1
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Black D, Byrne D, Walke A, Liu S, Di Ieva A, Kaneko S, Stummer W, Salcudean T, Suero Molina E. Towards machine learning-based quantitative hyperspectral image guidance for brain tumor resection. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:131. [PMID: 38965358 PMCID: PMC11224305 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complete resection of malignant gliomas is hampered by the difficulty in distinguishing tumor cells at the infiltration zone. Fluorescence guidance with 5-ALA assists in reaching this goal. Using hyperspectral imaging, previous work characterized five fluorophores' emission spectra in most human brain tumors. METHODS In this paper, the effectiveness of these five spectra was explored for different tumor and tissue classification tasks in 184 patients (891 hyperspectral measurements) harboring low- (n = 30) and high-grade gliomas (n = 115), non-glial primary brain tumors (n = 19), radiation necrosis (n = 2), miscellaneous (n = 10) and metastases (n = 8). Four machine-learning models were trained to classify tumor type, grade, glioma margins, and IDH mutation. RESULTS Using random forests and multilayer perceptrons, the classifiers achieve average test accuracies of 84-87%, 96.1%, 86%, and 91% respectively. All five fluorophore abundances vary between tumor margin types and tumor grades (p < 0.01). For tissue type, at least four of the five fluorophore abundances are significantly different (p < 0.01) between all classes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the fluorophores' differing abundances in different tissue classes and the value of the five fluorophores as potential optical biomarkers, opening new opportunities for intraoperative classification systems in fluorescence-guided neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Black
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Declan Byrne
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Walke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sidong Liu
- Computational NeuroSurgery (CNS) Lab, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Di Ieva
- Computational NeuroSurgery (CNS) Lab, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sadahiro Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Walter Stummer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Salcudean
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric Suero Molina
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Computational NeuroSurgery (CNS) Lab, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Różanowska MB. Lipofuscin, Its Origin, Properties, and Contribution to Retinal Fluorescence as a Potential Biomarker of Oxidative Damage to the Retina. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2111. [PMID: 38136230 PMCID: PMC10740933 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipofuscin accumulates with age as intracellular fluorescent granules originating from incomplete lysosomal digestion of phagocytosed and autophagocytosed material. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current understanding of the role of oxidative stress and/or lysosomal dysfunction in lipofuscin accumulation and its consequences, particularly for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Next, the fluorescence of lipofuscin, spectral changes induced by oxidation, and its contribution to retinal fluorescence are discussed. This is followed by reviewing recent developments in fluorescence imaging of the retina and the current evidence on the prognostic value of retinal fluorescence for the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the major blinding disease affecting elderly people in developed countries. The evidence of lipofuscin oxidation in vivo and the evidence of increased oxidative damage in AMD retina ex vivo lead to the conclusion that imaging of spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence may serve as a useful biomarker of oxidative damage, which can be helpful in assessing the efficacy of potential antioxidant therapies in retinal degenerations associated with accumulation of lipofuscin and increased oxidative stress. Finally, amendments to currently used fluorescence imaging instruments are suggested to be more sensitive and specific for imaging spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B. Różanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK;
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
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3
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Stillman JM, Mendes Lopes F, Lin JP, Hu K, Reich DS, Schafer DP. Lipofuscin-like autofluorescence within microglia and its impact on studying microglial engulfment. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7060. [PMID: 37923732 PMCID: PMC10624656 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Engulfment of cellular material and proteins is a key function for microglia, a resident macrophage of the central nervous system (CNS). Among the techniques used to measure microglial engulfment, confocal light microscopy has been used the most extensively. Here, we show that autofluorescence (AF) likely due to lipofuscin (lipo-AF) and typically associated with aging, can also be detected within microglial lysosomes in the young mouse brain by light microscopy. This lipo-AF signal accumulates first within microglia and it occurs earliest in white versus gray matter. Importantly, in gray matter, lipo-AF signal can confound the interpretation of antibody-labeled synaptic material within microglia in young adult mice. We further show that there is an age-dependent accumulation of lipo-AF inside and outside of microglia, which is not affected by amyloid plaques. We finally implement a robust and cost-effective strategy to quench AF in mouse, marmoset, and human brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Stillman
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- University of Massachusetts Chan Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Program, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Francisco Mendes Lopes
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jing-Ping Lin
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Hu
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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4
