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Almulhim AS, Alabdulwahed MA, Aldoughan FF, Aldayyen AM, Alghamdi F, Alabdulqader R, Alnaim N, Alghannam D, Aljamaan Y, Almutairi S, Al Mogbel FT, Alamer A, Wali HA. Evaluation of Serial Procalcitonin Levels for the Optimization of Antibiotic Use in Non-Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:624. [PMID: 38794194 PMCID: PMC11124043 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procalcitonin (PCT) has been used as a biomarker to guide antibiotic therapy in various patient populations. However, its role in optimizing antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients has not been well studied to date. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the use of serial PCT monitoring as an antimicrobial stewardship tool for COVID-19 patients. METHODS This retrospective study included 240 COVID-19 patients who were admitted to a tertiary medical institution in Saudi Arabia between January 2020 and February 2022. Patients who received empiric antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and had serial procalcitonin levels were included. The patients were divided into two groups: the normal procalcitonin arm (PCT level < 0.5 ng/mL) and the elevated PCT arm (PCT level > 0.5 ng/mL). The primary and secondary outcomes were the effect of PCT monitoring on the duration of antibiotic exposure and the length of hospital stay, respectively. To measure the accuracy of PCT, the receiver-operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC-AUC) was determined. RESULTS Among the included patients, 142 were in the normal procalcitonin arm (median PCT, 0.12 ng/mL), and 78 were in the elevated PCT arm (median PCT, 4.04 ng/mL). The baseline characteristics were similar between the two arms, except for the higher prevalence of kidney disease in the elevated PCT arm. There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of antibiotic exposure between the normal and elevated PCT arms (median duration: 7 days in both arms). However, the length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the normal PCT arm (median stay, 9 days) than in the elevated PCT arm (median stay, 13 days; p = 0.028). The ROC-AUC value was 0.54 (95% CI: 0.503-0.595). CONCLUSIONS Serial PCT monitoring did not lead to a reduction in the duration of antibiotic exposure in COVID-19 patients. However, it was associated with a shorter hospital stay. These findings suggest that PCT monitoring may be useful for optimizing antibiotic use and improving outcomes in COVID-19 patients. While PCT-guided algorithms have the potential to enable antibiotic stewardship, their role in the context of COVID-19 treatment requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz S. Almulhim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (F.F.A.); (A.M.A.); (F.A.); (R.A.); (N.A.); (D.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Mohammed A. Alabdulwahed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (F.F.A.); (A.M.A.); (F.A.); (R.A.); (N.A.); (D.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Fatimah F. Aldoughan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (F.F.A.); (A.M.A.); (F.A.); (R.A.); (N.A.); (D.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Ali M. Aldayyen
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (F.F.A.); (A.M.A.); (F.A.); (R.A.); (N.A.); (D.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Faisal Alghamdi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (F.F.A.); (A.M.A.); (F.A.); (R.A.); (N.A.); (D.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Rawan Alabdulqader
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (F.F.A.); (A.M.A.); (F.A.); (R.A.); (N.A.); (D.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Norah Alnaim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (F.F.A.); (A.M.A.); (F.A.); (R.A.); (N.A.); (D.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Dimah Alghannam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (F.F.A.); (A.M.A.); (F.A.); (R.A.); (N.A.); (D.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yasmin Aljamaan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (F.F.A.); (A.M.A.); (F.A.); (R.A.); (N.A.); (D.A.); (Y.A.)
| | - Saleh Almutairi
- Pharmacy Department, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran 31932, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (F.T.A.M.)
| | - Feras T. Al Mogbel
- Pharmacy Department, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran 31932, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (F.T.A.M.)
| | - Ahmad Alamer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Haytham A. Wali
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (F.F.A.); (A.M.A.); (F.A.); (R.A.); (N.A.); (D.A.); (Y.A.)
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Dräger S, Ewoldt TMJ, Abdulla A, Rietdijk WJR, Verkaik N, Ramakers C, de Jong E, Osthoff M, Koch BCP, Endeman H. Exploring the Impact of Model-Informed Precision Dosing on Procalcitonin Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients: A Secondary Analysis of the DOLPHIN Trial. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:270. [PMID: 38399324 PMCID: PMC10891837 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) might be used to optimize antibiotic treatment. Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker for severity of infection and response to antibiotic treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of MIPD on the course of PCT and to investigate the association of PCT with pharmacodynamic target (PDT) attainment in critically ill patients. This is a secondary analysis of the DOLPHIN trial, a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Patients with a PCT value available at day 1 (T1), day 3 (T3), or day 5 (T5) after randomisation were included. The primary outcome was the absolute difference in PCT concentration at T1, T3, and T5 between the MIPD and the standard dosing group. In total, 662 PCT concentrations from 351 critically ill patients were analysed. There was no statistically significant difference in PCT concentration between the trial arms at T1, T3, or T5. The median PCT concentration was highest in patients who exceeded 10× PDT at T1 [13.15 ng/mL (IQR 5.43-22.75)]. In 28-day non-survivors and in patients that exceeded PDT at T1, PCT decreased significantly between T1 and T3, but plateaued between T3 and T5. PCT concentrations were not significantly different between patients receiving antibiotic treatment with or without MIPD guidance. The potential of PCT to guide antibiotic dosing merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dräger
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Rotterdam Clinical Pharmacometrics Group, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim M. J. Ewoldt
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Rotterdam Clinical Pharmacometrics Group, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Alan Abdulla
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Rotterdam Clinical Pharmacometrics Group, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. R. Rietdijk
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Institutional Affairs, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nelianne Verkaik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ramakers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien de Jong
- Department of Intensive Care, Rode Kruis Ziekenhuis, 1942 LE Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Osthoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birgit C. P. Koch
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Rotterdam Clinical Pharmacometrics Group, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Endeman
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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Di Deo P, Vantaggiato C, Di Modugno A, Licari D, Savina PF, Zagliani A, Viganò C, Grimaldi G, Frassanito A, Lettera T, De Corato P, Ammirabile M, Ferraris Fusarini C, De Liso F, Maregnani A, Silvani I, Taverriti TPS, Ceriotti F, Vidali M. Extensive analytical evaluation of the performances of the new DiaSys PCT assay and comparison with Elecsys B·R·A·H·M·S PCT test on Roche Cobas and B·R·A·H·M·S PCT-sensitive Kryptor. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:e44-e47. [PMID: 37531078 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Di Deo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Vantaggiato
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Di Modugno
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Licari
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Francesco Savina
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Zagliani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Viganò
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Grimaldi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Frassanito
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Lettera
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola De Corato
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ammirabile
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Federica De Liso
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Maregnani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Iris Silvani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ferruccio Ceriotti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Vidali
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, SC Patologia Clinica, Milan, Italy
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Agnello L, Ciaccio AM, Vidali M, Cortegiani A, Biundo G, Gambino CM, Scazzone C, Lo Sasso B, Ciaccio M. Monocyte distribution width (MDW) in sepsis. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117511. [PMID: 37562521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome due to a dysregulated host response to infection, which can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. Thus, it is crucial to know how the different microorganisms influence the levels of a biomarker. In the last decade, monocyte distribution width (MDW) has emerged as a promising sepsis biomarker, especially in acute settings, such as the Emergency Department and Intensive Care Unit. In this article, we explore the relationship between MDW and the different pathogens causing infection. Noteworthy, MDW is not a biological molecule, but it is calculated by a mathematical formula based on monocyte characteristics. Monocytes represent the first line defence against microorganisms and undergo activation upon infection, independently from the invading pathogen. According to the knowledge on the biomarker biology and the few literatures evidence, MDW may be considered a biomarker of sepsis, independent of the causative pathogen. However, further investigations are warranted before drawing definite conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Agnello
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ciaccio
- Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Vidali
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortegiani
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biundo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Maria Gambino
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Scazzone
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruna Lo Sasso
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy.
