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Elsayed A, Plüss L, Nideroest L, Rotta G, Thoma M, Zangger N, Peissert F, Pfister SK, Pellegrino C, Dakhel Plaza S, De Luca R, Manz MG, Oxenius A, Puca E, Halin C, Neri D. Optimizing the Design and Geometry of T Cell-Engaging Bispecific Antibodies Targeting CEA in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:1010-1020. [PMID: 38638035 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with a 5-year survival rate of only 15%. T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies (TCBs) represent a class of biopharmaceuticals that redirect cytotoxic T cells toward tumor cells, thereby turning immunologically "cold" tumors into "hot" ones. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is an attractive tumor-associated antigen that is overexpressed in more than 98% of patients with colorectal cancer. In this study, we report the comparison of four different TCB formats employing the antibodies F4 (targeting human CEA) and 2C11 (targeting mouse CD3ε). These formats include both antibody fragment-based and IgG-based constructs, with either one or two binding specificities of the respective antibodies. The 2 + 1 arrangement, using an anti-CEA single-chain diabody fused to an anti-CD3 single-chain variable fragment, emerged as the most potent design, showing tumor killing at subnanomolar concentrations across three different CEA+ cell lines. The in vitro activity was three times greater in C57BL/6 mouse colon adenocarcinoma cells (MC38) expressing high levels of CEA compared with those expressing low levels, highlighting the impact of CEA density in this assay. The optimal TCB candidate was tested in two different immunocompetent mouse models of colorectal cancer and showed tumor growth retardation. Ex vivo analysis of tumor infiltrates showed an increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon TCB treatment. This study suggests that bivalent tumor targeting, monovalent T-cell targeting, and a short spatial separation are promising characteristics for CEA-targeting TCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Elsayed
- Philochem AG, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Louis Plüss
- Philochem AG, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Nideroest
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marina Thoma
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Zangger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Christian Pellegrino
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Markus G Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Cornelia Halin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Philochem AG, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
- Philogen SpA, Siena, Italy
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2
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Zabeti Touchaei A, Vahidi S, Samadani AA. Immune landscape in APC and TP53 related tumor microenvironment in colon adenocarcinoma: A bioinformatic analysis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2024; 14:154-165. [PMID: 38470482 PMCID: PMC11097784 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2024.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction APC and TP53 are the two most regularly mutated genes in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), especially in progressive malignancies and antitumoral immune response. The current bioinformatics analysis investigates the APC and TP53 gene expression profile in colon adenocarcinoma as a prognostic characteristic for survival, particularly concentrating on the correlated immune microenvironment. Methods Clinical and genetic data of colon cancer and normal tissue samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-COAD and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) online databases, respectively. The genetic differential expressions were analyzed in both groups via the one-way ANOVA test. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were applied to estimate the overall survival (OS). P < 0.05 was fixed as statistically significant. On Tumor Immune Estimation Resource and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis databases, the linkage between immune cell recruitment and APC and TP53 status was assessed through Spearman's correlation analysis. Results APC and TP53 were found mutated in 66.74% and 85.71% of the 454 and 7 TCGA-COAD patients in colon and rectosigmoid junction primary sites, respectively with a higher log2-transcriptome per million reads compared to the GTEx group (318 samples in sigmoid and 368 samples in transverse). Survival curves revealed a worse significant OS for the high-APC and TP53 profile colon. Spearman's analysis of immune cells demonstrated a strong positive correlation between the APC status and infiltration of T cell CD4+, T cell CD8+, NK cell, and macrophages and also a positive correlation between status and infiltration of T cell CD4+, T cell CD8+. Conclusions APC and TP53 gene mutations prevail in colon cancer and are extremely associated with poor prognosis and shortest survival. The infiltrating T cell CD4+, T cell CD8+, NK cell, and macrophages populate the colon microenvironment and regulate the mechanisms of tumor advancement, immune evasion, and sensitivity to standard chemotherapy. More comprehensive research is needed to demonstrate these results and turn them into new therapeutic outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sogand Vahidi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Samadani
- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Trauma Institute, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Li Y, Yuan Z, Wang L, Yang J, Pu P, Le Y, Chen X, Wang C, Gao Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Gao X, Li Y, Wang H, Zou C. Prolyl isomerase Pin1 sculpts the immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer. Cell Signal 2024; 115:111041. [PMID: 38199598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Pin1, a peptide prolyl cis-trans isomerase, is overexpressed and/or overactivated in many human malignancies. However, whether Pin1 regulates the immunosuppressive TME has not been well defined. In this study, we detected the effect of Pin1 on immune cells and immune checkpoint PD-L1 in the TME of CRC and explored the anti-tumor efficacy of Pin1 inhibitor ATRA combined with PD-1 antibody. We found that Pin1 facilitated the immunosuppressive TME by raising the proportion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and declining the percentage of CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells. Pin1 restrained PD-L1 protein expression in CRC cells and the effect was tempered by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducers. Mechanically, Pin1 overexpression decreased the stability of PD-L1 and promoted its degradation by mitigating ER stress. Silencing or inhibiting Pin1 promoted PD-L1 protein expression by inducing ER stress. Hence, Pin1 inhibitor ATRA enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of PD-1 antibody in the CRC allograft by upregulating PD-L1. Our results reveal the critical and pleiotropic effects of Pin1 on managing the immune cells and immune checkpoint PD-L1 in the TME of CRC, providing a new promising candidate for combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhongnan Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Pei Pu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yunting Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - XianWei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yating Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jialin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medicine Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research of Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yanze Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Hefei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Chaoxia Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medicine Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
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Mani R, Martin CG, Balu KE, Wang Q, Rychahou P, Izumi T, Evers BM, Suzuki Y. A Novel Protozoa Parasite-Derived Protein Adjuvant Is Effective in Immunization with Cancer Cells to Activate the Cancer-Specific Protective Immunity and Inhibit the Cancer Growth in a Murine Model of Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2024; 13:111. [PMID: 38247803 PMCID: PMC10814441 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells play important roles in preventing cancer growth, and IFN-γ, in addition to IL-12 and type I interferon, is critical for activating CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. We recently identified the capability of the amino-terminus region of dense granule protein 6 (GRA6Nt) of Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular protozoan parasite, to activate IFN-γ production of microglia, a tissue-resident macrophage population. Therefore, in the present study, we examined whether recombinant GRA6Nt protein (rGRA6Nt) functions as an effective adjuvant to potently activate cancer-specific protective immunity using a murine model of MC38 colorectal cancer (CRC). When mice were immunized with non-replicable (either treated with mitomycin C or irradiated by X-ray) MC38 CRC cells in combination with rGRA6Nt adjuvant and received a challenge implantation of replication-capable MC38 tumor cells, those mice markedly inhibited the growth of the implanted tumors in association with a two-fold increase in CD8+ T cell density within the tumors. In addition, CD8+ T cells of the immunized mice secreted significantly increased amounts of granzyme B, a key mediator of the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells, and IFN-γ in response to MC38 CRC cells in vitro when compared to the T cells from unimmunized mice. Notably, the protective effects of the immunization were specific to MC38 CRC cells, as the immunized mice did not exhibit a significantly inhibited growth of EL4 lymphoma tumors. These results indicate that rGRA6Nt is a novel and effective protein adjuvant when used in immunizations with non-replicable cancer cells to potently activate the protective immunity specifically against the cancer cells employed in the immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.M.)
| | - Chloe G. Martin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.M.)
| | - Kanal E. Balu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.M.)
| | - Qingding Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA (P.R.)
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Piotr Rychahou
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA (P.R.)
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Tadahide Izumi
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA (P.R.)
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.M.)
