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Andhare MG, Shetty S, Vivekanandan G, Shetty RM, Rahman B, Shetty SR, Siddeshappa ST, Desai V. Clinical efficacy of green tea, aloe vera and chlorhexidine mouthwashes in the treatment of dental biofilm induced gingivitis: A multi-arm, double-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2024; 22:504-513. [PMID: 36583292 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This multi-arm, randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of 0.5% green tea (GT), 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and aloe vera (AV) mouthwash as compared to the control (CNT) group (scaling and polishing alone with no mouthwash) in the management of dental biofilm induced gingivitis among 18-40-year-old patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty patients with generalized dental biofilm-induced gingivitis were randomly allocated to four study groups (n = 15 each) for treatment, namely Group GT, Group CHX, Group AV and Group CNT after scaling and polishing were administered to all the patients. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and sulcular bleeding index (SBI) were recorded at baseline, 14th and 21st day. RESULTS PI, GI and SBI at various time intervals (baseline, 14th and 21st day) showed high statistically significant differences within the group (p < 0.01). Among these, the maximum percentage change was found in the CHX group followed by GT when evaluated from baseline to 21st day. The least percentage change was found in the AV group for PI and GI while the CNT group showed the least percentage change for sulcular index when evaluated from 14th to 21st day. Inter-group results showed high statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) for PI and GI when evaluated between baseline to 14th day and baseline to 21st day. SBI also showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) when evaluated between baselines to 14th day and baseline to 21st day. CONCLUSION Green tea mouthwash displayed a significant reduction in plaque index, gingival index and sulcular bleeding index. 0.5% green tea catechin has equivalent anti-plaque efficacy as 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and can be considered a potent alternative to prevent and treat gingival diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangesh G Andhare
- Department of Periodontology, Aditya Dental College, Beed, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunaina Shetty
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Gopinath Vivekanandan
- Department of Periodontology, Vananchal Dental College and Hospital, Garhwa, Jharkhand, India
| | - Raghavendra M Shetty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Declared as Deemed-to-be University), Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Betul Rahman
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Shishir R Shetty
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | | | - Vijay Desai
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
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Tzimas K, Antoniadou M, Varzakas T, Voidarou C(C. Plant-Derived Compounds: A Promising Tool for Dental Caries Prevention. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5257-5290. [PMID: 38920987 PMCID: PMC11201632 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing shift from the use of conventional pharmaceutical oral care products to the use of herbal extracts and traditional remedies in dental caries prevention. This is attributed to the potential environmental and health implications of contemporary oral products. This comprehensive review aims at the analysis of plant-derived compounds as preventive modalities in dental caries research. It focuses on data collected from 2019 until recently, trying to emphasize current trends in this topic. The research findings suggest that several plant-derived compounds, either aqueous or ethanolic, exhibit notable antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria related to dental caries, with some extracts demonstrating an efficacy comparable to that of chlorhexidine. Furthermore, in vivo studies using plant-derived compounds incorporated in food derivatives, such as lollipops, have shown promising results by significantly reducing Streptococcus mutans in high-risk caries children. In vitro studies on plant-derived compounds have revealed bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against S. mutans, suggesting their potential use as dental caries preventive agents. Medicinal plants, plant-derived phytochemicals, essential oils, and other food compounds have exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens, either by their anti-adhesion activity, the inhibition of extracellular microbial enzymes, or their direct action on microbial species and acid production. However, further research is needed to assess their antimicrobial activity and to evaluate the cytotoxicity and safety profiles of these plant-derived compounds before their widespread clinical use can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tzimas
- Department of Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Antoniadou
- Department of Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
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Rajala O, Mäntynen M, Loimaranta V. Pine-Oil-Derived Sodium Resinate Inhibits Growth and Acid Production of Streptococcus mutans In Vitro. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:40. [PMID: 38392244 PMCID: PMC10887496 DOI: 10.3390/dj12020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
S. mutans is a key pathogen in dental caries initiation and progression. It promotes oral biofilm dysbiosis and biofilm acidification. Sodium resinate is a salt of pine-oil-derived resin which has antimicrobial properties. Pine-oil-derived resin consists of terpenes, diterpenes, and abietic acids. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pine (Pinus sylvestris) oil resinate (RS) on growth and acid production of cariogenic S. mutans strains in planktonic form and biofilm. The S. mutans type strain NCTC10449 and clinical isolate CI2366 were grown on 96-well plates for testing of RS effects on growth and biofilm formation, and on plates with integrated pH-sensitive optical ensors for real-time measurements of the effects of RS on bacterial acid production. We found that even short-time exposure to RS inhibits the growth and acid production of S. mutans in the planktonic phase and biofilms. In addition, RS was able to penetrate the biofilm matrix and reduce acid production inside S. mutans biofilm. RS thus shows potential as a novel antibacterial agent against cariogenic bacteria in biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Rajala
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Matias Mäntynen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Vuokko Loimaranta
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Tsai CF, Chung JJ, Ding SJ, Chen CC. In vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of hypochlorous acid antimicrobial agent. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:345-356. [PMID: 38303880 PMCID: PMC10829635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Bacteria-associated oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis are widespread epidemics that cause oral pain and loss of function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of different concentrations of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Materials and methods Five different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) of HOCl were evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-negative (A. actinomycetcmcomitans and P. gingivalis) and Gram-positive bacteria (S. mutans and S. sanguinis) after treatment for 1 and 10 min. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) were used as positive controls. In addition, HOCl was examined for L929 cytotoxicity and RAW 264.7 growth. Results The bacteriostatic ratio of NaOCl was comparable to that of CHX and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of all HOCl solutions. Higher HOCl concentration had significantly (P < 0.05) higher antibacterial effect, and the bacteriostatic ratio of 10 min treatment was slightly higher than that of 1 min treatment. CHX and NaOCl seeded into L929 cells resulted in low cell viability with only 30-39%, much significantly (P < 0.05) lower than all HOCl groups (greater than 80%). All HOCl solutions met the recommendations of ISO 10993-5 and showed no cytotoxicity, although there was a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability. All antimicrobial agents showed the same trend of response to RAW 264.7 as L929. Conclusion Within the limit of this study, 400 ppm HOCl disinfectant may be a potential antimicrobial candidate for mouthwash, endodontic irrigants, and periodontitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jia Chung
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Jyh Ding
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kamran MA, Alnazeh AA, Almoammar S, Almagbol M, Baig EA, Alrwuili MR, Aljabab MA, Alshahrani I. Effect of Plant-Based Mouthwash ( Morinda citrifolia and Ocimum sanctum) on TNF-α, IL-α, IL-β, IL-2, and IL-6 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Plaque Scores of Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1968. [PMID: 38004017 PMCID: PMC10673364 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59111968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To investigate the antiplaque properties of two plant-based mouthwashes, Morinda citrifolia (MC) and Ocimum sanctum (OS), and their effect on TNF-α, IL-α, IL-β, IL-2, and IL-6 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five individuals were recruited according to defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study was structured into two distinct phases. Phase I was a combination of toothbrushing using toothpaste containing fluoride (Protocol A), while Phase II toothbrushing included fluoride toothpaste and use of a mouthwash (Protocol B). For Phase II, individuals participating in this study were allocated into different groups through a randomization process: Group 1-0.12% CHX, Group 2-5% MC, and Group 3-4% OS. Each individual's Phase I and Phase II scores were assessed. GCF was measured in three phases to determine the level of inflammatory biomarkers. The paired t-test evaluated the disparities between the pre- and post-plaque index. Categorical data were subjected to crosstab analysis to assess qualitative variables. The mean values of cytokine levels were presented. An unpaired t-test was employed to assess the levels of cytokines between individuals in Phase I and Phase II. Results: Toothbrushing, fluoride toothpaste, and the supplementary use of mouthwash (Phase II) resulted in mean plaque scores significantly lower than group A (p < 0.001). Cytokines TNF-α, IL-α, and IL-β demonstrated a significant downward trend in herbal mouthwash users. Conclusions: In conjunction with fluoridated toothpaste and brushing, OS and MC can serve as a viable alternative to conventional synthetic mouthwash CHX. This combination demonstrates reducing mean plaque scores and diminishing the levels of cytokines TNF-α, IL-α, and IL-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdullah Kamran
- Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (S.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Abdullah A. Alnazeh
- Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (S.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Salem Almoammar
- Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (S.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Mohammad Almagbol
- Department of Community and Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Eisha Abrar Baig
- Dow International Dental College, Dow University of Health Science, Karachi 74200, Pakistan;
| | - Mohammad Raji Alrwuili
- Orthodontic Department, Qurayyat Specialized Dental Center, Al-Qurayyat 77453, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Aljabab
- Orthodontic Department, Qurayyat Specialized Dental Center, Al-Qurayyat 77453, Saudi Arabia; (M.R.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Ibrahim Alshahrani
- Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (S.A.); (I.A.)
