Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and severe chronic periodontitis in a Chinese population

Assessment of the Antibacterial Effect of Vitamin D3 against Red Complex Periodontal Pathogens: A Microbiological Assay

AIM

The study aims is to evaluate the antibacterial effect of vitamin D3 against the red complex bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia in chronic periodontitis patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study comprised 98 participants with chronic periodontitis. All clinical parameters including plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and a microbiological assay of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythia were assessed at the baseline. All study participants who underwent scaling and root planning were divided into two groups, A and B, each with 49 patients and only group B patients were advised to take vitamin D supplementation of 60,000 IU granules, once daily for 2 months. All the patients of both the groups were recalled at the end of 2nd month and all the clinical and microbiological parameters were reassessed.

RESULTS

After two months, there was a reduction in all the clinical markers in both groups, but the group B patients showed more improvement following non-surgical treatment vitamin D intake. There was also a statistical reduction in P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia following administration of vitamin D in group B patients compared to group A.

CONCLUSION

These discoveries proposed that vitamin D has a superb antimicrobial impact against red complex periodontal microbes and might be considered a promising compound in the counteraction of periodontal disease.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Vitamin D is considered to possess anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity, which may help to delay the progression of periodontitis. So, vitamin D3 can be used as a potential supplement that could be employed to stop the advancement of periodontal disease. How to cite this article: Govindharajulu R, Syed NK, Sukumaran B, et al. Assessment of the Antibacterial Effect of Vitamin D3 against Red Complex Periodontal Pathogens: A Microbiological Assay. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(2):114-117.

Influence of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Vitamin D Receptor Expression in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts as a Response to Orthodontic Compression

This study aimed to evaluate if single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene are associated with gene expression in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts under simulated orthodontic compressive force. hPDL samples from 57 patients were used. A physiological compressive strain was performed to simulate orthodontic tooth movement in pressure areas under cell culture conditions. The RNA from hPDL fibroblasts was isolated to determine the relative gene expression (mRNA) of the VDR. The DNA was also isolated for the genotyping analysis of five SNPs in the VDR gene: BglI (rs739837, G/T), BsmI (rs1544410, T/C), ApaI (rs7975232, A/C), FokI (rs2228570, A/G), and TaqI (rs731236, A/G). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for both analyses. Kruskal−Wallis tests were used to compare VDR expression among genotypes of each SNP. A linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate SNP−SNP interaction. An established alpha of 5% was used. The relative mRNA VDR expression according to the genotypes in the SNPs BglI, BsmI, ApaI, FokI, and TaqI was not statistically significantly different (p > 0.05). The SNP−SNP interaction evaluated by regression analysis did not demonstrate any statistically significant association. No association was observed (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the SNPs BglI (rs739837), BsmI (rs1544410), ApaI (rs7975232), FokI (rs2228570), and TaqI (rs731236) did not show an impact on VDR gene expression in hPDL fibroblasts under simulated orthodontic compressive force.

The relationship between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and periodontitis in turkish individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background and Aim

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as periodontitis and diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study aimed to evaluate the distributions of VDR polymorphisms in diabetic individuals with healthy periodontium (DMH), diabetic individuals with periodontitis (DMP), nondiabetic individuals with healthy periodontium (H), and nondiabetic individuals with periodontitis (P).

Material and Methods

A total of 200 individuals (DMH = 40, DMP = 60, H = 40, and P = 60) were recruited. All clinical periodontal parameters, demographical, and biochemical variables were recorded. Blood samples were collected, and genomic DNA was isolated by Purelink® Genomic DNA Mini Kit. Genotyping of VDR polymorphisms ApaI, BsmI, FokI, and TaqI were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using allele-specific probes.

