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Cloutier RM, Talbert A, Weidman J, Pringle JL. Project lifeline: implementing SBIRT in rural pharmacies to address opioid overdoses and substance use disorder. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2023; 49:406-417. [PMID: 36972536 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2023.2185891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: There is emerging recognition of the unique benefits of implementing screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) in pharmacy settings to identify patients who can benefit from services and connecting them to those services.Objectives: This study describes Project Lifeline - a multipronged public health initiative to provide educational and technical support to rural community pharmacies implementing SBIRT for substance use disorder (SUD) and providing harm reduction support.Methods: Eight community pharmacies were recruited. Patients receiving a Schedule II prescription were invited to engage in SBIRT and offered naloxone. Patient screening data and key informant interviews with pharmacy staff on implementation strategy were analyzed.Results: Between 2018-2020, 4,601 adult patients were offered screens and 3,407 screens were completed on 2,881 unique adult patients (51.3% female; <0.01% nonbinary; 95.7% White). Of these unique screens, 107 patients were indicated for brief intervention, 31 accepted the brief intervention; and 12 were given a referral to SUD treatment. Patients who declined SBIRT or who did not want to reduce their use were offered access to naloxone (n = 372). Key informant interviews highlighted the importance of person-centered staff education, role-playing, anti-stigma training, and integrating activities into existing patient-care processes.Conclusion: While ongoing research is needed to characterize the full impact of Project Lifeline on patient outcomes, the reported findings help reinforce the benefits of multipronged public health initiatives that include community pharmacists to address the SUD crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Cloutier
- Program Evaluation and Research Unit (PERU), University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abigail Talbert
- Program Evaluation and Research Unit (PERU), University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Weidman
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, A Johnson and Johnson Company, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Janice L Pringle
- Program Evaluation and Research Unit (PERU), University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Bin Raja Ghazilla RA, Azuddin M, Bin Ahmad Hairuddin MKF, Risdiana N. An analysis of the effect of syringe barrel volume on performance and user perception. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33983. [PMID: 37335669 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the market, there are many types and shapes of syringes. One of the groupings of syringe types is based on barrel volume. The shape of the product design affects performance and user perception. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of barrel volume on its performance and user perception. We performed analysis following international organization for standardization 7886 procedures on syringe with 1 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL volume. In addition, a user perception test was conducted on 29 respondents using a questionnaire with the Likert chart method. This study indicates that the bigger the syringe volume, the larger the dead space and the force to operate the piston are. A larger syringe volume also raises the volume that changes due to the plunger position increase. Meanwhile, the barrel volume does not affect water and water leakage, as we did not observe any leak during the syringe tests in our experiment. In addition, the user perception test shows that the barrel's length influences the ease of device control during the injection. The volume of the barrel negatively correlated with its effect to the environment. The safety features of all syringes are similar except for the 3 mL syringe, which has a value of 0.1 points difference to other syringes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Azuddin
- CPDM, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Nurvita Risdiana
- Department of Mental Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Lazarus JV, Pericàs JM, Picchio C, Cernosa J, Hoekstra M, Luhmann N, Maticic M, Read P, Robinson EM, Dillon JF. We know DAAs work, so now what? Simplifying models of care to enhance the hepatitis C cascade. J Intern Med 2019; 286:503-525. [PMID: 31472002 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Globally, some 71 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Marginalized populations, particularly people who inject drugs (PWID), have low testing, linkage to care and treatment rates for HCV. Several models of care (MoCs) and service delivery interventions have the potential to improve outcomes across the HCV cascade of care, but much of the relevant research was carried out when interferon-based treatment was the standard of care. Often it was not practical to scale-up these earlier models and interventions because the clinical care needs of patients taking interferon-based regimens imposed too much of a financial and human resource burden on health systems. Despite the adoption of highly effective, all-oral direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies in recent years, approaches to HCV testing and treatment have evolved slowly and often remain rooted in earlier paradigms. The effectiveness of DAAs allows for simpler approaches and has encouraged countries where the drugs are widely available to set their sights on the ambitious World Health Organization (WHO) HCV elimination targets. Since a large proportion of chronically HCV-infected people are not currently accessing treatment, there is an urgent need to identify and implement existing simplified MoCs that speak to specific populations' needs. This article aims to: (i) review the evidence on MoCs for HCV; and (ii) distil the findings into recommendations for how stakeholders can simplify the path taken by chronically HCV-infected individuals from testing to cure and subsequent care and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Pericàs
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Territorial Direction, Translational Research Group on Infectious Diseases of Lleida (TRIDLE), Biomedical Research Institute Dr Pifarré Foundation, Lleida, Spain
| | - C Picchio
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Cernosa
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Illnesses, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Hoekstra
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Luhmann
- Médecins du Monde France, Paris, France
| | - M Maticic
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Illnesses, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Read
- Kirketon Road Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - E M Robinson