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Cho MY, Lee ES, Jung HI, Kim BI. Anti-biofilm activity of a novel nanoemulsion containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil. J Dent 2023; 137:104647. [PMID: 37536430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to solubilize Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil (CXO) using nanoemulsification and evaluate its inhibitory effects against biofilm formation. METHODS The components of CXO were evaluated through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Healthy human saliva was inoculated onto hydroxyapatite discs to form microcosm biofilms for four days and treated six times with each antimicrobial agent: distilled water (DW), CXO emulsion (EM), CXO nanoemulsion (NE), and positive controls (Listerine and chlorhexidine). Biofilm fluorescence imaging was performed using quantitative light-induced fluorescence, and cell viability and dry-weight measurements were obtained. We compared the bacterial cell and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) biovolume and thickness using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS HPLC analysis revealed that CXO was composed of approximately 47% xanthorrhizol. Compared with DW, NE exhibited significantly lower red fluorescence intensity and area (42% and 37%, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), and reduced total and aciduric bacterial cell viability (7.3% and 3.9%, p < 0.001, p = 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, the bacterial cell and EPS biovolume and thickness in NE decreased by 40-80% compared to DW, similar to chlorhexidine. Conversely, EM showed a significant difference only in cell viability against total bacteria when compared with DW (p = 0.003), with EPS biovolume and thickness exhibiting higher values than DW. CONCLUSIONS Nanoemulsification successfully solubilized CXO and demonstrated superior anti-biofilm effects compared to the emulsion form. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest the potential use of NE as a novel antimicrobial agent for preventing oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Yeol Cho
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Song Lee
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoi-In Jung
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Baek-Il Kim
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
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Almhöjd US, Lehrkinder A, Roos-Jansåker AM, Lingström P. Antimicrobial efficacy of chlorine agents against selected oral pathogens. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:5695-5707. [PMID: 37606720 PMCID: PMC10492701 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Method-dependent comparison of antimicrobial agents' efficacy against oral pathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Several sodium hypochlorite solutions (NaOCl)-Perisolv®, Carisolv® and Dakin's solution-were equated with chlorhexidine (CHX) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) against ten oral micro-organisms related to caries and periodontitis using different minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) techniques. Agents were adjusted to the final 70 mmol/L concentration of active chlorine molecule. RESULTS Apart from H2O2 and the amino acids of Perisolv®, all the agents revealed an antimicrobial effect. Agar diffusion test ranked CHX (p < 0.05) as the most effective against all ten specimens, followed by the NaOCl of Perisolv® and Dakin's solution. Correspondingly, in broth microdilution on agar, CHX was the most effective in eradicating micro-organisms at 0.03 mmol/L compared with 2.2 mmol/L of Dakin's solution. In contrast, the bactericidal concentration of Dakin's solution was the most effective at 0.2 mmol/L, (p < 0.001), followed by Perisolv® (2.14 mmol/L), CHX (2.38 mmol/L) and Carisolv® (3.33 mmol/L) after 5 and 10 min in broth dilution test. In live/dead analysis, 60-min exposure to a 2-fold concentration of agents resulted in two-log Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans inhibition by CHX (35 mmol/L) whilst Streptococcus mutans was more susceptible, in 0.8 and 8.8 mmol/L, after 10 min to CHX and Dakin's respectively. CONCLUSION Replacement of CHX with tested hypochlorite agents showed evident potential and promoted rapid antimicrobial effect. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Effective antimicrobial agents are crucial in controlling pathogen-induced oral infections increasing clinical possibilities to combat oral biofilms. Additionally, CHX substitution with hypochlorite agents could eliminate CHX's adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrica Scherdin Almhöjd
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 450, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Lehrkinder
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 450, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Marie Roos-Jansåker
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, SE-205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Lingström
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 450, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Adam FA, Mohd N, Rani H, Mohd Yusof MYP, Baharin B. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the comparative effectiveness of Salvadora persica - extract mouthwash with chlorhexidine gluconate in periodontal health. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115863. [PMID: 36283639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvadora persica L., also known as miswak, is an indigenous plant most prevalent in the Middle Eastern, some Asian, and African countries. It has medicinal and prophylactics function for numerous illnesses, including periodontal disease. Various trials, apart from World Health Organization encouragement have contributed to the production and use of S. persica in extract form in the formulation of mouthwash. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the clinical effect of Salvadora persica-extract mouthwash and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash for anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis functions. METHODS Using the PRISMA 2020 Protocol, a systematic search of the publications was undertaken from the MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholars for randomized control trials published through 31st January 2022 to determine the effectiveness of Salvadora persica-extract mouthwash relative to chlorhexidine gluconate as anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis properties. RESULTS A total of 1809 titles and abstracts were screened. Of these, twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review while only sixteen were selected for meta-analysis. The overall effects of standardized mean difference and 95% CI were 0.89 [95% CI 0.09 to 1.69] with a χ2 statistic of 2.54, 15 degrees of freedom (p < 0.00001), I2 = 97% as anti-plaque function and 95% CI were 0.12 [95% CI -0.43 to 0.67] with a χ2 statistic of 0.68 with 10 degree of freedom (p < 0.00001), I2 = 89% as anti-gingivitis. CONCLUSION This review suggests that Salvadora persica-extract mouthwash causes a significant reduction of plaque and gingival inflammation. While the improvement is inferior to chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, S. persica-extract mouthwash may be considered as a herbal alternative to the user pursuing periodontal care with natural ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fara Azwin Adam
- Center for Periodontology Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nurulhuda Mohd
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Haslina Rani
- Department of Family Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera Mohd Yusof
- Centre for Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostics and Medicine Studies, Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Badiah Baharin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Schönbächler N, Thurnheer T, Paqué PN, Attin T, Karygianni L. In vitro versus in situ biofilms for evaluating the antimicrobial effectiveness of herbal mouthrinses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1130255. [PMID: 36798085 PMCID: PMC9927218 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1130255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For centuries, diverse mouthrinses have been applied for medicinal purposes in the oral cavity. In view of the growing resistance of oral microorganisms against conventional antimicrobial agents e.g. chlorhexidine, the implementation of alternative treatments inspired by nature has lately gained increasing interest. The aim of the present study was to compare in vitro biofilm models with in situ biofilms in order to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of different natural mouthrinses. For the in vitro study a six-species supragingival biofilm model containing A. oris, V. dispar, C. albicans, F. nucleatum, S. mutans and S. oralis was used. Biofilms were grown anaerobically on hydroxyapatite discs and treated with natural mouthrinses Ratanhia, Trybol and Tebodont. 0.9% NaCl and 10% ethanol served as negative controls, while 0.2% CHX served as positive control. After 64h hours, biofilms were harvested and quantified by cultural analysis CFU. For the in situ study, individual test splints were manufactured for the participants. After 2h and 72h the biofilm-covered samples were removed and treated with the mouthrinses and controls mentioned above. The biofilms were quantified by CFU and stained for vitality under the confocal laser scanning microscope. In the in vitro study, 0.2% CHX yielded the highest antimicrobial effect. Among all mouthrinses, Tebodont (4.708 ± 1.294 log10 CFU, median 5.279, p<0.0001) compared with 0.9% NaCl showed the highest antimicrobial potential. After 72h there was no significant reduction in CFU after 0.2% CHX treatment. Only Trybol showed a statistically significant reduction of aerobic growth of microorganisms in situ (5.331 ± 0.7350 log10 CFU, median 5.579, p<0.0209). After treatment with the positive control 0.2% CHX, a significant percentage of non-vital bacteria (42.006 ± 12.173 log10 CFU, median 42.150) was detected. To sum up, a less pronounced effect of all mouthrinses was shown for the in situ biofilms compared to the in vitro biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schönbächler
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pune Nina Paqué
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Attin
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lamprini Karygianni
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Lamprini Karygianni,
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10
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González-Cantú CC, Torres-Muñoz Á, Urrutia-Baca VH, Sánchez-García GA, De La Garza-Ramos MA. Antibacterial efficacy of a pH-neutral electrolyzed super-oxidized solution for nonsurgical periodontal treatment. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12291. [PMID: 36590522 PMCID: PMC9798187 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mouthwash is effective in maintaining oral hygiene in patients; however, there is concern that it may adversely affect human oral mucosa. We evaluated a pH-neutral electrolyzed super-oxidized solution (ESS, tradename OxOral®) combined with dental scaling in periodontitis patients. This longitudinal study was conducted with 34 patients divided into three groups. The control group treated with scaling plus saline, the second with scaling plus ESS mouthwash, and another with scaling plus ESS mouthwash and gel. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and probing depth (PD) were determined before and after periodontal treatment. Results The final PI and GI decreased compared with the initial measurements in the three treatment groups (p < 0.05). Scaling plus ESS mouthwash and gel significantly reduced the final PI, GI, and DP compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our study shows the antiseptic properties of ESS with mouthwash and gel. Further studies are needed to verify the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Carolina González-Cantú
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences (CIDICS), General Odontology and Specialties. Dr. Aguirre Pequeño and Silao St, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Ángel Torres-Muñoz
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences (CIDICS), General Odontology and Specialties. Dr. Aguirre Pequeño and Silao St, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Urrutia-Baca
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, School of Biological Sciences. the Immunology and Virology Laboratory. Pedro de Alba and Manuel L. Barragán St, Ciudad Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de Los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico,Corresponding author.
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Sánchez-García
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences (CIDICS), General Odontology and Specialties. Dr. Aguirre Pequeño and Silao St, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Myriam Angélica De La Garza-Ramos
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences (CIDICS), General Odontology and Specialties. Dr. Aguirre Pequeño and Silao St, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico,Corresponding author.