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Essmann L, Wirz Y, Gregoriano C, Schuetz P. One biomarker does not fit all: tailoring anti-infective therapy through utilization of procalcitonin and other specific biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:739-752. [PMID: 37505928 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2242782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considering the ongoing increase in antibiotic resistance, the importance of judicious use of antibiotics through reduction of exposure is crucial. Adding procalcitonin (PCT) and other biomarkers to pathogen-specific tests may help to further improve antibiotic therapy algorithms and advance antibiotic stewardship programs to achieve these goals. AREAS COVERED In recent years, several trials have investigated the inclusion of biomarkers such as PCT into clinical decision-making algorithms. For adult patients, findings demonstrated improvements in the individualization of antibiotic treatment, particularly for patients with respiratory tract infections and sepsis. While most trials were performed in hospitals with central laboratories, point-of-care testing might further advance the field by providing a cost-effective and rapid diagnostic tool in upcoming years. Furthermore, novel biomarkers including CD-64, presepsin, Pancreatic stone and sTREM-1, have all shown promising results for increased accuracy of sepsis diagnosis. Availability of these markers however is currently still limited and there is insufficient evidence for their routine use in clinical care. EXPERT OPINION In addition to new host-response markers, combining such biomarkers with pathogen-directed diagnostics present a promising strategy to increase algorithm accuracy in differentiating between bacterial and viral infections. Recent advances in microbiologic testing using PCR or nucleic amplification tests may further improve the diagnostic yield and promote more targeted pathogen-specific antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Essmann
- Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Wirz
- Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | | | - Philipp Schuetz
- Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
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Pohanka M. Quartz crystal microbalance biosensor for the detection of procalcitonin. Talanta 2023; 257:124325. [PMID: 36787686 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Procalcitonin is a blood protein and precursor of the hormone calcitonin. The procalcitonin level increases due to bacterial infections, sepsis, and other related pathologies. Here, we present a simple biosensor for procalcitonin assay suitable for point-of-care tests as an alternative to the current laboratory methods. The biosensor was based on a QCM piezoelectric sensor and a conjugate of gold nanoparticles-antibodies conjugate. It was suitable for the procalcitonin assay in biological samples and fully correlated to the standard ELISA method, and it did not suffer false positive or negative results or interferences. The detection limit was equal to 37.8 ng/l and the quantification limit to 104 ng/l for a sample of 25 μl. The dynamic range of the assay was 37.8 ng/l to 30.0 μg/l. The practical relevance of the biosensor is expected considering the findings, and the possible application of the assay principle for the development of biosensors for other markers is inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Brno, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Jordan A, Sivapalan P, Rømer V, Jensen JU. Time-Updated Phenotypic Guidance of Corticosteroids and Antibiotics in COPD: Rationale, Perspective and a Proposed Method. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051395. [PMID: 37239067 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease with distinct phenotypes, each having distinct treatment needs. Eosinophilic airway inflammation is present in a subset of COPD patients in whom it can act as a driver of exacerbations. Blood eosinophil counts are a reliable way to identify patients with an eosinophilic phenotype, and these measurements have proven to be successful in guiding the use of corticosteroids in moderate and severe COPD exacerbations. Antibiotic use in COPD patients induces a risk of Clostridium difficile infection, diarrhea, and antibiotic resistance. Procalcitonin could possibly guide antibiotic treatment in patients admitted with AECOPD. Current studies in COPD patients were successful in reducing exposure to antibiotics with no changes in mortality or length of stay. Daily monitoring of blood eosinophils is a safe and effective way to reduce oral corticosteroid exposure and side effects for acute exacerbations. No evidence on time-updated treatment guidance for stable COPD exists yet, but a current trial is testing an eosinophil-guided approach on inhaled corticosteroid use. Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment in AECOPD shows promising results in safely and substantially reducing antibiotic exposure both in time-independent and time-updated algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jordan
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Pradeesh Sivapalan
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Valdemar Rømer
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jens-Ulrik Jensen
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Leboueny M, Maloupazoa Siawaya AC, Bouanga LDJ, Mvoundza Ndjindji O, Mveang Nzoghe A, Djoba Siawaya JF. Changes of C-reactive protein and Procalcitonin after four weeks of treatment in patients with pulmonary TB. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2023; 31:100348. [PMID: 36714271 PMCID: PMC9879784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2023.