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Santhosh VC, Karishma, Khader AA, Ramachandra V, Singh R, Shetty BK, Nimbalkar VK. Effect of periostin in peri-implant sulcular fluid and gingival crevicular fluid: A comparative study. Ann Afr Med 2023; 22:465-469. [PMID: 38358147 PMCID: PMC10775932 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_171_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Various similarities have been observed between gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF). This has resulted in research that has evaluated similar biological fluid markers that are similar to those present within the gingival sulcus. These biomarkers have high sensitivity and are a reliable biological tool when compared to clinical and/or radiographic examination and aid in diagnosis as well as monitoring the progression of periodontal disease surrounding teeth as well as the implants. Aim The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of periostin in peri-implant sulcular and gingival crevicular fluids. Materials and Methods This experimental prospective in vitro analysis was done following clearance by the institutional ethical committee. A total of 100 patients were selected. They were categorized into two groups: (I) Group A patients had peri-implant disease (n = 50), whereas (II) Group B patients had periodontitis (n = 50). Clinical loss of attachment score was noted in six sites around natural teeth and four sites around the implants. Presterilized filter paper strips were inserted within the sulcus/pocket till pressure was felt for 60 s. Periostin concentration levels in GCF and PISF samples were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Statistical analysis of data collected was performed using Shapiro-Wilk statistical tool for normally distributed numerical data. . Results Mean ± standard deviation concentration of periostin in gingival crevicular fluid from periodontitis cases was recorded as 20.15 ± 2.76 ng/30sn, whereas in PISF was 19.23 ± 1.89 ng/30sn. On statistical analysis, no statistically significant differences were seen after comparing the concentration of periostin in periodontitis as well as peri-implantitis groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion The present study analyzed periostin levels in gingival crevicular fluid obtained from patients diagnosed with periodontitis and sulcular fluid obtained from the sulcus around implants. Early biological markers or indicators of inflammation should be studied to determine the prognosis of treatment apart from the clinical assessment for the patient's benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. C. Santhosh
- Department of Periodontics, KMCT Dental College, Manassery, Mukkam, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Karishma
- Department of Dentistry, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Anas Abdul Khader
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry in ArRass, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Varun Ramachandra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manubhai Patel Dental College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Rohit Singh
- Department of Prosthodontics Crown Bridge and Implantology, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - B Kaushik Shetty
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Güney Z, Kurgan S, Önder C, Mammadov C, Serdar MA, Günhan M. Asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine gingival crevicular fluid levels in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:256-261. [PMID: 36575915 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the level of ADMA (asymmetric dimethylarginine), SDMA (symmetric dimethylarginine), and IL-1β (Interleukin-1β) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from periodontitis patients and control subjects. BACKGROUND ADMA and SDMA are potentially hazardous non-proteinogenic amino acids that limit nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and have many functions in various human disorders. ADMA causes a structural change in nitric oxide synthase, while SDMA blocks arginine cell uptake. Increased plasma ADMA has been widely recognized as a "trigger" initiating impaired NO bioavailability and vascular dysfunction, which ultimately leads to oxidative stress. METHODS Twenty-five patients with periodontitis (P) (Stage III, Grade C, n = 25) and 20 control (C) subjects were included in the study. The IL-1β level of GCF was measured by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and ADMA and SDMA by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Periodontitis patients had higher clinical parameters than controls (p < .001). Levels of IL-1β, ADMA and SDMA GCF were statistically significantly higher in group P than in group C (respectively; p = .003, p < .0001, p < .0001). There was no difference in the ADMA/SDMA ratio (p = .312) between the groups. There were significant positive correlations between clinical periodontal parameters and IL-1β, ADMA, and SDMA levels (p < .05). ADMA and SDMA levels were significantly correlated with IL-1β (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ADMA and SDMA may be involved in the pathogenesis of the periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeliha Güney