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11
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Idir F, Van Ginneken S, Coppola GA, Grenier D, Steenackers HP, Bendali F. Origanum vulgare ethanolic extracts as a promising source of compounds with antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, and anti-virulence activity against dental plaque bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:999839. [PMID: 36406439 PMCID: PMC9668103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries and periodontal diseases remain a challenge for oral health, especially given the lack of effective and safe treatment options that are currently available. Against the backdrop of an ongoing antimicrobial resistance crisis, a renewed interest in traditional medicinal plants as a potential source of new bioactive compounds has surfaced. In this context, we systematically screened the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of nine Algerian medicinal plants (Artemisia herba alba, Centaurium erythraea, Juglans regia, Laurus nobilis, Matricaria recutita, Mentha pulegium, Mentha piperita, Origanum vulgare and Taraxacum officinale). To evaluate the activity spectrum of the extracts, the screening was carried out against an extensive collection of Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Lacticaseibacillus isolates recovered from dental plaques of Algerian patients. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties were observed, especially among ethanolic extracts, which marks them as a promising source for bioactive compounds to control oral biofilms. The ethanolic extract of O. vulgare, which showed the most promising effects in the initial screening, was further characterized. We first verified the biocompatibility of this extract using human oral keratinocytes and selected a range of non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.195-0.781 mg/ml) to further validate its anti-biofilm and anti-virulence potential. At these concentrations, the extract not only prevented biofilm formation (10.04 ± 0.75-87.91 ± 9.08% of reduction) of most dental plaque isolates on a polystyrene surface, but also significantly reduced their adherence to hydroxyapatite (34.58 ± 9.09-62.77 ± 0.95%). Moreover, the extract showed curative potential against mature biofilms grown under conditions mimicking the oral niche. In addition to its anti-biofilm properties, we observed an inhibition of glucosyltransferase activity, a reduction in acidogenesis and a downregulation in the expression of multiple virulence-associated genes for extract-treated samples. Since anti-virulence properties are more robust to the development of resistance, they provide an attractive complementation to the antimicrobial activities of the extract. Thymol was identified as an important active compound of the extract using GC-MS analysis, but synergy with other compounds was also detected, suggesting a potential advantage of using the whole extract over purified thymol. Further research into the bioactive compounds of the O. vulgare ethanolic extract could yield novel products to fight dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Idir
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Sybren Van Ginneken
- MiCA Lab, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Hans P. Steenackers
- MiCA Lab, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,*Correspondence: Hans Steenackers,
| | - Farida Bendali
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria,Farida Bendali,
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12
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Xia M, Zhuo N, Ren S, Zhang H, Yang Y, Lei L, Hu T. Enterococcus faecalis rnc gene modulates its susceptibility to disinfection agents: a novel approach against biofilm. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:416. [PMID: 36127648 PMCID: PMC9490916 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) plays an important role in the failure of root canal treatment and refractory periapical periodontitis. As an important virulence factor of E. faecalis, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) serves as a matrix to wrap bacteria and form biofilms. The homologous rnc gene, encoding Ribonuclease III, has been reported as a regulator of EPS synthesis. In order to develop novel anti-biofilm targets, we investigated the effects of the rnc gene on the biological characteristics of E. faecalis, and compared the biofilm tolerance towards the typical root canal irrigation agents and traditional Chinese medicine fluid Pudilan. METHODS E. faecalis rnc gene overexpression (rnc+) and low-expression (rnc-) strains were constructed. The growth curves of E. faecalis ATCC29212, rnc+, and rnc- strains were obtained to study the regulatory effect of the rnc gene on E. faecalis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and crystal violet staining assays were performed to evaluate the morphology and composition of E. faecalis biofilms. Furthermore, the wild-type and mutant biofilms were treated with 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and Pudilan. The residual viabilities of E. faecalis biofilms were evaluated using crystal violet staining and colony counting assays. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the rnc gene could promote bacterial growth and EPS synthesis, causing the EPS-barren biofilm morphology and low EPS/bacteria ratio. Both the rnc+ and rnc- biofilms showed increased susceptibility to the root canal irrigation agents. The 5% NaOCl group showed the highest biofilm removing effect followed by Pudilan and 2% CHX. The colony counting results showed almost complete removal of bacteria in the 5% NaOCl, 2% CHX, and Chinese medicine agents' groups. CONCLUSIONS This study concluded that the rnc gene could positively regulate bacterial proliferation, EPS synthesis, and biofilm formation in E. faecalis. The rnc mutation caused an increase in the disinfectant sensitivity of biofilm, indicating a potential anti-biofilm target. In addition, Pudilan exhibited an excellent ability to remove E. faecalis biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Xia
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Niya Zhuo
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Shirui Ren
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingming Yang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, NO. 14 Third Section Renmin South Road, Chengdu, China
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13
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Aherne O, Ortiz R, Fazli MM, Davies JR. Effects of stabilized hypochlorous acid on oral biofilm bacteria. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:415. [PMID: 36127658 PMCID: PMC9487106 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caries and periodontitis are amongst the most prevalent diseases worldwide, leading to pain and loss of oral function for those affected. Prevention relies heavily on mechanical removal of dental plaque biofilms but for populations where this is not achievable, alternative plaque control methods are required. With concerns over undesirable side-effects and potential bacterial resistance due to the use of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), new antimicrobial substances for oral use are greatly needed. Here we have investigated the antimicrobial effect of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), stabilized with acetic acid (HAc), on oral biofilms and compared it to that of CHX. Possible adverse effects of stabilized HOCl on hydroxyapatite surfaces were also examined. Methods Single- and mixed-species biofilms of six common oral bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Veillonella parvula, Parvimonas micra and Porphyromonas gingivalis) within a flow-cell model were exposed to HOCl stabilized with 0.14% or 2% HAc, pH 4.6, as well as HOCl or HAc alone. Biofilm viability was assessed in situ using confocal laser scanning microscopy following LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ staining. In-situ quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was used to study erosion of hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces by stabilized HOCl.
Results Low concentrations of HOCl (5 ppm), stabilized with 0.14% or 2% HAc, significantly reduced viability in multi-species biofilms representing supra- and sub-gingival oral communities, after 5 min, without causing erosion of HA surfaces. No equivalent antimicrobial effect was seen for CHX. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed no significant differential suceptibility to stabilized HOCl. Conclusions At low concentrations and with exposure times which could be achieved through oral rinsing, HOCl stabilized with HAc had a robust antimicrobial activity on oral biofilms, without causing erosion of HA surfaces or affecting viability of oral keratinocytes. This substance thus appears to offer potential for prevention and/or treatment of oral biofilm-mediated diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02453-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Aherne
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology and Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden.,CR Competence, Naturvetarvägen 14, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roberto Ortiz
- CR Competence, Naturvetarvägen 14, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus M Fazli
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,SoftOx Solutions AS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia R Davies
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology and Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
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14
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Kommerein N, Vierengel N, Groß J, Opatz T, Al-Nawas B, Müller-Heupt LK. Antiplanktonic and Antibiofilm Activity of Rheum palmatum against Streptococcus oralis and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050965. [PMID: 35630409 PMCID: PMC9143743 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis and peri-implantitis are inflammatory conditions with a high global prevalence. Oral pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis play a crucial role in the development of dysbiotic biofilms associated with both diseases. The aim of our study was to identify plant-derived substances which mainly inhibit the growth of “disease promoting bacteria”, by comparing the effect of Rheum palmatum root extract against P. gingivalis and the commensal species Streptococcus oralis. Antiplanktonic activity was determined by measuring optical density and metabolic activity. Antibiofilm activity was quantified using metabolic activity assays and live/dead fluorescence staining combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy. At concentrations of 3.9 mg/L, R. palmatum root extract selectively inhibited planktonic growth of the oral pathogen P. gingivalis, while not inhibiting growth of S. oralis. Selective effects also occurred in mature biofilms, as P. gingivalis was significantly more stressed and inhibited than S. oralis. Our studies show that low concentrations of R. palmatum root extract specifically inhibit P. gingivalis growth, and offer a promising approach for the development of a potential topical agent to prevent alterations in the microbiome due to overgrowth of pathogenic P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kommerein
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Nina Vierengel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (N.V.); (J.G.); (T.O.)
| | - Jonathan Groß
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (N.V.); (J.G.); (T.O.)
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (N.V.); (J.G.); (T.O.)