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health concern worldwide, affecting millions of people every year. Detailed characterization of disease pathophysiology is key to proper diagnosis, disease progression, or treatment follow-up and evaluation. The present study investigated C-reactive protein and Procalcitonin (PCT) as candidate markers of early treatment response and disease activity. Methods From September to December 2019, 21 HIV-negative consecutive TB patients were recruited, within the setting of the Gabonese TB specialized hospital and the National Laboratory of Public Health, in a prospective study. CRP and PCT levels were measured by chemiluminescence at diagnosis and 4 weeks following the initiation of anti-TB treatment. Results The mean concentration of CRP in TB patients was 114.7 mg/L (95 % CI: [83.8-145.6]) at diagnosis and 20.2 mg/L (95 % CI: [14.1-26.4]) 4 weeks following anti-TB treatment. The drop in CRP concentrations between diagnosis, and week 4 following anti-TB treatment showed was significant (p < 0.0001). The average concentration of PCT at the time of diagnosis was 0.3 ng/mL (95 % CI: [0.19-0.41]). PCT Concentration dropped below 0.05 ng/mL 4 weeks following the start of anti-TB treatment (p < 0.01). Conclusion CRP and PCT are potential TB biomarkers, each, carrying important keys. If the drop in both proteins may indicate a significant reduction of the Mtb burden, the maintenance of CRP above the inflammation threshold could indicate the presence of residual bacilli. However, the clinical translation of the present finding will require more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Leboueny
- Service Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne EBORI BP. 212, Libreville, Gabon
- Unité de Recherches et de Diagnostics Spécialisés, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Avenue Felix Eboué, BP10 736 Libreville, Gabon
| | - Anicet Christel Maloupazoa Siawaya
- Service Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne EBORI BP. 212, Libreville, Gabon
- Unité de Recherches et de Diagnostics Spécialisés, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Avenue Felix Eboué, BP10 736 Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Ofilia Mvoundza Ndjindji
- Service Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne EBORI BP. 212, Libreville, Gabon
- Unité de Recherches et de Diagnostics Spécialisés, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Avenue Felix Eboué, BP10 736 Libreville, Gabon
| | - Amandine Mveang Nzoghe
- Service Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne EBORI BP. 212, Libreville, Gabon
- Unité de Recherches et de Diagnostics Spécialisés, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Avenue Felix Eboué, BP10 736 Libreville, Gabon
| | - Joel Fleury Djoba Siawaya
- Service Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne EBORI BP. 212, Libreville, Gabon
- Unité de Recherches et de Diagnostics Spécialisés, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Avenue Felix Eboué, BP10 736 Libreville, Gabon
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Méndez Hernández R, Ramasco Rueda F. Biomarkers as Prognostic Predictors and Therapeutic Guide in Critically Ill Patients: Clinical Evidence. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020333. [PMID: 36836567 PMCID: PMC9965041 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A biomarker is a molecule that can be measured in a biological sample in an objective, systematic, and precise way, whose levels indicate whether a process is normal or pathological. Knowing the most important biomarkers and their characteristics is the key to precision medicine in intensive and perioperative care. Biomarkers can be used to diagnose, in assessment of disease severity, to stratify risk, to predict and guide clinical decisions, and to guide treatments and response to them. In this review, we will analyze what characteristics a biomarker should have and how to ensure its usefulness, and we will review the biomarkers that in our opinion can make their knowledge more useful to the reader in their clinical practice, with a future perspective. These biomarkers, in our opinion, are lactate, C-Reactive Protein, Troponins T and I, Brain Natriuretic Peptides, Procalcitonin, MR-ProAdrenomedullin and BioAdrenomedullin, Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and lymphopenia, Proenkephalin, NefroCheck, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), Interleukin 6, Urokinase-type soluble plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), Presepsin, Pancreatic Stone Protein (PSP), and Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3). Finally, we propose an approach to the perioperative evaluation of high-risk patients and critically ill patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) based on biomarkers.
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Bonelli F, Madrigali A, Sgorbini M, Meucci V, Battaglia F, Guélat-Brechbuehl M, Sala G, Meylan M. Case - Control study: Evaluation of plasma procalcitonin concentration as an indicator of inflammation in healthy and sick cows. Res Vet Sci 2023; 155:56-61. [PMID: 36634543 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This case - control study aims to evaluate Procalcitonin (PCT) plasma concentrations in healthy and hospitalized cows with a conclusive diagnosis of inflammation due to bacterial infection. Thirty-four healthy and 131 sick cows were included. Procalcitonin concentrations were assessed using an ELISA kit for cattle. Depending on whether sick cows received antimicrobial treatments prior to admission or not, they were divided in treated (TP) or not treated (NTP) subgroups. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to determine differences between healthy vs sick cows, while Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's multiple comparison test were applied for healthy vs sick subgroups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the optimal cut-off value. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were determined for cows belonging to the groups with PCT values below and above ROC cut-offs. Plasma PCT concentration was 200.1 (147.8-324.1) pg/mL and 361.6 (239.7-947.1) pg/mL in the healthy control and in the sick group, respectively (P < 0.001). The optimal cut-off value of plasma PCT concentration was 244.4 pg/mL (sensitivity 73.6%, specificity 60.0%). The plasma PCT concentration was 267.5 (210.3-771.2) pg/mL in the TP subgroup and 425.6 (253.1-1242) pg/mL in the NTP subgroup (P = 0.03). Cows with PCT above the ROC cut-off value had a reduced survival percentage and a higher mortality risk (P < 0.05). Procalcitonin showed the ability of differentiate healthy cows from hospitalized cows with a conclusive diagnosis of inflammation due to bacterial infection. Moreover, PCT was a good predictor of negative prognostic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado 56122, Italy.