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - J F Dillon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Trickey A, May MT, Hope V, Ward Z, Desai M, Heinsbroek E, Hickman M, Vickerman P. Usage of low dead space syringes and association with hepatitis C prevalence amongst people who inject drugs in the UK. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 192:118-124. [PMID: 30245460 PMCID: PMC6541923 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Syringes with attached needles (low dead space syringes [LDSS]) retain far less blood following injection than syringes with detachable needles (high dead space syringes [HDSS]). People who inject drugs (PWID) who share needles/syringes may be less likely to acquire Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using LDSS, compared with HDSS, but data are limited. METHODS Utilizing drug behavior and HCV antibody testing data from the UK 2014/2015 Unlinked Anonymous Monitoring Survey of PWID, we calculated the percentage of syringes used in the past month that were LDSS. We investigated which injecting characteristics and demographic factors were associated with 100% LDSS (against 0-99%) usage, and whether 100% LDSS use was associated with antibody HCV-status, after adjusting for confounders. RESULT Of 2174 participants, 55% always used LDSS, 27% always used HDSS, and 17% used both LDSS and HDSS. PWID that had injected into their groin during the past month were unlikely to use LDSS, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.14 (95% confidence interval 0.11-0.17), compared to those not using the groin. Those injecting crack were less likely to use LDSS than those not, aOR 0.79 (0.63-0.98). Polydrug use was negatively associated with LDSS use, aOR 0.88 (0.79-0.98) per additional drug. LDSS use was associated with lower prevalent HCV among all PWID (aOR 0.77, [0.64-0.93]), which was stronger among recent initiates (aOR 0.53 [0.30-0.94]) than among experienced PWID (aOR 0.81 [0.66-0.99]). DISCUSSION People who inject into their groin were less likely to use LDSS. Exclusive LDSS use was associated with lower prevalence of HCV amongst PWID that started injecting recently, suggesting LDSS use is protective against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Trickey
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Beacon House, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK; National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU), Evaluation of Interventions, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Margaret T May
- National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU), Evaluation of Interventions, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK; National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, UK
| | - Vivian Hope
- Liverpool John Moores University, 70 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool L3 5UA, UK; HIV and STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Wellington House, 133-155 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8UG, UK
| | - Zoe Ward
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Beacon House, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK; National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU), Evaluation of Interventions, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Monica Desai
- HIV and STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Wellington House, 133-155 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8UG, UK
| | - Ellen Heinsbroek
- HIV and STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Wellington House, 133-155 Waterloo Road, London, SE1 8UG, UK
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Beacon House, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK; National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU), Evaluation of Interventions, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Peter Vickerman
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Beacon House, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK; National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU), Evaluation of Interventions, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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Zlotorzynska M, Weidle PJ, Paz-Bailey G, Broz D. Factors associated with obtaining sterile syringes from pharmacies among persons who inject drugs in 20 US cities. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2018; 62:51-58. [PMID: 30359873 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased access to sterile syringes has been shown to reduce HIV risk among people who inject drugs (PWID). Where syringe services programs (SSPs) are limited, pharmacies are an important sterile syringe source. We assessed factors associated with using pharmacies as the primary source of syringes among PWID from 20 US cities. METHODS PWID ages ≥18 years were recruited for the 2015 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance using respondent-driven sampling. Using generalized estimating equation (GEE) models, we assessed demographic characteristics independently associated with participant-reported primary syringe source: pharmacies vs. SSPs. We calculated associations between primary syringe source and various behavioural outcomes, adjusted for participant characteristics. RESULTS PWID who were <30 years old, female, white, and less frequent injectors were more likely have used pharmacies as their primary syringe source. Accessing syringes primarily from pharmacies, as compared to SSPs, was associated with receptive syringe sharing and unsafe syringe disposal; using sterile syringes, recent HIV testing and participation in an HIV behavioural intervention were negatively associated with primary pharmacy use. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacies can play an important role in comprehensive HIV prevention among PWID. Linkage to HIV interventions and syringe disposal services at pharmacies could strengthen prevention efforts for PWID who cannot access or choose not to utilize SSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zlotorzynska
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Paul J Weidle
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gabriela Paz-Bailey
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dita Broz
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
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Strategies for the elimination of hepatitis C virus infection as a public health threat in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 17:111-120. [PMID: 30294518 DOI: 10.1007/s11901-018-0394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Direct-acting antiviral regimens for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) became available in 2014, and these highly curative therapies have the potential to reduce HCV-associated morbidity and mortality, decrease transmission, and eliminate HCV infection as a public health problem. This review summarizes the recommendations by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine for a US strategy for HCV elimination. Recent Findings To achieve proposed targets of reducing HCV incidence by 90% and decreasing HCV-related mortality by 60% by 2030, there is a critical need to improve HCV diagnosis and linkage to care; reduce HCV-related disease by antiviral treatment scale-up; reduce HCV incidence; and strengthen HCV surveillance to determine achievement of HCV elimination targets over time. Summary While HCV elimination is feasible, success of this national effort will require ongoing collaboration and critical resource investment by key stakeholders, including medical and public health communities, legislators, community organizers, and patient advocates.