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Stillman JM, Lopes FM, Lin JP, Hu K, Reich DS, Schafer DP. Lipofuscin-like autofluorescence within microglia and its impact on studying microglial engulfment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.28.530224. [PMID: 36909485 PMCID: PMC10002639 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.28.530224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Engulfment of cellular material and proteins is a key function for microglia, a resident macrophage of the central nervous system (CNS). Among the techniques used to measure microglial engulfment, confocal light microscopy has been used the most extensively. Here, we show that autofluorescence (AF), likely due to lipofuscin and typically associated with aging, can also be detected within microglial lysosomes in the young mouse brain by light microscopy. This lipofuscin-AF signal accumulates first within microglia and increases with age, but it is not exacerbated by amyloid beta-related neurodegeneration. We further show that this lipofuscin-AF signal within microglia can confound the interpretation of antibody-labeled synaptic material within microglia in young adult mice. Finally, we implement a robust strategy to quench AF in mouse, marmoset, and human brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Stillman
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnik Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; University of Massachusetts Chan Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Program, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Francisco M. Lopes
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jing-Ping Lin
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Hu
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel S. Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dorothy P. Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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5
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Sakr N, Glazova O, Shevkova L, Onyanov N, Kaziakhmedova S, Shilova A, Vorontsova MV, Volchkov P. Characterizing and Quenching Autofluorescence in Fixed Mouse Adrenal Cortex Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043432. [PMID: 36834842 PMCID: PMC9968082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue autofluorescence of fixed tissue sections is a major concern of fluorescence microscopy. The adrenal cortex emits intense intrinsic fluorescence that interferes with signals from fluorescent labels, resulting in poor-quality images and complicating data analysis. We used confocal scanning laser microscopy imaging and lambda scanning to characterize the mouse adrenal cortex autofluorescence. We evaluated the efficacy of tissue treatment methods in reducing the intensity of the observed autofluorescence, such as trypan blue, copper sulfate, ammonia/ethanol, Sudan Black B, TrueVIEWTM Autofluorescence Quenching Kit, MaxBlockTM Autofluorescence Reducing Reagent Kit, and TrueBlackTM Lipofuscin Autofluorescence Quencher. Quantitative analysis demonstrated autofluorescence reduction by 12-95%, depending on the tissue treatment method and excitation wavelength. TrueBlackTM Lipofuscin Autofluorescence Quencher and MaxBlockTM Autofluorescence Reducing Reagent Kit were the most effective treatments, reducing the autofluorescence intensity by 89-93% and 90-95%, respectively. The treatment with TrueBlackTM Lipofuscin Autofluorescence Quencher preserved the specific fluorescence signals and tissue integrity, allowing reliable detection of fluorescent labels in the adrenal cortex tissue. This study demonstrates a feasible, easy-to-perform, and cost-effective method to quench tissue autofluorescence and improve the signal-to-noise ratio in adrenal tissue sections for fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawar Sakr
- Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow 117292, Russia
- Genome Engineering Lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy 141700, Russia
| | - Olga Glazova
- Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow 117292, Russia
- Genome Engineering Lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy 141700, Russia
| | - Liudmila Shevkova
- Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow 117292, Russia
- Genome Engineering Lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy 141700, Russia
| | - Nikita Onyanov
- Genome Engineering Lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy 141700, Russia
| | - Samira Kaziakhmedova
- Genome Engineering Lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy 141700, Russia
| | - Alena Shilova
- Faculty of Medicine, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27-1, Lomonosovsky Prospect, Moscow 117192, Russia
| | - Maria V. Vorontsova
- Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow 117292, Russia
- Genome Engineering Lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy 141700, Russia
| | - Pavel Volchkov
- Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow 117292, Russia
- Genome Engineering Lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy 141700, Russia
- Correspondence:
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6
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Sadashivaiah V, Tippani M, Page SC, Kwon SH, Bach SV, Bharadwaj RA, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Jaffe AE, Maynard KR. SUFI: an automated approach to spectral unmixing of fluorescent multiplex images captured in mouse and post-mortem human brain tissues. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:6. [PMID: 36698068 PMCID: PMC9878864 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multispectral fluorescence imaging coupled with linear unmixing is a form of image data collection and analysis that allows for measuring multiple molecular signals in a single biological sample. Multiple fluorescent dyes, each measuring a unique molecule, are simultaneously measured and subsequently "unmixed" to provide a read-out for each molecular signal. This strategy allows for measuring highly multiplexed signals in a single data capture session, such as multiple proteins or RNAs in tissue slices or cultured cells, but can often result in mixed signals and bleed-through problems across dyes. Existing spectral unmixing algorithms are not optimized for challenging biological specimens such as post-mortem human brain tissue, and often require manual intervention to extract spectral signatures. We therefore developed an intuitive, automated, and flexible package called SUFI: spectral unmixing of fluorescent images. RESULTS This package unmixes multispectral fluorescence images by automating the extraction of spectral signatures using vertex component analysis, and then performs one of three unmixing algorithms derived from remote sensing. We evaluate these remote sensing algorithms' performances on four unique biological datasets and compare the results to unmixing results obtained using ZEN Black software (Zeiss). We lastly integrate our unmixing pipeline into the computational tool dotdotdot, which is used to quantify individual RNA transcripts at single cell resolution in intact tissues and perform differential expression analysis, and thereby provide an end-to-end solution for multispectral fluorescence image analysis and quantification. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we provide a robust, automated pipeline to assist biologists with improved spectral unmixing of multispectral fluorescence images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Sadashivaiah