| | - Alessio Madrigali
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado 56122, Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado 56122, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado 56122, Italy
| | - Federica Battaglia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado 56122, Italy
| | - Monika Guélat-Brechbuehl
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Mireille Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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The Role of CRP POC Testing in the Fight against Antibiotic Overuse in European Primary Care: Recommendations from a European Expert Panel. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020320. [PMID: 36673130 PMCID: PMC9857389 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tackling antibiotic resistance represents one of the major challenges in modern medicine, and limiting antibiotics' overuse represents the first step in this fight. Most antibiotics are prescribed in primary care settings, and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are one of the most common indications for their prescription. An expert panel conducted an extensive report on C-reactive protein point-of-care (CRP POC) testing in the evaluation of LRTIs and its usefulness to limit antibiotic prescriptions. The expert panel stated that CRP POC testing is a potentially useful tool to limit antibiotic prescriptions for LRTI in a community setting. CRP POC must be used in conjunction with other strategies such as improved communication skills and the use of other molecular POC testing. Potential barriers to the adoption of CRP POC testing are financial and logistical issues. Moreover, the efficacy in limiting antibiotic prescriptions could be hampered by the fact that, in some countries, patients may gain access to antibiotics even without a prescription. Through the realization of a better reimbursement structure, the inclusion in standardized procedures in local guidelines, and better patient education, CRP point-of-care testing can represent a cornerstone in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.
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Kim IY, Kim S, Ye BM, Kim MJ, Kim SR, Lee DW, Lee SB. Procalcitonin decrease predicts survival and recovery from dialysis at 28 days in patients with sepsis-induced acute kidney injury receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279561. [PMID: 36574383 PMCID: PMC9794048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker for diagnosing infections and guiding antibiotic therapy. In this study, we investigated whether PCT can predict survival and recovery at 28 days in critically ill patients with sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (SIAKI) receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). We examined 649 patients with SIAKI who underwent CRRT in our intensive care unit. In a multivariable Cox regression analysis, a single PCT level at CRRT initiation was not associated with survival in all patients. However, the higher % PCT decrease over 72 hours after CRRT initiation was independently associated with the higher chance of 28-day survival (per 10% decrease, hazard ratio [HR] for mortality: 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85-0.89; P < 0.001). Among the survivors, the % PCT decrease over 72 hours after CRRT initiation, not a single PCT level at CRRT initiation, was independently associated with recovery from dialysis (per 10% decrease, HR for renal recovery: 1.28, 95% CI:1.21-1.36; P < 0.001). This study demonstrated that the higher % PCT decrease was independently associated with the higher chance of survival and recovery from dialysis at 28 days in critically ill patients with SIAKI receiving CRRT. Thus, a decrease in the PCT level, not a single PCT level at CRRT initiation, could be a valuable tool for predicting prognosis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Min Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Rin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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13
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Yang Y, Zhu X, Sun Y, Qian K, Liu Z. Comparison of next-generation sequencing with traditional methods for pathogen detection in cases of lower respiratory tract infection at a community hospital in Eastern China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32423. [PMID: 36595873 PMCID: PMC9794229 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is still a threat to human health. Metagenomics next-generation sequencing (NGS) provides an efficient and unbiased way to identify LRTI pathogens, and has been shown to have several advantages over traditional methods. However, its application is currently limited in low-resource settings. Our aim was to collect and analyze data on LRTI cases at a county-level community hospital in Eastern China over one year, in order to compare the efficiency of NGS and traditional methods including culture, nucleic acid amplification and antibody techniques. We performed NGS of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for pathogen identification in 71 patients with LRTI. We compared the detection rates, identified pathogens, and turnaround time of NGS with traditional methods. Pathogens were detected using traditional methods in 19 cases, and the results were compared with those obtained with the NGS technique in 60 cases. The pathogen detection rate of NGS (84.5%) was much higher than that of the traditional methods (26.8%). Moreover, with the traditional methods considered the gold standard, the consistency rate between NGS and traditional methods was 68.4%. For the 19 cases in which the traditional method was used, the main pathogens included invasive Aspergillus (5 cases), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3 cases), Candida albicans (3 cases), and Staphylococcus aureus (2 cases). Among the 60 cases detected by NGS, the main pathogens included Mycobacterium (12 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae (5 cases), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3 cases), P. aeruginosa (3 cases), Haemophilus influenzae (3 cases), and S. aureus (3 cases), Aspergillus (9 cases), Pneumocystis jiroveci (5 cases), C. albicans (3 cases), Human Papilloma Virus (9 cases), Epstein-Barr virus (8 cases), and parvovirus (6 cases). In addition, 2 cases of chlamydia and 1 case of mycoplasma infection were detected by NGS. The time taken to perform the NGS tests was significantly shorter than that taken with the traditional method. NGS analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, in combination with traditional pathogen detection methods, can improve the efficiency of pathogen detection. More attention should be paid to the regional epidemic characteristics of infectious pathogens in LRTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haining People’s Hospital, Haining, China
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haining People’s Hospital, Haining, China
| | - Yahong Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haining People’s Hospital, Haining, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Haining People’s Hospital, Haining, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haining People’s Hospital, Haining, China
- * Correspondence: Zhihao Liu, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haining People’s Hospital, Haining, Zhejiang Province 314400, China (e-mail: )
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14