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Sivge Kurgan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Canan Önder
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cavid Mammadov
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhittin A Serdar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meral Günhan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
The last decade has witnessed unparalleled advances in our understanding of the complexity of the oral microbiome and the compositional changes that occur in subgingival biofilms in the transition from health to gingivitis and to destructive periodontal disease. The traditional view, which has held sway for the last 2 decades, that disease is characterized by the outgrowth of a consortium, or consortia, of a limited number of potentially pathogenic organisms, has given way to an alternative paradigm. In this new view, the microbiological changes associated with disease represent whole-scale alterations to the overall microbial population structure and to the functional properties of the entire community. Thus, and in common with other microbially mediated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the normally balanced, symbiotic, and generally benign commensal microbiome of the tooth-associated biofilm undergoes dysbiosis to a potentially deleterious microbiota. Coincident with progress in defining the microbiology of these diseases, there have been equally important advances in our understanding of the inflammatory systems of the periodontal tissues, their control, and how inflammation may contribute both to the development of dysbiosis and, in a deregulated state, the destructive disease process. One can therefore speculate that the inflammatory response and the periodontal microbiome are in a bidirectional balance in oral health and a bidirectional imbalance in periodontitis. However, despite these clear insights into both sides of the host/microbe balance in periodontal disease, there remain several unresolved issues concerning the role of the microbiota in disease. These include, but are not limited to, the factors which determine progression from gingivitis to periodontitis in a proportion of the population, whether dysbiosis causes disease or results from disease, and the molecular details of the microbial stimulus responsible for driving the destructive inflammatory response. Further progress in resolving these issues may provide significant benefit to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike A Curtis
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral& Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia I Diaz
- School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thomas E Van Dyke
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Screening for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection status in university freshmen: acceptability of a gingival swab method. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 147:e140. [PMID: 30869049 PMCID: PMC6518790 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccines against Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) are under development. EBV-naïve college freshmen are ideal candidates for an efficacy trial, because their incidence of infectious mononucleosis (mono) during freshman year is as high as 20%. To assess perceptions about mono and a mono vaccine, and to learn if EBV immune status could be determined using a gingival swab rather than phlebotomy, we performed a cross-sectional study of 235 healthy students at the beginning of their freshman year. Subjects completed questionnaires and donated oral washes, gingival swabs and venous blood. Overall, 90% of students found the swab easy to use and 80% preferred the swab over venepuncture. Of the 193 students with sufficient samples, 108 (56%) had EBV antibodies in blood vs. 87 (45.1%) in the gingival swab. The sensitivity and specificity of the swab compared with blood for detecting EBV antibodies was 75.9% and 94.1%, respectively, with an accuracy of 89.3%. EBV DNA was detected in the oral wash and swab of 39.2% and 30.4% of blood-antibody-positive individuals, respectively. In conclusion, 44% of our freshmen were EBV-naïve and thus vaccine candidates, the gingival swab was an acceptable alternative to phlebotomy for detecting EBV antibody but needs improved sensitivity, and the perceived value of EBV vaccine was high (72% believed they would benefit).