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Madhavi Tippani
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stephanie C Page
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sang Ho Kwon
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Svitlana V Bach
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rahul A Bharadwaj
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kristen R Maynard
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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7
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Wendt S, Johnson S, Weilinger NL, Groten C, Sorrentino S, Frew J, Yang L, Choi HB, Nygaard HB, MacVicar BA. Simultaneous imaging of redox states in dystrophic neurites and microglia at Aβ plaques indicate lysosome accumulation not microglia correlate with increased oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2022; 56:102448. [PMID: 36037587 PMCID: PMC9440309 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inter-relationship between microglia dynamics and oxidative stress (Ox-stress) in dystrophic neurites (DNs) at Alzheimer's Disease (AD) plaques may contribute to the pathological changes in neurons. We developed new in vivo imaging strategies to combine EGFP expression in microglia with neuronal expression of genetically encoded ratiometric redox sensors (rogRFP2 or roGFP1), and immunohistochemistry to investigate how microglia influence Ox-stress at amyloid plaques in 5xFAD AD mice. By simultaneously imaging microglia morphology and neuronal Ox-stress over time in vivo and in fixed brains we found that microglia preferentially enwrapped DNs exhibiting the greatest degree of Ox-stress. After microglia were partially depleted with the CSF1 receptor antagonist PLX3397, Ox-stress in DNs increased in a manner that was inversely correlated to the extent of coverage of the adjacent Aβ plaques by the remaining microglia. These data suggest that microglia do not create Ox-stress at Aβ plaques but instead create protective barriers around Aβ plaques possibly reducing the spread of Aβ. Intracranial injection of Aβ was sufficient to induce neuronal Ox-stress suggesting it to be the initial trigger of Ox-stress generation. Although Ox-stress is increased in DNs, neuronal survival is enhanced following microglia depletion indicating complex and multifactorial roles of microglia with both neurotoxic and neuroprotective components. Increased Ox-stress of DNs was correlated with higher LAMP1 and ubiquitin immunoreactivity supporting proposed mechanistic links between lysosomal accumulation in DNs and their intrinsic generation of Ox-stress. Our results suggest protective as well as neurotoxic roles for microglia at plaques and that the generation of Ox-stress of DNs could intrinsically be generated via lysosomal disruption rather than by microglia. In Brief: Simultaneous imaging of microglia and neuronal Ox-stress revealed a double-edged role for microglia in 5xFAD mice. Plaque associated microglia were attracted to and enwrapped Aβ plaques as well as the most highly oxidized DNs. After partial depletion of microglia, DNs were larger with greater levels of Ox-stress. Despite increased Ox-stress after microglia removal neuronal survival improved. Greater Ox-stress was correlated with increased levels of LAMP1 and ubiquitin thereby linking lysosome accumulation and Ox-stress in DNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wendt
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Sora Johnson
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nicholas L Weilinger
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher Groten
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stefano Sorrentino
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jonathan Frew
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lucy Yang
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hyun B Choi
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Haakon B Nygaard
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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8
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Sun L, Tong CK, Morgenstern TJ, Zhou H, Yang G, Colecraft HM. Targeted ubiquitination of sensory neuron calcium channels reduces the development of neuropathic pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118129119. [PMID: 35561213 PMCID: PMC9171802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118129119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain caused by lesions to somatosensory neurons due to injury or disease is a widespread public health problem that is inadequately managed by small-molecule therapeutics due to incomplete pain relief and devastating side effects. Genetically encoded molecules capable of interrupting nociception have the potential to confer long-lasting analgesia with minimal off-target effects. Here, we utilize a targeted ubiquitination approach to achieve a unique posttranslational functional knockdown of high-voltage-activated calcium channels (HVACCs) that are obligatory for neurotransmission in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. CaV-aβlator comprises a nanobody targeted to CaV channel cytosolic auxiliary β subunits fused to the catalytic HECT domain of the Nedd4-2 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Subcutaneous injection of adeno-associated virus serotype 9 encoding CaV-aβlator in the hind paw of mice resulted in the expression of the protein in a subset of DRG neurons that displayed a concomitant ablation of CaV currents and also led to an increase in the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Mice subjected to spare nerve injury displayed a characteristic long-lasting mechanical, thermal, and cold hyperalgesia underlain by a dramatic increase in coordinated phasic firing of DRG neurons as reported by in vivo Ca2+ spike recordings. CaV-aβlator significantly dampened the integrated Ca2+ spike activity and the hyperalgesia in response to nerve injury. The results advance the principle of targeting HVACCs as a gene therapy for neuropathic pain and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of posttranslational functional knockdown of ion channels achieved by exploiting the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Chi-Kun Tong