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Dagher H, Chaftari AM, Mulanovich P, Jiang Y, Hachem R, Malek AE, Borjan J, Viola GM, Raad I. Procalcitonin for antimicrobial stewardship among cancer patients admitted with COVID-19. eLife 2022; 11:81151. [PMID: 36541589 PMCID: PMC9788806 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Procalcitonin (PCT) has been used to guide antibiotic therapy in bacterial infections. We aimed to determine the role of PCT in decreasing the duration of empiric antibiotic therapy among cancer patients admitted with COVID-19. Methods This retrospective study included cancer patients admitted to our institution for COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and June 28, 2021, with a PCT test done within 72 hr after admission. Patients were divided into two groups: PCT <0.25 ng/ml and PCT ≥0.25 ng/ml. We assessed pertinent cultures, antibacterial use, and duration of empiric antibacterial therapy. Results The study included 530 patients (median age, 62 years [range, 13-91]). All the patients had ≥1 culture test within 7 days following admission. Patients with PCT <0.25 ng/ml were less likely to have a positive culture than were those with PCT ≥0.25 ng/ml (6% [20/358] vs. 17% [30/172]; p<0.0001). PCT <0.25 ng/ml had a high negative predictive value for bacteremia and 30 day mortality. Patients with PCT <0.25 ng/ml were less likely to receive intravenous (IV) antibiotics for >72 hr than were patients with PCT ≥0.25 ng/ml (45% [162/358] vs. 69% [119/172]; p<0.0001). Among patients with PCT <0.25 ng/ml and negative cultures, 30 day mortality was similar between those who received IV antibiotics for ≥72 hr and those who received IV antibiotics for shorter durations (2% [2/111] vs. 3% [5/176], p=0.71). Conclusions Among cancer patients with COVID-19, PCT level <0.25 ng/ml is associated with lower likelihood of bacterial co-infection and greater likelihood of a shorter antibiotic course. In patients with PCT level <0.25 ng/ml and negative cultures, an antibiotic course of >72 hr may not be necessary. PCT could be useful in enhancing antimicrobial stewardship in cancer patients with COVID-19. Funding This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute under award number P30CA016672, which supports MD Anderson Cancer Center's Clinical Trials Office.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Dagher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Anne-Marie Chaftari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Patricia Mulanovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Ray Hachem
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Alexandre E Malek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Jovan Borjan
- Pharmacy Clinical Programs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - George M Viola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
| | - Issam Raad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonUnited States
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Ye YP, Zhao H, Kang T, Zhao LH, Li N, Chen J, Peng XX. Optimal cut-off value of serum procalcitonin in predicting bacterial infection induced acute exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A prospective observational study. Chron Respir Dis 2022; 19:14799731221108516. [PMID: 35830291 PMCID: PMC9284202 DOI: 10.1177/14799731221108516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the optimal cut-off value of serum procalcitonin (PCT) level in
predicting bacterial infection in hospitalized patients with acute
exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Methods 204 hospitalized patients with AECOPD were enrolled in this study. Their
diagnoses and treatments followed routine protocols in Fu-Xing Hospital
affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Extra blood
samples were taken for serum PCT level testing and the results were blinded
to the treating physicians. On discharge, clinical data were collected and
the treating physicians made comprehensive analyses to determine whether the
AECOPD were triggered by respiratory tract bacterial infection or
non-bacterial causes according to the “new diagnostic criteria” defined in
this study. In the AECOPD patients with bacterial infection, treating
physicians decided whether they had bacterial pneumonia based on imaging
studies. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to analyze
the accuracy of serum PCT level in predicting bacterial infection. Results In the 173 AECOPD patients who did not have pneumonia, 115 had evidences of
bacterial infection while 58 did not. The median PCT levels were 0.1(0.08,
0.18) ng/ml and 0.07 (0.05, 0.08) ng/ml for each group, which were
statistically different. The proposed optimal cut-off value of serum PCT
level in predicting bacterial infection was 0.08 ng/mL according to this
study, with a sensitivity of 81%, specificity of 67% and area under the ROC
curve (AUC) of 0.794. There were 31 AECOPD patients diagnosed with
pneumonia, their median PCT level was 0.23 ng/mL. Conclusions The serum PCT levels slightly increased in the majority of hospitalized
patients with AECOPD compared with reference range. When PCT level was
≥0.08 ng/mL, AECOPD was more likely to be caused by bacterial infection. A
significantly elevated PCT levels may indicate combination of AECOPD and
bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fu-Xing Hospital, 12517Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fu-Xing Hospital, 12517Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fu-Xing Hospital, 12517Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fu-Xing Hospital, 12517Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fu-Xing Hospital, 12517Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fu-Xing Hospital, 12517Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Peng
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, 12517Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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16
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Huang B, Yang S, Ye S. Systemic Infection Predictive Value of Procalcitonin to Lactic Acid Ratio in Diabetes Ketoacidosis Patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2127-2133. [PMID: 35911501 PMCID: PMC9325875 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s371437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early detection of bacterial infections associated with adequate antibiotic treatment is key to improving diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) outcomes. Our study aimed to investigate the different sepsis markers (including procalcitonin to lactic acid ratio, PLR) to diagnose bacterial infection in patients with DKA within one hour after admission. METHODS A total of 165 patients diagnosed with DKA were enrolled between July 2014 and July 2018 and divided into an infection group (N =62) and a non-infection group (N=103) based on the positive aetiological tests such as blood culture, sputum culture, urine culture, or definite focus of pulmonary, soft tissue, kidney, etc. RESULTS Our findings suggest the following: 1) leucocytes (threshold above 10×109 /L) and PLR (threshold above 0.438) within one hour after admission can help to identify patients with infection in the context of DKA. 2) A subgroup analysis demonstrated that PLR also has a high diagnostic efficacy for infection in patients with DKA, regardless of the type of diabetes. CONCLUSION This study concludes that leucocyte count (threshold > 10×109/L) and PLR (threshold above 0.438) show a diagnostic value to help distinguish DKA patients with infection. By combining these two markers, the reduction of antibiotic misuse may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Research Institution of Diabetes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengju Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shandong Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shandong Ye, Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Khalfallah O, Barbosa S, Martinuzzi E, Davidovic L, Yolken R, Glaichenhaus N. Monitoring inflammation in psychiatry: Caveats and advice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 54:126-135. [PMID: 34607723 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most researchers working in the field of immunopsychiatry would agree with the statement that "severe psychiatric disorders are associated with inflammation and more broadly with changes in immune variables". However, as many other fields in biology and medicine, immunopsychiatry suffers from a replication crisis characterized by lack of reproducibility. In this paper, we will comment on four types of immune variables which have been studied in psychiatric disorders: Acute Phase Proteins (AAPs), cytokines, lipid mediators of inflammation and immune cell parameters, and discuss the rationale for looking at them in blood. We will briefly describe the analytical methods that are currently used to measure the levels of these biomarkers and comment on overlooked analytical and statistical methodological issues that may explain some of the conflicting data reported in the literature. Lastly, we will briefly summarize what cross-sectional, longitudinal and mendelian randomization studies have brought to our understanding of schizophrenia (SZ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Khalfallah
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Susana Barbosa
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Emanuela Martinuzzi
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Laetitia Davidovic
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Robert Yolken
- John Hopkins School of Medicine, The John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, United States
| | - Nicolas Glaichenhaus
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.
