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A R, Han Z, Wang T, Zhu M, Zhou M, Sun X. Pulmonary delivery of nano-particles for lung cancer diagnosis and therapy: Recent advances and future prospects. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1933. [PMID: 37857568 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Although our understanding of lung cancer has significantly improved in the past decade, it is still a disease with a high incidence and mortality rate. The key reason is that the efficacy of the therapeutic drugs is limited, mainly due to insufficient doses of drugs delivered to the lungs. To achieve precise lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, nano-particles (NPs) pulmonary delivery techniques have attracted much attention and facilitate the exploration of the potential of those in inhalable NPs targeting tumor lesions. Since the therapeutic research focusing on pulmonary delivery NPs has rapidly developed and evolved substantially, this review will mainly discuss the current developments of pulmonary delivery NPs for precision lung cancer diagnosis and therapy. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong A
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC) of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoguo Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC) of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC) of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC) of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meifang Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC) of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xilin Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC) of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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de Pablo E, O'Connell P, Fernández-García R, Marchand S, Chauzy A, Tewes F, Dea-Ayuela MA, Kumar D, Bolás F, Ballesteros MP, Torrado JJ, Healy AM, Serrano DR. Targeting lung macrophages for fungal and parasitic pulmonary infections with innovative amphotericin B dry powder inhalers. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122788. [PMID: 36863544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of fungal pulmonary infections is known to be on the increase, and yet there is an alarming gap in terms of marketed antifungal therapies that are available for pulmonary administration. Amphotericin B (AmB) is a highly efficient broad-spectrum antifungal only marketed as an intravenous formulation. Based on the lack of effective antifungal and antiparasitic pulmonary treatments, the aim of this study was to develop a carbohydrate-based AmB dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation, prepared by spray drying. Amorphous AmB microparticles were developed by combining 39.7 % AmB with 39.7 % γ-cyclodextrin, 8.1 % mannose and 12.5 % leucine. An increase in the mannose concentration from 8.1 to 29.8 %, led to partial drug crystallisation. Both formulations showed good in vitro lung deposition characteristics (80 % FPF < 5 µm and MMAD < 3 µm) at different air flow rates (60 and 30 L/min) when used with a DPI, but also during nebulisation upon reconstitution in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- E de Pablo
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P O'Connell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - R Fernández-García
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Marchand
- UMR 1070, Université de PoitiersPôle Biologie Santé, 1, Rue Georges Bonnet, 86073 Poitiers, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie-Pharmacocinétique, CHU de Poitiers, 2, Rue de la milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - A Chauzy
- UMR 1070, Université de PoitiersPôle Biologie Santé, 1, Rue Georges Bonnet, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - F Tewes
- UMR 1070, Université de PoitiersPôle Biologie Santé, 1, Rue Georges Bonnet, 86073 Poitiers, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie-Pharmacocinétique, CHU de Poitiers, 2, Rue de la milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - M A Dea-Ayuela
- Pharmacy Department, School of Life Sciences, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Moncada 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - D Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - F Bolás
- Parasitology Department, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M P Ballesteros
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Torrado
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A M Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - D R Serrano
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Han Y, Zhu Y, Youngblood HA, Almuntashiri S, Jones TW, Wang X, Liu Y, Somanath PR, Zhang D. Nebulization of extracellular vesicles: A promising small RNA delivery approach for lung diseases. J Control Release 2022; 352:556-569. [PMID: 36341934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are a group of cell-secreted nanovesicles with a diameter up to 200 nm. A growing number of studies have indicated that sEVs can reflect the pathogenesis of human diseases and mediate intercellular communications. Recently, sEV research has drastically increased due to their drug delivery property. However, a comprehensive method of delivering exogenous small RNAs-loaded sEVs through nebulization has not been reported. The methodology is complicated by uncertainty regarding the integrity of sEVs after nebulization, the delivery efficiency of aerosolized sEVs, their deposition in the lungs/cells, etc. This study demonstrates that sEVs can be delivered to murine lungs through a vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN). In vivo sEV tracking indicated that inhaled sEVs were distributed exclusively in the lung and localized primarily in lung macrophages and airway epithelial cells. Additionally, sEVs loaded with small RNAs were successfully delivered into the lungs. The administration of siMyd88-loaded sEVs through inhalation reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury in mice, supporting an application of this nebulization methodology to deliver functional small RNAs. Collectively, our study proposes a novel method of sEVs-mediated small RNA delivery into the murine lung through nebulization and presents a potential sEV-based therapeutic strategy for human lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Han