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Travis J. Morgenstern
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Henry M. Colecraft
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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9
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Tian R, Abarientos A, Hong J, Hashemi SH, Yan R, Dräger N, Leng K, Nalls MA, Singleton AB, Xu K, Faghri F, Kampmann M. Genome-wide CRISPRi/a screens in human neurons link lysosomal failure to ferroptosis. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1020-1034. [PMID: 34031600 PMCID: PMC8254803 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell transcriptomics provide a systematic map of gene expression in different human cell types. The next challenge is to systematically understand cell-type-specific gene function. The integration of CRISPR-based functional genomics and stem cell technology enables the scalable interrogation of gene function in differentiated human cells. Here we present the first genome-wide CRISPR interference and CRISPR activation screens in human neurons. We uncover pathways controlling neuronal response to chronic oxidative stress, which is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Unexpectedly, knockdown of the lysosomal protein prosaposin strongly sensitizes neurons, but not other cell types, to oxidative stress by triggering the formation of lipofuscin, a hallmark of aging, which traps iron, generating reactive oxygen species and triggering ferroptosis. We also determine transcriptomic changes in neurons after perturbation of genes linked to neurodegenerative diseases. To enable the systematic comparison of gene function across different human cell types, we establish a data commons named CRISPRbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Tian
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Anthony Abarientos
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason Hong
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sayed Hadi Hashemi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rui Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nina Dräger
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kun Leng
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, LLC, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, LLC, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Lu H, Grygoryev K, Bermingham N, Jansen M, O’Sullivan M, Nunan G, Buckley K, Manley K, Burke R, Andersson-Engels S. Combined autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance for brain tumour surgical guidance: initial ex vivo study results. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:2432-2446. [PMID: 33996239 PMCID: PMC8086447 DOI: 10.1364/boe.420292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This ex vivo study was conducted to assess the potential of using a fibre optic probe system based on autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance for tissue differentiation in the brain. A total of 180 optical measurements were acquired from 28 brain specimens (five patients) with eight excitation and emission wavelengths spanning from 300 to 700 nm. Partial least square-linear discriminant analysis (PLS-LDA) was used for tissue discrimination. Leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) was then used to evaluate the performance of the classification model. Grey matter was differentiated from tumour tissue with sensitivity of 89.3% and specificity of 92.5%. The variable importance in projection (VIP) derived from the PLS regression was applied to wavelengths selection, and identified the biochemical sources of the detected signals. The initial results of the study were promising and point the way towards a cost-effective, miniaturized hand-held probe for real time and label-free surgical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Lu
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Konstantin Grygoryev
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niamh Bermingham
- Department of Neuropathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael Jansen
- Department of Neuropathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Gerard Nunan
- Stryker, Instruments Innovation Centre, IDA Business and Technology Park, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kevin Buckley
- Stryker, Instruments Innovation Centre, IDA Business and Technology Park, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kevin Manley
- Stryker, Instruments Innovation Centre, IDA Business and Technology Park, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ray Burke
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stefan Andersson-Engels
- Biophotonics @ Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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11
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Hakvoort K, Otto L, Haeren R, Hoogland G, Schijns O, Vink H, Klein D, van Zandvoort M, Rijkers K. Shedding light on human cerebral lipofuscin: An explorative study on identification and quantification. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:605-615. [PMID: 32592169 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, but also with neurological diseases sharing pathophysiological pathways like epilepsy. Lipofuscin is a nondegradable end-product of oxidative stress; its cerebral presence reflects the cumulative amount of oxidative stress the brain has endured. In this study, we have observed prominent autofluorescent particles in the pial arterial wall and in neocortical parenchyma of young, drug-resistant epilepsy patients (18-28 years old) who underwent resective brain surgery (n = 6), as well as in older control patients (n = 3). With fluorescence spectroscopic imaging, brightfield microscopy, histochemistry and fluorescence lifetime imaging, these autofluorescent particles were identified as the age pigment lipofuscin. An evaluation of these lipofuscin particles using Imaris© software allowed robust quantification, while the 3D properties allowed visualization of the complex configuration. We elaborate on the usefulness of lipofuscin as a marker of cumulative oxidative stress in the brain. Furthermore, we speculate on the observed differences in particle size and density that we found between young patients and older controls, which could imply a role for lipofuscin in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and possibly other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn Hakvoort
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Louise Otto
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Haeren
- Department of Neurosurgery, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Govert Hoogland