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Nuutila J, Hohenthal U, Oksi J, Jalava-Karvinen P. Rapid detection of bacterial infection using a novel single-tube, four-colour flow cytometric method: Comparison with PCT and CRP. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103724. [PMID: 34844193 PMCID: PMC8633870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key factor behind the unnecessary use of antibiotics is the lack of rapid and accurate diagnostic tests. In this study, we developed a novel and fast flow cytometric single-tube method to detect bacterial infections within 30 minutes. METHODS Quantitative flow cytometric four-colour analysis of host biomarkers CD35, CD64, CD329, and MHC class I expression on neutrophils and lymphocytes was performed on samples taken from 841 febrile patients with suspected infection. Obtained data was incorporated into the four-colour bacterial infection (FCBI)-index, using the developed bacterial infection algorithm. FINDINGS In distinguishing between microbiologically confirmed bacterial (n = 193) and viral (n = 291) infections, the FCBI-index method was superior to serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT). In 269 confirmed viral respiratory tract infections, 43% (95% CI: 37-49%) of the patients had an increased FCBI-index, suggesting probable bacterial coinfection. INTERPRETATION The proposed FCBI-index test might be a potent additional tool when assessing appropriateness of empiric antibiotic treatment. FUNDING This study has been financially supported by Turku University Hospital (Turku, Finland) and The Finnish Medical Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Nuutila
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Ulla Hohenthal
- Turku University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Oksi
- Turku University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Päivi Jalava-Karvinen
- Turku University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Pavel B, Popescu MR, Skolozubova D, Flutur E, Voiculescu VM, Brezeanu AC. Early Low Level of Procalcitonin Is Associated with a Favorable Outcome in a Case of a Surviving Patient with 80% Body Surface Area Thermal Burn. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2021; 22:e934052. [PMID: 35642541 PMCID: PMC8635220 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.934052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burns covering a large skin surface area represent a life-threatening condition due to the release of cytokines and the activation of a systemic inflammatory response, as well as the potential for septic complications. Outcome for these patients is related to the burn surface, age, and coexisting diseases. Although some severity scores are available, such as the Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI), Baux score, R-Baux score, Boston score, and Belgian Outcome Burn Injury (BOBI) score, none can provide a solid picture of the final outcome. Recent studies claim that procalcitonin, a known sepsis marker, can assist in estimating a burn patient's chance of survival from the time of admission, and can also assist in estimating the chance of sepsis occurrence during hospitalization. CASE REPORT In this manuscript we report the case of a 28-year-old man who suffered burn injuries on approximately 80% of his body surface due to poor handling of a gasoline can in August 2018. Despite high severity index scores and early high values of C-reactive protein, we noticed a low level of early procalcitonin. In this case, as well in our previous experience, early low procalcitonin was associated with a favorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS Early procalcitonin values might prove to be a promising prognosis marker in some cases of extensive burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Pavel
- Division of Physiology and Neurosciences, „Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Roxana Popescu
- Division of Physiology and Neurosciences, „Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, „Elias” Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daria Skolozubova
- Division of Physiology and Neurosciences, „Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Flutur
- Department of Surgery, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Mihai Voiculescu
- Division of Physiology and Neurosciences, „Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, „Elias” Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ariana Cristina Brezeanu
- Division of Physiology and Neurosciences, „Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Bucharest, Romania
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20
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Wolfisberg S, Gregoriano C, Schuetz P. Procalcitonin for individualizing antibiotic treatment: an update with a focus on COVID-19. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 59:54-65. [PMID: 34517744 PMCID: PMC8442987 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1975637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) is useful for differentiating between viral and bacterial infections and for reducing the unnecessary use of antibiotics. As the rise of antimicrobial resistance reaches “alarming” levels according to the World Health Organization, the importance of using biomarkers, such as PCT to limit unnecessary antibiotic exposure has further increased. Randomized trials in patients with respiratory tract infections have shown that PCT has prognostic implications and its use, embedded in stewardship protocols, leads to reductions in the use of antibiotics in different clinical settings without compromising clinical outcomes. However, available data are heterogeneous and recent trials found no significant benefit. Still, from these trials, we have learned several key considerations for the optimal use of PCT, which depend on the clinical setting, severity of presentation, and pretest probability for bacterial infection. For patients with respiratory infections and sepsis, PCT can be used to determine whether to initiate antimicrobial therapy in low-risk settings and, together with clinical data, whether to discontinue antimicrobial therapy in certain high-risk settings. There is also increasing evidence regarding PCT-guided therapy in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review provides an up-to-date overview of the use of PCT in different clinical settings and diseases, including a discussion about its potential to improve the care of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philipp Schuetz
- Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland.,Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Prognostic Role of Serum Procalcitonin Measurement in Adult Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department with Fever. ANTIBIOTICS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070788. [PMID: 34209605 PMCID: PMC8300691 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives. Fever is one of the most common presenting complaints in the Emergency Department (ED). This study aimed at evaluating the prognostic role of serum Procalcitonin (PCT) measurement among adult patients admitted to the ED with fever. Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study including all consecutive patients admitted to ED with fever and subsequently hospitalized in a period of six-year (January 2014 to December 2019). Inclusion criteria were age > 18 years, fever (T ≥ 38 °C) or chills within 24 h from presentation to the ED as the main symptom, and availability of a PCT determination obtained <24 h since ED access. The primary endpoint was overall in-hospital mortality. Results. Overall, 6595 patients were included in the study cohort (3734 males, 55.6%), with a median age of 71 [58-81] years. Among these, based on clinical findings and quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA), 422 were considered septic (36.2% deceased), and 6173 patients non-septic (16.2% deceased). After correction for baseline covariates, a PCT > 0.5 ng/mL was an independent risk factor for all-cause in-hospital death in both groups (HR 1.77 [1.27-2.48], and 1.80 [1.59-2.59], respectively). Conclusions. Among adult patients admitted with fever, the PCT assessment in ED could have reduced prognostic power for patients with a high suspicion of sepsis. On the other hand, it could be useful for sepsis rule-out for patients at low risk. In these latter patients, the prognostic role of PCT is higher for those with a final diagnosis of bloodstream infection.