| | - Bilal Al-Nawas
- Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Lena Katharina Müller-Heupt
- Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6131-175086
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15
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Shafaroudi AM, Gorji NE, Nasiri P, Javidnia J, Saravi ME. Antifungal Properties of Zataria multiflora on Candida species: A Systematic Review. J Evid Based Integr Med 2022; 27:2515690X221132272. [PMID: 36423242 PMCID: PMC9703571 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x221132272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Candida infections have increased significantly in the antimicrobial resistance era, and synthetic antifungal drugs have limitations. The present work aimed to review the antifungal properties of Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) as an herbal remedy. METHOD PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SID, Civilica, and Magiran databases were searched for the antifungal activity on in vitro, in vivo, dental biofilm, and clinical studies of Z. multiflora on Candida species. RESULTS Overall, 33 articles evaluated the effect of Z. multiflora on Candida species and classified them into four groups, as follows in vitro (23), dental biofilm (6), in vivo (2), and clinical studies (3). All studies considered Z. multiflora effective in reducing or even inhibiting the growth of Candida species. NoMFC significant differences were seen in the effect of Z. multiflora on susceptible Candida compared to the resistant groups of Candida in the studies. It was also influential in inhibiting C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. kefyer, and C. zeylanoides. CONCLUSION Considering the side effects and resistance of current antifungal drugs as well as the benefits of using herbal medicines, such as lower cost, less likely to develop drug resistance, the absence of side effects, and toxicity compared with chemical ones, it is possible as a powerful alternative to replace or combine with the current antifungal for Candida infection therapy along with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Malekzadeh Shafaroudi
- Dentistry Student, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nadia Elyassi Gorji
- Dentistry Student, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Pegah Nasiri
- Dentistry Student, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Student Research Committee Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahimi Saravi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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16
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Park T, Im J, Kim AR, Lee D, Jeong S, Yun CH, Han SH. Short-chain fatty acids inhibit the biofilm formation of Streptococcus gordonii through negative regulation of competence-stimulating peptide signaling pathway. J Microbiol 2021; 59:1142-1149. [PMID: 34865199 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii, a Gram-positive commensal bacterium, is an opportunistic pathogen closely related to initiation and progression of various oral diseases, such as periodontitis and dental caries. Its biofilm formation is linked with the development of such diseases by enhanced resistance against antimicrobial treatment or host immunity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on the biofilm formation of S. gordonii. SCFAs, including sodium acetate (NaA), sodium propionate (NaP), and sodium butyrate (NaB), showed an effective inhibitory activity on the biofilm formation of S. gordonii without reduction in bacterial growth. SCFAs suppressed S. gordonii biofilm formation at early time points whereas SCFAs did not affect its preformed biofilm. A quorum-sensing system mediated by competence-stimulating peptide (CSP) is known to regulate biofilm formation of streptococci. Interestingly, SCFAs substantially decreased mRNA expression of comD and comE, which are CSP-sensor and its response regulator responsible for CSP pathway, respectively. Although S. gordonii biofilm formation was enhanced by exogenous synthetic CSP treatment, such effect was not observed in the presence of SCFAs. Collectively, these results suggest that SCFAs have an anti-biofilm activity on S. gordonii through inhibiting comD and comE expression which results in negative regulation of CSP quorum-sensing system. SCFAs could be an effective anti-biofilm agent against S. gordonii for the prevention of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintaek Im
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - A Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Jeong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Bapat RA, Parolia A, Chaubal T, Dharamadhikari S, Abdulla AM, Sakkir N, Arora S, Bapat P, Sindi AM, Kesharwani P. Recent update on potential cytotoxicity, biocompatibility and preventive measures of biomaterials used in dentistry. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3244-3283. [PMID: 33949464 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dental treatment is provided for a wide variety of oral health problems like dental caries, periodontal diseases, periapical infections, replacement of missing teeth and orthodontic problems. Various biomaterials, like composite resins, amalgam, glass ionomer cement, acrylic resins, metal alloys, impression materials, bone grafts, membranes, local anaesthetics, etc., are used for dental applications. The physical and chemical characteristics of these materials influence the outcome of dental treatment. It also impacts on the biological, allergic and toxic potential of biomaterials. With innovations in science and their positive results, there is also a need for awareness about the biological risks of these biomaterials. The aim of dental treatment is to have effective, yet safe, and long-lasting results for the benefit of patients. For this, it is important to have a thorough understanding of biomaterials and their effects on local and systemic health. Materials used in dentistry undergo a series of analyses before their oral applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and original review that discusses the reasons for and studies on the toxicity of commonly used biomaterials for applications in dentistry. It will help clinicians to formulate a methodical approach for the selection of dental biomaterials, thus providing an awareness for forecasting their risk of toxic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Ajit Bapat
- Faculty, Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- Faculty, Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tanay Chaubal
- Faculty, Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Anshad Mohamed Abdulla
- Faculty, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasil Sakkir
- Registrar Endodontist, Central Security Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suraj Arora
- Faculty, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Prachi Bapat
- Dentist, Modern Dental College, Indore 453112, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amal M Sindi
- Faculty, Oral Diagnostic Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Faculty, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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18
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Gupta V, Pant VA, Pandey S, Pant AB. Efficacy and safety evaluation of alcohol-containing and alcohol-free mouth rinses: A clinicocytological study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2021; 25:128-132. [PMID: 33888944 PMCID: PMC8041073 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_196_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Whether the alcohol-based mouth rinses are as good as nonalcoholic mouth rinses as far as oral mucosal safety is concerned? Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate the oral mucosal safety of widely used alcohol- and nonalcohol-based mouth rinses at their recommended doses. Settings and Design: The clinical and cytological investigations were carried out by enrolling 120 systemically healthy volunteers fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The volunteers were subjected to a repeated mouth rinse for 60 days to either alcohol-based or alcohol-free mouth rinses at their recommended dosages. A comparative analysis for any clinical adverse response on the oral mucosa and efficacy, i.e., reduction of plaque and gingival index was done at the terminal of the exposure. The studies were also carried out to investigate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potential of alcohol-based and alcohol-free mouth rinses in the exposed mucosal cells. Subjects and Methods: The data have been presented in comparative account between alcohol-based and alcohol-free mouth rinses in the volunteers at day 0 and day 60. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potential of prescribed doses of alcohol- and alcohol-free mouth rinses have also been evaluated using tetrazolium bromide salt 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, neutral red uptake, and trypan blue dye, micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations. Results: The study findings reveal no statistically as well as biologically significant adverse responses of both alcohol-based and alcohol-free mouth rinses at clinical and cytological level. Conclusions: Under cytological observation, repeated dose exposure up to 60 days of the mouth rinses (alcohol-based and alcohol-free) used in the study was found to be effective and safe at their prescribed dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Gupta
- Division of Periodontics, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Aditya Pant
- Department of Periodontology, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suraj Pandey
- Department of Periodontology, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Bhusan Pant
- System Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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19
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Kerémi B, Márta K, Farkas K, Czumbel LM, Tóth B, Szakács Z, Csupor D, Czimmer J, Rumbus Z, Révész P, Németh A, Gerber G, Hegyi P, Varga G. Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Hygiene - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:3015-3025. [PMID: 32410557 PMCID: PMC8383470 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200515134450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Effective and selective oral rinses are required in the daily medical and dental practice. Currently mouthwashes used have substantial side effects. Objectives Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of chlorine dioxide-containing mouthwashes in comparison with other previously established mouth rinses in healthy adults using oral hygiene indices. Methods This work was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018099059) and carried out using multiple databases and reported according to the PRISMA statement. The search terms used were “chlorine dioxide” AND “oral”, and only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The primary outcome was the alteration of the plaque index (PI), while the secondary outcomes were the gingival index (GI) and bacterial counts. For the risk of bias assessment, the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used. Statistical analysis for data heterogeneity was performed by Q-value and I2-tests. Results 364 articles were found in the databases. After the selection process, only five RCTs were eligible for meta-analysis. Data heterogeneity was low. There were no statistical differences in effectiveness between chlorine dioxide and other effective mouth rinses in PI (0.720±0.119 vs 0.745±0.131; 95%; confidence intervals (CIs): 0.487-0.952 vs 0.489-1.001, respectively) and GI (0.712±0.130 vs 0.745±0.131; 95% CIs: 0.457–0.967 vs 0.489–1.001, respectively) and also in bacterial counts. Conclusion Chlorine dioxide reduces both plaque and gingival indices and bacterial counts in the oral cavity similar to other routinely used oral rinses, however, the evidence supporting this outcome is very limited. Therefore, further large scale RCTs are needed to decrease the risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Kerémi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Márta
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Farkas
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary,Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - László M Czumbel
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Tóth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szakács
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Czimmer
- Division of Gastroenterology, First Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Rumbus
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Péter Révész
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Németh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gerber
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary,Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Varga
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Collins JR, Veras K, Hernández M, Hou W, Hong H, Romanos GE. Anti-inflammatory effect of salt water and chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthrinse after periodontal surgery: a randomized prospective clinical study. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:4349-4357. [PMID: 33389135 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03748-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory efficacy of sodium chloride- and a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouth rinses in patients undergoing minimal invasive periodontal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-seven patients with a diagnosis of periodontitis and indication for access flap procedure were randomly selected. Group A: a sodium chloride (salt)water-based mouth rinse (test group) or group B: a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouth rinse (control group) administered after surgery. Gingival Index (GI) were evaluated in the whole mouth and in the surgical site at baseline (T1), a week later (T2), and 12 weeks (T3) after the treatment. Total MMP activity was measured in GCF using a commercial kit and plate reader. Medians of total MMP activity and GI were compared for time intervals T1 vs. T2, T1 vs. T3, and T2 vs T3 using Friedman tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests, and were also compared between test and control using Mann-WhitneyU tests at each timepoint. RESULTS The average GI values showed significant differences between baseline and T2 (p = 0.0005) and baseline and T3 (p = 0.003) in the test group. CONCLUSION The sodium chloride-mouth rinse use after periodontal surgery seems to have similar anti-inflammatory properties as CHX mouth rinse and can be used regularly postoperatively after periodontal surgical procedures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of salt water mouthwash showed an anti-inflammatory effect similar to CHX 0.12% after minimal invasive periodontal surgery. Salt water mouthwash is accessible to the world population and can contribute on the healing process after periodontal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rudolph Collins
