatory mediator, which shed a new light on our understanding of periodontitis initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Central Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Huanxin Meng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingting Yu
- Department of General Dentistry II, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongye Lu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifang Lu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yibing Zhao
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqiang Li
- Department of Periodontology, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Su
- Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University, Beijing, China
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13
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Nii T, Yumoto H, Hirota K, Miyake Y. Anti-inflammatory effects of olanexidine gluconate on oral epithelial cells. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:239. [PMID: 31703580 PMCID: PMC6839112 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is a biofilm-induced chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium. Chemokines produced by the innate and acquired immune responses play a significant role in disease progression. Reducing biofilm formation and inflammatory response caused by chemokines is vital for preventing and treating periodontitis. Previously, we observed that treatment with 0.1% olanexidine gluconate (OLG) inhibited biofilm formation on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of OLG on oral epithelial cells. Methods We examined if OLG could inhibit the inflammatory responses caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and heat-killed P. gingivalis in immortalized human oral keratinocytes (RT7). Results Treatment of RT7 with non-cytotoxic OLG concentrations significantly inhibited the production of inflammatory chemokines such as interleukin 8 (IL-8), C-C motif ligand 20 (CCL20), and growth-related oncogene protein-α (GRO-α), which are stimulated by P. gingivalis LPS in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the inhibitory effects were observed regardless of the treatment time with P. gingivalis LPS (6, 12, or 24 h). OLG also significantly inhibited chemokine production stimulated by heat-killed P. gingivalis. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that treatment with OLG inhibits chronic inflammatory reactions in oral mucosal cells, such as periodontitis, caused by oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nii
- Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc, Takuya Nii, 115 Kuguhara, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8601, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Yumoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hirota
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Present Address: Department of Medical Hygiene, Dental Hygiene Course, Kochi Gakuen College, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Miyake
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Present Address: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
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14
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Jia L, Han N, Du J, Guo L, Luo Z, Liu Y. Pathogenesis of Important Virulence Factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis via Toll-Like Receptors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:262. [PMID: 31380305 PMCID: PMC6657652 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common intraoral infection and is inextricably linked to systemic diseases. Recently, the regulation between host immunologic response and periodontal pathogens has become a hotspot to explain the mechanism of periodontitis and related systemic diseases. Since Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) was proved as critical periodontal pathogen above all, researches focusing on the mechanism of its virulence factors have received extensive attention. Studies have shown that in the development of periodontitis, in addition to the direct release of virulent factors by periodontal pathogens to destroy periodontal tissues, over-low or over-high intrinsic immune and inflammatory response mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can lead to more lasting destruction of periodontal tissues. It is very necessary to sort out how various cytopathic factors of P. gingivalis mediate inflammation and immune responses between the host through TLRs so as to help precisely prevent, diagnose, and treat periodontitis in clinic. This review summarizes the role of three most widely studied pathogenic factors produced by P. gingivalis (lipopolysaccharide, gingipains, pili) and their interactions with TLRs at the cellular and molecular level in the progress of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jia
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Han
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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15
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Zhang D, Hou J, Wu Y, Liu Y, Li R, Xu T, Liu J, Pan Y. Distinct gene expression characteristics in epithelial cell- Porphyromonas gingivalis interactions by integrating transcriptome analyses. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:1320-1327. [PMID: 31692996 PMCID: PMC6818190 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.33728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a pivotal periodontal pathogen, and the epithelial cells serve as the first physical barrier to defend the host from bacterial attack. Within this host-bacteria interaction, P. gingivalis can modify the host immune reaction and adjust the gene expression, which is associated with periodontitis pathogenesis and developing strategies. Herein, a meta-analysis was made to get the differential gene expression profiles in epithelial cells with or without P. gingivalis infection. The network-based meta-analysis program for gene expression profiling was used. Both the gene ontology analysis and the pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes were conducted. Our results determined that 290 genes were consistently up-regulated in P. gingivalis infected epithelial cells. 229 gene ontology biological process terms of up-regulated genes were discovered, including "negative regulation of apoptotic process" and "positive regulation of cell proliferation/migration/angiogenesis". In addition to the well-known inflammatory signaling pathways, the pathway associated with a transcriptional misregulation in cancer has also been increased. Our findings indicated that P. gingivalis benefited from the survival of epithelial cells, and got its success as a colonizer in oral epithelium. The results also suggested that infection of P. gingivalis might contribute to oral cancer through chronic inflammation. Negative regulation of the apoptotic process and transcriptional misregulation in cancer pathway are important contributors to the cellular physiology changes during infection development, which have particular relevance to the pathogenesis and progressions of periodontitis, even to the occurrence of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Jingya Hou
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Junchao Liu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
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16
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Silva VDO, Pereira LJ, Pasetto S, da Silva MP, Meyers JC, Murata RM. Effects of Monolaurin on Oral Microbe-Host Transcriptome and Metabolome. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2638. [PMID: 30467497 PMCID: PMC6237204 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of monolaurin against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and determine their effects on the host transcriptome and metabolome, using an oral cell/bacteria co-culture dual-chamber model to mimic the human periodontium. For this, the Aa, was applied to cross the monolayer of epithelial keratinocytes (OBA-9) to reach the fibroblasts layer (HGF-1) in the basal chamber. The Monolaurin treatments (25 or 50 μM) were added immediately after the inoculation of the dual-chamber with Aa. After 24 h, the transcriptional factors and metabolites produced were quantified in the remaining cell layers (insert and basal chamber) and in supernatant released from the cells. The genes IL-1α, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF analyzed in HGF-1 concentrations showed a decreased expression when treated with both concentration of Monolaurin. In keratinocytes, the genes IL-6, IL-18, and TNF presented a higher expression and the expression of IL-1α decreased when treated with the two cited concentrations. The production of glycerol and pyruvic acid increased, and the 2-deoxytetronic acid NIST, 4-aminobutyric acid, pinitol and glyceric acid, presented lower concentrations because of the treatment with 25 and/or 50 μM of Monolaurin. Use of monolaurin modulated the immune response and metabolite production when administered for 24 h in a dual-chamber model inoculated with A. actinomycetemcomitans. In summary, this study indicates that monolaurin had antimicrobial activity and modulated the host immune response and metabolite production when administered for 24 h in a dual-chamber model inoculated with A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviam de Oliveira Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil.,Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Science, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Silvana Pasetto