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Chen J, Madina BR, Ahmadi E, Yarovinsky TO, Krady MM, Meehan EV, Wang IC, Ye X, Pitmon E, Ma XY, Almassian B, Nakaar V, Wang K. Cancer immunotherapy with enveloped self-amplifying mRNA CARG-2020 that modulates IL-12, IL-17 and PD-L1 pathways to prevent tumor recurrence. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:335-349. [PMID: 38261838 PMCID: PMC10792965 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting multiple immune mechanisms may overcome therapy resistance and further improve cancer immunotherapy for humans. Here, we describe the application of virus-like vesicles (VLV) for delivery of three immunomodulators alone and in combination, as a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. VLV vectors were designed to deliver single chain interleukin (IL)-12, short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and a dominant-negative form of IL-17 receptor A (dn-IL17RA) as a single payload or as a combination payload. Intralesional delivery of the VLV vector expressing IL-12 alone, as well as the trivalent vector (designated CARG-2020) eradicated large established tumors. However, only CARG-2020 prevented tumor recurrence and provided long-term survival benefit to the tumor-bearing mice, indicating a benefit of the combined immunomodulation. The abscopal effects of CARG-2020 on the non-injected contralateral tumors, as well as protection from the tumor cell re-challenge, suggest immune-mediated mechanism of protection and establishment of immunological memory. Mechanistically, CARG-2020 potently activates Th1 immune mechanisms and inhibits expression of genes related to T cell exhaustion and cancer-promoting inflammation. The ability of CARG-2020 to prevent tumor recurrence and to provide survival benefit makes it a promising candidate for its development for human cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- The Eighth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Foshan 528000, China
| | | | - Elham Ahmadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- CaroGen Corporation, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | | | - Eileen Victoria Meehan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Isabella China Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- The Loomis Chaffee School, Windsor, CT 06095, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Ye
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Elise Pitmon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kepeng Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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6
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Du YX, Mamun AA, Lyu AP, Zhang HJ. Natural Compounds Targeting the Autophagy Pathway in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087310. [PMID: 37108476 PMCID: PMC10138367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway by which misfolded proteins or damaged organelles are delivered in a double-membrane vacuolar vesicle and finally degraded by lysosomes. The risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is high, and there is growing evidence that autophagy plays a critical role in regulating the initiation and metastasis of CRC; however, whether autophagy promotes or suppresses tumor progression is still controversial. Many natural compounds have been reported to exert anticancer effects or enhance current clinical therapies by modulating autophagy. Here, we discuss recent advancements in the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in regulating CRC. We also highlight the research on natural compounds that are particularly promising autophagy modulators for CRC treatment with clinical evidence. Overall, this review illustrates the importance of autophagy in CRC and provides perspectives for these natural autophagy regulators as new therapeutic candidates for CRC drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Xiao Du
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ai-Ping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhang Y, Li H, Lv L, Lu K, Li H, Zhang W, Cui T. Autophagy: Dual roles and perspective for clinical treatment of colorectal cancer. Biochimie 2023; 206:49-60. [PMID: 36244578 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) raises concerns to people because of its high recurrence and metastasis rate, diagnosis challenges, and poor prognosis. Various studies have shown the association of altered autophagy with tumorigenesis, tumor-stroma interactions, and resistance to cancer therapy in CRC. Autophagy is a highly conserved cytosolic catabolic process in eukaryotes that plays distinct roles in CRC occurrence and progression. In early tumorigenesis, autophagy may inhibit tumor growth through diverse mechanisms, whereas it exhibits a tumor promoting function in CRC progression. This different functions of autophagy in CRC occurrence and progression make developing therapies targeting autophagy complicated. In this review, we discuss the classification and process of autophagy as well as its dual roles in CRC, functions in the tumor microenvironment, cross-talk with apoptosis, and potential usefulness as a CRC therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Zhang
- West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Gynecological Disease Research and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Huihui Li
- West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Gynecological Disease Research and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Cui
- West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Gynecological Disease Research and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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8
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Plüss L, Peissert F, Elsayed A, Rotta G, Römer J, Dakhel Plaza S, Villa A, Puca E, De Luca R, Oxenius A, Neri D. Generation and in vivo characterization of a novel high-affinity human antibody targeting carcinoembryonic antigen. MAbs 2023; 15:2217964. [PMID: 37243574 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2217964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no effective treatment options for most patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). mCRC remains a leading cause of tumor-related death, with a five-year survival rate of only 15%, highlighting the urgent need for novel pharmacological products. Current standard drugs are based on cytotoxic chemotherapy, VEGF inhibitors, EGFR antibodies, and multikinase inhibitors. The antibody-based delivery of pro-inflammatory cytokines provides a promising and differentiated strategy to improve the treatment outcome for mCRC patients. Here, we describe the generation of a novel fully human monoclonal antibody (termed F4) targeting the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a tumor-associated antigen overexpressed in colorectal cancer and other malignancies. The F4 antibody was selected by antibody phage display technology after two rounds of affinity maturation. F4 in single-chain variable fragment format bound to CEA in surface plasmon resonance with an affinity of 7.7 nM. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence on human cancer specimens confirmed binding to CEA-expressing cells. F4 selectively accumulated in CEA-positive tumors, as evidenced by two orthogonal in vivo biodistribution studies. Encouraged by these results, we genetically fused murine interleukin (IL) 12 to F4 in the single-chain diabody format. F4-IL12 exhibited potent antitumor activity in two murine models of colon cancer. Treatment with F4-IL12 led to an increased density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and an upregulation of interferon γ expression by tumor-homing lymphocytes. These data suggest that the F4 antibody is an attractive delivery vehicle for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Plüss
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Abdullah Elsayed
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Rotta
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Römer
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Emanuele Puca
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen, Switzerland
| | | | - Annette Oxenius
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Philochem AG, Libernstrasse 3, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
- Philogen SpA, Località Bellaria, Sovicille, Italy
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9
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Monticone G, Huang Z, Csibi F, Leit S, Ciccone D, Champhekar AS, Austin JE, Ucar DA, Hossain F, Ibba SV, Boulares AH, Carpino N, Xu K, Majumder S, Osborne BA, Loh C, Miele L. Targeting the Cbl-b-Notch1 axis as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to boost CD8+ T-cell responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:987298. [PMID: 36090975 PMCID: PMC9459147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.987298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical feature of cancer is the ability to induce immunosuppression and evade immune responses. Tumor-induced immunosuppression diminishes the effectiveness of endogenous immune responses and decreases the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we describe a new immunosuppressive pathway in which adenosine promotes Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b)-mediated Notch1 degradation, causing suppression of CD8+ T-cells effector functions. Genetic knockout and pharmacological inhibition of Cbl-b prevents Notch1 degradation in response to adenosine and reactivates its signaling. Reactivation of Notch1 results in enhanced CD8+ T-cell effector functions, anti-cancer response and resistance to immunosuppression. Our work provides evidence that targeting the Cbl-b-Notch1 axis is a novel promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Monticone
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Fred Csibi
- Nimbus Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Silvana Leit
- Nimbus Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Ameya S. Champhekar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jermaine E. Austin
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Deniz A. Ucar
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Fokhrul Hossain
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Salome V. Ibba
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - A. Hamid Boulares
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Nicholas Carpino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Keli Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Samarpan Majumder
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Barbara A. Osborne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | | | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lucio Miele,
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10
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Park S, An J, Ha SY, Nam S, Kim JH. Immune signature as a potential marker for predicting response to immunotherapy in obesity-associated colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 37:1579-1587. [PMID: 35680621 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM It remains unclear whether immunotherapy, which is not generally considered for microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC), can be used to effectively treat select CRC patients. We investigated the feasibility of obesity-associated MSS CRC patients for immunotherapy based on genomic alterations. METHODS We evaluated differences in genomic alteration types and immune signatures between obese and non-obese patients with MSS CRC. We performed genomic analyses using 434 CRC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Patients with MSS CRC were stratified into subgroups based on their BMI and numbers of nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants (nsSNVs) and frameshift insertions and deletions (fs INDELs) using machine learning. RESULTS The obese subgroup showed higher incidences of single nucleotide variants (SNV) and insertions and deletions (INDELs) in comparison with healthy weight patients with MSS CRC. The subgroup, who had higher numbers of nsSNVs and fs INDLEs, exhibited increased immune signatures, increased number of SNV-derived neoantigens, and had up-regulated two immune checkpoint genes in comparison with healthy weight patients with MSS CRC, reflecting interactions between the cancer genome and immune system. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that immunotherapy may be suitable for some obesity-associated CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, AI Convergence Center for Genome Medicine, Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsuk An
- Department of Pathology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Ha
- Department of Pathology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Nam
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, AI Convergence Center for Genome Medicine, Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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11
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Al-Mterin MA, Murshed K, Alsalman A, Abu-Dayeh A, Elkord E. Associations of different immune checkpoints-expressing CD4+ Treg/ T cell subsets with disease-free survival in colorectal cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:601. [PMID: 35655158 PMCID: PMC9161559 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are different subsets of T regulatory cells (Tregs), orchestrating critical roles in the regulation of anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we report that a high frequency of circulating CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs was associated with poorer disease-free survival (DFS), while their higher frequencies in tumor-infiltrating CD4+ Tregs was associated with better DFS. We further investigated such associations with four Tregs/T cells expressing or lacking FoxP3 and Helios (FoxP3±Helios±). For the first time, we report that a high frequency of circulating CD4+FoxP3+Helios+ Tregs was associated with poorer DFS, while a high frequency of tumor-infiltrating CD4+FoxP3−Helios− T cells was associated with poorer DFS. In the four FoxP3±Helios± T cell subsets expressing any of the immune checkpoints (ICs) investigated, we found that a high frequency of CD4+FoxP3+Helios−PD-1+ Tregs in circulation was associated with worse DFS. We also found that high frequencies of FoxP3+Helios+CTLA-4+ Tregs, FoxP3+Helios−CTLA-4+ Tregs, and FoxP3−Helios+CTLA-4+ CD4+ T cells in circulation were associated with worse DFS. In contrast, high frequencies of CD4+TIM-3+ T cells, FoxP3+Helios+TIM-3+ Tregs, and FoxP3−Helios+TIM-3+ CD4+ T cells in circulation were associated with longer DFS. Our data show that certain CD4+ Treg/T cell subsets could serve as independent predictive biomarkers in CRC patients. Identification of the exact subpopulations contributing to clinical outcomes is critical for prognoses and therapeutic targeting.