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
| | - Kenia Veras
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Houlin Hong
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Georgios E Romanos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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21
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Kumar KM, Varghese SS. Views on antioxidant mouthwashes as adjunct in periodontal therapy. Bioinformation 2020; 16:1069-1079. [PMID: 34938007 PMCID: PMC8600207 DOI: 10.6026/973206300161069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical decision is often difficult with chlorhexidine mouthwash. The use of antioxidant mouthwashes for the treatment of periodontal disease is in practise. Therefore, it is of interest to collect gleaned information on Antioxidant mouthwashes as periodontal therapy from known literature. Improvement in treatment using antioxidant mouthwashes is reported in several studies. The mouthwash with antioxidants has similar anti-gingivitis, antiplaque and antimicrobial effects as that of chlorhexidine mouthwash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Murthy Kumar
- Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 77, India
| | - Sheeja S Varghese
- Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 77, India
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22
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Moghadam ET, Yazdanian M, Tahmasebi E, Tebyanian H, Ranjbar R, Yazdanian A, Seifalian A, Tafazoli A. Current herbal medicine as an alternative treatment in dentistry: In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 889:173665. [PMID: 33098834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the time that human population comprehended the importance of general health maintenance and the burden of disease, there has been a search for healing properties in the natural environment. Herbal medicine is the use of plants with medical properties for prevention and treatment of conditions that can affect general health. Recently, a growing interest has been observed toward the use of traditional herbal medicine alongside synthetic modern drugs. Around 80% of the population, especially in developing countries relies on it for healthcare. Oral healthcare is considered a major part of general health. According to the world health organization (WHO), oral health is considered an important part of general health and quality of life. The utilization of natural medications for the management of pathologic oro-dental conditions can be a logical alternative to pharmaceutical methods due to their availability, low costs, and lower side effects. The current literature review aimed at exploration of the variety and extent of herbal products application in oral health maintenance including different fields of oral healthcare such as dental caries, periodontal maintenance, microbial infections, oral cancers, and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Tafazoli Moghadam
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yazdanian
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Tahmasebi
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Tebyanian
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Yazdanian
- Department of Veterinary, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexander Seifalian
- Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd), The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Tafazoli
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Hsieh YL, Yao JC, Hsieh SC, Teng NC, Chu YT, Yu WX, Chen CH, Chang LY, Huang CS, Lee TH, Kareiva A, Yang JC. The In Vivo Toxicity and Antimicrobial Properties for Electrolyzed Oxidizing (EO) Water-Based Mouthwashes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4299. [PMID: 32993124 PMCID: PMC7579534 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to verify the feasibility of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water as a mouthwash through the evaluation of its in vivo toxicity by embryonic zebrafish and antimicrobial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). METHODOLOGY Each 1.5-3.0 g of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium bromide (NaBr), or calcium chloride (CaCl2) were added into an electrolyzer with 300 mL of DD water to produce electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water. A zebrafish embryo assay was used to evaluate acute toxicity of specimens. Antimicrobial property was conducted with 100 μL microbial count of 1 × 108 cfu/mL S. mutans to blend with each 10 mL specimen of chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate or hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for various time points. The concentration of viable microorganisms was assessed according to individually standardized inoculum by a plate-count method. RESULTS Among the EO water produced from NaCl, NaBr, and CaCl2, the EO water from NaCl showed a relatively low mortality rate of zebrafish embryos and was chosen for a detailed investigation. The mortality rates for the groups treated with EO water containing 0.0125% and 0.0250% HOCl were not statically different from those of a negative control, however the mortality rate was 66.7 ± 26.2% in 0.2% CHX gluconate for the same treatment time of 0.5 min. All of the HOCl or 2.0% CHX gluconate groups showed >99.9% antimicrobial effectiveness against S. mutans; while the 0.2% CHX gluconate group showed a bacterial reduction rate of 87.5% and 97.1% for treatment times of 0.5 min and 1.0 min, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Except for the 0.2% CHX gluconate, all the HOCl specimens and 2.0% CHX gluconate revealed similar antimicrobial properties (>99.9%) against S. mutans. The EO water comprised of both 0.0125% and 0.0250% HOCl showed >99.9% antimicrobial efficacy but with little in vivo toxicity, illuminating the possibility as an alternative mouthwash for dental and oral care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Jiun-Cheng Yao
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Sung-Chih Hsieh
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (N.-C.T.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Nai-Chia Teng
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (N.-C.T.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - You-Tai Chu
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Wen-Xin Yu
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Chung-He Chen
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Liang-Yu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Ching-Shuan Huang
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (N.-C.T.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Tzu-Hsin Lee
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Aivaras Kareiva
- Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Jen-Chang Yang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
- Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan
- Research Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan
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Thangavelu A, Kaspar SS, Kathirvelu RP, Srinivasan B, Srinivasan S, Sundram R. Chlorhexidine: An Elixir for Periodontics. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020; 12:S57-S59. [PMID: 33149431 PMCID: PMC7595540 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_162_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorhexidine is a cationic bisbiguanide with broad antibacterial activity, and wide spectrum of activity encompassing gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes and some lipophilic viruses. Its antibacterial action is due to the disruption of the bacterial cell membrane by the chlorhexidine molecules, increasing the permeability and resulting in cell lysis. Thus, chlorhexidine plays a key role in the dentistry and is used to treat or prevent periodontal disease, and has earned its eponym of the gold standard. This article reviews in detail about the mechanism of action, indications, forms and various studies related to chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthiie Thangavelu
- Department of Periodontics, J. K. K. Nattraja Dental College, Komarapalyam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Bhuvaneshwari Srinivasan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India
| | - Soundarya Srinivasan
- Department of Oral Maxillo Facial Pathology, Best Dental College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajasekar Sundram
- Department Periodontics, Rajah Muthiah Dental College & Hospital, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu,India
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Feura ES, Yang L, Schoenfisch MH. Antibacterial activity of nitric oxide-releasing carboxymethylcellulose against periodontal pathogens. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:713-721. [PMID: 32654391 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of periodontal disease poses a significant global health burden. Treatments for these diseases, primarily focused on removal and eradication of dental plaque biofilms, are challenging due to limited access to periodontal pockets where these oral pathogens reside. Herein, we report on the development and characterization of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) derivatives and evaluate their in vitro bactericidal efficacy against planktonic Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, two prominent periodontopathogens. Bactericidal exposure assays revealed that three of the synthesized NO-releasing polymers were capable of reducing bacterial viability of both species by 99.9% in 2 hr at concentrations of 4 mg ml-1 or lower, reflecting NO's potent and rapid bactericidal action. The NO-releasing CMCs elicited minimal toxicity to human gingival fibroblasts at their bactericidal concentrations following 24-hr exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan S Feura
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark H Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Bunk D, Eisenburger M, Häckl S, Eberhard J, Stiesch M, Grischke J. The effect of adjuvant oral irrigation on self-administered oral care in the management of peri-implant mucositis: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res 2020; 31:946-958. [PMID: 32716603 DOI: 10.1111/clr.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This single-blinded randomized clinical trial evaluated the effect of adjuvant oral irrigation in addition to self-administered oral care on prevalence and severity of peri-implant mucositis. MATERIAL & METHODS After randomization, patients suffering from peri-implant mucositis were assigned to the following: Group 1 (control) received oral hygiene instruction following a standardized protocol, including a sub- and supramucosal mechanical debridement. Group 2 and 3 additionally were instructed to use an oral irrigator with either water or 0.06% CHX solution. One implant per patient was considered for examination. Clinical examinations included Probing Depth, Bleeding on Probing (BOP-positive sites), and Modified Plaque and Gingival Index. A surrogate variable (mucositis severity score) was applied measuring severity of disease. Statistical analysis included linear regression models and sensitivity analysis. RESULTS Sixty periodontally healthy patients were examined for presence and severity of peri-implant mucositis. 70% of all patients reached complete resolution of disease after 12 weeks. The prevalence of peri-implant mucositis after 12 weeks was 50% in group 1, 35% in group 2, and 5% in group 3. Average BOP-positive sites were reduced in all groups after 12 weeks (mean change from baseline: group 1: -1.5; group 2: -1.8; group 3: -2.3). CONCLUSION Within the limits of the study, adjuvant use of an oral irrigator with 0.06% CHX in addition to mechanical biofilm removal and oral hygiene instruction can reduce the presence and severity of peri-implant mucositis after 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bunk
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Michael Eisenburger
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Häckl
- Institute for Biostatistics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jörg Eberhard
- School of Dentistry and the Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jasmin Grischke
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Robokind Robotics for Mankind Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Kaiser F, Scharnweber D, Bierbaum S, Wolf-Brandstetter C. Success and side effects of different treatment options in the low current attack of bacterial biofilms on titanium implants. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 133:107485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Khoramian Tusi S, Jafari A, Marashi SMA, Faramarzi Niknam S, Farid M, Ansari M. The effect of antimicrobial activity of Teucrium Polium on Oral Streptococcus Mutans: a randomized cross-over clinical trial study. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:130. [PMID: 32357889 PMCID: PMC7195746 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of a mouthwash containing Teucriumpolium herb on Streptococcus mutans in mouth. Methods This study was a randomized, crossover, double-blind clinical trial, where we selected 22 volunteers (dental students) randomly and we divided them into two groups. The study had two phases. In each phase, one group acted as the intervention group, while the other one was the control group. Both the intervention and control groups were given the mouthwash with and without Teucriumpolium, respectively. S. mutans of saliva were measured before and after each phase to compare the effects of the mouthwashes. A three-week washout period was considered between the two phases. An independent two-sample t-test was utilized to compare the mean of S. mutans colonies. Additionally, we used a standard AB/BA crossover model to find the results of the treatment and the impact of carryover on the residual’s biological effects. The significance level was considered 0.05 in this experiment. Results There is no significant difference observed between the two groups in the number of S. mutans before using the mouthwashes. When the mouthwash containing Teucriumpolium was used, there was a significant decrease in the number of S. mutans colonies in both phases’ extract (P = 0.002). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the mouthwash containing aqueous extract of Teucrium polium can majorly reduce the colonization of S. mutans in human saliva. Trial registration Ethical issues approved by the Ethics Committee of the Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences with the approval number of 937/9/31, IRCT code Number of IRCT2013121815842N1 and it was approved on 06/16/2014. The study was conducted in the period of September to November 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Khoramian Tusi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jafari
- Research Center for Caries Prevention, Dental Research Institute, Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Al Hussain University, Karbala, Iraq.