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Rossi V, Romagna R, Angst PDM, Gomes SC. Gingival crevicular fluid response to protocols of non-surgical periodontal therapy: A longitudinal evaluation. Indian J Dent Res 2019; 30:736-741. [PMID: 31854365 DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_148_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context and Aim Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume reflects the level of periodontal inflammation. This secondary analysis aimed to evaluate the GCF volume in patients submitted to non-surgical periodontal therapies under a split-mouth design. Materials and Methods GCF volume of 25 participants (47.24 ± 6.47 years) with moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis was collected at Days 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 270, and 450. The participants were submitted to three different non-surgical therapies randomly assigned per quadrant [GI: supragingival control (Supra) as only intervention (one quadrant); GII: Supra plus scaling and root planing (SRP) on Day 0 (two quadrants); GIII: Supra on Day 0 and SRP 30 days later (one quadrant)]. During treatment (0-60 days) and maintenance (90-450 days) participants were submitted to supragingival plaque control reinforcements. GCF volumes were analyzed after logarithmic transformation (log10) and linear models were used for intra- and inter-group comparisons, considering the data dependence. Results Baseline GCF volumes were similar between groups (GI: 0.39 ± 0.22 μl; GII: 0.42 ± 0.26 μl; GIII: 0.41 ± 0.14 μl;P > 0.05). At Day 60, GCF volumes were significantly reduced (GI: 0.20 ± 0.13 μl; GII: 0.18 ± 0.11 μl; GIII: 0.22 ± 0.13 μl; P < 0.001), without inter-groups differences. These results were maintained along maintenance period (P > 0.05). Even in sites bleeding on probing (BOP) + the means of GCF volume did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions All therapies determined reductions on the GCF volume along time. Supragingival plaque control modulated the subgingival area during the study, reinforcing the importance of this control over the subgingival inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Rossi
- Private Practice, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rachel Romagna
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Sabrina Carvalho Gomes
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Zanatta FB, Grellmann AP, Tomitsuka SYB, Casarin M, Weber A, Antoniazzi RP, Danesi CC. Histological and inflammatory analysis to diagnostic method of proximal gingivitis by flossing. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:3193-3202. [PMID: 30402699 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess with histological and inflammatory analysis the use of flossing as a diagnostic method for detecting proximal gingivitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS This is a diagnostic accuracy paper composed of two different studies. In the first study, three groups were identified based on papilla status: bleeding (+) with both methods (N = 26); bleeding (+) with dental floss, but no bleeding (-) with probing (N = 26); and no bleeding (-) with either method (N = 26). One papilla from all 78 participants was biopsied and analyzed for the determination of inflammatory infiltrate and percentage of collagen fibers. Sensibility, specificity, positive and negative predictive, and accuracy values were analyzed. In the second study, the volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was analyzed in 49 participants with flossing+/probing- and flossing-/probing- at contralateral proximal sites. The GCF volume was compared between these sites (n = 172). RESULTS Significantly greater frequencies of moderate/intense inflammation were found in the flossing+/probing+ (100%) and flossing+/probing- (92.3%) groups compared to those in the flossing-/probing- (0%) group. Significantly different percentages of collagen fibers were found among the three groups (flossing+/probing+ (40.90 ± 3.68); flossing+/probing- (45.78 ± 4.55); flossing-/probing- (60.01 ± 36.66)) (P < 0.001). Dental floss increased the balance between sensitivity and specificity values and showed highest positive predictive (100%) and accuracy (97%) values. Among the 172 sites evaluated, positive bleeding sites had a significantly greater volume of GCF (38 (27-68)) than negative sites (25 (16-51)) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that flossing can be used as a diagnostic method for proximal gingivitis in subjects with no history of periodontitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dental floss can be used as a complementary diagnostic method for proximal gingivitis in adults without clinical attachment loss in clinical practice as well as epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Batistin Zanatta
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pascotini Grellmann
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Maísa Casarin
- Department of Semiology and Clinic, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel, Gonçalves Chaves Street, 457/508, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 97050-023, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Weber
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Trauma, Brazilian Society of Education and Health - SOBRESP, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Raquel Pippi Antoniazzi
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Cademartori Danesi
- Department of Pathology, Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Evaluation of the Impact of the Clinical Periodontal Status on Volumetric Features of Gingival Crevicular Fluid by using Periotron<sup>®</sup> 8000. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.26.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tarannum F, Faizuddin M. Association between lipoxin A4 and interleukin-12 in gingival crevicular fluid: a preliminary investigation. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:210-217. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Tarannum