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Science, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maike Paulino da Silva
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Science, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jered Cope Meyers
- Department Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Ramiro Mendonça Murata
- Department Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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17
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Albuquerque‐Souza E, Balzarini D, Ando‐Suguimoto ES, Ishikawa KH, Simionato MRL, Holzhausen M, Mayer MPA. Probiotics alter the immune response of gingival epithelial cells challenged byPorphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res 2018; 54:115-127. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Albuquerque‐Souza
- Division of PeriodonticsDepartment of StomatologySchool of DentistryUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Danilo Balzarini
- Division of PeriodonticsDepartment of StomatologySchool of DentistryUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ellen S. Ando‐Suguimoto
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Karin H. Ishikawa
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria R. L. Simionato
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marinella Holzhausen
- Division of PeriodonticsDepartment of StomatologySchool of DentistryUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcia P. A. Mayer
- Division of PeriodonticsDepartment of StomatologySchool of DentistryUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
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18
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Bierbaumer L, Schwarze UY, Gruber R, Neuhaus W. Cell culture models of oral mucosal barriers: A review with a focus on applications, culture conditions and barrier properties. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:1479568. [PMID: 30252599 PMCID: PMC6389128 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2018.1479568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the function of oral mucosal epithelial barriers is essential for a plethora of research fields such as tumor biology, inflammation and infection diseases, microbiomics, pharmacology, drug delivery, dental and biomarker research. The barrier properties are comprised by a physical, a transport and a metabolic barrier, and all these barrier components play pivotal roles in the communication between saliva and blood. The sum of all epithelia of the oral cavity and salivary glands is defined as the blood-saliva barrier. The functionality of the barrier is regulated by its microenvironment and often altered during diseases. A huge array of cell culture models have been developed to mimic specific parts of the blood-saliva barrier, but no ultimate standard in vitro models have been established. This review provides a comprehensive overview about developed in vitro models of oral mucosal barriers, their applications, various cultivation protocols and corresponding barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bierbaumer
- a Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) GmbH , Vienna , Austria
| | - Uwe Yacine Schwarze
- b Department of Oral Biology , School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,c Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Vienna , Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- b Department of Oral Biology , School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,c Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration , Vienna , Austria.,d Department of Periodontology , School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- a Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) GmbH , Vienna , Austria
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19
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Free fatty acids may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral-related and cardiovascular diseases. J Oral Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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20
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Kasnak G, Könönen E, Syrjänen S, Gürsoy M, Zeidán-Chuliá F, Firatli E, Gürsoy UK. NFE2L2/NRF2, OGG1, and cytokine responses of human gingival keratinocytes against oxidative insults of various origin. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 452:63-70. [PMID: 30030777 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacterial or tobacco-related insults induce oxidative stress in gingival keratinocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-oxidative and cytokine responses of human gingival keratinocytes (HMK cells) against Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg LPS), nicotine, and 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4-NQO). MATERIALS AND METHODS HMK cells were incubated with Pg LPS (1 µl/ml), nicotine (1.54 mM), and 4-NQO (1 µM) for 24 h. Intracellular and extracellular levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured with the Luminex® xMAP™ technique, and nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NFE2L2/NRF2) and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) with Western blots. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS All tested oxidative stress inducers increased intracellular OGG1 levels, whereas only nicotine and 4-NQO induced NFE2L2/NRF2 levels. Nicotine, 4-NQO, and their combinational applications with Pg LPS induced the secretions of IL-1β and IL-1Ra, while that of IL-8 was inhibited by the presence of Pg LPS. MCP-1 secretion was suppressed by nicotine, alone and together with Pg LPS, while 4-NQO activated its secretion. Treatment of HMK cells with Pg LPS, nicotine, 4-NQO, or their combinations did not affect VEGF levels. CONCLUSION Pg LPS, nicotine, and 4-NQO induce oxidative stress and regulate anti-oxidative response and cytokine expressions in human gingival keratinocytes differently. These results may indicate that bacterial and tobacco-related insults regulate distinct pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Kasnak
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Eija Könönen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Welfare Division, Oral Health, City of Turku, Finland
| | - Stina Syrjänen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Fares Zeidán-Chuliá
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erhan Firatli
- Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulvi K Gürsoy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
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21
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Ouhara K, Munenaga S, Kajiya M, Takeda K, Matsuda S, Sato Y, Hamamoto Y, Iwata T, Yamasaki S, Akutagawa K, Mizuno N, Fujita T, Sugiyama E, Kurihara H. The induced RNA-binding protein, HuR, targets 3'-UTR region of IL-6 mRNA and enhances its stabilization in periodontitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 192:325-336. [PMID: 29393507 PMCID: PMC5980314 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate mRNA stability by binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) region of mRNA. Human antigen-R (HuR), one of the RBPs, is involved in the progression of diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus and some inflammatory diseases. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a major inflammatory cytokine regulated by HuR binding to mRNA. Periodontal disease (PD) is also an inflammatory disease caused by elevations in IL-6 following an infection by periodontopathogenic bacteria. The involvement of HuR in the progression of PD was assessed using in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. Immunohistochemistry of inflamed periodontal tissue showed strong staining of HuR in the epithelium and connective tissue. HuR mRNA and protein level was increased following stimulation with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), one of the periodontopathogenic bacteria, lipopolysacchride (LPS)-derived from Pg (PgLPS) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in OBA-9, an immortalized human gingival epithelial cell. The luciferase activity of 3'-UTR of IL-6 mRNA was increased by TNF-α, Pg and PgLPS in OBA-9. Luciferase activity was also increased in HuR-over-expressing OBA-9 following a bacterial stimulation. Down-regulation of HuR by siRNA resulted in a decrease in mRNA expression and production of IL-6. In contrast, the over-expression of HuR increased IL-6 mRNA expression and production in OBA-9. The HuR inhibitor, quercetin, suppressed Pg-induced HuR mRNA expression and IL-6 production in OBA-9. An oral inoculation with quercetin also inhibited bone resorption in ligature-induced periodontitis model mice as a result of down-regulation of IL-6. These results show that HuR modulates inflammatory responses by regulating IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - S. Munenaga