| | | | - Salomeh Faramarzi Niknam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran
| | - Malihe Farid
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Vishwakarma P, Khobragade V, Dodamani A, Jain V, Mali G, Kshirsagar M. Comparative evaluation of indigenous herbal mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in prevention of plaque and gingivitis: A clinico-microbiological study. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_132_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Tartaglia GM, Tadakamadla SK, Connelly ST, Sforza C, Martín C. Adverse events associated with home use of mouthrinses: a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2019; 10:2042098619854881. [PMID: 31579502 PMCID: PMC6759706 DOI: 10.1177/2042098619854881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poor oral hygiene is strongly associated with oral and systemic diseases. Alongside mechanical tooth cleaning, the adjunctive use of mouthrinses has been widely advocated. Although research on the efficacy of various mouthrinse formulations is very active, there are a lack of conclusive data regarding their adverse effects. Methods We undertook a systematic review in accordance wih PRISMA guidelines of electronic databases of clinical trials of any duration with daily home use of mouthwashes, presenting clinical and subjective side effects (PROSPERO registration: CRD42016054037). Results After evaluating 614 titles and abstracts, 154 studies were selected for full-text analysis; 85 final papers were included. Based on the active ingredient in the test product, nine categories were created: cetyl pyridinium chloride, essential oils, chlorhexidine, triclosan, natural products, diclofenac, fluorides, delmopinol, and miscellaneous active substances. Most of the studies were of short duration (less than 6 months) with a defective 'methods' description; the reporting of adverse events often being overlooked. Both local morphological (oral mucosa and dental-crown staining, mucosal lesions) and functional (taste modifications, abnormal oral sensation) alterations were reported. Tooth staining was the most commonly listed adverse event, but it was quantitatively assessed only in a very small number of papers; most studies relied on patient reports. Staining was time associated; the longer the study, the higher its reported incidence and severity. Conclusions The reduced report of side effects may partly be due to a lack of an objective measure and lack of general guidelines that demand studies report their adverse events. The most frequently reported adverse effect was teeth staining. As in most studies, the effect was associated with trial duration; clinical trials should be of sufficient duration. New investigations meeting the suggested criteria of a minimal duration of 6 months should be planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca M Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Functional Anatomy Research Centre (FARC), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 31, Milano, MI 20133, Italy Private Practice, SST Dental Clinic, Via Martiri della Libertà 58, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | | | - Stephen Thaddeus Connelly
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health System, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Conchita Martín
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Khoshbakht Z, Khashabi E, khodaie L, Torbati M, Lotfipour F, Hamishehkar H. Evaluation of Herbal Mouthwashes Containing Zataria Multiflora Boiss, Frankincense and Combination Therapy on Patients with Gingivitis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial. Galen Med J 2019; 8:e1366. [PMID: 34466501 PMCID: PMC8343817 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental plaques as adhesive microbial aggregates on tooth surfaces are considered the first stage of tooth decay as well as gingivitis. Accordingly, the effect of different antimicrobial mouthwashes on removing dental plaques and preventing their formation has been evaluated in various studies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of herbal mouthwashes containing hydro-alcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora (ZM), Frankincense (FR), and a combination of both (ZM+FR) and compare it with chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in subjects with gingivitis. Materials and Methods In this randomized, controlled, clinical trial a total of 140 patients with gingivitis were divided into four groups including CHX (control group), ZM, FR, and ZM+FR groups. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were measured in days 1, 14, and 21. Results All three herbal types of mouthwash significantly improved plaque, gingivitis, and gingival bleeding throughout days 14 to 21 (P<0.001). There was no difference between herbal mouthwash with CHX groups. CHX mouthwash showed the most side effects (54.3%), while ZM mouthwash showed the least side effects and the highest consumer satisfaction (5.7% and 94%, respectively). Conclusion All of the herbal mouthwashes can be good candidates for controlling gingivitis. Comparing with CHX mouthwash, herbal mouthwashes have lower side effects and negligible alcohol content. Among the herbal mouthwashes, ZM outperforms FR and FR+ZM due to its lower side effects and higher levels of patients' satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoleikha Khoshbakht
- Department of Phytopharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khashabi
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Laleh khodaie
- Department of Phytopharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Medical Philosophy and History Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Correspondence to: Laleh khodaie, Department of Phytopharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Telephone Number: +98- 4432240642 Email Address:
| | - Mohammadali Torbati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Lotfipour
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Jamali Z, Alipour M, Ebrahimi S, Aghazadeh M. Effect of Halita mouthwash on oral halitosis treatment: A randomized triple-blind clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2019; 13:31-35. [PMID: 31217916 PMCID: PMC6571524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background . Halitosis (oral malodor) is a common problem all over the world and its prevalence has been estimated at 23‒ 50%. Halitosis originates from oral cavity in 85% of patients. This clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the Halita mouthwash in oral halitosis treatment. Methods . Fifty subjects with an organoleptic score of >2 at baseline participated in this triple-blinded clinical trial. Subjects were divided into 2 groups. Group I subjects (N=25) were instructed to rinse with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash twice a day for 1 week. Group II subjects (N=25) used Halita mouthwash with the same instruction. Halitosis was evaluated at baseline and one week after using the mouthwashes by organoleptic method. Data were analyzed with chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests (P<0.05). Results . In the Halita group subjects exhibited 2.04±0.65 reduction in OLS. OLS reduction in the chlorhexidine group was 1.95±0.74. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion . Based on the results, Halita mouthwash has the same effect on oral halitosis as routine 0.2% CHX mouthwash. Halita mouthwash has fewer side effects because of lower concentration of chlorhexidine. Therefore 0.2% CHX mouthwash could be replaced by Halita mouthwash for the treatment of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jamali
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Alipour
- Research Assistant, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Syamand Ebrahimi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marzie Aghazadeh
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Jamali Z, Alipour M, Ebrahimi S, Aghazadeh M. Effect of Halita mouthwash on oral halitosis treatment: A randomized triple-blind clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2019.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Halitosis (oral malodor) is a common problem all over the world and its prevalence has been estimated at 23‒ 50%. Halitosis originates from oral cavity in 85% of patients. This clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the Halita mouthwash in oral halitosis treatment. Methods. Fifty subjects with an organoleptic score of >2 at baseline participated in this triple-blinded clinical trial. Subjects were divided into 2 groups. Group I subjects (N=25) were instructed to rinse with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash twice a day for 1 week. Group II subjects (N=25) used Halita mouthwash with the same instruction. Halitosis was evaluated at baseline and one week after using the mouthwashes by organoleptic method. Data were analyzed with chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests (P<0.05). Results. In the Halita group subjects exhibited 2.04±0.65 reduction in OLS. OLS reduction in the chlorhexidine group was 1.95±0.74. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion. Based on the results, Halita mouthwash has the same effect on oral halitosis as routine 0.2% CHX mouthwash. Halita mouthwash has fewer side effects because of lower concentration of chlorhexidine. Therefore 0.2% CHX mouthwash could be replaced by Halita mouthwash for the treatment of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jamali
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Alipour
- Research Assistant, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Syamand Ebrahimi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marzie Aghazadeh
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Suzuki N, Yoneda M, Takeshita T, Hirofuji T, Hanioka T. Induction and inhibition of oral malodor. Mol Oral Microbiol 2019; 34:85-96. [PMID: 30927516 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) such as hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3 SH) are the main components of oral malodor, and are produced as the end products of the proteolytic processes of oral microorganisms. The main pathway of proteolysis is the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids by gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria may promote VSC production by gram-negative anaerobes by cleaving sugar chains from glycoproteins and thus providing proteins. A large variety of bacteria within the oral microbiota are thought to be involved in the complex phenomenon of halitosis. Oral microbiota associated with a lack of oral malodor, oral microbiota associated with severe and H2 S-dominant oral malodor, and oral microbiota associated with severe and CH3 SH-dominant oral malodor have been distinguished through molecular approaches using the 16S rRNA gene. Pathological halitosis may primarily be addressed through treatment of causative diseases. In all cases, plaque control is the basis of oral malodor control, and dentifrices, mouthwashes, and functional foods play a supplementary role in addition to brushing. Recently, the use of natural ingredients in products tends to be favored due to the increase in antibiotic-resistant strains and the side effects of some chemical ingredients. In addition, probiotics and vaccines are expected to offer new strategies for improving the oral conditions through mechanisms other than antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Suzuki
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoneda
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Hirofuji
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanioka
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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Bakhtiari S, Jafari S, Taheri JB, Kashi TSJ, Namazi Z, Iman M, Poorberafeyi M. The Effects of Cinnamaldehyde (Cinnamon Derivatives) and Nystatin on Candida Albicans and Candida Glabrata. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:1067-1070. [PMID: 31049082 PMCID: PMC6490497 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Candida species are the most common opportunistic fungal infections. Today, cinnamon plants have been considered for anti-Candida properties. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cinnamaldehyde extract (from cinnamon derivatives) on Candida albicans and Candida glabrata species and comparison with nystatin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, cinnamaldehyde and nystatin were used. The specimens included Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were measured for each one by the microdilution method. This experiment was repeated three times. RESULTS: Cinnamaldehyde extract at a concentration of 62.5 μl/ml was able to prevent the growth of Candida albicans, at a concentration of 93.7 μl/ml, causing Candida albicans to disappear, at 48.8 μl/ml, to prevent the growth of Candida glabrata, and in the concentration of 62.5 μl/ml, causes the loss of Candida glabrata. In comparison, nystatin at 0.5 μg/ml concentration prevented the growth of Candida albicans, at concentrations of 1 μg/ml causing Candida albicans to be destroyed, at 4 μg/ml concentration to prevent the growth of Candida glabrata, and at a concentration of 8 μg/ml causes the loss of Candida glabrata. The results were the same every three times. CONCLUSIONS: Although cinnamaldehyde extract had an effect on fungal growth in both Candida albicans and Candida glabrata with a fatal effect; the effect on these two species was lower than nystatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Bakhtiari
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Jafari
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamileh Bigom Taheri
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Namazi
- Department of Dental Biomaterial, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Iman
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Poorberafeyi