Results

The distribution of the BsmI variant showed differences between DMH and H groups (P = 0.034). In addition, carrying the GG genotype (OR = 0.317; 95% CI = 0.126-0.797; P = 0.013) and the G allele (OR = 2.373; 95% CI = 1.203-4.681; P = 0.012) increased the risk of type 2 DM. Moreover, it was determined that the frequency of CC genotype of FokI variant was higher in DMP compared to DMH (P = 0.046). It was determined that having the CC genotype (OR = 2.706; 95% CI = 1.185-6.176; P = 0.017) and the C allele (OR = 1.917; 95% CI = 0.995-3.694; P = 0.049) increased the risk of periodontitis among diabetic individuals. No differences were detected among groups in the genotype and allele distributions of ApaI and TaqI variants (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

The present study showed that the BsmI variant was a risk factor for DM among periodontally healthy individuals and the FokI variant for periodontitis among diabetic individuals.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in IL-1A RS1800587, IL-1B RS1143634 and Vitamin D Receptor Rs731236 in Stage III Grade B/C Periodontitis

The purpose of the study is to determine the prevalence of interleukin (IL)-1A (rs1800587), IL-1B (rs1143634) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) (TaqI, rs731236) gene polymorphisms in the Turkish population and their association with Stage III Grade B/C periodontitis. Systemically and periodontally healthy individuals (N = 100) and Stage III Grade B/C periodontitis patients (N=100) based on clinical and radiographic examination were included in this research. Clinical attachment level, probing depth, bleeding on probing, plaque and gingival indices of the subjects were measured. Genotyping of IL-1A (rs1800587), IL-1B (rs1143634) and VDR (rs731236) polymorphisms was conducted by Real Time PCR. Allelic and genotypic distributions of IL-1A (rs1800587) gene polymorphism were not associated with periodontitis (p>0.05). In IL-1B (rs1143634) gene polymorphism, the C allele was detected more frequently in healthy individuals compared with the periodontitis patients (p=0.045). CC genotype and C allele in VDR (rs731236) gene polymorphism was higher in periodontitis patients (p=0.031, p=0.034, respectively). In comparison with Grade B periodontitis patients and healthy subjects, CC genotype and C allele were observed more frequently in the Grade B periodontitis in terms of alleles (C/T) and genotypes for VDR (rs731236) polymorphism (p=0.024, p=0.008, respectively). This study presents that the VDR (rs731236) polymorphism are associated with enhanced susceptibility to Stage III periodontitis in the Turkish population. Furthermore, VDR (rs731236) polymorphism may be used as an identification criteria to discriminate Grade B and Grade C in Stage III periodontitis.

Profile of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism TaqI in patients with periodontitis

The present study aimed to assess the incidence of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism TaqI in patients with periodontitis, and the potential association of this polymorphism with the severity of the disease. This was a case-controlled study, which included 162 adults divided into two groups as follows: Case group (81 patients diagnosed with periodontitis) and control group (81 patients without periodontitis). Venous blood was obtained from each sample from which DNA was extracted. The gene polymorphism was determined using restricted fragment length polymorphism-PCR and DNA sequencing to identify endonuclease restrictions in exon 9 (TaqI). The data were analyzed using an independent samples t-test. VDR gene polymorphisms were detected in periodontitis cases with TT (86.4%), Tt (12.4%) and tt (1.2%) genotypes. DNA sequencing confirmed a change in the sequence of the VDR gene nucleotides in patients with periodontitis. The data indicated that the severity of periodontal tissue damage may be influenced by changes in the nucleotide sequence.

Vitamin D Review: The Low Hanging Fruit for Human Health

Vitamin D is an important hormone that is known for the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism. Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults leading to poor bone mineralisation and can also lead to serious dental complications in the same population. Recent studies have shown vitamin D to work as a hormone needed not only in bone and teeth but also in other body organs from intrauterine life up to old age. It has been demonstrated that Vitamin D has various effects on biological processes that deal with cell growth, differentiation, cell death, immune regulation, DNA stability, and neuronal growth. Despite being readily formed in the body through the intervention of the sun, patients are still found to have low vitamin D levels. We review studies done to show how vitamin D works.

Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis

Objective: This study investigated the association of the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene with dental caries.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SinoMed (the Chinese biomedical literature service system), and the Wiley Online Library. Overall comparisons and subgroup analyses based on ethnicity and the presence of dental caries in dentition were performed. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess associations between gene polymorphisms and the risk of dental caries.