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Yin Zhu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Hannah A Youngblood
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Sultan Almuntashiri
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Timothy W Jones
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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Meng L, Liao X, Wang Y, Chen L, Gao W, Wang M, Dai H, Yan N, Gao Y, Wu X, Wang K, Liu Q. Pharmacologic therapies of ARDS: From natural herb to nanomedicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:930593. [PMID: 36386221 PMCID: PMC9651133 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.930593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common critical illness in respiratory care units with a huge public health burden. Despite tremendous advances in the prevention and treatment of ARDS, it remains the main cause of intensive care unit (ICU) management, and the mortality rate of ARDS remains unacceptably high. The poor performance of ARDS is closely related to its heterogeneous clinical syndrome caused by complicated pathophysiology. Based on the different pathophysiology phases, drugs, protective mechanical ventilation, conservative fluid therapy, and other treatment have been developed to serve as the ARDS therapeutic methods. In recent years, there has been a rapid development in nanomedicine, in which nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles have been extensively studied in the treatment of ARDS. This study provides an overview of pharmacologic therapies for ARDS, including conventional drugs, natural medicine therapy, and nanomedicine. Particularly, we discuss the unique mechanism and strength of nanomedicine which may provide great promises in treating ARDS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Meng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Ximing Liao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Liangzhi Chen
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Muyun Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Huiling Dai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
| | - Na Yan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yixuan Gao
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Wang, ; Qinghua Liu,
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of medicine, Tongji University, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Wang, ; Qinghua Liu,
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Forest V, Pourchez J. Nano-delivery to the lung - by inhalation or other routes and why nano when micro is largely sufficient? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 183:114173. [PMID: 35217112 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases gather a wide range of disorders which are generally difficult to treat, partly due to a poor delivery of drugs to the lung with adequate dose and minimum side effects. With the recent developments of nanotechnology, nano-delivery systems have raised interest. In this review, we detail the main types of nanocarriers that have been developed presenting their respective advantages and limitations. We also discuss the route of administration (systemic versus by inhalation), also considering technical aspects (different types of aerosol devices) with concrete examples of applications. Finally, we propose some perspectives of development in the field such as the nano-in-micro approaches, the emergence of drug vaping to generate airborne carriers in the submicron size range, the development of innovative respiratory models to assess regional aerosol deposition of nanoparticles or the application of nano-delivery to the lung in the treatment of other diseases.
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Antih J, Houdkova M, Urbanova K, Kokoska L. Antibacterial Activity of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil Vapours and Their GC/MS Analysis Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Syringe Headspace Sampling Techniques. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216553. [PMID: 34770961 PMCID: PMC8588168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the inhalation of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil (EO) is commonly approved for the treatment of mild respiratory infections, there is still a lack of data regarding the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of its vapours. The antibacterial activity of the three T. vulgaris EOs against respiratory pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes, was assessed in both liquid and vapour phases using the broth microdilution volatilisation (BMV) method. With the aim of optimising a protocol for the characterisation of EO vapours, their chemical profiles were determined using two headspace sampling techniques coupled with GC/MS: solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and syringe headspace sampling technique (HS-GTS). All EO sample vapours exhibited antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 512 to 1024 μg/mL. According to the sampling technique used, results showed a different distribution of volatile compounds. Notably, thymol was found in lower amounts in the headspace—peak percentage areas below 5.27% (HS-SPME) and 0.60% (HS-GTS)—than in EOs (max. 48.65%), suggesting that its antimicrobial effect is higher in vapour. Furthermore, both headspace sampling techniques were proved to be complementary for the analysis of EO vapours, whereas HS-SPME yielded more accurate qualitative results and HS-GTS proved a better technique for quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Antih
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (J.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Marketa Houdkova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (J.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Klara Urbanova
- Department of Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic;
| | - Ladislav Kokoska
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (J.A.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-224-382-180