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - M. Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - K. Takeda
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - S. Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Y. Sato
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Y. Hamamoto
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - T. Iwata
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - S. Yamasaki
- Kurume University Medical CenterFukuokaJapan
| | - K. Akutagawa
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - N. Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - T. Fujita
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - E. Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Immunology and RheumatologyHiroshima University HospitalHiroshimaJapan
| | - H. Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
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22
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Azuma MM, Balani P, Boisvert H, Gil M, Egashira K, Yamaguchi T, Hasturk H, Duncan M, Kawai T, Movila A. Endogenous acid ceramidase protects epithelial cells from Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammation in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:2383-2389. [PMID: 29278706 PMCID: PMC5765770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ceramidases are a group of enzymes that degrade pro-inflammatory ceramide by cleaving a fatty acid to form anti-inflammatory sphingosine lipid. Thus far, acid, neutral and alkaline ceramidase isozymes have been described. However, the expression patterns of ceramidase isoforms as well as their role in periodontal disease pathogenesis remain unknown. In this study, expression patterns of ceramidase isoforms were quantified by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry in gingival samples of patients with periodontitis and healthy subjects, as well as in EpiGingivalTM-3D culture and OBA-9 gingival epithelial cells both of which were stimulated with or without the presence of live Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277 strain). A significantly lower level of acid ceramidase expression was detected in gingival tissues from periodontal patients compared to those from healthy subjects. In addition, acid-ceramidase expression in EpiGingival™ 3D culture and OBA-9 cells was suppressed by stimulation with P. gingivalis in vitro. No significant fluctuation was detected for neutral or alkaline ceramidases in either gingival samples or cell cultures. Next, to elucidate the role of acid ceramidase in P. gingivalis-induced inflammation in vitro, OBA-9 cells were transduced with adenoviral vector expressing the human acid ceramidase (Ad-ASAH1) gene or control adenoviral vector (Ad-control). In response to stimulation with P. gingivalis, ASAH1-over-expressing OBA-9 cells showed significantly lower mRNA expressions of caspase-3 as well as the percentage of Annexin V-positive cells, when compared with OBA-9 cells transduced with Ad-control vector. Furthermore, in response to stimulation with P. gingivalis, ASAH1-over-expressing OBA-9 cells produced less TNF-α, IL-6, and IL1β pro-inflammatory cytokines than observed in OBA-9 cells transduced with Ad-control vector. Collectively, our data show the novel discovery of anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of acid ceramidase in host cells exposed to periodontal bacteria, and the attenuation of the expression of host-protective acid ceramidase in periodontal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pooja Balani
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mindy Gil
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenji Egashira
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Lion Corporation, Research & Development Headquarter, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsuguno Yamaguchi
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Lion Corporation, Research & Development Headquarter, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hatice Hasturk
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Toshihisa Kawai
- NOVA Southeastern University, College of Dental Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Alexandru Movila
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; NOVA Southeastern University, College of Dental Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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Abidi AH, Presley CS, Dabbous M, Tipton DA, Mustafa SM, Moore BM. Anti-inflammatory activity of cannabinoid receptor 2 ligands in primary hPDL fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 87:79-85. [PMID: 29274621 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Approximately 65 million adults in the US have periodontitis, causing tooth loss and decreased quality of life. Cannabinoids modulate immune responses, and endocannabinoids are prevalent during oral cavity inflammation. Targets for intervention in periodontal inflammation are cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors (CB1R, CB2R), particularly CB2R because its levels increase during inflammation. We previously demonstrated that SMM-189 (CB2R inverse agonist) decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production in primary microglial cells. The hypothesis of this study was that cannabinoids anandamide (AEA), HU-308 (CB2R selective agonist), and SMM-189 decrease pro-inflammatory IL-6 and MCP-1 production by primary human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS, TNF-α, or IL-1β. DESIGN Cytotoxic effects of cannabinoid compounds (10-4-10-6.5 M), LPS (1-1000 ng/ml), TNFα (10 ng/ml) and IL-1β (1 ng/ml) were assessed by measuring effects on cellular dehydrogenase activity. IL-6 and MCP-1 production were measured using Mesoscale Discovery (MSD) Human Pro-Inflammatory IL-6 and MSD Human Chemokine MCP-1 kits and analyzed using MSD Sector 2400 machine. RESULTS EC50 values for AEA, SMM-189, and HU-308 were 16 μM, 13 μM, and 7.3 μM respectively. LPS (1 μg/ml), TNF-α (10 ng/ml), and IL-1β (1 ng/ml) increased IL-6 and MCP-1 production, which were inhibited by AEA, SMM-189, and HU-308. AEA alone significantly increased IL-6, but not MCP-1 levels, but the other cannabinoids alone had no effect. CONCLUSION The effective inhibition of LPS, TNF-α, IL-1β stimulated IL-6 and MCP-1 production by CB2R ligands in hPDLFs suggests that targeting the endocannabinoid system may lead to development of novel drugs for periodontal therapy, aiding strategies to improve oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammaar H Abidi
- Department of General Practice Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Chaela S Presley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Mustafa Dabbous
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - David A Tipton
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Suni M Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Bob M Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
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Kurgan S, Kantarci A. Molecular basis for immunohistochemical and inflammatory changes during progression of gingivitis to periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2017; 76:51-67. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Antibiofilm and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Houttuynia cordata Decoction for Oral Care. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:2850947. [PMID: 29234378 PMCID: PMC5662838 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2850947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dental biofilms that form in the oral cavity play a critical role in the pathogenesis of several infectious oral diseases, including dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral candidiasis. Houttuynia cordata (HC, Saururaceae) is a widely used traditional medicine, for both internal and external application. A decoction of dried HC leaves (dHC) has long been consumed as a health-promoting herbal tea in Japan. We have recently reported that a water solution of HC poultice ethanol extract (wHCP) exerts antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects against several important oral pathogens. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on human keratinocytes. In our current study, we examined the effects of dHC on infectious oral pathogens and inflammation. Our results demonstrated that dHC exerts moderate antimicrobial effects against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other oral microorganisms. dHC also exhibited antibiofilm effects against MRSA, Fusobacterium nucleatum (involved in dental plaque formation), and Candida albicans and inhibitory effects on interleukin-8, CCL20, IP-10, and GROα productions by human oral keratinocytes stimulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (a cause of periodontal disease), without cytotoxic effects. This suggests that dHC exhibits multiple activities in microorganisms and host cells. dHC can be easily prepared and may be effective in preventing infectious oral diseases.