- Department of Neurosurgery, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center+ and Kempenhaeghe, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Schijns
- Department of Neurosurgery, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center+ and Kempenhaeghe, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Vink
- Department of Physiology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dionne Klein
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research IMCAR, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc van Zandvoort
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS) and School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Rijkers
- Department of Neurosurgery, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Academic Center for Epileptology, Maastricht University Medical Center+ and Kempenhaeghe, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Maillet M, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A. Update on primary micronodular bilateral adrenocortical diseases. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2020; 27:132-139. [PMID: 32209819 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary micronodular bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasias (MiBAH) are rare challenging diseases. Important progress in understanding its pathophysiology and genetics occurred in the last two decades. We summarize those progress and recent data on investigation and therapy of MiBAH focusing on primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD). RECENT FINDINGS Larger recent cohorts of PPNAD patients from various countries have confirmed their variable Cushing's syndrome phenotypes. Age of onset is earlier than other ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome causes and the youngest case have now occurred at 15 months. Two retrospective studies identified an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures in PPNAD as compared with other Cushing's syndrome causes. The utility of 6-day oral dexamethasone test to produce a paradoxical increase of urinary-free cortisol in PPNAD was confirmed but the mean fold of increase was of 48%, less than previously suggested. Several new genetic variants of the PRKAR1A gene have been reported in PPNAD or Carney complex (CNC). Remission of Cushing's syndrome with unilateral adrenalectomy was reported in a few patients with PPNAD. SUMMARY MiBAH, PPNAD and CNC are rare challenging diseases, but with combined expert clinical and genetic approaches a comprehensive investigation and prevention strategy can be offered to affected patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Maillet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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13
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Heller JP, Odii T, Zheng K, Rusakov DA. Imaging tripartite synapses using super-resolution microscopy. Methods 2020; 174:81-90. [PMID: 31153907 PMCID: PMC7144327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroglia are vital facilitators of brain development, homeostasis, and metabolic support. In addition, they are also essential to the formation and regulation of synaptic circuits. Due to the extraordinary complex, nanoscopic morphology of astrocytes, the underlying cellular mechanisms have been poorly understood. In particular, fine astrocytic processes that can be found in the vicinity of synapses have been difficult to study using traditional imaging techniques. Here, we describe a 3D three-colour super-resolution microscopy approach to unravel the nanostructure of tripartite synapses. The method is based on the SMLM technique direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) which uses conventional fluorophore-labelled antibodies. This approach enables reconstructing the nanoscale localisation of individual astrocytic glutamate transporter (GLT-1) molecules surrounding presynaptic (bassoon) and postsynaptic (Homer1) protein localisations in fixed mouse brain sections. However, the technique is readily adaptable to other types of targets and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janosch Peter Heller
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Tuamoru Odii
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, PMB 1010 Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Kaiyu Zheng
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitri A Rusakov
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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14
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Rajani RM, Ratelade J, Domenga-Denier V, Hase Y, Kalimo H, Kalaria RN, Joutel A. Blood brain barrier leakage is not a consistent feature of white matter lesions in CADASIL. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:187. [PMID: 31753008 PMCID: PMC6873485 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a genetic paradigm of small vessel disease (SVD) caused by NOTCH3 mutations that stereotypically lead to the vascular accumulation of NOTCH3 around smooth muscle cells and pericytes. White matter (WM) lesions (WMLs) are the earliest and most frequent abnormalities, and can be associated with lacunar infarcts and enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS). The prevailing view is that blood brain barrier (BBB) leakage, possibly mediated by pericyte deficiency, plays a pivotal role in the formation of WMLs. Herein, we investigated the involvement of BBB leakage and pericyte loss in CADASIL WMLs. Using post-mortem brain tissue from 12 CADASIL patients and 10 age-matched controls, we found that WMLs are heterogeneous, and that BBB leakage reflects the heterogeneity. Specifically, while fibrinogen extravasation was significantly increased in WMLs surrounding ePVS and lacunes, levels of fibrinogen leakage were comparable in WMLs without other pathology ("pure" WMLs) to those seen in the normal appearing WM of patients and controls. In a mouse model of CADASIL, which develops WMLs but no lacunes or ePVS, we detected no extravasation of endogenous fibrinogen, nor of injected small or large tracers in WMLs. Moreover, there was no evidence of pericyte coverage modification in any type of WML in either CADASIL patients or mice. These data together indicate that WMLs in CADASIL encompass distinct classes of WM changes and argue against the prevailing hypothesis that pericyte coverage loss and BBB leakage are the primary drivers of WMLs. Our results also have important implications for the interpretation of studies on the BBB in living patients, which may misinterpret evidence of BBB leakage within WM hyperintensities as suggesting a BBB related mechanism for all WMLs, when in fact this may only apply to a subset of these lesions.
