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Ali A, Mir GJ, Ayaz A, Maqbool I, Ahmad SB, Mushtaq S, Khan A, Mir TM, Rehman MU. In silico analysis and molecular docking studies of natural compounds of Withania somnifera against bovine NLRP9. J Mol Model 2023; 29:171. [PMID: 37155030 PMCID: PMC10165590 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT NLRP9 is a member of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors and is found to be associated with many inflammatory diseases. In the current scenario, the identification of promising anti-inflammatory compounds from natural sources by repurposing approach is still relevant for the early prevention and effective management of the disease. METHODS In the present study, we docked bioactives of Ashwagandha (Withanoside IV, Withanoside V, Withanolide A, Withanolide B, and Sitoindoside IX) and two control drugs against bovine NLRP9 protein. ADME/T analysis was used to determine the physiochemical properties of compounds and standard drugs. Molecular modeling was used to evaluate the correctness and quality of protein structures. In silico docking analysis revealed Withanolide B had the highest binding affinity score of -10.5 kcal/mol, whereas, among control drugs, doxycycline hydrochloride was most effective (-10.3 kcal/mol). The results of this study revealed that bioactives of Withania somnifera could be promising inhibitors against bovine NLRP9. In the present study, molecular simulation was used to measure protein conformational changes over time. The Rg value was found to be 34.77A°. RMSD and B-factor were also estimated to provide insights into the flexibility and mobile regions of protein structure. A functional protein network interaction was constructed from information collected from non-curative sources as protein-protein interactions (PPI) that play an important role in determining the function of the target protein and the ability of the drug molecule. Thus, in the present situation, it is important to identify bioactives with the potential to combat inflammatory diseases and provide strength and immunity to the host. However, there is still a need to study in vitro and in vivo to further support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarif Ali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Gh Jeelani Mir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Aadil Ayaz
- Department of Microbiology, SKIMS Medical College Bemina, Srinagar, 190018, J&K, India
| | - Illiyas Maqbool
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Baramulla, 193101, J&K, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Shuhama, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Saima Mushtaq
- Veterinary Microbiology Department, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Altaf Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahir Maqbool Mir
- National Centre for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Houchi S, Messasma Z. Exploring the inhibitory potential of Saussurea costus and Saussurea involucrata phytoconstituents against the Spike glycoprotein receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant and the main protease (M pro) as therapeutic candidates, using Molecular docking, DFT, and ADME/Tox studies. J Mol Struct 2022; 1263:133032. [PMID: 35431327 PMCID: PMC8993769 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The B.1.617.2 Delta variant is considered to be the most infectious of all SARS-CoV2 variants. Here, an attempt has been made through in-silico screening of 55 bioactive compounds from two selected plants, Saussurea costus and Saussurea involucrata as potential inhibitors of two viral proteases, main protease Mpro (PDB ID:6LU7) and the RBD of SGP of Sars-CoV-2 B1.617.2 Delta variant (PDB ID:7ORB) where the binding energy, molecular interactions, ADMET/Tox, chemical descriptors and Quantum-Chemical Calculations were explored. Molecular docking results demonstrated that the three top docked compounds formed relatively stable complexes within the active site and displayed remarkable binding energy in the order of Tangshenoside III, Rutin and Hesperidin (-9.35, -9.14 and -8.57 kcal/mol, respectively) with Mpro and Rutin, Tangshenoside III and Hesperidin (-9.07, -7.71 and -7.57 kcal/mol) with RBD of SGP. These compounds are non-Mutagen and non-carcinogen. Therefore, according to the Lipinski's Rule of Five they exhibited three violations concerning hydrogen acceptor, donor and molecular weight. However, based on the Quantum-Chemical Calculations results the selected ligands have effective reactivity, as they showed lower band gaps. The difference of the ELUMO and EHOMO was low, ranging from 0.0639 to 0.0978 a.u, implying the strong affinity of these inhibitors towards the target proteins. Among the three inhibitors, Rutin exhibited higher reactivity against two viral proteases, main protease (Mpro) and the Sars-CoV-2 B1.617.2, as the band energy gap was lowest among all the three phytochemicals, 0.0639 a.u This could indicate that Rutincan be potential anti-viral drug candidates against the existing SARS-CoV-2, the B.1.617.2 Delta variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Houchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Ferhat Abbas Setif-1, Algeria
| | - Zakia Messasma
- Department of Process Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Molecular Engineering and Redox Catalysis, Faculty of Technology, University of Ferhat Abbas Setif-1, 19000, Algeria
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ferhat Abbas Setif-1, 19000, Algeria
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Singh R, Singh PK, Kumar R, Kabir MT, Kamal MA, Rauf A, Albadrani GM, Sayed AA, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM, Uddin MS. Multi-Omics Approach in the Identification of Potential Therapeutic Biomolecule for COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:652335. [PMID: 34054532 PMCID: PMC8149611 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.652335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has a disastrous effect on mankind due to the contagious and rapid nature of its spread. Although vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have been successfully developed, the proven, effective, and specific therapeutic molecules are yet to be identified for the treatment. The repurposing of existing drugs and recognition of new medicines are continuously in progress. Efforts are being made to single out plant-based novel therapeutic compounds. As a result, some of these biomolecules are in their testing phase. During these efforts, the whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 has given the direction to explore the omics systems and approaches to overcome this unprecedented health challenge globally. Genome, proteome, and metagenome sequence analyses have helped identify virus nature, thereby assisting in understanding the molecular mechanism, structural understanding, and disease propagation. The multi-omics approaches offer various tools and strategies for identifying potential therapeutic biomolecules for COVID-19 and exploring the plants producing biomolecules that can be used as biopharmaceutical products. This review explores the available multi-omics approaches and their scope to investigate the therapeutic promises of plant-based biomolecules in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Pradhyumna Kumar Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing/Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ghadeer M. Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany A. Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Pastor N, Collado MC, Manzoni P. Phytonutrient and Nutraceutical Action against COVID-19: Current Review of Characteristics and Benefits. Nutrients 2021; 13:464. [PMID: 33573173 PMCID: PMC7910826 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The trend toward using phytonutrients and/or nutraceuticals (P/Ns) with the aim of impacting immune health has increased in recent years. The main reason is that properties of P/Ns are associated with possible immunomodulating effects in the prevention and complementary treatment of viral diseases, including COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. In the present review, we assess the scientific plausibility of specific P/Ns for this purpose of preventative and therapeutic interventions against COVID-19, with an emphasis on safety, validity, and evidence of efficacy against other viruses. Five potential candidates have been identified after reviewing available studies (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo) in which certain flavonoids have demonstrated a potential for use as adjuvant therapeutic agents against viral infections, including COVID-19. As these are often better tolerated than pharmacological treatments, their use could be more widely considered if additional detailed studies can validate the existing evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitida Pastor
- Department of Medical Affairs, Clinical Research, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Agustin Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Paolo Manzoni
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Department of Maternal, Neonatal, and Infant Medicine, Nuovo Ospedale Degli Infermi, 13875 Biella, Italy;
- Neonatology and NICU, Sant’Anna Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10136 Torino, Italy
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5
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Saleem A, Akhtar MF, Haris M, Abdel-Daim MM. Recent updates on immunological, pharmacological, and alternative approaches to combat COVID-19. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1331-1346. [PMID: 34331179 PMCID: PMC8324454 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is instigated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is mainly transmitted via the inhalation route and characterized by fever, coughing and shortness of breath. COVID-19 affects all age groups with no single cure. The drug discovery, manufacturing, and safety studies require extensive time and sources and, therefore, struggled to match the exponential spread of COVID-19. Yet, various repurposed drugs (antivirals, immune-modulators, nucleotide analogues), and convalescent plasma therapy have been authorized for emergency use against COVID-19 by Food and Drug Administration under certain limits and conditions. The discovery of vaccine is the biggest milestone achieved during the current pandemic era. About nine vaccines were developed for human use with varying claims of efficacy. The rapid emergence of mutations in SARS-CoV-2, suspected adverse drug reactions of current therapies in special population groups and limited availability of drugs in developing countries necessitate the development of more efficacious, safe and cheap drugs/vaccines for treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Keeping in view these limitations, the current review provides an update on the efficacy and safety of the repurposed, and natural drugs to treat COVID-19 as well as the vaccines used for its prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Haris
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522 Egypt ,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah, 21442 Saudi Arabia
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Singh R, Singh PK, Kumar R, Kabir MT, Kamal MA, Rauf A, Albadrani GM, Sayed AA, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM, Uddin MS. Multi-Omics Approach in the Identification of Potential Therapeutic Biomolecule for COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021. [PMID: 34054532 DOI: 10.3389/fphar2021652335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has a disastrous effect on mankind due to the contagious and rapid nature of its spread. Although vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have been successfully developed, the proven, effective, and specific therapeutic molecules are yet to be identified for the treatment. The repurposing of existing drugs and recognition of new medicines are continuously in progress. Efforts are being made to single out plant-based novel therapeutic compounds. As a result, some of these biomolecules are in their testing phase. During these efforts, the whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 has given the direction to explore the omics systems and approaches to overcome this unprecedented health challenge globally. Genome, proteome, and metagenome sequence analyses have helped identify virus nature, thereby assisting in understanding the molecular mechanism, structural understanding, and disease propagation. The multi-omics approaches offer various tools and strategies for identifying potential therapeutic biomolecules for COVID-19 and exploring the plants producing biomolecules that can be used as biopharmaceutical products. This review explores the available multi-omics approaches and their scope to investigate the therapeutic promises of plant-based biomolecules in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Pradhyumna Kumar Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing/Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ghadeer M Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany A Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Galanakis CM, Aldawoud TM, Rizou M, Rowan NJ, Ibrahim SA. Food Ingredients and Active Compounds against the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2020; 9:E1701. [PMID: 33233560 PMCID: PMC7699782 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As media reports have noted, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated market mainstreaming of immune-boosting food bioactives, supplements, and nutraceuticals. However, most studies reporting on the potential of bioactives against COVID-19 transmission have been uploaded as preprints with little opportunity to revise content for benefit and impact. The current review discusses current