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Li C, Yang X, Pan Y, Yu N, Xu X, Tong T, Tang X, Zhang D, Liu J, Lin L. A Sialidase-DeficientPorphyromonas gingivalisMutant Strain Induces Less Interleukin-1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Epi4 Cells Than W83 Strain Through Regulation of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Pathway. J Periodontol 2017; 88:e129-e139. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.160815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tong Tong
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaolin Tang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Silva VDO, Pereira LJ, Murata RM. Oral microbe-host interactions: influence of β-glucans on gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and metabolome profile. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:53. [PMID: 28270109 PMCID: PMC5341410 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of β-glucan on the expression of inflammatory mediators and metabolomic profile of oral cells [keratinocytes (OBA-9) and fibroblasts (HGF-1) in a dual-chamber model] infected by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The periodontopathogen was applied and allowed to cross the top layer of cells (OBA-9) to reach the bottom layer of cells (HGF-1) and induce the synthesis of immune factors and cytokines in the host cells. β-glucan (10 μg/mL or 20 μg/mL) were added, and the transcriptional factors and metabolites produced were quantified in the remaining cell layers and supernatant. Results The relative expression of interleukin (IL)-1-α and IL-18 genes in HGF-1 decreased with 10 μg/mL or 20 μg/mL of β-glucan, where as the expression of PTGS-2 decreased only with 10 μg/mL. The expression of IL-1-α increased with 20 μg/mL and that of IL-18 increased with 10 μg/mL in OBA-9; the expression of BCL 2, EP 300, and PTGS-2 decreased with the higher dose of β-glucan. The production of the metabolite 4-aminobutyric acid presented lower concentrations under 20 μg/mL, whereas the concentrations of 2-deoxytetronic acid NIST and oxalic acid decreased at both concentrations used. Acetophenone, benzoic acid, and pinitol presented reduced concentrations only when treated with 10 μg/mL of β-glucan. Conclusions Treatment with β-glucans positively modulated the immune response and production of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviam de Oliveira Silva
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene & Biomedical Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology Area, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciano José Pereira
- Department of Health Sciences, Physiology Area, Federal University of Lavras,Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Mendonça Murata
- School of Dental Medicine, Department Foundational Sciences, East Carolina University, 1851 MacGregor Downs Road, Greeville, NC, 27834-4354, USA. .,Brody School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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28
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Groeger SE, Meyle J. Epithelial barrier and oral bacterial infection. Periodontol 2000 2017; 69:46-67. [PMID: 26252401 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The oral epithelial barrier separates the host from the environment and provides the first line of defense against pathogens, exogenous substances and mechanical stress. It consists of underlying connective tissue and a stratified keratinized epithelium with a basement membrane, whose cells undergo terminal differentiation resulting in the formation of a mechanically resistant surface. Gingival keratinocytes are connected by various transmembrane proteins, such as tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions, each of which has a specialized structure and specific functions. Periodontal pathogens are able to induce inflammatory responses that lead to attachment loss and periodontal destruction. A number of studies have demonstrated that the characteristics of pathogenic oral bacteria influence the expression and structural integrity of different cell-cell junctions. Tissue destruction can be mediated by host cells following stimulation with cytokines and bacterial products. Keratinocytes, the main cell type in gingival epithelial tissues, express a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, the inflammatory mediators that may be secreted by oral keratinocytes are vascular endothelial growth factor, prostaglandin E2 , interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2. The protein family of matrix metalloproteinases is able to degrade all types of extracellular matrix protein, and can process a number of bioactive molecules. Matrix metalloproteinase activities under inflammatory conditions are mostly deregulated and often increased, and those mainly relevant in periodontal disease are matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 13 and 24. Viral infection may also influence the epithelial barrier. Studies show that the expression of HIV proteins in the mucosal epithelium is correlated with the disruption of epithelial tight junctions, suggesting a possible enhancement of human papilloma virus infection by HIV-associated disruption of tight junctions. Altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases was demonstrated in keratinocytes transformed with human papilloma virus-16 or papilloma virus-18,. To summarize, the oral epithelium is able to react to a variety of exogenous, possibly noxious influences.
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29
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Maeno M, Lee C, Kim D, Da Silva J, Nagai S, Sugawara S, Nara Y, Kihara H, Nagai M. Function of Platelet-Induced Epithelial Attachment at Titanium Surfaces Inhibits Microbial Colonization. J Dent Res 2017; 96:633-639. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034516688888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the barrier function of platelet-induced epithelial sheets on titanium surfaces. The lack of functional peri-implant epithelial sealing with basal lamina (BL) attachment at the interface of the implant and the adjacent epithelium allows for bacterial invasion, which may lead to peri-implantitis. Although various approaches have been reported to combat bacterial infection by surface modifications to titanium, none of these have been successful in a clinical application. In our previous study, surface modification with protease-activated receptor 4–activating peptide (PAR4-AP), which induced platelet activation and aggregation, was successful in demonstrating epithelial attachment via BL and epithelial sheet formation on the titanium surface. We hypothesized that the platelet-induced epithelial sheet on PAR4-AP–modified titanium surfaces would reduce bacterial attachment, penetration, and invasion. Titanium surface was modified with PAR4-AP and incubated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The aggregated platelets released collagen IV, a critical BL component, onto the PAR4-AP–modified titanium surface. Then, human gingival epithelial cells were seeded on the modified titanium surface and formed epithelial sheets. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)–expressing Escherichia coli was cultured onto PAR4-AP–modified titanium with and without epithelial sheet formation. While Escherichia coli accumulated densely onto the PAR4-AP titanium lacking epithelial sheet, few Escherichia coli were observed on the epithelial sheet on the PAR4-AP surface. No bacterial invasion into the interface of the epithelial sheet and the titanium surface was observed. These in vitro results indicate the efficacy of a platelet-induced epithelial barrier that functions to prevent bacterial attachment, penetration, and invasion on PAR4-AP–modified titanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Maeno
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Adhesive Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C. Lee
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D.M. Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. Da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S. Nagai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S. Sugawara
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, Iwate Medical University, School of Dental Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Y. Nara
- Department of Adhesive Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H. Kihara
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, Iwate Medical University, School of Dental Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - M. Nagai
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Sugawara Y, Uehara A, Fujimoto Y, Kusumoto S, Fukase K, Shibata K, Sugawara S, Sasano T, Takada H. Toll-like Receptors, NOD1, and NOD2 in Oral Epithelial Cells. J Dent Res 2016; 85:524-9. [PMID: 16723649 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral epithelium might be the first barrier against oral bacteria in periodontal tissue. We hypothesized that oral epithelium is endowed with innate immune receptors for bacterial components, which play roles in host defense against bacterial infection without being accompanied by excessive inflammatory responses. We found clear expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 as well as TLR2, and strong expression of NOD1 and NOD2 in normal oral epithelial tissues by immunohistochemical analysis. We also showed that primary oral epithelial cells in culture expressed these molecules using PCR, flow cytometry, and immunostaining. In inflamed oral epithelium, cell-surface localizations of TLR2 and TLR4 were more clearly observed than in healthy tissue. Upon stimulation with synthetic ligands for these receptors, the expression of β-defensin 2 was markedly up-regulated. These findings indicate that these molecules in oral epithelial cells are functional receptors that induce antibacterial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sugawara