Results: Seven articles were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results revealed a significant association of the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism with dental caries in the allele contrast model (C vs. T: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.07–1.44, I² = 42%, p = 0.005) and in the recessive genetic model (CC vs. TT/CT: OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.03–1.84, I² = 0%, p = 0.03). A stratified analysis based on ethnicity revealed a significant association between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism and the risk of dental caries in Asians (C vs. T: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.06–1.54, I² = 60%, p = 0.009). Subgroup analysis based on the presence of dental caries in dentition found a significant association of the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism with permanent tooth caries in the allele contrast model (C vs. T: OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.11–1.77, I² = 76%, p = 0.005) and the recessive genetic model (CC vs. TT/CT: OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.03–2.00, I² = 0%, p = 0.03).

Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that the C allele and CC genotype of the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene are associated with an increased risk of dental caries.

Association of IL-10 -1082A>G, -819C>T, and -592C>A polymorphisms with susceptibility to chronic and aggressive periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

Several epidemiological studies have evaluated association of interleukin 10 (IL-10) polymorphisms with risk of periodontitis. However, the results remain conflicting and inconclusive. Here, we carried out a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of IL-10 -1082A>G, -819C>T, and -592C>A polymorphisms with risk of chronic (CP) and aggressive (CP) periodontitis.

METHODS

Electronic databases including PubMed, Science Direct, SciELO, and CNKI were systematically searched to identify all relevant studies published up to 01 June 2020.

RESULTS

A total of 60 case-control studies with 5313 cases and 6528 controls met our inclusion criteria. Overall, the pooled data showed that the IL-10 -592C>A polymorphism was statistically associated with increased risk of periodontitis in the overall population, while no significant association was identified for IL-10 -1082A>G and IL-10 -819C>T polymorphisms. The subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed that the IL-10 -1082A>G polymorphism was significantly associated with periodontitis risk in Caucasians, IL-10 -819C>T polymorphism in mixed population, and IL-10 -592C>A polymorphism in both Asians and mixed populations. When further analyzed by periodontitis type, only the IL-10 -592C>A polymorphism was associated with CP risk, but not AgP; and the IL-10 -1082A>G and -819C>T polymorphisms have not positive association neither in the CP and AgP.

CONCLUSIONS

The current meta-analysis showed that the IL-10 -592C>A polymorphism was statistically associated with periodontitis risk in the overall population. Moreover, the IL-10 -1082A>G, IL-10 -819C>T, and IL-10 -592C>A polymorphisms were associated with periodontitis risk by ethnicity. Therefore, the IL-10 polymorphisms are of high clinical relevance by ethnicity and would be a useful marker to identify patients who are at higher risk for periodontitis.

Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Several studies have noted that vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms are involved in the susceptibility to Coronary artery disease (CAD). Nonetheless, the results have been inconclusive. Here, we performed the most up-to-date analysis of the association between VDR gene polymorphisms and risk of CAD. We conducted a comprehensive systematic search in the major electronic database, including Scopus and PubMed to look up for relevant studies evaluating the association between the VDR gene FokI (rs2228570), TaqI (rs731236), BsmI (rs1544410), and ApaI (rs7975232) polymorphisms and susceptibility to CAD published before December 2019. The level of association between VDR gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to CAD in the polled analysis was calculated by odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). We found 14 articles containing 20,398 cases and 9371 controls. The analysis revealed that all genetic models in the FokI SNP were associated with increased risk of CAD. Furthermore, for the ApaI SNP, except recessive model, all other genetic models significantly increased the risk of CAD in the overall analysis. In addition, it was divulged that both FokI and ApaI SNPs were involved in increasing the risk of CAD in Asians and Europeans in a number of models. FokI and ApaI polymorphisms may confer a susceptibility genetic risk factor for development of CAD, particularly in the Asian population.

Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Cigarette Smoking Impact on Oral Health: A Case-Control Study