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15
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Rizou SV, Evangelou K, Myrianthopoulos V, Mourouzis I, Havaki S, Athanasiou A, Vasileiou PVS, Margetis A, Kotsinas A, Kastrinakis NG, Sfikakis P, Townsend P, Mikros E, Pantos C, Gorgoulis VG. A Novel Quantitative Method for the Detection of Lipofuscin, the Main By-Product of Cellular Senescence, in Fluids. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1896:119-138. [PMID: 30474845 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8931-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipofuscin accumulation is a hallmark of senescence. This nondegradable material aggregates in the cytoplasm of stressed or damaged cells due to metabolic imbalance associated with aging and age-related diseases. Indications of a soluble state of lipofuscin have also been provided, rendering the perspective of monitoring such processes via lipofuscin quantification in liquids intriguing. Therefore, the development of an accurate and reliable method is of paramount importance. Currently available assays are characterized by inherent pitfalls which demote their credibility. We herein describe a simple, highly specific and sensitive protocol for measuring lipofuscin levels in any type of liquid. The current method represents an evolution of a previously described assay, developed for in vitro and in vivo senescent cell recognition that exploits a newly synthesized Sudan Black-B analog (GL13). Analysis of human clinical samples with the modified protocol provided strong evidence of its usefulness for the exposure and surveillance of age-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia V Rizou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Evangelou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vassilios Myrianthopoulos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- PharmaInformatics Unit, Athena Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Iordanis Mourouzis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Havaki
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis V S Vasileiou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggelos Margetis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Kotsinas
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Kastrinakis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Sfikakis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Townsend
- Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- PharmaInformatics Unit, Athena Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Pantos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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16
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Tirosh A, Valdés N, Stratakis CA. Genetics of micronodular adrenal hyperplasia and Carney complex. Presse Med 2018; 47:e127-e137. [PMID: 30093212 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronodular bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (MiBAH) is a rare cause of adrenal Cushing syndrome (CS). The investigations carried out on this disorder during the last two decades suggested that it could be divided into at least two entities: primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) and isolated micronodular adrenocortical disease (i-MAD). The most common presentation of MiBAH is familial PPNAD as part of Carney complex (CNC) (cPPNAD). CNC, associated with multiple endocrine and non-endocrine neoplasias, was first described in 1985 in 40 patients, 10 of whom were familial cases. In 2000, we identified inactivating germline mutations of the PRKAR1A gene, encoding the regulatory subunit type 1α (RIα) of protein kinase A (PKA), in the majority of patients with CNC and PPNAD. PRKAR1A mutations causing CNC lead to increased PKA activity. Since then, additional genetic alterations in the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway leading to increased PKA activity have been described in association with MiBAH. This review summarizes older and recent findings on the genetics and pathophysiology of MiBAH, PPNAD, and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Tirosh
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Tel-Aviv University, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, 6997801 Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Nuria Valdés
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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Angelousi A, Szarek E, Shram V, Kebebew E, Quezado M, Stratakis CA. Lipofuscin Accumulation in Cortisol-Producing Adenomas With and Without PRKACA Mutations. Horm Metab Res 2017; 49:786-792. [PMID: 28834963 PMCID: PMC6299839 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-116385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex accumulates lipofuscin granules with age. Lipofuscin accumulation is also seen in adrenocortical tumors associated with Cushing syndrome (CS), particularly those with PRKAR1A mutations, such as in primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD). We investigated the presence of lipofuscin in cortisol-producing adenomas (CPAs) responsible for CS with and without the PRKACA (pLeu206Arg) somatic mutation. Ten paraffin-embedded sections of CPAs from cases with overt CS with (n=4) and without (n=6) a PRKACA mutation were microscopically examined through three detection methods, the hematoxylin-Eosin (H & E) staining, the Fontana Masson (FM) staining using light microscopy, and lipofuscin autofluorescence, using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Sections were examined quantitatively according to the intensity of the pigmentation, as well as qualitatively based on the total number of granular pigments at all visual fields per tissue slide. Tissues from CPAs were compared to peritumoral adjacent tissues (n=5), to Conn adenomas (n=4), and PPNAD (n=3). CPAs had significantly higher number of lipofuscin-pigment granules compared to peritumoral adrenal tissue and Conn adenomas (46.9±9.5 vs. 3.8±4.8, p=0.0001). The presence of the PRKACA mutation did not increase the chances of pigmentation in the form of lipofuscin granules within CPAs associated with CS. Thus, all CPAs leading to CS accumulate lipofuscin, which presents like pigmentation sometimes seen macroscopically but always detected microscopically. PPNAD caused by PRKAR1A mutations is the best known adrenal lesion leading to CS associated with intense lipofuscin pigmentation and this was confirmed here; CPAs harboring PRKACA mutations did not have statistically significantly more pigmentation than CPAs without mutation, but a larger study might have shown a difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Angelousi
