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Chalvatzaki E, Lazaridis M. A model study on the effect of human's height variability in particle deposition and retained dose in the respiratory tract. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34539-5. [PMID: 39090297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to investigate the impact of human's height variability to the deposition percentage, the deposited and the retained dose of particulate matter in the respiratory tract. In addition, the dose to the oesophagus, blood and lymph nodes was evaluated after particle clearance. A methodology which correlates anatomical and physiological parameters with height was adopted into an existing particle dosimetry model (Exposure Dose Model 2, ExDoM2). Model results showed that deposition of particles with aerodynamic diameter (dae) ranging from 0.001 to 10 μm depends on the competition between anatomical/physiological parameters, with the maximum effect induced from height variability to be observed for particles in the size range of 0.30 μm
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Chalvatzaki
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - Mihalis Lazaridis
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100, Chania, Crete, Greece.
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Nair AA, Lin S, Luo G, Ryan I, Qi Q, Deng X, Yu F. Environmental exposure disparities in ultrafine particles and PM 2.5 by urbanicity and socio-demographics in New York state, 2013-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117246. [PMID: 37806474 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spatiotemporal and demographic disparities in exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP; number concentrations of particulate matter (PM) with diameter ≤0.1 μm), a key subcomponent of fine aerosols (PM2.5; mass concentrations of PM ≤ 2.5 μm), have not been well studied. OBJECTIVE To quantify and compare the aerosol pollutant exposure disparities for UFP and PM2.5 by socio-demographic factors in New York State (NYS). METHODS Ambient atmospheric UFP and PM2.5 were quantified using a global three-dimensional model of chemical transport with state-of-the-science aerosol microphysical processes validated extensively with observations. We matched these to U.S. census demographic data for varied spatial scales (state, county, county subdivision) and derived population-weighted aerosol exposure estimates. Aerosol exposure disparities for each demographic and socioeconomic (SES) indicator, with a focus on race-ethnicity and income, were quantified for the period 2013-2020. RESULTS The average NYS resident was exposed to 4451 #·cm-3 UFP and 7.87 μg·m-3 PM2.5 in 2013-2020, but minority race-ethnicity groups were invariably exposed to greater daily aerosol pollution (UFP: +75.0% & PM2.5: +16.2%). UFP has increased since 2017 and is temporally and seasonally out-of-phase with PM2.5. Race-ethnicity exposure disparities for PM2.5 have declined over time; by -6% from 2013 to 2017 and plateaued thereafter despite its decreasing concentrations. In contrast, these disparities have increased (+12.5-13.5%) for UFP. The aerosol pollution exposure disparities were the highest for low-income minorities and were more amplified for UFP than PM2.5. DISCUSSION: We identified large disparities in aerosol pollution exposure by urbanization level and socio-demographics in NYS residents. Jurisdictions with higher proportions of race-ethnicity minorities, low-income residents, and greater urbanization were disproportionately exposed to higher concentrations of UFP and PM2.5 than other NYS residents. These race-ethnicity exposure disparities were much larger, more disproportionate, and unabating over time for UFP compared to PM2.5 across various income strata and levels of urbanicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Arjunan Nair
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12226, USA.
| | - Shao Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12226, USA
| | - Ian Ryan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Quan Qi
- Department of Economics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Xinlei Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12226, USA.
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Delaval MN, Jonsdottir HR, Leni Z, Keller A, Brem BT, Siegerist F, Schönenberger D, Durdina L, Elser M, Salathe M, Baumlin N, Lobo P, Burtscher H, Liati A, Geiser M. Responses of reconstituted human bronchial epithelia from normal and health-compromised donors to non-volatile particulate matter emissions from an aircraft turbofan engine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119521. [PMID: 35623573 PMCID: PMC10024864 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Health effects of particulate matter (PM) from aircraft engines have not been adequately studied since controlled laboratory studies reflecting realistic conditions regarding aerosols, target tissue, particle exposure and deposited particle dose are logistically challenging. Due to the important contributions of aircraft engine emissions to air pollution, we employed a unique experimental setup to deposit exhaust particles directly from an aircraft engine onto reconstituted human bronchial epithelia (HBE) at air-liquid interface under conditions similar to in vivo airways to mimic realistic human exposure. The toxicity of non-volatile PM (nvPM) from a CFM56-7B26 aircraft engine was evaluated under realistic engine conditions by sampling and exposing HBE derived from donors of normal and compromised health status to exhaust for 1 h followed by biomarker analysis 24 h post exposure. Particle deposition varied depending on the engine thrust levels with 85% thrust producing the highest nvPM mass and number emissions with estimated surface deposition of 3.17 × 109 particles cm-2 or 337.1 ng cm-2. Transient increase in cytotoxicity was observed after exposure to nvPM in epithelia derived from a normal donor as well as a decrease in the secretion of interleukin 6 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1. Non-replicated multiple exposures of epithelia derived from a normal donor to nvPM primarily led to a pro-inflammatory response, while both cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induction remained unaffected. This raises concerns for the long-term implications of aircraft nvPM for human pulmonary health, especially in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zaira Leni
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Keller
- Institute for Sensors and Electronics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T Brem
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - David Schönenberger
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Durdina
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Elser
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Prem Lobo
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Heinz Burtscher
- Institute for Sensors and Electronics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Anthi Liati