Periodontal diseases are multiperspective problems resulting from numerous and diverse exposures that influence the process of initiation or progression of disease. The negative influence of tobacco smoking on oral health is well documented. The aim of the study was to analyze three SNPs in vitamin D receptor gene-rs7975232 (ApaI), rs2228570 (FokI) and rs1544410 (BsmI)-combined with oral health assessment-pH, gingival index, dry mouth, periodontitis, dry socket, redness of oral cavity mucosa, leukoplakia-in a group of cigarette smokers and in non-smokers. Moreover, the possibility of interactions between these polymorphisms and smoking was examined. When comparing the smokers and non-smokers groups, we noticed that rs1544410 heterozygotes were significantly more frequent in the first group, and for the second, both homozygotes were more frequent. Additionally, we observed the impact of interaction between the rs7975232 genotype and smoking status on gingival index. Current smoking was also associated with all analyzed oral health measures except for leucoplakia. Correlation between pH and age in both smokers and non-smokers was also present. Results of our analysis indicate that in our study group lifestyle and aging were leading factors associated with worse oral health status. However, the impact of genetic variants, and also the impact of their interaction with smoking on analyzed parameters was also visible. These results show great possibilities for all levels of prevention of oral diseases by means of education based on evidence-based medicine, but also for incorporating genetic testing and early interventions into this process for predisposed individuals.

Correlation of vitamin D receptor gene (ApaI) polymorphism with periodontitis: A meta-analysis of Chinese population

Many studies have tried to elucidate the connection between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene (ApaI) polymorphism and periodontitis; however, so far there is no consensus. To further assess the impact of ApaI polymorphism on periodontitis risk, we have conducted a meta-analysis of Chinese population. Relevant literatures were searched according to PubMed and Chinese database in January 2019. The strength of correlation was evaluated by combining odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs). Six case-control studies were identified with inclusion criteria, including 734 cases of periodontitis and 687 controls. Based on the overall analysis, the VDR ApaI polymorphism was not due to the risk of periodontitis in all models. Subgroup analysis showed that the risk of periodontitis in North China was significantly reduced. To sum up, the study shows that VDR-ApaI polymorphism may be connected with a lower risk of periodontitis in northern China. It is suggested that inferential studies should be conducted in other ethnic groups.

Role of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms on the Susceptibility to Periodontitis: A Meta-Analysis of a Controversial Issue

Background: To assess whether vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms influence the susceptibility to periodontitis. Methods: We retrieved 34 relevant studies, comprising a total of 3848 subjects suffering from periodontitis and 3470 controls for this meta-analysis. The pooled data were analyzed using STATA software. Results: Among all ethnic groups examined, the VDR BsmI polymorphism was associated with periodontitis under the recessive model (odds ratio [OR] = 0.722, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.532-0.980, p = 0.037). There was also a link between the VDR FokI polymorphism and periodontitis in the overall population (dominant model: OR = 1.459, 95% CI: 1.050-2.028, p = 0.025 and allelic model: OR = 1.386, 95% CI: 1.026-1.874, p = 0.034) and in Chinese participants (dominant model: OR = 1.813, 95% CI: 1.185-2.774, p = 0.006; allelic model: OR = 1.602, 95% CI: 1.044-2.459, p = 0.031) when stratified by race. The FokI variant was also correlated with aggressive periodontitis (AP) (dominant model: OR = 2.204, 95% CI: 1.148-4.231, p = 0.018; allelic model: OR = 2.017, 95% CI: 1.365-2.980, p = 0.000; and recessive model: OR = 2.903, 95% CI: 1.520-5.542, p = 0.001). We also showed a correlation between the VDR TaqI variant and periodontitis susceptibility in Caucasian populations (dominant model: OR = 0.525, 95% CI: 0.318-0.866, p = 0.012). The results revealed that there was no relationship between the VDR ApaI gene polymorphism and periodontitis. Conclusions: There was a link between the VDR BsmI and FokI gene polymorphisms and periodontitis in the overall population. In addition, the FokI polymorphism was correlated with AP. There was a link between the TaqI polymorphism and periodontitis in the Caucasian population. The VDR Apal variant, however, was not correlated with periodontitis.

Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene (FOKI, CDX2, and GATA) and susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals: A case-control study

AIM

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the distribution of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (variants FOKI [rs2228570], CDX2 [rs47908762], and GATA [rs4516035]) in the vitamin D receptor in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis (DM2 + CP), CP alone, and healthy individuals, and to investigate the relationship with susceptibility to CP.

METHODS

In total, 280 individuals (116 with DM2 + CP, 95 with CP alone, and 69 healthy individuals) were genotyped using real-time polymerase chain reaction with allele-specific probes. Significant differences (P < .05) were found among the groups with regard to socio-epidemiological variables (sex, marital status, income, smoking habit, and schooling) and clinical-epidemiological variables (age, number of teeth, probing depth, clinical attachment loss, gingival bleeding index, and visible plaque index).