- Department of Periodontics; M.R. Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital; Bangalore India
| | - M. Faizuddin
- Department of Periodontics; M.R. Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital; Bangalore India
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Assessment of pre-analytical and analytical variables affecting peptidome profiling of gingival crevicular fluid by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 437:120-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sharma A, Khattak BP, Naagtilak S, Singh G, Bano T. Effect of periodontal therapy on salivary interleukin-12 levels in chronic periodontitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:ZC90-2. [PMID: 25478457 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/10598.5073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is considered a central regulator of host resistance against a variety of pathogens. The influence of scaling and root planing was evaluated on amount of IL-12 in salivary fluid of patients with chronic generalized severe periodontitis, in relation to clinical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 50 subjects were enrolled, of which 25 had chronic generalized severe periodontitis, and 25 periodontally healthy as control. The clinical parameters included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket probing depth (PPD) bleeding on probing (BOP) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The level of IL-12 in salivary fluid was measured by ELISA kit at baseline and at four week following scaling and root planing. RESULTS Mean IL-12 levels in patients with periodontitis at baseline (9.79 ± 5.70 pg/ml) were higher than in controls (9.18±4.94 pg/ml; p=0.54.) Scaling and root planing resulted in significant increase in IL-12 levels (mean: 15.93±12.09 pg/ml; p =0.001) (control vs postoperative p <0.001). No significant correlations were found between IL-12 levels and any of the above clinical parameters. CONCLUSION Short-term nonsurgical therapy resulted in a significant improvement in periodontal indices and a marked increase in IL-12 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology, Subharti Dental College and Hospital , Delhi-Haridwar by Pass Road, Subharti Puram, Meerut, UP, India
| | - B P Khattak
- Professor, Department of Periodontology, Subharti Dental College and Hospital , Delhi-Haridwar by Pass Road, Subharti Puram, Meerut, UP, India
| | - S Naagtilak
- Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Subharti Medical College and Hospital , Delhi-Haridwar by Pass Road, Subharti Puram, Meerut, UP, India
| | - Ganesh Singh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, LLRM Medical College Meerut, UP, India
| | - Tanveer Bano
- Associate Professor, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, LLRM Medical College Meerut, UP, India
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Topcu Ali O, Akalin FA, Sahbazoglu KB, Yamalik N, Kilinc K, Karabulut E, Tözüm TF. Nitrite and nitrate levels of gingival crevicular fluid and saliva in subjects with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2014; 5:e5. [PMID: 25089177 PMCID: PMC4115597 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2014.5205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nitrosative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to analyze the gingival crevicular fluid and saliva nitrite and nitrate levels in periodontally healthy and diseased sites. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 60 individuals including, 20 chronic periodontitis and 20 gingivitis patients and 20 periodontally healthy controls participated in the present study. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, gingival index and plaque index were assessed, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva samples were obtained from the subjects, including 480 GCF samples and 60 unstimulated whole saliva samples. Nitrite and nitrate were analyzed by Griess reagent. RESULTS Total GCF nitrite levels were higher in gingivitis and periodontitis groups (1.07 [SD 0.62] nmol and 1.08 [SD 0.59] nmol) than the control group (0.83 [SD 0.31] nmol) (P < 0.05) but did not differ significantly between gingivitis and periodontitis groups (P > 0.05). The difference in GCF nitrate level was not significant among the control, gingivitis and periodontitis groups (7.7 [SD 2.71] nmol, 7.51 [SD 4.16] nmol and 7.38 [SD 1.91] nmol). Saliva nitrite and nitrate levels did not differ significantly among three study groups. Saliva nitrate/nitrite ratios were higher in periodontitis and gingivitis groups than the control group. A gradual decrease in nitrate/nitrite ratio in GCF was detected with the presence of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS It may be suggested that nitrite in gingival crevicular fluid is a better periodontal disease marker than nitrate and may be used as an early detection marker of periodontal inflammation, and that local nitrosative stress markers don't show significant difference between the initial and advanced stages of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Topcu Ali
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Ferda Alev Akalin
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | | | - Nermin Yamalik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Kamer Kilinc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Erdem Karabulut
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
| | - Tolga Fikret Tözüm
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey.