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Debnath SK, Srivastava R, Debnath M, Omri A. Status of inhalable antimicrobial agents for lung infection: progress and prospects. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:1251-1270. [PMID: 33866900 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1919514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Available parenteral and oral administration of antimicrobial agents (AMAs) in respiratory infections often show less penetration into the lung parenchyma. Due to inappropriate dose availability, the rate of antibiotic resistance is increasing gradually. Inhaled antibiotics intensely improve the availability of drugs at the site of respiratory infections. This targeted delivery minimizes systemic exposure and associated toxicity.Area covers: This review was performed by searching in the scientific database like PubMed and several trusted government sites like fda.gov, cdc.gov, ClinicalTrials.gov, etc. For better understanding, AMAs are classified in different stages of approval. Mechanism and characterization of pulmonary drug deposition section helps to understand the effective delivery of AMAs to the respiratory tract. There is a need for proper adoption of delivery devices for inhalable AMAs. Thus, delivery devices are extensively explained. Inspiratory flow has a remarkable impact on the delivery device that has been explained in detail.Expert opinion: Pulmonary delivery restricts the bulk administration of drugs in comparison with other routes. Therefore, novel AMAs with higher bactericidal activity at lower concentrations need to be synthesized. Extensive research is indeed in developing innovative delivery devices that would able to deliver higher doses of AMAs through the pulmonary route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Kumar Debnath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Monalisha Debnath
- School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
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Woods N, MacLoughlin R. Defining a Regulatory Strategy for ATMP/Aerosol Delivery Device Combinations in the Treatment of Respiratory Disease. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E922. [PMID: 32993197 PMCID: PMC7601063 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced Therapeutic Medicinal Products (ATMP) are a heterogenous group of investigational medicinal products at the forefront of innovative therapies with direct applicability in respiratory diseases. ATMPs include, but are not limited to, stem cells, their secretome, or extracellular vesicles, and each have shown some potential when delivered topically within the lung. This review focuses on that subset of ATMPs. One key mode of delivery that has enabling potential in ATMP validation is aerosol-mediated delivery. The selection of the most appropriate aerosol generator technology is influenced by several key factors, including formulation, patient type, patient intervention, and healthcare economics. The aerosol-mediated delivery of ATMPs has shown promise for the treatment of both chronic and acute respiratory disease in pre-clinical and clinical trials; however, in order for these ATMP device combinations to translate from the bench through to commercialization, they must meet the requirements set out by the various global regulatory bodies. In this review, we detail the potential for ATMP utility in the lungs and propose the nebulization of ATMPs as a viable route of administration in certain circumstances. Further, we provide insight to the current regulatory guidance for nascent ATMP device combination product development within the EU and US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Woods
- College of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
- Aerogen Ltd., Galway Business Park, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland
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Foligno S, Loi B, Pezza L, Piastra M, Autilio C, De Luca D. Extrapulmonary Surfactant Therapy: Review of Available Data and Research/Development Issues. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60:1561-1572. [PMID: 32578234 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of surfactant, a large amount of knowledge has been accumulated about its biology and pharmacology. Surfactant is the cornerstone of neonatal respiratory critical care, but its proteins and phospholipids are produced in various tissues and organs, with possible roles only partially similar to that played in the alveoli. As surfactant research is focused mainly on its respiratory applications, knowledge about the possible role of surfactant in extrapulmonary disorders has never been summarized. Here we aim to comprehensively review the data about surfactant biology and pharmacology in organs other than the lung, especially focusing in the more promising surfactant extrapulmonary roles. We also review any preclinical or clinical data available about the therapeutic use of surfactant in these contexts. We offer a summary of knowledge and research/development milestones, as possible useful guidance for researchers of multidisciplinary background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Foligno
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatal Critical Care, Medical Center, "A. Béclère," South Paris University Hospitals, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Barbara Loi
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatal Critical Care, Medical Center, "A. Béclère," South Paris University Hospitals, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Lucilla Pezza
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital "A.Gemelli"-IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Piastra
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital "A.Gemelli"-IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Autilio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, and Research Institut-Hospital "12 de Octubre,", Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniele De Luca
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatal Critical Care, Medical Center, "A. Béclère," South Paris University Hospitals, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,Physiopathology and Therapeutic Innovation Unit-INSERM U999, South Paris/Saclay University, Paris, France
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