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Duncan I, Habecker P, Abadie R, Curtis R, Khan B, Dombrowski K. Needle acquisition patterns, network risk and social capital among rural PWID in Puerto Rico. Harm Reduct J 2017; 14:69. [PMID: 29047371 PMCID: PMC5648484 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-017-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who inject drugs (PWID) take on significant risks of contracting blood-borne infection, including injecting with a large number of partners and acquiring needles from unsafe sources. When combined, risk of infection can be magnified. METHODS Using a sample of PWID in rural Puerto Rico, we model the relationship between a subject's number of injection partners and the likelihood of having used an unsafe source of injection syringes. Data collection with 315 current injectors identified six sources of needles. RESULTS Of the six possible sources, only acquisition from a seller (paid or free), or using syringes found on the street, was significantly related to number of partners. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that sources of syringes do serve to multiply risk of infection caused by multi-partner injection concurrency. They also suggest that prior research on distinct forms of social capital among PWID may need to be rethought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Duncan
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska USA
| | | | | | - Ric Curtis
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, USA
| | - Bilal Khan
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska USA
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Zule WA, Oramasionwu C, Evon D, Hino S, Doherty IA, Bobashev GV, Wechsberg WM. Event-level analyses of sex-risk and injection-risk behaviors among nonmedical prescription opioid users. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 42:689-697. [PMID: 27285847 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1174706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonmedical prescription opioid use has been linked to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among people who inject drugs and with using high dead space syringes that retain more blood and transfer more HIV if shared. Little is known regarding its effects on sex-risk behaviors. OBJECTIVES This paper examines event-level associations between nonmedical prescription opioid use and sharing high dead space syringes (injection risk) and unprotected intercourse (sex risk) behaviors. METHODS We recruited 1,985 participants from two overlapping risk groups-drug users and men who have sex with men (MSM)-and their sex partners. Participants completed an interview that included event-level sex questions with recent sex partners and injection questions with recent injection partners. We used multivariable generalized estimating equations (GEE) to assess the associations between nonmedical prescription opioid use and unprotected intercourse during sexual encounters and sharing syringes during injection episodes, while adjusting for within-person correlations. RESULTS When both partners used nonmedical prescription opioids, its use was independently associated with unprotected intercourse in sexual encounters (OR = 2.24; 95% CI = 1.12, 4.49). The use of nonmedical prescription opioids was also associated with sharing high dead space syringes during injection episodes (OR = 6.57; 95% CI = 1.63, 26.51). CONCLUSION Nonmedical prescription opioid use is associated with an increase in the risk of unprotected sex and sharing high dead space syringes. HIV and HCV prevention interventions for nonmedical prescription opioid users should address sex-risk behaviors and encourage the use of acceptable low dead space needles and syringes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Zule
- a Substance Abuse Treatment Evaluations and Interventions Program, RTI International , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Christine Oramasionwu
- b UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Donna Evon
- c Department of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Sayaka Hino
- c Department of Medicine , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Irene A Doherty
- a Substance Abuse Treatment Evaluations and Interventions Program, RTI International , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Georgiy V Bobashev
- d Center for Data Science, RTI International , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Wendee M Wechsberg
- a Substance Abuse Treatment Evaluations and Interventions Program, RTI International , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Dead space in over-the-counter syringes: The implications for HIV and HCV transmission. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2015; 26:1282-4. [PMID: 26342274 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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