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Eva Szarek
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vincent Shram
- Microscopy and Imaging Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Endocrine Surgery, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Martha Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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18
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Wagener KC, Kolbrink B, Dietrich K, Kizina KM, Terwitte LS, Kempkes B, Bao G, Müller M. Redox Indicator Mice Stably Expressing Genetically Encoded Neuronal roGFP: Versatile Tools to Decipher Subcellular Redox Dynamics in Neuropathophysiology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:41-58. [PMID: 27059697 PMCID: PMC4931743 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downstream redox alterations not only mediate physiological signaling but also neuropathology. For long, ROS/redox imaging was hampered by a lack of reliable probes. Genetically encoded redox sensors overcame this gap and revolutionized (sub)cellular redox imaging. Yet, the successful delivery of sensor-coding DNA, which demands transfection/transduction of cultured preparations or stereotaxic microinjections of each subject, remains challenging. By generating transgenic mice, we aimed to overcome limiting cultured preparations, circumvent surgical interventions, and to extend effectively redox imaging to complex and adult preparations. RESULTS Our redox indicator mice widely express Thy1-driven roGFP1 (reduction-oxidation-sensitive green fluorescent protein 1) in neuronal cytosol or mitochondria. Negative phenotypic effects of roGFP1 were excluded and its proper targeting and functionality confirmed. Redox mapping by ratiometric wide-field imaging reveals most oxidizing conditions in CA3 neurons. Furthermore, mitochondria are more oxidized than cytosol. Cytosolic and mitochondrial roGFP1s reliably report cell endogenous redox dynamics upon metabolic challenge or stimulation. Fluorescence lifetime imaging yields stable, but marginal, response ranges. We therefore developed automated excitation ratiometric 2-photon imaging. It offers superior sensitivity, spatial resolution, and response dynamics. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Redox indicator mice enable quantitative analyses of subcellular redox dynamics in a multitude of preparations and at all postnatal stages. This will uncover cell- and compartment-specific cerebral redox signals and their defined alterations during development, maturation, and aging. Cross-breeding with other disease models will reveal molecular details on compartmental redox homeostasis in neuropathology. Combined with ratiometric 2-photon imaging, this will foster our mechanistic understanding of cellular redox signals in their full complexity. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 41-58.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin C Wagener
- 1 Institut für Neuro- und Sinnesphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Universitätsmedizin, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kolbrink
- 1 Institut für Neuro- und Sinnesphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Universitätsmedizin, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Dietrich
- 1 Institut für Neuro- und Sinnesphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Universitätsmedizin, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin M Kizina
- 1 Institut für Neuro- und Sinnesphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Universitätsmedizin, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukas S Terwitte
- 1 Institut für Neuro- und Sinnesphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Universitätsmedizin, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Belinda Kempkes
- 1 Institut für Neuro- und Sinnesphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Universitätsmedizin, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guobin Bao
- 2 Institut für Neurophysiologie und Zelluläre Biophysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Universitätsmedizin, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- 1 Institut für Neuro- und Sinnesphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Universitätsmedizin, Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Sadakane O, Masamizu Y, Watakabe A, Terada SI, Ohtsuka M, Takaji M, Mizukami H, Ozawa K, Kawasaki H, Matsuzaki M, Yamamori T. Long-Term Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Neuronal Populations with Subcellular Resolution in Adult Non-human Primates. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1989-99. [PMID: 26655910 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon imaging with genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) enables long-term observation of neuronal activity in vivo. However, there are very few studies of GECIs in primates. Here, we report a method for long-term imaging of a GECI, GCaMP6f, expressed from adeno-associated virus vectors in cortical neurons of the adult common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small New World primate. We used a tetracycline-inducible expression system to robustly amplify neuronal GCaMP6f expression and up- and downregulate it for more than 100 days. We succeeded in monitoring spontaneous activity not only from hundreds of neurons three-dimensionally distributed in layers 2 and 3 but also from single dendrites and axons in layer 1. Furthermore, we detected selective activities from somata, dendrites, and axons in the somatosensory cortex responding to specific tactile stimuli. Our results provide a way to investigate the organization and plasticity of cortical microcircuits at subcellular resolution in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Sadakane