- Division of Oral Diagnosis, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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31
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Sugawara S, Maeno M, Lee C, Nagai S, Kim DM, Da Silva J, Nagai M, Kondo H. Establishment of Epithelial Attachment on Titanium Surface Coated with Platelet Activating Peptide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164693. [PMID: 27741287 PMCID: PMC5065151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce epithelial attachment on a typical implant abutment surface of smooth titanium. A challenging complication that hinders the success of dental implants is peri-implantitis. A common cause of peri-implantitis may results from the lack of epithelial sealing at the peri-implant collar. Histologically, epithelial sealing is recognized as the attachment of the basement membrane (BM). BM-attachment is promoted by activated platelet aggregates at surgical wound sites. On the other hand, platelets did not aggregate on smooth titanium, the surface typical of the implant abutment. We then hypothesized that epithelial BM-attachment was produced when titanium surface was modified to allow platelet aggregation. Titanium surfaces were coated with a protease activated receptor 4-activating peptide (PAR4-AP). PAR4-AP coating yielded rapid aggregation of platelets on the titanium surface. Platelet aggregates released robust amount of epithelial chemoattractants (IGF-I, TGF-β) and growth factors (EGF, VEGF) on the titanium surface. Human gingival epithelial cells, when they were co-cultured on the platelet aggregates, successfully attached to the PAR4-AP coated titanium surface with spread laminin5 positive BM and consecutive staining of the epithelial tight junction component ZO1, indicating the formation of complete epithelial sheet. These in-vitro results indicate the establishment of epithelial BM-attachment to the titanium surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Sugawara
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, Iwate Medical University, School of Dental Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masahiko Maeno
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Adhesive Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cliff Lee
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shigemi Nagai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David M. Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Masazumi Nagai
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hisatomo Kondo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, Iwate Medical University, School of Dental Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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Kashiwagi Y, Takedachi M, Mori K, Kubota M, Yamada S, Kitamura M, Murakami S. High glucose-induced oxidative stress increases IL-8 production in human gingival epithelial cells. Oral Dis 2016; 22:578-84. [PMID: 27171647 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes is often associated with increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease. We hypothesized that gingival epithelial cells modify periodontal disease progression and predicted that hyperglycemia would activate an inflammatory response in human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs). MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested our hypothesis in immortalized HGECs (epi 4 cells) isolated from periodontal tissue and transfected with the simian virus 40 T antigen. The epi 4 cells were cultured in high (25 mM, HG) and normal (6 mM, NG) glucose conditions. RESULTS The epi 4 cells showed increased interleukin-8 (IL-8) protein secretion and mRNA expression when cultured in HG, compared with in NG. These effects were not associated with increased cell proliferation and were not observed in a hyperosmolar control group (normal glucose with 19 mM mannitol). Increased IL-8 secretion in HG was inhibited by pretreatment with an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, or a protein kinase C inhibitor, Ro31-8220. Hyperglycemia did not affect IL-8 secretion by gingival fibroblasts or periodontal ligament cells. In epi 4 cells, hyperglycemia also induced expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) but not TLR4. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a potential participation of epithelial cells in periodontal disease during diabetes by evoking an excessive host inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kashiwagi
- Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Takedachi
- Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - K Mori
- Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Kubota
- Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Yamada
- Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Kitamura
- Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Murakami
- Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Preventive Effects of Houttuynia cordata Extract for Oral Infectious Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2581876. [PMID: 27413739 PMCID: PMC4931051 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2581876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Houttuynia cordata (HC) (Saururaceae) has been used internally and externally as a traditional medicine and as an herbal tea for healthcare in Japan. Our recent survey showed that HC poultice (HCP) prepared from smothering fresh leaves of HC had been frequently used for the treatment of purulent skin diseases with high effectiveness. Our experimental study also demonstrated that ethanol extract of HCP (eHCP) has antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory effects against S. aureus which caused purulent skin diseases. In this study, we focused on novel effects of HCP against oral infectious diseases, such as periodontal disease and dental caries. We determined the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of water solution of HCP ethanol extract (wHCP) against important oral pathogens and investigated its cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects on human oral epithelial cells. wHCP had moderate antimicrobial effects against some oral microorganisms and profound antibiofilm effects against Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. In addition, wHCP had no cytotoxic effects and could inhibit interleukin-8 and CCL20 productions by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human oral keratinocytes. Our findings suggested that wHCP may be clinically useful for preventing oral infectious diseases as a mouthwash for oral care.
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Yoshimoto T, Fujita T, Kajiya M, Ouhara K, Matsuda S, Komatsuzawa H, Shiba H, Kurihara H. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans outer membrane protein 29 (Omp29) induces TGF-β-regulated apoptosis signal in human gingival epithelial cells via fibronectin/integrinβ1/FAK cascade. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1723-1738. [PMID: 27121139 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gingival junctional epithelial cell apoptosis caused by periodontopathic bacteria exacerbates periodontitis. This pathological apoptosis is involved in the activation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). However, the molecular mechanisms by which microbes induce the activation of TGF-β remain unclear. We previously reported that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) activated TGF-β receptor (TGF-βR)/smad2 signalling to induce epithelial cell apoptosis, even though Aa cannot bind to TGF-βR. Additionally, outer membrane protein 29 kDa (Omp29), a member of the Aa Omps family, can induce actin rearrangements via focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signalling, which also plays a role in the activation of TGF-β by cooperating with integrin. Accordingly, we hypothesized that Omp29-induced actin rearrangements via FAK activity would enhance the activation of TGF-β, leading to gingival epithelial cell apoptosis in vitro. By using human gingival epithelial cell line OBA9, we found that Omp29 activated TGF-βR/smad2 signalling and decreased active TGF-β protein levels in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cell culture, suggesting the transactivation of TGF-βR. Inhibition of actin rearrangements by cytochalasin D or blebbistatin and knockdown of FAK or integrinβ1 expression by siRNA transfection attenuated TGF-βR/smad2 signalling activity and reduction of TGF-β levels in the ECM caused by Omp29. Furthermore, Omp29 bound to fibronectin (Fn) to induce its aggregation on integrinβ1, which is associated with TGF-β signalling activity. All the chemical inhibitors and siRNAs tested blocked Omp29-induced OBA9 cells apoptosis. These results suggest that Omp29 binds to Fn in order to facilitate Fn/integrinβ1/FAK signalling-dependent TGF-β release from the ECM, thereby inducing gingival epithelial cell apoptosis via TGF-βR/smad2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yoshimoto
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Shiba
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Takedachi M, Iyama M, Sawada K, Mori K, Yamamoto S, Morimoto C, Yanagita M, Murakami S. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α inhibits interleukin-6 and -8 production in gingival epithelial cells during hypoxia. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:127-134. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Takedachi
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - M. Iyama
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - K. Sawada
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - K. Mori
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - S. Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - C. Morimoto