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22
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Meidrops K, Zuravlova A, Osipovs JD, Kalejs M, Groma V, Petrosina E, Reinis A, Strike E, Dumpis U, Erglis A, Stradins P. Comparison of outcome between blood culture positive and negative infective endocarditis patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 16:147. [PMID: 34044847 PMCID: PMC8161995 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-021-01532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Up to 30% or even more of all infective endocarditis (IE) cases are recognized as blood culture negative, meaning that the causative agent is left unidentified. The prompt diagnosis together with the identification of causative microorganism and targeted antibiotic treatment can significantly impact the prognosis of the disease and further patient’s health status. In some studies, blood culture negative endocarditis has been shown to be associated with delayed diagnosis, worse outcome and course of the disease, and a greater number of intra and postoperative complications. Methods We retrospectively analysed the medical records of all patients who underwent cardiac surgery for endocarditis between years 2016 and 2019. The aim of this study was to analyse short and long-term mortality and differences of laboratory, clinical and echocardiography parameters in patients with blood culture positive endocarditis (BCPE) and blood culture negative endocarditis (BCNE) and its possible impact on the clinical outcome. Results In our study population were 114 (55.1%) blood culture positive and 93 (44.9%) blood culture negative cases of infectious endocarditis. The most common pathogens in the blood culture positive IE group were S.aureus in 36 cases (31.6%), Streptococcus spp. in 27 (23.7%), E.faecalis in 24 (21.1%), and other microorganisms in 27 (23.7%). Embolic events were seen in 60 patients (28.9%). In univariate analyses, detection of microorganism, elevated levels of procalcitonin were found to be significantly associated with intrahospital death, however it did not reach statistical significance in multivariate analyses. Among microorganisms, S.aureus was significantly associated with intrahospital death in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions There are no statistically significant differences between groups of BCPE and BCNE in terms of intrahospital mortality, hospital and ICU stay or 3-year mortality. There were higher levels of procalcitonin in BCPE group, however procalcitonin failed to show independent association with mortality in multivariate analysis. The most common microorganism in the BCPE group was S.aureus. It was associated with independently higher intrahospital mortality when compared to other causative microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristians Meidrops
- Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia. .,Centre of Cardiac Surgery, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, 13 Pilsonu Street, Riga, LV-1002, Latvia.
| | - Arina Zuravlova
- Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | | | - Martins Kalejs
- Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia.,Centre of Cardiac Surgery, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, 13 Pilsonu Street, Riga, LV-1002, Latvia
| | - Valerija Groma
- Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Eva Petrosina
- Statistics Unit, Riga Stradins University, 14 Balozu Street, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia.,Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, UL House of Science, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Street, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Aigars Reinis
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Eva Strike
- Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia.,Department of Cardiovascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, LV-1002, Latvia
| | - Uga Dumpis
- Department of Infection Control, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, 13 Pilsonu Street, Riga, LV-1002, Latvia
| | - Andrejs Erglis
- Centre of Cardiology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, 13 Pilsonu Street, Riga, LV-1002, Latvia.,Faculty of Medicine, UL House of Science, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas Street, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Peteris Stradins
- Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia.,Centre of Cardiac Surgery, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, 13 Pilsonu Street, Riga, LV-1002, Latvia
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23
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Doerflinger M, Haeusler GM, Li-Wai-Suen CSN, Clark JE, Slavin M, Babl FE, Allaway Z, Mechinaud F, Smyth GK, De Abreu Lourenco R, Phillips B, Pellegrini M, Thursky KA. Procalcitonin and Interleukin-10 May Assist in Early Prediction of Bacteraemia in Children With Cancer and Febrile Neutropenia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641879. [PMID: 34093531 PMCID: PMC8173204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Febrile neutropenia (FN) causes treatment disruption and unplanned hospitalization in children with cancer. Serum biomarkers are infrequently used to stratify these patients into high or low risk for serious infection. This study investigated plasma abundance of cytokines in children with FN and their ability to predict bacteraemia. Methods Thirty-three plasma cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were measured using ELISA assays in samples taken at FN presentation (n = 79) and within 8–24 h (Day 2; n = 31). Optimal thresholds for prediction of bacteraemia were identified and the predictive ability of biomarkers in addition to routinely available clinical variables was assessed. Results The median age of included FN episodes was 6.0 years and eight (10%) had a bacteraemia. On presentation, elevated PCT, IL-10 and Mip1-beta were significantly associated with bacteraemia, while CRP, IL-6 and IL-8 were not. The combination of PCT (≥0.425 ng/ml) and IL-10 (≥4.37 pg/ml) had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 68.8–100%) and specificity of 89% (95% CI 80.0–95.0%) for prediction of bacteraemia, correctly identifying all eight bacteraemia episodes and classifying 16 FN episodes as high-risk. There was limited additive benefit of incorporating clinical variables to this model. On Day 2, there was an 11-fold increase in PCT in episodes with a bacteraemia which was significantly higher than that observed in the non-bacteraemia episodes. Conclusion Elevated PCT and IL-10 accurately identified all bacteraemia episodes in our FN cohort and may enhance the early risk stratification process in this population. Prospective validation and implementation is required to determine the impact on health service utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Doerflinger
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabrielle M Haeusler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,NHMRC National Centre for Infections in Cancer, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infection Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Connie S N Li-Wai-Suen
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julia E Clark
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Monica Slavin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,NHMRC National Centre for Infections in Cancer, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Franz E Babl
- Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Emergency Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Paediatric Emergency Medicine Centre of Research Excellence, ED Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zoe Allaway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,NHMRC National Centre for Infections in Cancer, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Francoise Mechinaud
- Unité D'hématologie Immunologie Pédiatrique, Hopital Robert Debré, APHP Nord Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard De Abreu Lourenco
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bob Phillips
- Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,NHMRC National Centre for Infections in Cancer, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karin A Thursky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,NHMRC National Centre for Infections in Cancer, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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24
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Katz SE, Crook J, McHenry R, Szeles A, Halasa N, Banerjee R. Prospective Observational Study to Determine Kinetics of Procalcitonin in Hospitalized Children Receiving Antibiotic Therapy for Non-Critical Acute Bacterial Infections. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:595-603. [PMID: 33064296 PMCID: PMC7954993 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The kinetics of procalcitonin in pediatric patients with non-critical acute bacterial infections receiving appropriate antibiotic therapy are not well described. METHODS We performed a single-center, prospective observational pilot study of children admitted to a tertiary care children's hospital who were receiving antibiotics for treatment of a non-critical acute bacterial infection, and we prospectively measured serial procalcitonin levels daily for 4 days during hospitalization. RESULTS Among the 46 children with baseline procalcitonin levels enrolled in the study, procalcitonin kinetics followed a half-life of approximately 24 h in most patients. Procalcitonin declined faster than C-reactive protein over the first 48 h of appropriate antibiotic treatment. There was variation in biomarker levels among participants with the same infection type, especially in participants with bacteremia, musculoskeletal infection and skin/soft tissue infection. CONCLUSION Utility of procalcitonin as a biomarker to follow every 24-48 h in non-critically ill children receiving antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections as an objective measure of clinical improvement is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Katz