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Effects of Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 combined with green tea catechins on dental caries, periodontitis, and oral malodor. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 98:243-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Xie SX, Boone K, VanOosten SK, Yuca E, Song L, Ge X, Ye Q, Spencer P, Tamerler C. Peptide Mediated Antimicrobial Dental Adhesive System. APPLIED SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:557. [PMID: 33542835 PMCID: PMC7857482 DOI: 10.3390/app9030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The most common cause for dental composite failures is secondary caries due to invasive bacterial colonization of the adhesive/dentin (a/d) interface. Innate material weakness often lead to an insufficient seal between the adhesive and dentin. Consequently, bacterial by-products invade the porous a/d interface leading to material degradation and dental caries. Current approaches to achieve antibacterial properties in these materials continue to raise concerns regarding hypersensitivity and antibiotic resistance. Herein, we have developed a multi-faceted, bio-functionalized approach to overcome the vulnerability of such interfaces. An antimicrobial adhesive formulation was designed using a combination of antimicrobial peptide and a ε-polylysine resin system. Effector molecules boasting innate immunity are brought together with a biopolymer offering a two-fold biomimetic design approach. The selection of ε-polylysine was inspired due to its non-toxic nature and common use as food preservative. Biomolecular characterization and functional activity of our engineered dental adhesive formulation were assessed and the combinatorial formulation demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Our antimicrobial peptide-hydrophilic adhesive hybrid system design offers advanced, biofunctional properties at the critical a/d interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Xue Xie
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Kyle Boone
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Bioengineering Program, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Sarah Kay VanOosten
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Bioengineering Program, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Esra Yuca
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yildiz Technical University, 34210 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Linyong Song
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Xueping Ge
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Qiang Ye
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Paulette Spencer
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Bioengineering Program, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Candan Tamerler
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Bioengineering Program, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Gunpinar S, Kilic OA, Duran I, Tosun M, Firat T, Soyler G. Evaluation of the Effect of Topical Hypericum perforatum Oil on Excisional Palatal Wound Healing in Rabbits. J INVEST SURG 2018; 33:49-58. [PMID: 29856665 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2018.1474980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hypericum perforatum (HP) oil on wound-healing process in rabbit palatal mucosa. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six New Zealand albino rabbits were randomly allocated to following groups; (1) HP oil (test, n = 18) and (2) olive oil (control, n = 18). Palatinal excisional wounds were created and the oils were topically applied (0.1 ml, 30 s, twice a day). Gingival biopsies were excised, and analyzed for re-epithelialization (RE) and granulation tissue maturation (GTM) on days 3, 7, and 14 after surgery. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) were assessed using the immunohistochemical method. Apoptotic cells (ACs) were evaluated using TUNEL staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess tissue catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Results: RE and GTM were completed earlier in the HP oil group than in the control group. The number of positively stained cells/vessels was higher in olive oil than in the test group on day 3 for FGF-2 and on days 3 and 7 for VEGF (p < 0.05). In contrast, on day 14, a higher number of vessels was observed in the HP oil group than in the control group. HP oil treatment reduced the number of ACs compared to olive oil (p < 0.05), but the difference during the healing period did not reach significance. Tissue CAT and MDA levels between groups were not different, and also the results were the same when the levels were analyzed by the evaluated time periods (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that topical HP oil treatment did not provide an additional benefit to its base, olive oil, in the early phase of secondary wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiye Gunpinar
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey
| | | | - Ismet Duran
- Private Practice in Periodontology, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Tulin Firat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey
| | - Gizem Soyler
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey
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Seerangaiyan K, Jüch F, Winkel EG. Tongue coating: its characteristics and role in intra-oral halitosis and general health—a review. J Breath Res 2018; 12:034001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aaa3a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lorenz K, Jockel-Schneider Y, Petersen N, Stölzel P, Petzold M, Vogel U, Hoffmann T, Schlagenhauf U, Noack B. Impact of different concentrations of an octenidine dihydrochloride mouthwash on salivary bacterial counts: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2917-2925. [PMID: 29500541 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This bi-centric, placebo-controlled, randomized, evaluator-blinded, incomplete cross-over clinical phase II trial was initialized to identify the most appropriate concentration of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) in mouth rinses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rinses of 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% OCT were compared to a saline placebo rinse regarding the reduction of salivary bacterial counts (SBCs) in 90 gingivitis patients over 4 days. Changes in plaque (PI) and gingival index (GI), taste perception, and safety issues were evaluated. RESULTS At baseline, the first OCT (0.10, 0.15, 0.20%) rinse resulted in a decrease of SBC (reduction by 3.63-5.44 log10 colony forming units [CFU]) compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Differences between OCT concentrations were not verified. After 4 days, the last OCT rinse again resulted in a significant SBC decrease (3.69-4.22 log10 CFU) compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Overall, SBC reduction between baseline and day 4 was significantly higher in OCT 0.15 and 0.20% groups compared to OCT 0.10% and placebo. Mean GI/PIs were significantly lower in OCT groups than in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Differences in GI/PI between OCT groups were not verified. Adverse effects increased with increasing OCT concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Considering antibacterial efficacy, frequency of adverse events, and user acceptance, 0.10% OCT was identified as the preferred concentration to be used in future clinical trials. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Due to its low toxicity and pronounced antibacterial properties, octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) is a promising candidate for the use in antiseptic mouth rinses. OCT concentrations of 0.10% are recommended for future clinical trials evaluating the plaque-reducing properties of OCT mouth rinses. ( www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT022138552).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Lorenz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | - Nicole Petersen
- Department of Periodontology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peggy Stölzel
- Department of Periodontology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Petzold
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Vogel
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schlagenhauf
- Department of Periodontology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Noack
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Pathan MM, Bhat KG, Joshi VM. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of a herbal mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash on select periodontal pathogens: An in vitro and ex vivo study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2018; 21:270-275. [PMID: 29456300 PMCID: PMC5813340 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_382_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several herbal mouthwash and herbal extracts have been tested in vitro and in vivo in search of a suitable adjunct to mechanical therapy for long-term use. In this study, we aimed to look at the antimicrobial effect of the herbal mouthwash and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on select organisms in in vitro test and an ex vivo model. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial effects were determined against standard strains of bacteria that are involved in different stages of periodontal diseases. The in vitro tests included determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using broth dilution and agar diffusion. In the ex vivo part of the study supragingival dental plaque were obtained from 20 periodontally healthy adult volunteers. Descriptive analysis was done for the entire quantitative and qualitative variable recorded. Results: The MIC by broth dilution method found no statistically significant difference between the mouthwashes. The agar dilution method showed CHX was more effective as compared to the herbal mouthwash against standard strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. However, no difference was observed between the mouthwashes for Porphyromonas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The ex vivo results conclude that none of the selected mouthwashes were statistically significantly different from each other. Conclusion: In the present study, CHX showed higher levels of antimicrobial action than the herbal mouthwash against bacterial species. The results reinforce the earlier findings that the in vitro testing is sensitive to methods and due diligence is needed when extrapolating the data for further use. However, long-term use and in vivo effectiveness against the periopathogens need to be tested in well-planned clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Multazim Muradkhan Pathan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore Gajanan Bhat
- Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Central Research Laboratory, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinayak Mahableshwar Joshi
- Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Central Research Laboratory, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Wessel SW, van der Mei HC, Slomp AM, van de Belt-Gritter B, Dodds MWJ, Busscher HJ. Self-perceived mouthfeel and physico-chemical surface effects after chewing gums containing sorbitol and Magnolia bark extract. Eur J Oral Sci 2017; 125:379-384. [PMID: 28857279 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The European Food Safety Authority recognizes the contribution of sugar-free chewing gum to oral health through increased salivation, clearance of food debris, and neutralization of biofilm pH. Magnolia bark extract is a gum additive shown to reduce the prevalence of bad-breath bacteria but its effects on self-perceived mouthfeel are unknown. This paper aims to relate the effects of sorbitol-containing chewing gum, with and without Magnolia bark extract, on tooth-surface hydrophobicity and salivary-film composition with self-perceived mouthfeel. In a crossover clinical trial, volunteers chewed sorbitol-containing gum, with or without Magnolia bark extract added, three times daily during a 4-wk time period. A subset of volunteers also chewed Parafilm as a mastication control. Oral moistness and tooth smoothness were assessed using questionnaires, and intra-oral water-contact angles were measured before, immediately after, and 60 min after, chewing. Simultaneously, saliva samples were collected, placed on glass slides, and the compositions of the adsorbed film were measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Chewing of gum, regardless of whether or not it contained Magnolia bark extract, improved self-perceived mouthfeel up to 60 min, concurrent with a more hydrophilic tooth surface and an increased amount of O1s electrons bound at 532.6 eV in salivary films. Chewing of Parafilm affected neither tooth-surface hydrophobicity nor salivary-film composition. Accordingly, adsorption of sorbitol, rather than the presence of Magnolia bark extract or increased salivation, is responsible for improved self-perceived mouthfeel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W Wessel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anje M Slomp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Betsy van de Belt-Gritter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Henk J Busscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Cytotoxicity of three commercial mouthrinses on extracellular matrix metabolism and human gingival cell behaviour. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Seemann R, Filippi A, Michaelis S, Lauterbach S, John HD, Huismann J. Duration of effect of the mouthwash CB12 for the treatment of intra-oral halitosis: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. J Breath Res 2016; 10:036002. [PMID: 27328808 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/3/036002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Halitosis occurs in approximately 30% of the adult population and has a negative social and psychological impact on affected individuals. Mouthwashes may be used to prevent unpleasant odour, with long-duration of effect being a desirable attribute. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term efficacy of CB12 (a mixture of 0.3% zinc acetate and 0.025% chlorhexidine) for the treatment of intra-oral halitosis. Thirty-four subjects with confirmed intra-oral halitosis were randomized into a double-blind, controlled, cross-over study to one of 2 groups; (i) CB12-water-water or (ii) water-CB12-CB12. Each group comprised 3 treatments, each given evening and morning (12 h apart) on consecutive study days, with a 5 d washout between treatments. Intra-oral halitosis was assessed objectively by measuring concentrations of hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide and total volatile sulphur compound (VSC) concentrations and subjectively using organoleptic score (OLS). These were measured at baseline, 12 h after the evening rinse (i.e. 12 h overnight assessment) and 12 h after the daytime rinse (i.e. 12 h day time assessment). CB12 significantly reduced mean hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide and VSC concentrations, with a duration of effect lasting 12 h, whether assessed overnight (all p ⩽ 0.0003 versus water) or during the day (all p ⩽ 0.0007 versus water). CB12's effect on OLS was also evident for 12 h overnight (p = 0.0043). CB12 was well-tolerated. In conclusion, CB12 showed a clear and durable effect on intra-oral halitosis which lasted at least 12 h, both during the day and overnight, with consistent effect on both objective and subjective variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Seemann