RESULTS

The C allele was significantly more frequent among the healthy individuals (34.8%) than those with DM2 + CP (23.5%) (odds ratio [OR] = .58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: . 35-.94, P = .022). Likewise, the CC allele was significantly more frequent among healthy individuals (11.6%) than those with DM2 + CP (2.6%) (OR = .17, 95% CI: .03-.79, P = .015).

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that the presence of these variants could lead to a lower susceptibility to DM2 and CP. No other significant differences among groups were found for the other SNP investigated.

Evaluation of Association of Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Polymorphism with Severe Chronic Periodontitis in an Ethnic Tamilian Population

BACKGROUND

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease characterized by inflammatory responses to increased levels of subgingival pathogens, resulting in connective tissue destruction and alveolar bone loss. The susceptibility of an individual is determined by the complex interplay of the host, genetic, and environmental factors. Vitamin D, a secosteroid hormone, interacts with its nuclear receptor vitamin D receptor (VDR) to regulate crucial biological processes, such as bone metabolism and immune function modulation. Various studies have been conducted in different populations to analyze the association of VDR gene polymorphisms with chronic periodontitis, as these polymorphisms have been demonstrated to play vital roles in the pathogenesis of other diseases.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and association of the VDR TaqI gene polymorphism with severe chronic periodontitis in an Ethnic Tamilian population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 140 subjects were recruited for the study, of which 70 were diagnosed with severe chronic periodontitis and 70 had healthy gums. Each subject's medical and dental histories were taken, and periodontal examinations were performed. Genomic DNA was extracted and genotyping of the VDR gene at the TaqI site was carried out using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles were analyzed between the study groups.

RESULTS

The frequency of homozygous TT genotype was 40%, for both the severe chronic periodontitis and the healthy control groups. The distribution of heterozygous Tt genotype was 42.9% in the severe chronic periodontitis group and 47.1% in the healthy control group. The frequency of homozygous tt genotype was 17.1% in the severe chronic periodontitis group and 12.7% in the healthy control group. Although the prevalence of genotype tt and t allele was slightly increased in severe chronic periodontitis patients compared with healthy controls, the frequency of VDR genotype between the study groups was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.751).

CONCLUSION

This present study performed in an Ethnic Tamilian population does not support an association between either of the TaqI alleles within the VDR gene and Severe Chronic Periodontitis.

Marine ω-3, vitamin D levels, disease outcome and periodontal status in rheumatoid arthritis outpatients

OBJECTIVES

Marine ω-3 fatty acids (FAs) and Vitamin D (VitD) are reportedly capable of down-regulating inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease. This study was undertaken to relate marine FA and VitD status to RA disease status and periodontal conditions.

METHODS

RA outpatients (age ≥35 y) were consecutively recruited. Rheumatologic clinical data were collected and periodontal status obtained. A food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate fish and supplement intake. FA profiles in whole-blood and serum VitD levels were determined.

RESULTS

A total of 78 RA patients (age 57 ± 12 y, disease duration 15 ± 11 y) were included, 58% had active RA. Periodontitis was diagnosed in 82% of the patients, 18% had severe periodontitis. Seropositivity for rheumatoid factor and/or anticitrullinated protein antibodies was related to higher prevalence of periodontitis (P= 0.008). Seafood intake in accordance with nutritional recommendations was associated with better RA disease outcome (largest P= 0.008). An ω-3 index >8, present in 14% of the patients, correlated with a more desirable patient global health assessment scored on a visual analog scale (VAS; P= 0.004), lower periodontal probing depth (PD; P= 0.021), and ω-3 supplementation (P= 0.001). Serum VitD levels >50 nmol/L were found in 89%, of these 48% had VitD levels ≥75 nmol/L, no differences were found for RA disease activity and periodontal measurements.

CONCLUSIONS

Seropositive RA patients had a higher prevalence of periodontitis than seronegative patients. An ω-3 index >8 was related to ω-3 supplementation and more desirable VAS and lower PD. VitD status was satisfactory for most patients and was not associated with differences in RA severity or periodontal diagnosis.

Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and periodontitis in a Taiwanese Han population

Background/purpose

: Genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene are related to the immune response and bone metabolism, both of which are implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This study was to investigate the association between VDR-gene polymorphisms and periodontitis among a Taiwanese Han ethnic population.

Materials and methods

Ninety-two aggressive periodontitis (AgP), 385 chronic periodontitis (CP) and 163 healthy controls (HC) were recruited from dental clinics. Demographic characteristics and possible confounding factors were obtained using a self-reported questionnaire. The VDR rs731236 (TaqI), rs7975232 (ApaI), rs1544410 (BsmI), and rs2228570 (FokI) polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR-RFLP methods. Statistical analyses were applied to determine the associations.

Results

The individual VDR polymorphisms were not associated with risk of AgP and CP. The f allele of rs2228570 was related to decreased risk for AgP. Subjects with TAbF (adjusted OR = 7.2, 95% CI = 3.2–7.2, p < 0.0001) or TAbf (adjusted OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05–0.48, p = 0.002) combined polymorphisms were significantly associated with AgP. Subjects with Tabf (adjusted OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.8–3.8, p < 0.0001), TAbF (adjusted OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 2.6–8.1, p < 0.0001), TabF (adjusted OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.2–0.5, p < 0.0001), or TAbf (adjusted OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.3–0.7, p = 0.001) combined polymorphisms were significantly associated with CP.

Conclusion

The study indicates that VDR gene polymorphisms are associated with AgP and CP in a Taiwanese Han population.

Association Study of Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) - Related Genetic Polymorphisms and their Haplotypes with Chronic Periodontitis in Colombian Population

INTRODUCTION

There is strong evidence that both genetic and environmental factors may affect the periodontal clinical status. However, epidemiological evidence on the association between Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and Chronic Periodontitis (CP) has been inconsistent.

AIM

The focus of this study was to identify if a possible association between VDR Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) may be implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of CP in Colombian population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred and ten CP patients and 50 Healthy Controls (HC) were recruited. Periodontal status was assessed based on probing depth, clinical attachment level, extent, and severity of periodontal breakdown. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to identify the VDR rs7975232, rs1544410, rs2228570, and rs731236 SNPs from saliva samples. Odds Ratios (ORs) along with their 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were computed to compare the distribution of genotypes/alleles between HC and CP patients, alongside with analysis of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype associations between SNPs. Also, an analysis of the interaction between genetic findings and those significant demographic factors was performed for all SNPs.

RESULTS

There was no association neither between the different genotypes/allele frequencies nor haplotypes and CP. Similarly, no significant differences in extent or severity amongst genotype/allele groups were observed. Even so, interaction analysis revealed significant synergistic interactions between each SNP and age associated with the disease status.

CONCLUSION

Although these results do not support that VDR SNPs could be identified as independent risk predictor variables for CP in the Colombian population, synergistic biological interactive effects of all these SNPs related to age might play a significant role in the pathogenic pathways of CP.

Inflammatory mediator polymorphisms associate with initial periodontitis in adolescents

Several studies have addressed cytokine gene polymorphisms and their possible associations with periodontitis. We examined the association between salivary anti- and pro-inflammatory mediator polymorphisms and initial periodontitis in Finnish adolescents, taking into account the effect of smoking. Salivary samples of 93 clinically examined adolescents from Eastern Finland were analyzed. Their oral health and smoking habits were recorded. Periodontal probing depth (PPD), and bleeding on probing (BOP) at four sites per tooth, root calculus (RC), and visible plaque index (VPI) were recorded from the index teeth. Salivary MMP-8 median values were assessed. The sites with ≥4 mm PD were categorized as follows: PPD1 = one or more ≥4 mm pocket, PPD2 = two or more ≥4 mm pockets, and PPD3 = three or more ≥4 mm pockets. Genomic DNA was extracted from 300 μl of the saliva samples by genomic QIAamp® DNA Blood Mini Kit and genotyped for polymorphisms. Genetic variants for genotyping were selected from the following genes of interest: S100A8, FCGR2A, FCGR2B, IL10, MMP8, MMP3, MMP13, VDR, TLR4, MMP2, MPO, ELANE, IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN, CD28, MMP9, DDX39B, NFKBIL1, LTA, TNF, SOD2, IL6, TLR4, TIMP1, and SYN1. After false discovery rate control (FDR), polymorphisms in MMP3 (rs679620, rs520540, rs639752), CD28 (rs3116496), and VDR (rs2228570) associated (FDR q < 0.05) with deepened periodontal pockets. Smoking did not affect the results. Genetic polymorphisms of pro-inflammatory mediators MMP3, CD28, and VDR seem to link to initial periodontitis.