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Jennifer Crook
- College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rendie McHenry
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andras Szeles
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Natasha Halasa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ritu Banerjee
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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25
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George JA, Mayne ES. The Novel Coronavirus and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1321:127-138. [PMID: 33656719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59261-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus which causes COVID-19 disease was initially described in the Hubei Province of China and has since spread to more than 200 countries and territories of the world. Severe cases of the disease are characterised by release of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators in a process characterised as a cytokine storm. These inflammatory mediators are associated with pathological leukocyte activation states with tissue damage. Here, we review these effects with a focus on their potential use in diagnosis, patient stratification and prognosis, as well as new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A George
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Services and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - E S Mayne
- Department of Immunology, National Health Laboratory Services and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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26
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Abstract
How to cite this article: Savio RD. Procalcitonin (in COVID-19): The Incessant Quest. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(1):1-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond D Savio
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Proton Cancer Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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Kayarat B, Khanna P, Sarkar S. Superadded Coinfections and Antibiotic Resistance in the Context of COVID-19: Where do We Stand? Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25:699-703. [PMID: 34316152 PMCID: PMC8286404 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review Poor outcomes in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been attributed to superadded bacterial coinfections. The World Health Organization has reported overzealous usage of broad-spectrum antibiotics during this current pandemic raising concerns of increasing antimicrobial resistance? Therefore, the knowledge of coinfection and the common pathogens during these challenging times is essential for antibiotic stewardship practices. Recent findings The incidence of reported superimposed bacterial and viral coinfections in COVID-19 patients is around 0.04 to 17%. However, more than 70% of patients have received broad-spectrum antibiotics. The presence of a simultaneous coinfection can be suspected in patients with neutrophilic lymphocytosis and elevated procalcitonin in the setting of COVID-19. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panels, with its short turnaround time, aid in the definitive diagnosis of possible coinfection. Acinetobacter baumanii, Mycoplasma pneumonia, influenza virus, Aspergillus, Candida, etc., are commonly implicated pathogens. Summary Rapid characterization of coinfection and avoidance of overzealous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in COVID-19 patients are the key to prevent antibiotic resistance during this pandemic. How to cite this article Kayarat B, Khanna P, Sarkar S. Superadded Coinfections and Antibiotic Resistance in the Context of COVID-19: Where do We Stand? Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(6):699–703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Kayarat
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Khanna
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumya Sarkar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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28
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Nakakubo S, Suzuki M, Kamada K, Yamashita Y, Nakamura J, Horii H, Sato K, Matsumoto M, Abe Y, Tsuji K, Ishiguro N, Nasuhara Y, Konno S. Proposal of COVID-19 Clinical Risk Score for the management of suspected COVID-19 cases: a case control study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:858. [PMID: 33208116 PMCID: PMC7672178 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No clinical scoring system has yet been established to estimate the likelihood of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and determine the suitability of diagnostic testing in suspected COVID-19 patients. METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective, observational study of patients with suspected COVID-19 and confirmed COVID-19. Patient background, clinical course, laboratory and computed tomography (CT) findings, and the presence of alternative diagnoses were evaluated. Clinical risk scores were developed based on clinical differences between patients with and without COVID-19. RESULTS Among 110 patients suspected of having COVID-19, 60.9% underwent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing based on the judgment of physicians. Two patients were found to have COVID-19. The clinical characteristics of 108 non-COVID-19 patients were compared with those of 23 confirmed COVID-19 patients. Patients with COVID-19 were more likely to have a history of high-risk exposures and an abnormal sense of taste and smell. The COVID-19 group had significantly higher rates of subnormal white blood cell counts, lower eosinophil counts, and lower procalcitonin levels than the non-COVID-19 group. When blood test results, CT findings, and the presence of alternative diagnoses were scored on an 11-point scale (i.e., "COVID-19 Clinical Risk Score"), the COVID-19 group scored significantly higher than the non-COVID-19 group, more than four points in the COVID-19 group. All non-COVID patients who did not undergo PCR had a score of 4 or less. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 Clinical Risk Score may enable the risk classification of patients suspected of having COVID-19 and can help in decision-making in clinical practice, including appropriateness of diagnostic testing. Further studies and prospective validation with an increased sample size are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Nakakubo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masaru Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Kamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yu Yamashita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Horii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Munehiro Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuki Abe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tsuji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Ishiguro
- Division of Infection Control, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nasuhara
- Division of Hospital Safety Management, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoshi Konno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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29
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Zinter MS, Dvorak CC, Auletta JJ. How We Treat Fever and Hypotension in Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Patients. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581447. [PMID: 33042850 PMCID: PMC7526343 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) survival is limited by the development of post-transplant infections. In this overview, we discuss a clinical approach to the prompt recognition and treatment of fever and hypotension in pediatric HCT patients. Special attention is paid to individualized hemodynamic resuscitation, thorough diagnostic testing, novel anti-pathogen therapies, and the multimodal support required for recovery. We present three case vignettes that illustrate the complexities of post-HCT sepsis and highlight best practices that contribute to optimal transplant survival in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt S Zinter
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christopher C Dvorak
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jeffery J Auletta
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
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