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Automotive Powertrain Technologies Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Geiser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Ward RX, Tilly TB, Mazhar SI, Robinson SE, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Wang J, Sabo-Attwood T, Wu CY. Mimicking the human respiratory system: Online in vitro cell exposure for toxicity assessment of welding fume aerosol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 395:122687. [PMID: 32330784 PMCID: PMC7276288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In assessing the biological impact of airborne particles in vitro, air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure chambers are increasingly preferred over classical submerged exposure techniques, albeit historically limited by their inability to deliver sufficient aerosolized dose. A novel ALI system, the Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID), bioinspired by the human respiratory system, uses water-based condensation for highly efficient aerosol deposition to ALI cell culture. Here, welding fumes (well-studied and inherently toxic ultrafine particles) were used to assess the ability of DAVID to generate toxicological responses between differing welding conditions. After fume exposure, ALI-cultured cells showed reductions in viability that were both distinct between welding conditions and linearly dose-dependent with respect to exposure time; comparatively, submerged cell cultures ran in parallel did not show these trends across exposure levels. DAVID delivers a substantial dose in minutes (> 100 μg/cm2), making it preferable over previous ALI systems, which require hours of exposure to deliver sufficient dose, and over submerged techniques, which lack comparable physiological relevance. DAVID has the potential to provide the most accurate assessment of in vitro toxicity yet from the perspectives of physiological relevance to the human respiratory system and efficiency in collecting ultrafine aerosol common to hazardous exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan X Ward
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Trevor B Tilly
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Syeda Irsa Mazhar
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Female Campus, Room No. 23, Hazrat Maryam Block, H-10 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sarah E Robinson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, HPNP 4157, 1225 Center Dr, PO Box 100188, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | | | - Jun Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 Northeast 13thSt, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, HPNP 4157, 1225 Center Dr, PO Box 100188, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, 1128 Center Dr, 220 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Kunovac A, Hathaway QA, Pinti MV, Taylor AD, Hollander JM. Cardiovascular adaptations to particle inhalation exposure: molecular mechanisms of the toxicology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H282-H305. [PMID: 32559138 PMCID: PMC7473925 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00026.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air, occupational settings, and the use and distribution of consumer products all serve as conduits for toxicant exposure through inhalation. While the pulmonary system remains a primary target following inhalation exposure, cardiovascular implications are exceptionally culpable for increased morbidity and mortality. The epidemiological evidence for cardiovascular dysfunction resulting from acute or chronic inhalation exposure to particulate matter has been well documented, but the mechanisms driving the resulting disturbances remain elusive. In the current review, we aim to summarize the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are directly linked to cardiovascular health following exposure to a variety of inhaled toxicants. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the biochemical changes in the cardiovascular system following particle inhalation exposure and to highlight potential biomarkers that exist across multiple exposure paradigms. We attempt to integrate these molecular signatures in an effort to provide direction for future investigations. This review also characterizes how molecular responses are modified in at-risk populations, specifically the impact of environmental exposure during critical windows of development. Maternal exposure to particulate matter during gestation can lead to fetal epigenetic reprogramming, resulting in long-term deficits to the cardiovascular system. In both direct and indirect (gestational) exposures, connecting the biochemical mechanisms with functional deficits outlines pathways that can be targeted for future therapeutic intervention. Ultimately, future investigations integrating "omics"-based approaches will better elucidate the mechanisms that are altered by xenobiotic inhalation exposure, identify biomarkers, and guide in clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Kunovac
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Quincy A Hathaway
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Mark V Pinti
- Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
- West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Andrew D Taylor
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - John M Hollander
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Mulder HA, Patterson JL, Halquist MS, Kosmider L, Turner JBM, Poklis JL, Poklis A, Peace MR. The Effect of Electronic Cigarette User Modifications and E-liquid Adulteration on the Particle Size Profile of an Aerosolized Product. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10221. [PMID: 31308389 PMCID: PMC6629610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are an alternate nicotine delivery system that generate a condensation aerosol to be inhaled by the user. The size of the droplets formed in the aerosol can vary and contributes to drug deposition and ultimate bioavailability in the lung. The growing popularity of e-cigarette products has caused an increase in internet sources promoting the use of drugs other than nicotine (DOTNs) in e-cigarettes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various e-cigarette and e-liquid modifications, such as coil resistance, battery voltage, and glycol and drug formulation, on the aerosol particle size. E-liquids containing 12 mg/mL nicotine prepared in glycol compositions of 100% propylene glycol (PG), 100% vegetable glycerin (VG), or 50:50 PG:VG were aerosolized at three voltages and three coil resistances. Methamphetamine and methadone e-liquids were prepared at 60 mg/mL in 50:50 PG:VG and all e-liquids were aerosolized onto a 10 stage Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor. Glycol deposition correlated with drug deposition, and the majority of particles centered between 0.172–0.5 μm in diameter, representing pulmonary deposition. The 100% PG e-liquid produced the largest aerosol particles and the 100% VG and 50:50 PG:VG e-liquids produced ultra-fine particles <0.3 μm. The presence of ultrafine particles indicates that drugs can be aerosolized and reach the pulmonary alveolar regions, highlighting a potential for abuse and risk of overdose with DOTNs aerosolized in an e-cigarette system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley A Mulder
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Jesse L Patterson
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Matthew S Halquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Leon Kosmider
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | | | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Alphonse Poklis
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.,Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Michelle R Peace
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA.
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