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - M. Yanagita
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - S. Murakami
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
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Fournier-Larente J, Azelmat J, Yoshioka M, Hinode D, Grenier D. The Daiokanzoto (TJ-84) Kampo Formulation Reduces Virulence Factor Gene Expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Possesses Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Protease Activities. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148860. [PMID: 26859747 PMCID: PMC4747585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kampo formulations used in Japan to treat a wide variety of diseases and to promote health are composed of mixtures of crude extracts from the roots, bark, leaves, and rhizomes of a number of herbs. The present study was aimed at identifying the beneficial biological properties of Daiokanzoto (TJ-84), a Kampo formulation composed of crude extracts of Rhubarb rhizomes and Glycyrrhiza roots, with a view to using it as a potential treatment for periodontal disease. Daiokanzoto dose-dependently inhibited the expression of major Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factors involved in host colonization and tissue destruction. More specifically, Daiokanzoto reduced the expression of the fimA, hagA, rgpA, and rgpB genes, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The U937-3xκB-LUC monocyte cell line transfected with a luciferase reporter gene was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of Daiokanzoto. Daiokanzoto attenuated the P. gingivalis-mediated activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. It also reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and CXCL8) by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated oral epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts. Lastly, Daiokanzoto, dose-dependently inhibited the catalytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (-1 and -9). In conclusion, the present study provided evidence that Daiokanzoto shows potential for treating and/or preventing periodontal disease. The ability of this Kampo formulation to act on both bacterial pathogens and the host inflammatory response, the two etiological components of periodontal disease, is of high therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Fournier-Larente
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jabrane Azelmat
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Masami Yoshioka
- Department of Oral Health Science and Social Welfare, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hinode
- Department of Hygiene and Oral Health Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Takeuchi H, Takada A, Kuboniwa M, Amano A. Intracellular periodontal pathogen exploits recycling pathway to exit from infected cells. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:928-48. [PMID: 26617273 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although human gingival epithelium prevents intrusions by periodontal bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, the most well-known periodontal pathogen, is able to invade gingival epithelial cells and pass through the epithelial barrier into deeper tissues. We previously reported that intracellular P. gingivalis exits from gingival epithelial cells via a recycling pathway. However, the underlying molecular process remains unknown. In the present study, we found that the pathogen localized in early endosomes recruits VAMP2 and Rab4A. VAMP2 was found to be specifically localized in early endosomes, although its localization remained unclear in mammalian cells. A single transmembrane domain of VAMP2 was found to be necessary and sufficient for localizing in early endosomes containing P. gingivalis in gingival epithelial cells. VAMP2 forms a complex with EXOC2/Sec5 and EXOC3/Sec6, whereas Rab4A mediates dissociation of the EXOC complex followed by recruitment of RUFY1/Rabip4, Rab4A effector, and Rab14. Depletion of VAMP2 or Rab4A resulted in accumulation of bacteria in early endosomes and disturbed bacterial exit from infected cells. It is suggested that these novel dynamics allow P. gingivalis to exploit fast recycling pathways promoting further bacterial penetration of gingival tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiko Takada
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masae Kuboniwa
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsuo Amano
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Kashiwai K, Kajiya M, Matsuda S, Ouhara K, Takeda K, Takata T, Kitagawa M, Fujita T, Shiba H, Kurihara H. Distinction Between Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis Signals Regulated by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells and Gingival Epithelial Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1543-55. [PMID: 26581032 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enhances periodontal tissue regeneration by inducing periodontal ligament cell proliferation in vivo. In addition, the down growth of gingival epithelial cells, which comprises a major obstacle to the regeneration, was not observed. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of BDNF on cell proliferation and apoptosis in human periodontal ligament (HPL) cells and human gingival epithelial cells (OBA9 cells) and to explore the molecular mechanism in vitro. HPL cells dominantly expressed a BDNF receptor, TrkB, and BDNF increased cell proliferation and ERK phosphorylation. However, its proliferative effect was diminished by a MEK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) and TrkB siRNA transfection. Otherwise, OBA9 cells showed a higher expression level of p75, which is a pan-neurotrophin receptor, than that of HPL cells. BDNF facilitated not cell proliferation but cell apoptosis and JNK phosphorylation in OBA9 cells. A JNK inhibitor (SP600125) and p75 siRNA transfection attenuated the BDNF-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, OBA9 cells pretreated with SP600125 or p75 siRNA showed cell proliferation by BDNF stimulation, though it was reduced by U0126 and TrkB siRNA. Interestingly, overexpression of p75 in HPL cells upregulated cell apoptosis and JNK phosphorylation by BDNF treatment. These results indicated that TrkB-ERK signaling regulates BDNF-induced cell proliferation, whereas p75-JNK signaling plays roles in cell apoptotic and cytostatic effect of BDNF. Overall, BDNF activates periodontal ligament cells proliferation and inhibits the gingival epithelial cells growth via the distinct pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1543-1555, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kashiwai
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Takeda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Takata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masae Kitagawa
- Center of Oral Clinical Examination, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Shiba
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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Shikama Y, Kudo Y, Ishimaru N, Funaki M. Possible Involvement of Palmitate in Pathogenesis of Periodontitis. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2981-9. [PMID: 25921577 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity and higher concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) in plasma. Among FFAs, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), such as palmitate, have been suggested to promote inflammatory responses. Although many epidemiological studies have shown a link between periodontitis and T2D, little is known about the clinical significance of SFAs in periodontitis. In this study, we showed that gingival fibroblasts have cell-surface expression of CD36, which is also known as FAT/fatty acid translocase. Moreover, CD36 expression was increased in gingival fibroblasts of high-fat diet-induced T2D model mice, compared with gingival fibroblasts of mice fed a normal diet. DNA microarray analysis revealed that palmitate increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Consistent with these results, we confirmed that palmitate-induced interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and CXCL1 secretion in HGF, using a cytokine array and ELISA. SFAs, but not an unsaturated fatty acid, oleate, induced IL-8 production. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is one of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, significantly suppressed palmitate-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production. Treatment of HGF with a CD36 inhibitor also inhibited palmitate-induced pro-inflammatory responses. Finally, we demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) lipopolysaccharide and heat-killed P.g. augmented palmitate-induced chemokine secretion in HGF. These results suggest a potential link between SFAs in plasma and the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Shikama
- Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Funaki
- Clinical Research Center for Diabetes, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