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12
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The role of microbiota in colorectal cancer. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:683-691. [PMID: 35534716 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most important causes of death throughout the world, and the mortality rate is increasing significantly due to the aging of the population. One of the most common types of cancer is colorectal cancer (CRC). Human microbial ecosystems use metabolism to make important impacts on the body physiology. An intensive literature review was made to investigate the correlations between human gut microbiota and the incidence of CRC. The results of these studies show that there are differences in the composition of microbiota between CRC patients and normal people and the microorganisms in CRC patients are very different from healthy individuals. Therefore, changes in the microbiome can be used as a biomarker for the early detection of CRC. On the other hand, the intestinal flora is may be act as a powerful weapon against CRC in the future.
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13
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Cui G. Towards a precision immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer: Strategies and perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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14
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Lin Y, Kong DX, Zhang YN. Does the Microbiota Composition Influence the Efficacy of Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy? Front Oncol 2022; 12:852194. [PMID: 35463305 PMCID: PMC9023803 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common malignancy globally, and many people with CRC suffer the fate of death. Due to the importance of CRC and its negative impact on communities, treatment strategies to control it or increase patient survival are being studied. Traditional therapies, including surgery and chemotherapy, have treated CRC patients. However, with the advancement of science, we are witnessing the emergence of novel therapeutic approaches such as immunotherapy for CRC treatment, which have had relatively satisfactory clinical outcomes. Evidence shows that gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota, including various bacterial species, viruses, and fungi, can affect various biological events, regulate the immune system, and even treat diseases like human malignancies. CRC has recently shown that the gut microorganism pattern can alter both antitumor and pro-tumor responses, as well as cancer immunotherapy. Of course, this is also true of traditional therapies because it has been revealed that gut microbiota can also reduce the side effects of chemotherapy. Therefore, this review summarized the effects of gut microbiota on CRC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Health Management Center, Department of General Practice, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Lin, ; You-Ni Zhang,
| | - De-Xia Kong
- Health Management Center, Department of General Practice, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - You-Ni Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tiantai People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Lin, ; You-Ni Zhang,
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15
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Wang N, Wang R, Li X, Song Z, Xia L, Wang J, Zhang L, Wu A, Ding Z. Tumor Microenvironment Profiles Reveal Distinct Therapy-Oriented Proteogenomic Characteristics in Colorectal Cancer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:757378. [PMID: 34778231 PMCID: PMC8581216 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.757378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in immunotherapy have made an unprecedented leap in treating colorectal cancer (CRC). However, more effective therapeutic regimes need a deeper understanding of molecular architectures for precise patient stratification and therapeutic improvement. We profiled patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone or in combination with immunotherapy (PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor) using Digital Spatial Profiler (DSP), a high-plex spatial proteogenomic technology. Compartmentalization-based high-plex profiling of both proteins and mRNAs revealed pronounced immune infiltration at tumor regions associated with immunotherapy treatment. The protein and the corresponding mRNA levels within the same selected regions of those patient samples correlate, indicating an overall concordance between the transcriptional and translational levels. An elevated expression of PD-L1 at both protein and the mRNA levels was discovered in the tumor compartment of immunotherapy-treated patients compared with chemo-treated patients, indicating potential prognostic biomarkers are explorable in a spatial manner at the local tumor microenvironment (TME). An elevated expression of PD-L1 was verified by immunohistochemistry. Other compartment-specific biomarkers were also differentially expressed between the tumor and stromal regions, indicating a dynamic interplay that can potentiate novel biomarker discovery from the TME perspectives. Simultaneously, a high-plex spatial profiling of protein and mRNA in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Mills Institute for Personalized Cancer Care, Fynn Biotechnologies Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Rongshui Wang
- Mills Institute for Personalized Cancer Care, Fynn Biotechnologies Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Xia Li
- Mills Institute for Personalized Cancer Care, Fynn Biotechnologies Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Zhentao Song
- Mills Institute for Personalized Cancer Care, Fynn Biotechnologies Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Lingbo Xia
- Mills Institute for Personalized Cancer Care, Fynn Biotechnologies Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aiwen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Ding
- Mills Institute for Personalized Cancer Care, Fynn Biotechnologies Ltd., Jinan, China
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16
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Pan W, Zhao J, Zhang S, Chen X, Liang W, Li Q. Towards exertion of immunotherapeutics in the treatment of colorectal cancer; adverse sides, challenges, and future directions. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108337. [PMID: 34775366 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has growingly been prosperous as a promising therapeutic option for several kinds of solid tumors, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), subsequent to initial successful outcomes in the treatment of melanoma. The use of immunotherapy, like nivolumab and pembrolizumab (which are monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death 1) has shown prosperous outcomes in a group of CRC patients who represent mismatch-repair-deficient and microsatellite instability-high (dMMR-MSI-H). However, a successful outcome of treatment by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has not been observed in all of the metastatic CRC patients with dMMR-MSI-H tumors. ICIs are able to block the co-inhibitory signaling transduced in T cells, resulting in increased cytotoxic activity of T cells and efficient killing of tumor cells. In spite of availability of diverse immunotherapeutics in treatment of advanced CRC, a poor survival rate of such approaches has been reported along with challenges in the clinical practice. It is necessary to identify novel biomarkers and molecular signatures to approximate the outcome of ICI therapy in the metastatic CRC patients with dMMR-MSI-H tumors. Here we tried to clarify the current line of evidence regarding immunotherapeutics in the treatment of CRC, and discuss the challenges and hurdles in the management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihuo Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, PR China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province 312000, PR China
| | - Songou Zhang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, PR China
| | - Xiaozhen Chen
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, PR China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- Medical Research Center, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316000, PR China.
| | - Qingping Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province 316000, PR China.