- Department of Preventive-, Restorative- and Pediatric Dentistry, zmk bern, University Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland. www.zmk.unibe.ch
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Azaripour A, Weusmann J, Eschig C, Schmidtmann I, Van Noorden CJF, Willershausen B. Efficacy of an aluminium triformate mouthrinse during the maintenance phase in periodontal patients: a pilot double blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:57. [PMID: 27216479 PMCID: PMC4878033 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this prospective placebo-controlled pilot study was to evaluate short-term effects of a mouthrinse containing aluminium triformate (ATF) on gingival inflammation and plaque formation in periodontal patients who are in the maintenance phase. ATF has styptic (astringent) and anti-inflammatory effects. METHODS Forty non-smoking periodontal patients with modified sulcus bleeding index (MSBI) ≥40 % were randomly divided into two groups. The participants received a masked mouthrinse (ATF or placebo) and were instructed with the rinsing protocol of 3 daily rinses during 30 s for 7 days. One blinded investigator (CE) performed all clinical examinations. The primary outcome was reduction in gingival inflammation as measured by MSBI. The secondary outcomes were reduction of the amount of plaque as measured by plaque index (PI) and approximal plaque index (API) and the occurrence of side effects. The patients were evaluated at the start and the end of the rinsing period, including the compliance of the patients. RESULTS MSBI was reduced in both groups compared to baseline, but the ATF group showed significantly more reduction in MSBI compared to the placebo group (ATF: 17.6 %, placebo: 7.6 %, p = 0.035). ATF and placebo had no effects on dental plaque. Patients reported ATF mouthrinse not to have side effects other than oral sensation, whereas compliance of the patients was good. Almost all patients in the ATF group reported reduction of gum bleeding after 1 week of rinsing with ATF. CONCLUSIONS This short-term pilot clinical trial is a firm basis to design a long-term controlled clinical trial to show whether ATF helps to inhibit further periodontal breakdown in maintenance patients with high MSBI. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered in the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform as DRKS00007672 , date of registration: 21/01/2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Azaripour
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jens Weusmann
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carl Eschig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irene Schmidtmann
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cornelis J F Van Noorden
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brita Willershausen
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Dhingra K, Vandana KL. Effectiveness of Azadirachta indica (neem) mouthrinse in plaque and gingivitis control: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 15:4-15. [PMID: 26876277 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of Azadirachta indica (neem)-based herbal mouthrinse in improving plaque control and gingival health. METHODS Literature search was accomplished using electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and EMBASE) and manual searching, up to February 2015, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) presenting clinical data for efficacy of neem mouthrinses when used alone or as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene as compared to chlorhexidine mouthrinses for controlling plaque and gingival inflammation in patients with gingivitis. RESULTS Of the total 206 articles searched, three randomized controlled trials evaluating neem-based herbal mouthrinses were included. Due to marked heterogeneity observed in study characteristics, meta-analysis was not performed. These studies reported that neem mouthrinse was as effective as chlorhexidine mouthrinse when used as an adjunct to toothbrushing in reducing plaque and gingival inflammation in gingivitis patients. However, the quality of reporting and evidence along with methods of studies was generally flawed with unclear risk of bias. CONCLUSION Despite the promising results shown in existing randomized controlled trials, the evidence concerning the clinical use of neem mouthrinses is lacking and needs further reinforcement with high-quality randomized controlled trials based on the reporting guidelines of herbal CONSORT statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dhingra
- Department of Periodontology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - K L Vandana
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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The Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Propolis with Chlorhexidine against Oral Pathogens: An In Vitro Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3627463. [PMID: 26949701 PMCID: PMC4754468 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3627463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) to chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) on planktonic Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces israelii, Candida albicans, and their single-species biofilms by agar dilution and broth microdilution test methods. Both agents inhibited the growth of all planktonic species. On the other hand, CHX exhibited lower minimum bactericidal concentrations than EEP against biofilms of A. actinomycetemcomitans, S. aureus, and E. faecalis whereas EEP yielded a better result against Lactobacilli and P. intermedia. The bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations of both agents were found to be equal against biofilms of Streptecocci, P. gingivalis, A. israelii, and C. albicans. The results of this study revealed that propolis was more effective in inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria than the Gram-negative bacteria in their planktonic state and it was suggested that EEP could be as effective as CHX on oral microorganisms in their biofilm state.
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Antibacterial Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Punica granatum Linn. Petal on Common Oral Microorganisms. Int J Biomater 2016; 2016:8098943. [PMID: 26884763 PMCID: PMC4738741 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8098943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. This study aimed to assess the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum Linn. (P. granatum) petal on Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods. In this in vitro study, P. granatum extract was prepared using powdered petals and water-ethanol solvent. Antibacterial effect of the extract, chlorhexidine (CHX), and ampicillin was evaluated on brain heart infusion agar (BHIA) using the cup-plate method. By assessing the diameter of the growth inhibition zone, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined for the above-mentioned bacteria. Results. Hydroalcoholic extract of P. granatum petal had inhibitory effects on the proliferation of all five bacterial strains with maximum effect on S. mutans with MIC and MBC of 3.9 mg/mL. The largest growth inhibition zone diameter belonged to S. sanguinis and the smallest to E. faecalis. Ampicillin and CHX had the greatest inhibitory effect on S. sanguinis. Conclusions. Hydroalcoholic extract of P. granatum had a significant antibacterial effect on common oral bacterial pathogens with maximum effect on S. mutans, which is the main microorganism responsible for dental plaque and caries.
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Backlund CJ, Worley BV, Schoenfisch MH. Anti-biofilm action of nitric oxide-releasing alkyl-modified poly(amidoamine) dendrimers against Streptococcus mutans. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:198-205. [PMID: 26478472 PMCID: PMC4695967 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing dendrimer hydrophobicity on Streptococcus mutans killing and biofilm disruption was examined at pH 7.4 and 6.4, the latter relevant to dental caries. Generation 1 (G1) poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers were modified with alkyl epoxides to generate propyl-, butyl-, hexyl-, octyl-, and dodecyl-functionalized dendrimers. The resulting secondary amines were reacted with NO to form N-diazeniumdiolate NO donor-modified dendrimer scaffolds (total NO ∼1μmol/mg). The bactericidal action of the NO-releasing dendrimers against both planktonic and biofilm-based S. mutans proved greatest with increasing alkyl chain length and at lower pH. Improved bactericidal efficacy at pH 6.4 was attributed to increased scaffold surface charge that enhanced dendrimer-bacteria association and ensuing membrane damage. For shorter alkyl chain (i.e., propyl and butyl) dendrimer modifications, increased antibacterial action at pH 6.4 was due to faster NO-release kinetics from proton-labile N-diazeniumdiolate NO donors. Octyl- and dodecyl-modified PAMAM dendrimers proved most effective for eradicating S. mutans biofilms with NO release mitigating dendrimer scaffold cytotoxicity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We report the antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy of dual-action nitric oxide (NO)-releasing dendrimers against S. mutans, an etiological agent in dental caries. This work was undertaken to enhance the anti-biofilm action of these scaffolds by employing various alkyl chain modifications. Furthermore, we evaluated the ability of NO to eradicate cariogenic biofilms. We found that at the lower pH associated with dental caries (pH ∼6.4), NO has a more pronounced antibacterial effect for alkyl modifications less capable of biofilm penetration and membrane disruption. Of greatest significance, we introduce dendrimers as a new macromolecular antibacterial agent against the cariogenic bacteria S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brittany V. Worley
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Maiya A, Shetty YR, Rai K, Padmanabhan V, Hegde AM. Use of different oral hygiene strategies in children with cerebral palsy: A comparative study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015; 5:389-93. [PMID: 26539391 PMCID: PMC4606603 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.165925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is described as a group of conditions usually occurring in childhood, where children have motor dysfunction and are unable to adequately master the necessary techniques of plaque control, which ultimately leads to dental caries and periodontal problems. Aims: The objective of this study was to educate the parents/caretakers/institution staff and children with CP about the different preventive home care measures and to evaluate the oral hygiene and gingival health status of these children before and after the institution of different preventive home care measures. Materials and Methods: A total of 64 individuals with CP, aged between 6 and 18 years, were examined for their oral hygiene and gingival health status, after which the parents/caretakers received a health education program. The children were then randomly divided into four groups. Each group was administered a specific preventive home care measure (mechanical and chemotherapeutic) to be followed for a period of 6 weeks, and the oral hygiene and the gingival health status were recorded at the end of 1 week, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks. The data were then subjected to statistical analysis. Results: In the sample of 64 children diagnosed with CP, the mean OHI(S) score among the groups of children who were given different preventive home care measures was compared at baseline, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks. Group 4 showed a marked reduction in the OHI(S) score measured from baseline to 6 weeks, when compared to the other three groups which wa statistically very highly significant (P < 0.001) The mean MGI score was compared at baseline, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks home, Group 4 showed a marked reduction in the MGI score measured from baseline to 6 weeks, when compared to the other three groups. When the mean MGI score was compared from baseline to 6 weeks, there was a gradual decrease in the MGI score, which was statistically highly significant between baseline and 1 week (P < 0.05) and statistically very highly significant between 1 and 2 weeks (P < 0.001). However, this improvement was not statistically significant between 2 and 6 weeks (P > 0.05). Conclusion: A combined mechanical and chemotherapeutic measure is highly recommended to maintain the oral hygiene and gingival health of these special children because of their difficulties and their limited abilities to control dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Maiya
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Y Rajmohan Shetty
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavita Rai
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Vivek Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Ras Al Khaimah College of Dental Sciences, Ras Al-Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, UAE
| | - Amitha M Hegde
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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