Vitamin D and Its Relevance in the Etiopathogenesis of Oral Cavity Diseases

Vitamin D belongs to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids which assume many roles in the human organism. In humans the most important forms are vitamin D3 and vitamin D2. Their primary function is the regulation of the calcium and phosphorus balance, which promote the growth of healthy bony tissue. Studies over the past few years have revealed a much wider role of vitamin D involving the aging processes, carcinogenesis, the carbohydrate balance as well as the effects on the course of various infections. In this paper we discuss the basic functions of vitamin D in the human body and the mechanisms of its activity and we summarize recent reports on the impact of vitamin D on the oral cavity with a special emphasis on autoimmunologic diseases, including: recurrent aphthous stomatitis, Behçet syndrome and Sjögren syndrome.

Association between single nucleotide polymorphism of vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphism and clinical progress of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Background. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and clinical progress of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Chinese men. Methods. The DNA was extracted from blood of 200 BPH patients with operation (progression group) and 200 patients without operation (control group), respectively. The genotypes of VDR gene FokI SNP represented by “F/f” were identified by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The odds ratio (OR) of having progression of BPH for having the genotype were calculated. Results. Our date indicated that the f alleles of the VDR gene FokI SNP associated with the progression of BPH (P = 0.009). Conclusion. For the first time, our study demonstrated that VDR gene FokI SNP may be associated with the risk of BPH progress.

VDR gene polymorphisms, interaction with smoking and risk of periodontal disease in Japanese women: the Kyushu Okinawa maternal and child health study

Epidemiological evidence on the relationship between vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and periodontal disease is inconsistent. We investigated associations between four VDR single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including rs731236 (TaqI), rs7975232 (ApaI), rs1544410 (BsmI) and rs2228570 (FokI), and the risk of periodontal disease among young Japanese women. Cases included 131 women who had at least one tooth with a probing depth of 3.5 mm or deeper. Controls included 1019 women without periodontal disease. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, education, toothbrushing frequency and use of an interdental brush. Compared with the AA genotype of SNP rs731236, the GG genotype had a significantly increased risk of periodontal disease: the adjusted OR was 3.68 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-12.78). There were no significant relationships between SNPs rs7975232, rs1544410 or rs2228570 and periodontal disease. None of the haplotypes were significantly related to periodontal disease. Compared with subjects with the AA or AG genotype of SNP rs731236 who had never smoked, those with the GG genotype who had ever smoked had a significantly increased risk of periodontal disease; nevertheless, neither multiplicative nor additive interaction was significant. The additive interaction between SNP rs7975232 and smoking was significant, although the multiplicative interaction was not statistically significant. No multiplicative or additive interactions were observed between the other SNPs and smoking. Our results indicated that VDR SNP rs731236 might be associated with periodontal disease. In addition, we present new evidence for a biological interaction between VDR SNP rs7975232 and smoking that affects periodontal disease.

A critical analysis of the (near) legendary status of vitamin D

Labels such as food constituent, nutrient and supplement do not convey a sense of being essential. Yet these rather mundane descriptors, even if correct, belie the true significance of vitamin D. Long believed to be merely a functioning cofactor akin to vitamin C, deficiency of this secosteroid hormone is clearly associated with morbid complications of calcium and bone mineral metabolism, and because the hormonal effects are mediated by nuclear receptors that regulate the expression of many subordinate genes, the vitamin's pleiotropic mode of action can influence numerous metabolic pathways and, possibly, a number of different diseases. Although the vitamin is under intensive investigation, much still remains unknown, even in bone health, as the identity of osteoporosis susceptibility genes remains uncertain. This article focuses on various aspects of the basic science and molecular biology of the vitamin D endocrine system. The primary goal is to critically examine the evidence supporting its role in bone metabolism, diabetes and cancer.