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17
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Katkeviciute E, Hering L, Montalban-Arques A, Busenhart P, Schwarzfischer M, Manzini R, Conde J, Atrott K, Lang S, Rogler G, Naschberger E, Schellerer VS, Stürzl M, Rickenbacher A, Turina M, Weber A, Leibl S, Leventhal GE, Levesque M, Boyman O, Scharl M, Spalinger MR. Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 controls colorectal cancer development. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140281. [PMID: 33001862 DOI: 10.1172/jci140281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) recently emerged as a promising cancer immunotherapy target. We set out to investigate the functional role of PTPN2 in the pathogenesis of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC), as its role in immune-silent solid tumors is poorly understood. We demonstrate that in human CRC, increased PTPN2 expression and activity correlated with disease progression and decreased immune responses in tumor tissues. In particular, stage II and III tumors displayed enhanced PTPN2 protein expression in tumor-infiltrating T cells, and increased PTPN2 levels negatively correlated with expression of PD-1, CTLA4, STAT1, and granzyme A. In vivo, T cell- and DC-specific PTPN2 deletion reduced tumor burden in several CRC models by promoting CD44+ effector/memory T cells, as well as CD8+ T cell infiltration and cytotoxicity in the tumor. In direct relevance to CRC treatment, T cell-specific PTPN2 deletion potentiated anti-PD-1 efficacy and induced antitumor memory formation upon tumor rechallenge in vivo. Our data suggest a role for PTPN2 in suppressing antitumor immunity and promoting tumor development in patients with CRC. Our in vivo results identify PTPN2 as a key player in controlling the immunogenicity of CRC, with the strong potential to be exploited for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Katkeviciute
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | - Larissa Hering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | | | - Philipp Busenhart
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | | | - Roberto Manzini
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | - Javier Conde
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Vera S Schellerer
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Leibl
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel E Leventhal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Sung YN, Kim SJ, Jun SY, Yoo C, Kim KP, Lee JH, Hwang DW, Hwang S, Lee SS, Hong SM. Expression of HER2 and Mismatch Repair Proteins in Surgically Resected Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:658564. [PMID: 34367955 PMCID: PMC8339709 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.658564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gallbladder cancer (GBC) has a poor prognosis. Although complete surgical resection is the only successful approach for improving survival, additional therapeutic modalities are required for recurrent or surgically unresectable GBCs. Materials and Methods To determine the expression status of HER2 and the mismatch repair (MMR) proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, immunohistochemical staining of MMR proteins and HER2 was carried out in 216 surgically resected GBCs. HER2 labeling was scored by adopting a scoring system for gastric carcinomas. Tissues scoring 0 to 2+ were defined as HER2 negative, whereas those scoring 3+ were regarded as HER2-positive. In addition, silver in situ hybridization and microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis were conducted to confirm HER2 amplification and MSI, respectively. Results Three of 216 GBCs (1.3%) showed MMR protein deficiency. All three observed MSI cases exhibited dual loss of MSH2 and MSH6 protein expression. However, no cases showed loss of either MLH1 or PMS2 expression. No association was observed between MMR protein deficiency and other clinicopathological factors. HER2 amplification was noted in 30 (13.9%) GBCs and associated with Crohn-like lymphoid reaction (P = 0.023). No survival difference was observed based on HER2 overexpression or HER2 amplification status. Conclusion MMR protein deficiency and HER2 overexpression were observed in a small subset (1.3% and 13.9%, respectively) of GBCs without simultaneous occurrence of deficient MMR protein expression and HER2 overexpression. The presence of Crohn-like lymphoid reaction may help identify cases with HER2 amplification, by using hematoxylin-stained slides. Although the proportion of MMR protein-deficient- and HER2-overexpressing GBCs was small, applying immunotherapy to MMR protein-deficient GBCs and herceptin to HER2-overexpressing GBCs may provide alternative treatment options for patients with GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Na Sung
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Joo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Jun
- Department of Pathology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Changhoon Yoo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Pyo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Wook Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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He Y, Wang L, Li X, Zhang T, Song T, Zhang J, Yu Y, Chen S, Song H. Rectosigmoid-Junction Squamous Cell Carcinoma With pMMR/MSS Achieved a Partial Response Following PD-1 Blockade Combined With Chemotherapy: A Case Report. Front Oncol 2021; 11:596342. [PMID: 34113555 PMCID: PMC8185331 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.596342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is extremely rare and associated with a poor prognosis. And the pMMR/MSS colorectal cancer is related to a limited response to programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1) blockade monotherapy. However, the clinical activity of PD-1 blockade monotherapy or combination therapy in colorectal SCC is unknown. One patient with rectosigmoid-junction SCC was treated with PD-1 blockade combined with chemotherapy. After 3 months of PD-1 blockade and chemotherapy, the computed tomography imaging showed that this patient achieved a partial response. The next generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the patient had tumors with proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) and microsatellite stability (MSS), strong PD-L1 expression, and tumor mutational burden-high (TMB-High), respectively. This case suggests that PD-1 blockade combined with chemotherapy might be an effective therapy for colorectal SCC with pMMR/MSS status. Moreover, the PD-L1 expression and TMB might be the potential predictors of PD-1 blockade response for colorectal SCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin He
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lunqing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tongsong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tingting Song
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Yu
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqing Chen
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Haiping Song
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Qingdao Tumor Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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20
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Beckers P, Berzenji L, Yogeswaran SK, Lauwers P, Bilotta G, Shkarpa N, Hendriks J, Van Schil PE. Pulmonary metastasectomy in colorectal carcinoma. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:2628-2635. [PMID: 34012611 PMCID: PMC8107514 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-2019-pm-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It is estimated that 50% of all patients with CRC develop metastases, most commonly in the liver and the lung. Lung metastases are seen in approximately 10–15% of all patients with CRC. A large number of these patients with metastatic CRC can only receive palliative treatment due to invasion of other organs and disseminated disease. However, a subset of these patients present with potentially resectable metastases. Pulmonary metastasectomy is considered to be a potentially curative treatment for selected patients with resectable metastatic CRC. Current data suggest that patients that undergo pulmonary metastasectomy have 5-year survival rates of approximately 40%. However, the majority of data published regarding lung metastasectomy is based on small, retrospective case series. Due to this lack of prospective data, it is still unclear which subset of patients will benefit most from curative-intent surgery. Furthermore, there is also controversy regarding which prognostic and genetic factors are related to survival outcomes and whether there is a difference between open and thoracoscopic approaches in terms of overall and disease-free survival. In this review, we aim to summarize the latest data on prognostic factors and survival outcomes after pulmonary metastasectomy in patients with metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Beckers
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Lawek Berzenji
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Suresh K Yogeswaran
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Lauwers
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Giada Bilotta
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nikol Shkarpa
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Hendriks
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Paul E Van Schil
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
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21
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Co-inhibitor expression on tumor infiltrating and splenic lymphocytes after dual checkpoint inhibition in a microsatellite stable model of colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6956. [PMID: 33772035 PMCID: PMC7997991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated clinical impact in colorectal cancer with deficient mismatch repair and high microsatellite instability. However, the majority of patients have disease with stable microsatellites that responds poorly to immunotherapies. Combinations of checkpoint inhibitors are under investigation as a way of increasing immunogenicity and promoting a robust anti-tumor immune response. The purpose of this study is to quantify the immune responses induced by mono and dual checkpoint inhibition in a mismatch repair proficient model of colorectal cancer (CRC). Tumor growth rates were monitored over time and compared between groups. We utilized fluorescence-activated cell sorting to analyze CD8+ and CD4+ T cells after treatment with either single PD-1 inhibition or dual PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibition. Additionally, we sought to quantify the expression of co-inhibitory surface molecules PD-1, LAG3, and TIM3. Dual checkpoint inhibition was associated with a significantly slower growth rate as compared to either mono PD-1 inhibition or control (p < 0.05). Neither monotherapy nor dual checkpoint inhibition significantly affected the tumoral infiltration of lymphocytes. After treatment with dual inhibitors, infiltrating CD8+ T cells demonstrated significantly less expression of PD-1 (1700 vs. 2545 and 2462; p < 0.05) and LAG3 (446.2 vs. 694.4 and 707; p < 0.05) along with significantly more expression of TIM3 (12,611 vs. 2961 and 4259; p < 0.05) versus the control and anti-PD-1 groups. These results suggest that dual therapy with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies significantly inhibits growth of microsatellite stable CRC by suppressing immunosuppressive checkpoints. Upregulation of TIM3 represents a potential escape mechanism and a target for future combination immunotherapies in CRC.
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22
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Smolenschi C, Perret A, Dall'Armellina F, Boige V, Malka D, Hollebecque A, Ducreux M. An appraisal of emerging second line therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:165-179. [PMID: 33085557 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1840975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite a significant improvement in overall survival over the last 15 years, colorectal cancer remains a major public health problem worldwide. Much effort has been made to develop an optimal choice of first-line treatments, but after progression the therapeutic possibilities and the criteria for choice are different. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this literature review is to discuss the different possibilities of second-line treatment and to specify the criteria for choice. Biological subgroups requiring specific therapeutic decisions will be described. We conducted a systematic review for randomized controlled trials published since 1995. A non-exhaustive review of published phase II studies, cohort studies, and international guidelines was also given and future leads were discussed. EXPERT OPINION Some choices of second-line treatments are a direct result of the option chosen in the first line. Others are necessary because of the biological specificity of the tumor: immunotherapy for tumors with microsatellite instability, or the combination encorafenib cetuximab for mutated BRAF-V600E tumors. In many other circumstances, there are several options that require extensive involvement of multidisciplinary boards and the patient in the final therapeutic decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Smolenschi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Centre , Villejuif, France.,Departement of Therapeutic Innovation, Gustave Roussy Cancer Centre , Villejuif, France
| | - Audrey Perret
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Centre , Villejuif, France
| | | | - Valerie Boige
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Centre , Villejuif, France
| | - David Malka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Centre , Villejuif, France
| | - Antoine Hollebecque
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Centre , Villejuif, France.,Departement of Therapeutic Innovation, Gustave Roussy Cancer Centre , Villejuif, France
| | - Michel Ducreux
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Centre , Villejuif, France.,Paris-Saclay University , Saint Aubin, France
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Almquist DR, Ahn DH, Bekaii-Saab TS. The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. BioDrugs 2021; 34:349-362. [PMID: 32246441 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-020-00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have proven to be promising agents in a number of solid tumor malignancies. Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are ICIs that target programmed cell death protein 1 and both have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of microsatellite instability-high/DNA mismatch repair deficient (MSI-H/dMMR) colorectal cancer (CRC). In MSI-H/dMMR CRC, these agents were found to have considerable antitumor activity and are now used in the treatment of this disease. However, MSI-H/dMMR tumors account for only 5% of metastatic CRC and the remaining patients are identified as being microsatellite stable/DNA mismatch repair proficient (MSS/pMMR). In MSS/pMMR CRC, ICIs were found to have no antitumor activity and they are not currently used in the treatment of the disease. However, ongoing research is expanding our knowledge of how the human immune system interacts with cancer cells. Identifying mechanisms to improve our immune response to MSS/pMMR CRC is of utmost importance. In this review, we discuss available clinical data and the emerging role of immune-based strategies to overcome the resistance to ICI therapy in the treatment of MSS/pMMR CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Almquist
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic Hospital, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Daniel H Ahn
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic Hospital, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Tanios S Bekaii-Saab
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic Hospital, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA.