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Bhardwaj S, Prabhuji MLV. Comparative volumetric and clinical evaluation of peri-implant sulcular fluid and gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2013; 43:233-42. [PMID: 24236246 PMCID: PMC3825991 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2013.43.5.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) has a production mechanism similar to gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). However, limited research has been performed comparing their behavior in response to inflammation. Hence, the aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate PISF and GCF volume with varying degrees of clinical inflammatory parameters. Methods Screening of patients was conducted. Based on the perimucosal inflammatory status, 39 loaded implant sites were selected from 24 patients, with equal numbers of sites in healthy, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis subgroups. GCF collection was done from age- and sex-matched dentate patients, selected with gingival inflammatory status corresponding to the implant sites. Assessment of the inflammatory status for dental/implant sites was performed using probing depth (PD), plaque index/modified plaque index (PI/mPI), gingival index/simplified gingival index (GI/sGI), and modified sulcular bleeding index (BI). Sample collection was done using standardized absorbent paper strips with volumetric evaluation performed via an electronic volume quantification device. Results Positive correlation of the PISF and GCF volume was seen with increasing PD and clinical inflammatory parameters. A higher correlation of GCF with PD (0.843) was found when compared to PISF (0.771). PISF expressed a higher covariation with increasing grades of sGI (0.885), BI (0.841), and mPI (0.734), while GCF established a moderately positive correlation with GI (0.694), BI (0.696), and PI (0.729). Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, except for minor fluctuations, GCF and PISF volumes demonstrated a similar nature and volumetric pattern through increasing grades of inflammation, with PISF showing better correlation with the clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smiti Bhardwaj
- Department of Periodontology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bangalore, India
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13
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Günday S, Topcu AO, Ercan E, Yamalik N. Analysis of daytime variations in gingival crevicular fluid: a circadian periodicity? J Periodontol 2013; 85:e47-56. [PMID: 24144270 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volumetric alterations in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) are widely accepted to be associated with periodontal health/disease. The volume/flow of GCF was shown to be affected by an array of methodological factors. However, relatively limited information is available on whether GCF is subject to circadian rhythm. The main aim of the present study is to assess the possible presence/absence of GCF circadian rhythm. The impact of the sampling technique on daytime volumetric variations is also analyzed. METHODS The possible daily volumetric variations of GCF with 2-hour intervals (from 08:00 to 18:00 hours) were assessed in 100 tooth sites and 600 GCF samples. Only maxillary incisors were included to eliminate any potential volumetric differences due to tooth dimensions. To analyze the potential impact of sampling technique on GCF volume and daytime variations, at one site modified intracrevicular sampling technique (MIST) was used, whereas the contralateral site was sampled with a deep intracrevicular sampling technique (DIST). Clinical periodontal parameters of the GCF sites were also recorded. RESULTS No significant daily variations in GCF volume could be detected. Higher volumetric measures were observed in inflamed subgroups compared with healthy subgroups (P <0.05). MIST was equivalent to DIST with regard to mean GCF volumes and the possible daytime volumetric alterations. CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of the present study, it can be suggested that daytime variations did not have significant impact on GCF volume. The sampling methodology had no apparent impact on the circadian periodicity of GCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Günday
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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14
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Perinetti G, Di Leonardo B, Di Lenarda R, Contardo L. Repeatability of gingival crevicular fluid collection and quantification, as determined through its alkaline phosphatase activity: implications for diagnostic use. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:98-104. [PMID: 22817691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In spite of four decades of studies on gingival crevicular fluid, no data have been reported on the repeatability of gingival crevicular fluid collection and the subsequent quantification procedures. The present study reports, for the first time, on the repeatability and method error of gingival crevicular fluid collection and quantification, as determined through its alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Diagnostic considerations are then explored. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-seven healthy subjects (17 women and 10 men; mean age ± SD, 21.2 ± 4.8 years) with optimal periodontal status were enrolled according to a blind prospective design. The gingival crevicular fluid was collected at baseline, and after 1 d, 1 wk and 3 mo. At each clinical session, two consecutive rounds of gingival crevicular fluid collection were made from each of the four maxillary incisors, allowing the recovery of resting and flow gingival crevicular fluid. The total ALP activities were determined spectrophotometrically, and repeatability and method errors for the resting, flow and overall (resting + flow) gingival crevicular fluid ALP activities were calculated, relative to the corresponding baseline levels. RESULTS No significant differences were seen over time, although the flow gingival crevicular fluid ALP activity was generally lower than that for the resting gingival crevicular fluid. The method errors ranged from 40 to 58%, with the flow and overall gingival crevicular fluid activities showing the highest and lowest errors, respectively. CONCLUSION Reliable use of the gingival crevicular fluid ALP collection and quantification, both in research and diagnosis on an individual basis, should take into account relevant errors, and variations are to be considered as true only above relevant thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Perinetti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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Yamalik N, Günday S, Uysal S, Kilinç K, Karabulut E, Tözüm TF. Analysis of Cathepsin-K Activity at Tooth and Dental Implant Sites and the Potential of This Enzyme in Reflecting Alveolar Bone Loss. J Periodontol 2012; 83:498-505. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Guentsch A, Kramesberger M, Sroka A, Pfister W, Potempa J, Eick S. Comparison of gingival crevicular fluid sampling methods in patients with severe chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1051-60. [PMID: 21235330 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of samplings from periodontal pockets is important in the diagnosis and therapy of periodontitis. In this study, three different sampling techniques were compared to determine whether one method yielded samples suitable for the reproducible and simultaneous determination of bacterial load, cytokines, neutrophil elastase, and arginine-specific gingipains (Rgps). Rgps are an important virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis, the exact concentration of which in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) has not been quantified. METHODS GCF was sampled from four sites per patient (one sample per quadrant using two samples per method) in 36 patients with chronic periodontitis. One week later, the procedure was repeated with alternative methods. Variables determined were loads of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) and P. gingivalis, levels of interleukin-6 and -8, activity of neutrophil elastase, and level of Rgps. RESULTS The detected cytokine levels were higher using paper strips compared to paper points. Bacteria were found in similar loads from paper strips and paper points. Rgps were only detectable in high quantities by washing the periodontal pocket. The level of Rgps correlated with the load of P. gingivalis. CONCLUSIONS The use of paper strips was suitable for the simultaneous determination of microbial and immunologic parameters. Obtaining GCF by washing can be useful for special purposes. The gingipain concentration in periodontal pockets was directly determined to be ≤1.5 μM. This value indicated that most of the substrates of these proteases by in vitro assays identified until now can be easily degraded in P. gingivalis-infected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Guentsch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Aspriello SD, Zizzi A, Tirabassi G, Buldreghini E, Biscotti T, Faloia E, Stramazzotti D, Boscaro M, Piemontese M. Diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis: differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Periodontal Res 2010; 46:164-9. [PMID: 21108647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although many studies have appeared about diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis, few have compared periodontitis inflammatory markers between type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and information regarding this issue is scarce and contradictory. We evaluated the levels of plasma C-reactive protein and of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in gingival crevicular fluid in two groups of subjects affected by T1DM and T2DM, in order to identify possible differences between the two classes in the inflammatory mechanisms of diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plasma C-reactive protein and gingival crevicular fluid IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured in periodontitis patients affected by type 1 (P-T1DM, n = 24) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (P-T2DM, n = 24). RESULTS Gingival crevicular fluid levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in P-T1DM subjects were significantly higher than in P-T2DM subjects. In P-T1DM subjects, we found significant negative correlations between the duration of diabetes mellitus and IL-1β and between the duration of diabetes mellitus and TNF-α. CONCLUSION This study shows that IL-1β and TNF-α levels in periodontitis patients with T1DM are affected by the duration of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Aspriello
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Clinical and Dental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Torrette, Ancona, Italy
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Yücel ÖÖ, Berker E, Gariboğlu S, Otlu H. Interleukin-11, interleukin-1β, interleukin-12 and the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:365-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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