Relationships among interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, adipokines, vitamin D, and chronic periodontitis

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to explore relationships among serum adipokines, vitamin D, and clinical and microbial parameters of chronic periodontitis before and after treatment.

METHODS

Weight, height, and smoking status were recorded for 56 patients with chronic periodontitis. Plaque, gingivitis, bleeding on probing, suppuration, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were measured at all teeth present. Subgingival biofilm samples from each tooth were analyzed for levels of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and vitamin D were measured at baseline. Sample collection was then performed in a subset of the population 6 months after therapy (n = 17). Serum samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoassays. Differences in clinical, microbial, and serum factors among groups were sought using the Mann-Whitney U test. Correlations among factors were evaluated using regression analysis. Effects of therapy were sought using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.

RESULTS

There were positive correlations between adiponectin/vitamin D and between IL-6/leptin, negative correlations between IL-6/vitamin D and leptin/vitamin D, but no associations between serum analytes and clinical or microbial parameters. Sex and body mass index were associated with levels of adipokines. Periodontal therapy improved clinical and microbiologic parameters but did not influence the levels of serum analytes.

CONCLUSION

Adipokines and IL-6 levels were affected by sex and body mass index. Serum analytes were not influenced by periodontal therapy.

BsmI, TaqI, ApaI, and FokI polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and periodontitis: a meta-analysis of 15 studies including 1338 cases and 1302 controls

AIM

A meta-analysis was conducted in order to investigate the potential association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to aggressive and chronic periodontal disease.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A database search yielded a total of 15 studies involving 1338 cases and 1302 controls. Four polymorphisms were included in the meta-analysis: VDR TaqI (rs731236), VDR BsmI (rs1544410), VDR FokI (rs2228570), and VDR ApaI (rs7975232). Odds ratios (ORs) along with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to compare the distribution of alleles and genotypes between cases and controls.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The combined results based on all studies showed that (1) chronic periodontitis cases had a significantly lower frequency of bb genotype of BsmI [OR=0.63, 95% CI=0.42, 0.94; p=0.02] in Asians; (2) chronic periodontitis cases had a significantly higher frequency of AA genotype of ApaI (OR=2.20, 95% CI=1.39, 3.48; p<0.001) in Asians; (3) chronic periodontitis cases had a weak significantly higher frequency of TT genotype of TaqI (OR=1.86, 95% CI=1.002, 3.46; p=0.049) in Asians. After Bonferroni's correction, we found that in Asians chronic periodontitis cases still had a significantly higher frequency of AA genotype of ApaI. No significant difference was found in any genotype of FokI. No association was found for all the VDR gene polymorphisms examined as far as the aggressive form of the disease is concerned. Future studies need to focus on the possible biological consequences and mechanisms of the VDR genetic variants. The current findings confirm that VDR gene is a candidate gene for periodontitis.

Are Hill's criteria for causality satisfied for vitamin D and periodontal disease?

There is mounting evidence that periodontal disease (PD) is linked to low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in addition to recognized risk factors like diet and smoking. This paper reviews this evidence using Hill's criteria for causality in a biological system. Evidence for strength of association, consistency, cohesion and 'dose-effects' [biological 'gradients'] include strong inverse correlations between serum 25(OH) and PD cross-sectionally and that PD is consistently more prevalent in darker vs. lighter skinned people and increases at higher latitudes with analogy for gingivitis and for disorders associated with PD whose risks also increase with hypovitaminosis D. Evidence for plausibility includes that vitamin D increases calcium absorption and protects bone strength; induces formation of cathelicidin and other defensins that combat bacterial infection; reduces tissue production of destructive matrix metalloproteinases actively associated with PD and that prevalence of PD varies with common vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Experimental evidence from limited supplementation studies [using calcium and vitamin D] shows that supplementation reduces tooth loss. Thus, existing evidence for hypovitaminosis D as a risk factor for PD to date meets Hill's criteria for causality in a biological system. Further experimental evidence for effectiveness and temporality, preferably from randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation [adjusting for other PD risk factors including diet and smoking to reduce confounding] are necessary to confirm causality. If confirmed, dentists and periodontists could perform a valuable service to their patients by discussing the importance of adequate vitamin D status and how to avoid deficiency.