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24
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Ghonim MA, Ibba SV, Tarhuni AF, Errami Y, Luu HH, Dean MJ, El-Bahrawy AH, Wyczechowska D, Benslimane IA, Del Valle L, Al-Khami AA, Ochoa AC, Boulares AH. Targeting PARP-1 with metronomic therapy modulates MDSC suppressive function and enhances anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in colon cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001643. [PMID: 33495297 PMCID: PMC7839867 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (eg, olaparib) are effective against BRCA-mutated cancers at/near maximum tolerated doses by trapping PARP-1 on damaged chromatin, benefitting only small patient proportions. The benefits of targeting non-DNA repair aspects of PARP with metronomic doses remain unexplored. Methods Colon epithelial cells or mouse or human bone marrow (BM)-derived-myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were stimulated to assess the effect of partial PARP-1 inhibition on inflammatory gene expression or immune suppression. Mice treated with azoxymethane/four dextran-sulfate-sodium cycles or APCMin/+ mice bred into PARP-1+/− or treated with olaparib were used to examine the role of PARP-1 in colitis-induced or spontaneous colon cancer, respectively. Syngeneic MC-38 cell-based (microsatellite instability, MSIhigh) or CT-26 cell-based (microsatellite stable, MSS) tumor models were used to assess the effects of PARP inhibition on host responses and synergy with anti-Programmed cell Death protein (PD)-1 immunotherapy. Results Partial PARP-1 inhibition, via gene heterozygosity or a moderate dose of olaparib, protected against colitis-mediated/APCMin-mediated intestinal tumorigenesis and APCMin-associated cachexia, while extensive inhibition, via gene knockout or a high dose of olaparib, was ineffective or aggravating. A sub-IC50-olaparib dose or PARP-1 heterozygosity was sufficient to block tumorigenesis in a syngeneic colon cancer model by modulating the suppressive function, but not intratumoral migration or differentiation, of MDSCs, with concomitant increases in intratumoral T cell function and cytotoxicity, as assessed by granzyme-B/interferon-γ levels. Adoptive transfer of WT-BM-MDSCs abolished the protective effects of PARP-1 heterozygosity. The mechanism of MDSC modulation involved a reduction in arginase-1/inducible nitric oxide synthase/cyclo-oxygenase-2, but independent of PARP-1 trapping on chromatin. Although a high-concentration olaparib or the high-trapping PARP inhibitor, talazoparib, activated stimulator of interferon gene (STING) in BRCA-proficient cells and induced DNA damage, sub-IC50 concentrations of either drug failed to induce activation of the dsDNA break sensor. STING expression appeared dispensable for MDSC suppressive function and was not strictly required for olaparib-mediated effects. Ironically, STING activation blocked human and mouse MDSC function with no additive effects with olaparib. A metronomic dose of olaparib was highly synergistic with anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy, leading to eradication of MSIhigh or reduction of MSS tumors in mice. Conclusions These results support a paradigm-shifting concept that expands the utility of PARP inhibitor and encourage testing metronomic dosing of PARP inhibitor to enhance the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ghonim
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Salome V Ibba
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Abdelmetalab F Tarhuni
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Youssef Errami
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hanh H Luu
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew J Dean
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ali H El-Bahrawy
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dorota Wyczechowska
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ilyes A Benslimane
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Luis Del Valle
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Amir A Al-Khami
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Augusto C Ochoa
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - A Hamid Boulares
- Stanley Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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25
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Koustas E, Sarantis P, Theodorakidou M, Karamouzis MV, Theocharis S. Autophagy and salivary gland cancer: A putative target for salivary gland tumors. Tumour Biol 2020; 42:1010428320980568. [PMID: 33319639 DOI: 10.1177/1010428320980568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland carcinomas are a group of heterogeneous tumors of different histological subtypes, presenting relatively low incidence but the entire variable of types. Although novel treatment options for salivary gland carcinomas patients' outcomes have improved, the treatment of this type of cancer is still not standardized. In addition, a significant number of patients, with a lack of optimal treatment strategies, have reduced survival. In the last two decades, a plethora of evidence pointed to the importance of autophagy, an essential catabolic process of cytoplasmatic component digestion, in cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies highlight the importance of autophagy in salivary gland carcinomas development as a tumor suppressor or promoter mechanism. Despite the potential of autophagy in salivary gland carcinomas development, no therapies are currently available that specifically focus on autophagy modulation in salivary gland carcinomas. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and clinical trials in regard to the interplay between autophagy and the development of salivary gland carcinomas. Autophagy manipulation may be a putative therapeutic strategy for salivary gland carcinomas patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Koustas
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Theodorakidou
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis V Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S.Christeas," Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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26
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Li Y, Li ZX, Xie CY, Fan J, Lv J, Xu XJ, Lv J, Kuai WT, Jia YT. Gegen Qinlian decoction enhances immunity and protects intestinal barrier function in colorectal cancer patients via gut microbiota. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:7633-7651. [PMID: 33505141 PMCID: PMC7789057 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i48.7633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed, using the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database, that Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD) had a direct antitumor effect, and was combined with programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 inhibitors to treat microsatellite stable (MSS) tumor-bearing mice. However, the effect of GQD on patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is not clear.
AIM To determine the therapeutic mechanism of GQD in improving immune function, reducing inflammation and protecting intestinal barrier function.
METHODS Seventy patients with CRC were included in this study: 37 in the control group and 33 in the treatment group. The proportions of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, natural killer (NK), NKT and T regulatory cells were measured by flow cytometry. Levels of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-10 and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) in serum were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of zonula occludens (ZO)-1, occludin, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and TNF-α in tumor and normal tissues was measured by immunohistochemistry. The composition of gut microbiota from patients in the treatment group was assessed using 16S rDNA analysis.
RESULTS There were no adverse events in the treatment group. The proportion of CD4+ T cells and NKT cells in the post-treatment group was significantly higher than that in the pre-treatment and control groups (P < 0.05). The level of TNF-α in the post-treatment group was significantly lower than that in the pre-treatment and control groups (P < 0.05). The concentration of 5-HT in the post-treatment group was significantly lower than that in the pre-treatment group (P < 0.05). The expression of ZO-1 and occludin in tumor tissues in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The expression of ZO-1 in normal tissues of the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P = 0.010). Compared with the control group, expression of NF-κB and TNF-α in tumor tissues of the treatment group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the pre-treatment group, GQD decreased the relative abundance of Megamonas and Veillonella. In addition, GQD increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Akkermansia and Prevotella.
CONCLUSION GQD enhances immunity and protects intestinal barrier function in patients with CRC by regulating the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhong-Xin Li
- Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chen-Yang Xie
- Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ji Lv
- Department of Surgery, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin-Jian Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of Emergency, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wen-Tao Kuai
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yi-Tao Jia
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
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27
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Bajic D, Chester K, Neri D. An Antibody-Tumor Necrosis Factor Fusion Protein that Synergizes with Oxaliplatin for Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2554-2563. [PMID: 32999042 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned and characterized a novel fusion protein (Sm3E-TNF), consisting of the mAb, S 6m3E, in single-chain Fv fragment format, fused to murine TNF. The protein, which was expressed in mammalian cells and purified as a noncovalent stable homotrimer, bound to the cognate carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and retained TNF activity. A quantitative biodistribution experiment, performed in immunocompetent mice with CT26 colon carcinomas transfected with human CEA, revealed that Sm3E-TNF was able to preferentially accumulate in the tumors with excellent selectivity (tumor:blood ratio = 56:1, 24 hours after intravenous administration). The fusion protein mediated a rapid hemorrhagic necrosis of a large portion of the tumor mass, but a rim survived and eventually regrew. Surprisingly, the combination of Sm3E-TNF with 5-fluorouracil led to a reduction of therapeutic activity, while a combination with oxaliplatin led to a prolonged stabilization, with complete tumor eradication in 40% of treated mice. These therapy results were confirmed in a second immunocompetent mouse model of colorectal cancer (CEA-transfected C51 tumors) and provide a rationale for the possible clinical use of oxaliplatin in combination with fully human antibody-TNF fusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Bajic
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kerry Chester
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland.