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Soto C, Bugueño I, Hoare A, Gonzalez S, Venegas D, Salinas D, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Vernal R, Gamonal J, Quest AFG, Pérez-Donoso JM, Bravo D. The Porphyromonas gingivalis O antigen is required for inhibition of apoptosis in gingival epithelial cells following bacterial infection. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:518-28. [PMID: 26530544 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Porphyromonas gingivalis infection induces apoptosis inhibition in gingival epithelial cells; however, it is not fully understood which bacterial effectors are involved in this process. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS), specifically the O-antigen region, affects adherence, invasion, viability and apoptosis of gingival epithelial cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival epithelial cells (OKF6/TERT2 line) were infected by different freshly prepared P. gingivalis clinical isolates, obtained from subjects with chronic periodontitis (CP3 and CP4) and healthy individuals (H1 and H3). Periodontitis and healthy isolates show differences in O-antigen production, as healthy isolates lack the O-antigen region. In addition, cells were infected by a site-specific mutant lacking the O-antigen portion. After 24 h postinfection, cell proliferation, viability and apoptosis were evaluated by Trypan blue, MTS and annexin V assays, respectively. Bacterial invasion, adhesion and proliferation were measured by gentamicin/metronidazole protection assays. Finally, toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, Tukey's or Dunnett's tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS At 24 h postinfection, strains lacking the O-antigen region (healthy isolates and O-antigen ligase-deficient strain) were unable to increase proliferation and viability, or decrease apoptosis as compared with strains producing intact LPS (periodontitis isolates and reference strain). However, the presence of the O-antigen neither contributed to changes in the ability of the bacteria to adhere to or invade cells, nor to intracellular survival. The presence of O-antigen also increased the expression of TLR4 (nearly sixfold), which correlated with inhibition of apoptosis. CONCLUSION The O-antigen region of P. gingivalis LPS is required to increase gingival epithelial cell viability upon infection by bacteria and this increase is attributable to a reduction in apoptosis. Moreover, although bacterial internalization is required, the effects observed are not due to alterations in P. gingivalis adherence, invasion or intracellular survival. Interestingly, inhibition of apoptosis correlates with increased TLR4 expression, suggesting a role for TLR4 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soto
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - I Bugueño
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Hoare
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Gonzalez
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Venegas
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Salinas
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Melgar-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Vernal
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Gamonal
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A F G Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Cell Communication, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J M Pérez-Donoso
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Bravo
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Benso B, Rosalen PL, Alencar SM, Murata RM. Malva sylvestris Inhibits Inflammatory Response in Oral Human Cells. An In Vitro Infection Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140331. [PMID: 26479870 PMCID: PMC4610699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Malva sylvestris extract (MSE) and fractions in a co-culture model of cells infected by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. In addition, we evaluated the phytochemical content in the extract and fractions of M. sylvestris and demonstrated that polyphenols were the most frequent group in all samples studied. An in vitro dual-chamber model to mimic the periodontal structure was developed using a monolayer of epithelial keratinocytes (OBA-9) and a subepithelial layer of fibroblasts (HGF-1). The invasive periodontopathogen A. actinomycetemcomitans (D7S-1) was applied to migrate through the cell layers and induce the synthesis of immune factors and cytokines in the host cells. In an attempt to analyze the antimicrobial properties of MSE and fractions, a susceptibility test was carried out. The extract (MIC 175 μg/mL, MBC 500μg/mL) and chloroform fraction (MIC 150 μg/mL, MBC 250 μg/mL) were found to have inhibitory activity. The extract and all fractions were assessed using a cytotoxicity test and results showed that concentrations under 100 μg/mL did not significantly reduce cell viability compared to the control group (p > 0.05, viability > 90%). In order to analyze the inflammatory response, transcriptional factors and cytokines were quantified in the supernatant released from the cells. The chloroform fraction was the most effective in reducing the bacterial colonization (p< 0.05) and controlling inflammatory mediators, and promoted the down-regulation of genes including IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, CD14, PTGS, MMP-1 and FOS as well as the reduction of the IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF protein levels (p< 0.05). Malva sylvestris and its chloroform fraction minimized the A. actinomycetemcomitans infection and inflammation processes in oral human cells by a putative pathway that involves important cytokines and receptors. Therefore, this natural product may be considered as a successful dual anti-inflammatory-antimicrobial candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Benso
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Severino Matias Alencar
- Department of Agri-food Industry, Food and Nutrition, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Mendonça Murata
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene and Division of Biomedical Sciences Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Parthiban P, Mahendra J. Toll-Like Receptors: A Key Marker for Periodontal Disease and Preterm Birth - A Contemporary Review. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZE14-7. [PMID: 26501032 PMCID: PMC4606361 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/14143.6526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The receptors of the innate immune system have evolved to recognize pathogenic bacteria in a complex manner. Out of these immune receptors, the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll like receptors have gained importance off late to play a key role in the activation of cascade of inflammatory cytokines in pathogenesis of preterm birth. Preterm birth has become leading cause of neonatal deaths globally. The concept of oral infection influencing the occurrence of preterm delivery has gained importance. Translocation of periodontal pathogens and inflammatory mediators play role in the pathogenesis of preterm labour. The transmembrane toll like receptors of innate immunity have been recently implicated in the association of periodontal infection and preterm labour. The TLRs are considered as a key marker and TLR blockade can be a critical method for treating women who are exposed to periodontal pathogens. This review is aimed at discussing the role of TLR in periodontal disease and its relationship with preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathahini Parthiban
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College & Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Jaideep Mahendra
- Professor, Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College & Hospital, Chennai, India
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Yoshimoto T, Fujita T, Kajiya M, Matsuda S, Ouhara K, Shiba H, Kurihara H. Involvement of smad2 and Erk/Akt cascade in TGF-β1-induced apoptosis in human gingival epithelial cells. Cytokine 2015; 75:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Morin MP, Bedran TBL, Fournier-Larente J, Haas B, Azelmat J, Grenier D. Green tea extract and its major constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibit growth and halitosis-related properties of Solobacterium moorei. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:48. [PMID: 25880992 PMCID: PMC4415245 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Solobacterium moorei is a volatile sulfide compound (VSC)-producing Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that has been associated with halitosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea extract and its major constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on growth and several halitosis-related properties of S. moorei. Methods A microplate dilution assay was used to determine the antibacterial activity of green tea extract and EGCG against S. moorei. Their effects on bacterial cell membrane integrity were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and a fluorescence-based permeability assay. Biofilm formation was quantified by crystal violet staining. Adhesion of FITC-labeled S. moorei to oral epithelial cells was monitored by fluorometry. The modulation of β-galactosidase gene expression in S. moorei was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. Results The green tea extract as well as EGCG inhibited the growth of S. moorei, with MIC values of 500 and 250 μg/ml, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy analysis and a permeabilization assay brought evidence that the bacterial cell membrane was the target of green tea polyphenols. Regarding the effects of green tea polyphenols on the S. moorei colonization properties, it was found that biofilm formation on EGCG-treated surfaces was significantly affected, and that green tea extract and EGCG can cause the eradication of pre-formed S. moorei biofilms. Moreover, both the green tea extract and EGCG were found to reduce the adherence of S. moorei to oral epithelial cells. The β-galactosidase activity of S. moorei, which plays a key role in VSC production, was dose-dependently inhibited by green tea polyphenols. In addition, EGCG at ½ MIC significantly decreased the β-galactosidase gene expression. Conclusion Our study brought evidence to support that green tea polyphenols possess a number of properties that may contribute to reduce S. moorei-related halitosis. Therefore, these natural compounds may be of interest to be used to supplement oral healthcare products.