best evidence and information underpinning the role of food ingredients and bioactive compounds in supporting immune functions in humans and animals, specifically in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 disease. Up to now, some evidence from randomized population and clinical trials has suggested that vitamin D levels may be linked to COVID-19 transmission and severity. Numerous theoretical studies have pointed to polyphenols and particularly flavonoids as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 infection. There is also inconclusive evidence to support the future use of β-glucan to address COVID-19 due in part to variability in immune response arising from heterogeneity in polysaccharide branch and chain length for different sources and the absence of a standardized extraction method. To confirm the promising outcomes and hypotheses for bioactive compounds, more randomized and controlled clinical studies are needed. The results of such studies would have a profound effect on the prospects of food supplements and nutraceuticals as potential prophylaxis against COVID-19 and serve to help consumers to protect themselves during the post-lockdown recovery era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis M. Galanakis
- Research & Innovation Department, Galanakis Laboratories, 73131 Chania, Greece;
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia;
- Food Waste Recovery Group, ISEKI Food Association, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Myrto Rizou
- Research & Innovation Department, Galanakis Laboratories, 73131 Chania, Greece;
| | - Neil J. Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, N37 F6D7 Athlone, Ireland;
- Empower Eco Sustainability Hub, Lough Boora, R35 DA50 Co. Offaly, Ireland
| | - Salam A. Ibrahim
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
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Abstract
COVID-19 has been the most devastating pandemic in human history. Despite the highest scientific efforts and investments, a reliable and certified medication has yet to be developed regarding to immune or cure this virus. However, while synthetic medications are gaining the focus of attentions, it appears from a significant number of recent studies that plant-based substances could also be potential candidates for developing effective and secure remedies against this novel disease. Citing such recent works, this review primarily demonstrates the antiviral potentials of medicinal plants for inhibiting human coronaviruses. It also shows the importance of antiviral plants substances, particularly in the development of a broad spectrum medication for coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israt Jahan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Ahmet Onay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dicle University, Diyarbakır Turkey
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İstİflİ ES, ŞihoĞlu Tepe A, SarikÜrkcÜ C, Tepe B. Interaction of certain monoterpenoid hydrocarbons with the receptor binding domain of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), cathepsin B, and cathepsin L (CatB/L) and their pharmacokinetic properties. Turk J Biol 2020; 44:242-264. [PMID: 32595360 PMCID: PMC7314502 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2005-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As of June 2020, the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by the 2019 new type coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected more than 7,000,000 people worldwide and caused the death of more than 400,000 people. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular interactions between monoterpenoids and spike protein of 2019-nCoV together with the cellular proteases [transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), cathepsin B (CatB), and cathepsin L (CatL)]. As a result of the relative binding capacity index (RBCI) analysis, carvone was found to be the most effective molecule against all targets when binding energy and predicted (theoretical) IC50 data were evaluated together. It was found to exhibit drug-likeness property according to the Lipinski's rule-of-five. Carvone has also been determined to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively, not a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), not to inhibit any of the cytochrome P molecules, and to have no toxic effects even on liver cells. In addition, the LD50 dose of carvone in rats was 1.707 mol/kg. Due to its interaction profile with target proteins and excellent pharmacokinetic properties, it has been concluded that carvone can be considered as an alternative agent in drug development studies against 2019-nCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erman Salih İstİflİ
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Çukurova University, Adana Turkey
| | - Arzuhan ŞihoĞlu Tepe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep Turkey
| | - Cengiz SarikÜrkcÜ
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar Turkey
| | - Bektaş Tepe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Literature, Kilis 7 Aralık University, Kilis Turkey
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Review of Evidence Available on Hesperidin-Rich Products as Potential Tools against COVID-19 and Hydrodynamic Cavitation-Based Extraction as a Method of Increasing Their Production. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8050549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on recent computational and experimental studies, hesperidin, a bioactive flavonoid abundant in citrus peel, stands out for its high binding affinity to the main cellular receptors of SARS-CoV-2, outperforming drugs already recommended for clinical trials. Thus, it is very promising for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19, along with other coexistent flavonoids such as naringin, which could help restraining the proinflammatory overreaction of the immune system. Controlled hydrodynamic cavitation processes showed the highest speed, effectiveness and efficiency in the integral and green aqueous extraction of flavonoids, essential oils and pectin from citrus peel waste. After freeze-drying, the extracted pectin showed high quality and excellent antioxidant and antibacterial activities, attributed to flavonoids and essential oils adsorbed and concentrated on its surface. This study reviews the recent evidence about hesperidin as a promising molecule, and proposes a feasible and affordable process based on hydrodynamic cavitation for the integral aqueous extraction of citrus peel waste resulting in hesperidin-rich products, either aqueous extracts or pectin tablets. The uptake of this process on a relevant scale is urged, in order to achieve large-scale production and distribution of hesperidin-rich products. Meanwhile, experimental and clinical studies could determine the effective doses either for therapeutic and preventive purposes.
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