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Huang CH, Mendez N, Echeagaray OH, Weeks J, Wang J, Yao S, Blair SL, Gude N, Trogler WC, Carson DA, Hayashi T, Kummel AC. Immunostimulatory TLR7 agonist-nanoparticles together with checkpoint blockade for effective cancer immunotherapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:1900200. [PMID: 33644299 PMCID: PMC7904104 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mono- or dual-checkpoint inhibitors for immunotherapy have changed the paradigm of cancer care; however, only a minority of patients responds to such treatment. Combining small molecule immuno-stimulators can improve treatment efficacy, but they are restricted by poor pharmacokinetics. In this study, TLR7 agonists conjugated onto silica nanoparticles showed extended drug localization after intratumoral injection. The nanoparticle-based TLR7 agonist increased immune stimulation by activating the TLR7 signaling pathway. When treating CT26 colon cancer, nanoparticle conjugated TLR7 agonists increased T cell infiltration into the tumors by > 4× and upregulated expression of the interferon γ gene compared to its unconjugated counterpart by ~2×. Toxicity assays established that the conjugated TLR7 agonist is a safe agent at the effective dose. When combined with checkpoint inhibitors that target programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), a 10-100× increase in immune cell migration was observed; furthermore, 100 mm3 tumors were treated and a 60% remission rate was observed including remission at contralateral non-injected tumors. The data show that nanoparticle based TLR7 agonists are safe and can potentiate the effectiveness of checkpoint inhibitors in immunotherapy resistant tumor models and promote a long-term specific memory immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsin Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
| | - Natalie Mendez
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
| | - Oscar Hernandez Echeagaray
- Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Joi Weeks
- Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - James Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0809, United States
| | - Sarah L. Blair
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0809, United States
| | - Natalie Gude
- Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - William C. Trogler
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0809, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0809, United States
| | - Andrew C. Kummel
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
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Golshani G, Zhang Y. Advances in immunotherapy for colorectal cancer: a review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1756284820917527. [PMID: 32536977 PMCID: PMC7268115 DOI: 10.1177/1756284820917527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a new and exciting modality of cancer treatments. Its role in gastrointestinal malignancies has been promising, especially in advanced disease. Although various therapies are available for treatment of advanced colorectal cancer, survival rates for these patients remain very poor. The application of immunotherapy in colorectal cancer has shown remarkable results for a subset of patients with mismatch-repair-deficient mutations or microsatellite instability in their tumors. This literature review evaluates the current role of immunotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer, potential challenges clinicians face with immunotherapy-based regimens, and the possible future approach of combined modality immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gol Golshani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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30
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Prognostic Impact of PD-1 and Tim-3 Expression in Tumor Tissue in Stage I-III Colorectal Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5294043. [PMID: 32509862 PMCID: PMC7244975 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5294043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) are considered as important immunosuppressive molecules and play an important role in tumor immune escape and cancer progression. However, it remains unclear whether PD-1 and Tim-3 are coexpressed in stage I-III colorectal cancer (CRC) and how they impact on the prognosis of the disease. Materials and Methods A total of two cohorts with 451 patients who underwent surgery for stage I-III CRC treatment were enrolled in the study. Among which, 378 cases were from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and 73 cases were from the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University (FHHMU) cohort. The mRNA expressions of PD-1 and Tim-3 in tumor tissue in stage I-III CRC were obtained from TCGA database. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expressions of PD-1 and Tim-3 in tumor tissue in stage I-III CRC in the FHHMU cohort. Interactive relationships between PD-1 and Tim-3 were retrieved through the online STRING database, which was used to study the interactions between proteins. DAVID, consisting of comprehensive biological function annotation information, was applied for the GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the interactive genes. Results In the FHHMU cohort, the high expressions of PD-1 and Tim-3 were, respectively, found in 42.47% and 84.93% of stage I-III CRC tissue. PD-1 was significantly associated with age, primary site, and lymphatic metastasis. Tim-3 was closely related to the primary site. Correlation analysis showed that PD-1 and Tim-3 were positively correlated (r = 0.5682, P < 0.001). In TCGA cohort, PD-1 and Tim-3 were associated with the prognosis of CRC patients in terms of 5-year survival (P < 0.05). In the FHHMU cohort, the 5-year survival of patients with high levels of PD-1 and Tim-3 was 54.84% and 65.85%, respectively. Among which, the high expression of PD-1 was associated with poor prognosis (5-year OS: 54.84% vs. 88.10%, P = 0.003). The 5-year survival rate of CRC patients with coexpression of PD-1 and Tim-3 was 45.00%, which was significantly worse than non-coexpression (72.73%, 85.71%, and 90.48% separately). The functional network of PD-1 and Tim-3 primarily participates in the regulation of immune cell activation and proliferation, immune cell receptor complex, cell adhesion molecules, and T cell receptor signaling pathway. Conclusion In summary, upregulation of PD-1 and Tim-3 in stage I-III CRC tumor tissue could be associated with the poor prognosis of patients. Those patients with coexpression of PD-1 and Tim-3 may have a significantly worse prognosis.
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31
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Payandeh Z, Khalili S, Somi MH, Mard-Soltani M, Baghbanzadeh A, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Samadi N, Baradaran B. PD-1/PD-L1-dependent immune response in colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5461-5475. [PMID: 31960962 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still considered as the third most frequent cancer in the world. Microsatellite instability (MSI), inflammation, and microRNAs have been demonstrated as the main contributing factors in CRC. Subtype 1 CRC is defined by NK cells infiltration, induction of Th1 lymphocyte and cytotoxic T cell responses as well as upregulation of immune checkpoint proteins including programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). Based on the diverse features of CRC, such as the stage and localization of the tumor, several treatment approaches are available. However, the efficiency of these treatments may be decreased due to the development of diverse resistance mechanisms. It has been proven that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can increase the effectiveness of CRC treatments. Nowadays, several mAbs including nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been approved for the treatment of CRC. Immune checkpoint receptors including PD-1 can be inhibited by these antibodies. Combination therapy gives an opportunity for advanced treatment for CRC patients. In this review, an update has been provided on the molecular mechanisms involved in MSI colorectal cancer immune microenvironment by focusing on PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and treatment of patients with advanced immunotherapy, which were examined in the different clinical trial phases. Considering induced expression of PD-L1 by conventional chemotherapeutics, we have summarized the role of PD-L1 in CRC, the chemotherapy effects on the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and novel combined approaches to enhance immunotherapy of CRC by focusing on PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maysam Mard-Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Nasser Samadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical, Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Leman JKH, Munoz-Erazo L, Kemp RA. The Intestinal Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1226:1-22. [PMID: 32030672 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36214-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) of intestinal tumours is highly complex and comprises a network of stromal cells, tumour cells, immune cells and fibroblasts, as well as microorganisms. The tumour location, environmental factors and the tumour cells themselves influence the cells within the TME. Immune cells can destroy tumour cells and are associated with better patient prognosis and response to therapy; however, immune cells are highly plastic and easily influenced to instead promote tumour growth. The interaction between local immune cells and the microbiome can lead to progression or regression of intestinal tumours. In this chapter, we will discuss how tumour development and progression can influence, and be influenced by, the microenvironment surrounding it, focusing on immune and fibroblastic cells, and the intestinal microbiota, particularly in the context of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K H Leman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - L Munoz-Erazo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R A Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Mei XL, Zheng QF. Role of Cellular Biomolecules in Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:880-888. [PMID: 31656148 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666191018153428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Prevention is the primary strategy to avoid the occurrence and mortality of colorectal cancer.
Generally, the concentrations of tumor markers tested during the diagnosis and believed to assist the detection of
disease in the early stages of cancer. Some of the biomarkers are also important during treatment and real-time monitoring
of the progress of treatment.
Methods:
We considered a rationale search of key references from the database of peer-reviewed research and review
literatures of colorectal cancer. The topic of search was focused on the novel methods and modern techniques
of Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of colorectal cancer. The screened publications were critically analysed
using a deductive content analysis and the matter was put in separate headings and sub headings.