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Lombardo Bedran TB, Palomari Spolidorio D, Grenier D. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate and cranberry proanthocyanidins act in synergy with cathelicidin (LL-37) to reduce the LPS-induced inflammatory response in a three-dimensional co-culture model of gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:845-53. [PMID: 25791329 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The human antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37) possesses anti-inflammatory properties that may contribute to attenuating the inflammatory process associated with chronic periodontitis. Plant polyphenols, including those from cranberry and green tea, have been reported to reduce inflammatory cytokine secretion by host cells. In the present study, we hypothesized that A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins (AC-PACs) and green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) act in synergy with LL-37 to reduce the secretion of inflammatory mediators by oral mucosal cells. METHODS A three-dimensional (3D) co-culture model of gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of AC-PACs (25 and 50 μg/ml), EGCG (1 and 5 μg/ml), and LL-37 (0.1 and 0.2 μM) individually and in combination (AC-PACs+LL-37 and EGCG+LL-37) were stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Multiplex ELISA assays were used to quantify the secretion of 54 host factors, including chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). RESULTS LL-37, AC-PACs, and EGCG, individually or in combination, had no effect on the regulation of MMP and TIMP secretion but inhibited the secretion of several cytokines. AC-PACs and LL-37 acted in synergy to reduce the secretion of CXC-chemokine ligand 1 (GRO-α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and had an additive effect on reducing the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in response to LPS stimulation. EGCG and LL-37 acted in synergy to reduce the secretion of GRO-α, G-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, and IP-10, and had an additive effect on MCP-1 secretion. CONCLUSION The combination of LL-37 and natural polyphenols from cranberry and green tea acted in synergy to reduce the secretion of several cytokines by an LPS-stimulated 3D co-culture model of oral mucosal cells. Such combinations show promising results as potential adjunctive therapies for treating inflammatory periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Blanca Lombardo Bedran
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara Dental School, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Huang X, Yang X, Ni J, Xie B, Liu Y, Xuan D, Zhang J. Hyperglucose Contributes to Periodontitis: Involvement of the NLRP3 Pathway by Engaging the Innate Immunity of Oral Gingival Epithelium. J Periodontol 2015; 86:327-35. [PMID: 25325516 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Periodontology, Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Maheaswari R, Sivasankar K, Subbarayan S. Toll gates: An emerging therapeutic target. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2015; 18:686-92. [PMID: 25624622 PMCID: PMC4296450 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.147398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune system forms the first line of defense against microbial infections, as it exerts an immediate response. Innate immunity works through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which functions as primary sensors of pathogens. TLR activates multiple signaling cascades leading to the induction of genes responsible for the release of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon. Thus, they induce antimicrobial responses and also have an instructive role in adaptive immunity. However, TLR-mediated inflammation is said to be responsible for many of the destructive host responses in inflammatory diseases like periodontitis. Hence, therapeutics targeting TLRs are being used to treat disease such as HIV, Hepatitis B, asthma etc. Recently, synthetic TLR agonists are tried as novel vaccine adjuvant in treating periodontal diseases. This paper reviews the scope of TLR-based therapeutics in treating periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Maheaswari
- Department of Periodontics, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiruthika Sivasankar
- Consultant Periodontist, Apollo White Dental, T. Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathya Subbarayan
- Department of Periodontics, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Leal-Lopes C, Velloso FJ, Campopiano JC, Sogayar MC, Correa RG. Roles of Commensal Microbiota in Pancreas Homeostasis and Pancreatic Pathologies. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:284680. [PMID: 26347203 PMCID: PMC4544440 DOI: 10.1155/2015/284680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas plays a central role in metabolism, allowing ingested food to be converted and used as fuel by the cells throughout the body. On the other hand, the pancreas may be affected by devastating diseases, such as pancreatitis, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC), and diabetes mellitus (DM), which generally results in a wide metabolic imbalance. The causes for the development and progression of these diseases are still controversial; therefore it is essential to better understand the underlying mechanisms which compromise the pancreatic homeostasis. The interest in the study of the commensal microbiome increased extensively in recent years, when many discoveries have illustrated its central role in both human physiology and maintenance of homeostasis. Further understanding of the involvement of the microbiome during the development of pathological conditions is critical for the improvement of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In the present review, we discuss recent findings on the behavior and functions played by the microbiota in major pancreatic diseases and provide further insights into its potential roles in the maintenance of pancreatic steady-state activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Leal-Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando J. Velloso
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia C. Campopiano
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mari C. Sogayar
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G. Correa
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- *Ricardo G. Correa:
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Guo W, Ye P, Yu H, Liu Z, Yang P, Hunter N. CD24 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome through c-Src kinase activity in a model of the lining epithelium of inflamed periodontal tissues. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2014; 2:239-53. [PMID: 25866631 PMCID: PMC4386918 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is characterized by perturbation of the epithelial attachment to the tooth with subsequent migration of the lining epithelium and formation of a cleft or pocket. This non-keratinized lining epithelium provides initial responses to bacterial products by signalling through receptors of innate immunity to activate inflammasome pathways. These comprise an intracellular network of regulatory and effector molecules leading to synthesis and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, CD24 is characteristically strongly expressed by the pocket epithelium and is reported to function as an important negative regulator for danger signals, protecting tissues from excessive leukocyte activity. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of ligation of CD24 on expression of inflammasome components. An epithelial mimic of pocket epithelium was used to evaluate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Surprisingly, antibody ligation of CD24 enhanced expression of NLRP3 together with co-activators ASC and caspase-1 resulting in burst release of activated interleukin (IL)-18. Potent product inhibition was detected with IL-18 suppressing expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1. Scant distribution of these products within pocket epithelium compared with healthy gingival attachment provided indication of potential cycling of NLRP3 inflammasome expression. As subjects with mild chronic periodontitis have increased titres of serum antibodies auto-reactive with CD24 compared with those of subjects with severe periodontitis, a molecular mechanism for regulated expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome mediated by c-Src kinase activity, is proposed. This pathway could be regionally disrupted by products of pathogenic bacteria with profound downregulation in the dysbiosis associated with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Shandong University Shandong Province, China ; Yantai Stomatological Hospital Shandong Province, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Centre for Oral Health Westmead Hospital, Australia
| | - Hong Yu
- Microscopy Laboratory, Westmead Millennium Institute Westmead Hospital, Australia
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- Yantai Stomatological Hospital Shandong Province, China
| | - Pishan Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Shandong University Shandong Province, China
| | - Neil Hunter
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Centre for Oral Health Westmead Hospital, Australia ; Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Sydney Sydney, Australia
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Yang X, Zhang J, Ni J, Ouyang B, Wang D, Luo S, Xie B, Xuan D. Toll-Like Receptor 4–Mediated Hyper-Responsiveness of Gingival Epithelial Cells to Lipopolysaccharide in High-Glucose Environments. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1620-8. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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