Results:
It was found that endoscopic examination, early detection, and surgery are some of the common strategies to
manage colorectal cancer because late stages are difficult to treat due to the high-cost requirement and fewer chances
of survival. As far as chemotherapy is concerned, systemic chemotherapy has been shown to offer the maximum
benefit to patients with cancer metastasis. Among different chemotherapy measures, primary colorectal cancer prevention
agents involve pharmaceuticals, phytochemicals, and dietary supplements are some of the standard options.
Conclusion:
In this review article, we have provided a comprehensive analysis of different biomarkers for the detection
of colorectal cancer as well as different formulations developed for efficient treatment of the disease. The use of
dietary supplements, the combinatorial approach, and nanotechnology-based strategies for colorectal cancer diagnosis
and treatment are some of the recent and modern methods of cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Mei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qing-Fan Zheng
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Abakushina EV, Gelm YV, Pasova IA, Bazhin AV. Immunotherapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:720-728. [PMID: 31509724 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919070046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) originating from the cells of the colon or rectum has a high mortality rate worldwide. Numerous attempts have been made to raise the overall survival rates of CRC patients. It is well-known that the development of malignant neoplasms is accompanied by suppression of the immune system, which is likely the cause for the failure of standard treatment methods. Immune response has long been an issue of great interest in cancer therapy and anti-tumor immunity that consider the development of immunotherapeutic antitumor methods resulting in the immune system activation as an important issue. This review discusses main immunotherapeutic approaches available for the CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Abakushina
- Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 249036, Russia.
| | - Yu V Gelm
- Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 249036, Russia
| | - I A Pasova
- Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 249036, Russia
| | - A V Bazhin
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Munich, 81377, Germany.
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Chen J, Ye X, Pitmon E, Lu M, Wan J, Jellison ER, Adler AJ, Vella AT, Wang K. IL-17 inhibits CXCL9/10-mediated recruitment of CD8 + cytotoxic T cells and regulatory T cells to colorectal tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:324. [PMID: 31775909 PMCID: PMC6880503 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IL-17 family cytokines are potent drivers of colorectal cancer (CRC) development. We and others have shown that IL-17 mainly signals to tumor cells to promote CRC, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. IL-17 also dampens Th1-armed anti-tumor immunity, in part by attracting myeloid cells to tumor. Whether IL-17 controls the activity of adaptive immune cells in a more direct manner, however, is unknown. METHODS Using mouse models of sporadic or inducible colorectal cancers, we ablated IL-17RA in the whole body or specifically in colorectal tumor cells. We also performed adoptive bone marrow reconstitution to knockout CXCR3 in hematopoietic cells. Histological and immunological experimental methods were used to reveal the link among IL-17, chemokine production, and CRC development. RESULTS Loss of IL-17 signaling in mouse CRC resulted in marked increase in the recruitment of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), starting from early stage CRC lesions. This is accompanied by the increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. IL-17 signaling also inhibits the production of T cell attracting chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 by tumor cells. Conversely, the inability of hematopoietic cells to respond to CXCL9/10 resulted in decreased tumor infiltration by CTLs and Tregs, decreased levels of IL-10 and TGF-β, and increased numbers of tumor lesions. Blockade of IL-17 signaling resulted in increased expression of immune checkpoint markers. On the other hand, treatment of mouse CRC with anti-CTLA-4 antibody led to increased expression of pro-tumor IL-17. CONCLUSION IL-17 signals to colorectal tumor cells and inhibits their production of CXCL9/10 chemokines. By doing so, IL-17 inhibits the infiltration of CD8+ CTLs and Tregs to CRC, thus promoting CRC development. Cancer immunotherapy may be benefited by the use of anti-IL-17 agents as adjuvant therapies, which serve to block both IL-17-mediated tumor promotion and T cell exclusion.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CXCL10/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL10/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL9/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Staging
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Ye
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Elise Pitmon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Mengqian Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Adam J Adler
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Kepeng Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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Lazarus J, Oneka MD, Barua S, Maj T, Lanfranca MP, Delrosario L, Sun L, Smith JJ, D'Angelica MI, Shia J, Fang JM, Shi J, Di Magliano MP, Zou W, Rao A, Frankel TL. Mathematical Modeling of the Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Microenvironment Defines the Importance of Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Infiltration and Presence of PD-L1 on Antigen Presenting Cells. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:2821-2830. [PMID: 31250346 PMCID: PMC6684475 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although immune-based therapy has proven efficacious for some patients with microsatellite instability (MSI) colon cancers, a majority of patients receive limited benefit. Conversely, select patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors respond to checkpoint blockade, necessitating novel ways to study the immune tumor microenvironment (TME). We used phenotypic and spatial data from infiltrating immune and tumor cells to model cellular mixing to predict disease specific outcomes in patients with colorectal liver metastases. METHODS Formalin fixed paraffin embedded metastatic colon cancer tissue from 195 patients were subjected to multiplex immunohistochemistry (mfIHC). After phenotyping, the G-function was calculated for each patient and cell type. Data was correlated with clinical outcomes and survival. RESULTS High tumor cell to cytotoxic T lymphocyte (TC-CTL) mixing was associated with both a pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive TME characterized by increased CTL infiltration and PD-L1+ expression, respectively. Presence and engagement of antigen presenting cells (APC) and helper T cells (Th) were associated with greater TC-CTL mixing and improved 5-year disease specific survival compared to patients with a low degree of mixing (42% vs. 16%, p = 0.0275). Comparison of measured mixing to a calculated theoretical random mixing revealed that PD-L1 expression on APCs resulted in an environment where CTLs were non-randomly less associated with TCs, highlighting their biologic significance. CONCLUSION Evaluation of immune interactions within the TME of metastatic colon cancer using mfIHC in combination with mathematical modeling characterized cellular mixing of TCs and CTLs, providing a novel strategy to better predict clinical outcomes while identifying potential candidates for immune based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lazarus
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Morgan D Oneka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Souptik Barua
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tomasz Maj
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Lei Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Joshua Smith
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael I D'Angelica
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinru Shia
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiayun M Fang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Rawla P, Barsouk A, Hadjinicolaou AV, Barsouk A. Immunotherapies and Targeted Therapies in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:E83. [PMID: 31366129 PMCID: PMC6723550 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7080083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths, and while mortality has largely improved in the developed world, five-year survival for metastatic disease remains dismally low at only 15%. Fortunately, nearly a dozen targeted therapies and immunotherapies have been FDA approved in the past decade for certain patient profiles with metastatic CRC (mCRC), and many others are under development. Checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab have proven effective at extending survival for mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient and high microsatellite instability (MSI) mCRC patients. In combination with chemotherapy in first- and second-line treatment, antiangiogenic (anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VGEF)) agent bevacizumab has been shown to increase mCRC survival. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) agents panitumumab and cetuximab, in combination with chemotherapy, have also prolonged survival among KRAS and all RAS wild-type mCRC patients. Among these patients, anti-EGFR therapy has been found to be more efficacious than bevacizumab. Improved selectivity has allowed small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors to target VEGF and EGFR with greater efficacy and tolerability. Combinations of immunotherapies, RTKs, monoclonal antibodies, and cytotoxic drugs are being investigated to provide broad-spectrum protection against relapse by simultaneously targeting many cancer hallmarks. Lastly, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) therapy has shown promise for HER2-positive mCRC patients, though larger clinical trials are required to secure FDA approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Rawla
- Department of Medicine, Sovah Health, Martinsville, VA 24112, USA.
| | - Adam Barsouk
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Andreas V Hadjinicolaou
- Academic Clinical Post-doctoral Fellow and Gastroenterology Resident, MRC Cancer Unit and Department of Gastroenterology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Alexander Barsouk
- Hematologist-Oncologist, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
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Zhao Y, Ge X, He J, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Sun L. The prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer differs by anatomical subsite: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2019; 17:85. [PMID: 31118034 PMCID: PMC6532263 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-019-1621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In colorectal cancer (CRC), whether the immune score can be used to predict the clinical prognosis of the patient has not been completely established. Besides, the prognostic values of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in different anatomical locations, counting sites, and subtypes have been controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to analyze and determine the prognostic value of TILs indices including TIL subsets, infiltrating sites, and anatomical sites. METHODS Relevant literature was obtained by searching PubMed and Google Scholar. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) of the overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was computed to investigate the prognostic significance of CD3+, CD8+, CD45RO+, and FOXP3+ T cells. RESULTS A total of 22 studies involving 5108 patients were included in the meta-analysis. In CC, based on T cell subtypes analysis, the final results indicated that CD8+ and FOXP3+ infiltrating cells, but not CD3+ T cells were prognostic markers for DFS and OS. In addition, with regard to the counting location of TILs, subgroup analysis revealed that only high FOXP3+ infiltrates in the tumor stroma (ST) were significantly associated with OS (HR = 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22-0.67, P = 0.0007), whereas in invasive margin (IM), high density of CD3+ infiltrating cells indicated increased DFS (HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.62-0.93, P = 0.008). At the tumor center (TC), high CD8+ T cells infiltration was associated with improved DFS (HR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.38-0.65, P < 0.00001). In RC, whether CSS or OS, high-density TIL was associated with improved prognosis. CONCLUSION In a single counting site, high-density TILs reflect favorable prognostic value in CC or RC. For CC, more prospective studies are needed to verify whether different anatomical sites affect the distribution of TILs and thus the prognosis of patients. For RC, further studies should analyze the prognostic value of the immune score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Ge
- Department of Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei He
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Departments of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhuai Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lifeng Sun
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Xue J, Yu X, Xue L, Ge X, Zhao W, Peng W. Intrinsic β-catenin signaling suppresses CD8 + T-cell infiltration in colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108921. [PMID: 31078045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide and shows resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors which have been demonstrated to be effective in many other types of cancers. Pre-existing T-cell response in tumor microenvironment often determines the therapeutic benefit of immune checkpoint blockade. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells are considered as the major effector immune cells in antitumor immunity. In this study, we aimed to identify the intrinsic oncogenic pathway that contributes to a reduction of CD8+ T-cell infiltration in colorectal cancer. To achieve this, human colon adenocarcinoma samples derived from The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA) were stratified into low T-cell-inflamed and high T-cell-inflamed groups based on the expression of T-cell signature genes. Gene set enrichment analysis of revealed a close correlation between activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and absence of T-cell infiltration. By immunohistochemical analysis of 155 colorectal cancer tissues, we found that tumors with high β-catenin expression showed a significant reduction of CD8+ T-cell infiltration. Mechanistically, β-catenin can regulate CCL4 expression to recruit CD103+ dendritic cells to enable CD8+ T cell activation. Collectively, our data indicate that oncogenic β-catenin signal may mediate colorectal cancer resistance to immunotherapies, pointing to the combined PD-1-immunotherapy with targeting β-catenin in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Xuetao Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai PutuoLiqun Hospital, Putuo District, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Liqiong Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ge
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China.
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Koustas E, Sarantis P, Kyriakopoulou G, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. The Interplay of Autophagy and Tumor Microenvironment in Colorectal Cancer-Ways of Enhancing Immunotherapy Action. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040533. [PMID: 31013961 PMCID: PMC6520891 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy as a primary homeostatic and catabolic process is responsible for the degradation and recycling of proteins and cellular components. The mechanism of autophagy has a crucial role in several cellular functions and its dysregulation is associated with tumorigenesis, tumor–stroma interactions, and resistance to cancer therapy. A growing body of evidence suggests that autophagy is also a key regulator of the tumor microenvironment and cellular immune response in different types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Furthermore, autophagy is responsible for initiating the immune response especially when it precedes cell death. However, the role of autophagy in CRC and the tumor microenvironment remains controversial. In this review, we identify the role of autophagy in tumor microenvironment regulation and the specific mechanism by which autophagy is implicated in immune responses during CRC tumorigenesis and the context of anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Koustas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Georgia Kyriakopoulou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Michalis V Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
- First Department of Internal Medicine, 'Laiko' General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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Li Z, Zhou J, Zhang J, Li S, Wang H, Du J. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote PD-L1 expression in mice cancer cells via secreting CXCL5. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1946-1957. [PMID: 30873585 PMCID: PMC6767568 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a key role in orchestrating the tumor malignant biological properties within tumor microenvironment and evidences demonstrate that CAFs are a critical regulator of tumoral immunosuppression of the T cell response. However, the functions and regulation of CAFs in the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in melanoma and colorectal carcinoma (CRC) are not completely understood. Herein, by scrutinizing the expression of α-SMA and PD-L1 in melanoma and CRC tissues, we found that CAFs was positive correlated with PD-L1 expression. Further analyses showed that CAFs promoted PD-L1 expression in mice tumor cells. By detecting a majority of cytokines expression in normal mice fibroblasts and CAFs, we determined that CXCL5 was abnormal high expression in CAFs and the immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization confirmed that were CAFs which were expressing CXCL5. In addition, CXCL5 promoted PD-L1 expression in B16, CT26, A375 and HCT116. The silencing of CXCR2, the receptor of CXCL5, inhibited the PD-L1 expression induced by CAFs in turn. Functionally, CXCL5 derived by CAFs promoted PD-L1 expression in mice tumor cells through activating PI3K/AKT signaling. LY294002, the inhibitor of PI3K, confirmed that CXCL5 forested an immunosuppression microenvironment by promoting PD-L1 expression via PI3K/AKT signaling. Meanwhile, the B16/CT26 xenograft tumor models were used and both CXCR2 and p-AKT were found to be positively correlated with PD-L1 in the xenograft tumor tissues. The immunosuppressive action of CAFs on tumor cells is probably reflective of them being a potential therapeutic biomarker for melanoma and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Li
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Sarvizadeh M, Ghasemi F, Tavakoli F, Sadat Khatami S, Razi E, Sharifi H, Biouki NM, Taghizadeh M. Vaccines for colorectal cancer: an update. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:8815-8828. [PMID: 30536960 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as the third most common and fourth leading cancer associated death worldwide. The occurrence of metastasis has remained as a critical challenge in CRC, so that distant metastasis (mostly to the liver) has been manifested in about 20%-25% of patients. Several screening approaches have introduced for detecting CRC in different stages particularly in early stages. The standard treatments for CRC are surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, in alone or combination. Immunotherapy is a set of novel approaches with the aim of remodeling the immune system battle with metastatic cancer cells, such as immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (immune checkpoint inhibitors), adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and cancer vaccine. Cancer vaccines are designed to trigger the intense response of immune system to tumor-specific antigens. In two last decades, introduction of new cancer vaccines and designing several clinical trials with vaccine therapy, have been taken into consideration in colon cancer patients. This review will describe the treatment approaches with the special attention to vaccines applied to treat colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Sarvizadeh
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tavakoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Sadat Khatami
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Razi
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Sharifi
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nousin Moussavi Biouki
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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De Mattia E, Dreussi E, Montico M, Gagno S, Zanusso C, Quartuccio L, De Vita S, Guardascione M, Buonadonna A, D'Andrea M, Pella N, Favaretto A, Mini E, Nobili S, Romanato L, Cecchin E, Toffoli G. A Clinical-Genetic Score to Identify Surgically Resected Colorectal Cancer Patients Benefiting From an Adjuvant Fluoropyrimidine-Based Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1101. [PMID: 30337874 PMCID: PMC6180157 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are clinical challenges related to adjuvant treatment in colorectal cancer (CRC) and novel molecular markers are needed for better risk stratification of patients. Our aim was to integrate our previously reported clinical-genetic prognostic score with new immunogenetic markers of 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) to evaluate the recurrence risk stratification before fluoropyrimidine (FL)-based adjuvant therapy. The study population included a total of 270 stage II-III CRC patients treated with adjuvant FL with (FL + OXA, n = 119) or without oxaliplatin (FL, n = 151). Patients were genotyped for a panel of 192 tagging polymorphisms in 34 immune-related genes. The IFNG-rs1861494 polymorphism was associated with worse DFS in the FL + OXA (HR = 2.14, 95%CI 1.13–4.08; P = 0.020, q-value = 0.249) and FL (HR = 1.97, 95%CI 1.00–3.86; P = 0.049) cohorts, according to a dominant model. The integration of IFNG-rs1861494 in our previous clinical genetic multiparametric score of DFS improved the patients’ risk stratification (Log-rank P = 0.0026 in the pooled population). These findings could improve the discrimination of patients who would benefit from adjuvant treatment. In addition, the results may help better elucidate the interplay between the immune system and chemotherapeutics and help determine the efficacy of anti-tumor strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Mattia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Eva Dreussi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Marcella Montico
- Scientific Directorate, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Sara Gagno
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanusso
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Luca Quartuccio
- Department of Medical Area (DAME), Rheumatology Clinic, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Salvatore De Vita
- Department of Medical Area (DAME), Rheumatology Clinic, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Michela Guardascione
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Angela Buonadonna
- Medical Oncology Unit B, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Mario D'Andrea
- Medical Oncology Unit, "San Filippo Neri Hospital", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Enrico Mini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Nobili
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Loredana Romanato
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Erika Cecchin
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
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