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshito Masamizu
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Akiya Watakabe
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Terada
- Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masanari Ohtsuka
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takaji
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Keiya Ozawa
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsuzaki
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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20
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Rochette PA, Bourget A, Sanabria-Solano C, Lahmidi S, Lavallée GO, Pearson A. Mutation of UL24 impedes the dissemination of acute herpes simplex virus 1 infection from the cornea to neurons of trigeminal ganglia. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2794-2805. [PMID: 25986633 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (human herpesvirus 1) initially infects epithelial cells of the mucosa and then goes on to infect sensory neurons leading ultimately to a latent infection in trigeminal ganglia (TG). UL24 is a core herpesvirus gene that has been identified as a determinant of pathogenesis in several Alphaherpesvirinae, although the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In a mouse model of ocular infection, a UL24-deficient virus exhibited a reduction in viral titres in tear films of 1 log10, whilst titres in TG are often below the level of detection. Moreover, the efficiency of reactivation from latency was also severely reduced. Herein, we investigated how UL24 contributed to acute infection of TG. Our results comparing the impact of UL24 on viral titres in eye tissue versus in tear films did not reveal a general defect in virus release from the cornea. We also found that the impairment of replication seen in mouse primary embryonic neurons with a UL24-deficient virus was not more severe than that observed in an epithelial cell line. Rather, in situ histological analyses revealed that infection with a UL24-deficient virus led to a significant reduction in the number of acutely infected neurons at 3 days post-infection (p.i.). Moreover, there was a significant reduction in the number of neurons positive for viral DNA at 2 days p.i. for the UL24-deficient virus as compared with that observed for WT or a rescue virus. Our results supported a model whereby UL24 functions in the dissemination of acute infection from the cornea to neurons in TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Rochette
- Université INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Amélie Bourget
- Université INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Carolina Sanabria-Solano
- Université INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Soumia Lahmidi
- Université INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Gabriel Ouellet Lavallée
- Université INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Angela Pearson
- Université INRS, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
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Wu J, Carlock C, Zhou C, Nakae S, Hicks J, Adams HP, Lou Y. IL-33 is required for disposal of unnecessary cells during ovarian atresia through regulation of autophagy and macrophage migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2140-7. [PMID: 25617473 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Physiological processes such as ovarian follicle atresia generate large amounts of unnecessary cells or tissue detritus, which needs to be disposed of rapidly. IL-33 is a member of the IL-1 cytokine gene family. Constitutive expression of IL-33 in a wide range of tissues has hinted at its role beyond immune defense. We have previously reported a close correlation between IL-33 expression patterns and ovarian atresia. In this study, we demonstrated that IL-33 is required for disposal of degenerative tissue during ovarian atresia using Il33(-/-) mice. Deletion of the Il33 gene impaired normal disposal of atretic follicles, resulting in massive accumulations of tissue wastes abundant with aging-related catabolic wastes such as lipofuscin. Accumulation of tissue wastes in Il33(-/-) mice, in turn, accelerated ovarian aging and functional decline. Thus, their reproductive life span was shortened to two thirds of that for Il33(+/-) littermates. IL-33 orchestrated disposal mechanism through regulation of autophagy in degenerating tissues and macrophage migration into the tissues. Our study provides direct evidence supporting an expanded role of IL-33 in tissue integrity and aging through regulating disposal of unnecessary tissues or cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Wu
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Colin Carlock
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Cindy Zhou
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - John Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Henry P Adams
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yahuan Lou
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054;
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22
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Thomas G, van Voskuilen J, Truong H, Song JY, Gerritsen HC, Sterenborg HJCM. In vivo nonlinear spectral imaging as a tool to monitor early spectroscopic and metabolic changes in a murine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma model. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:4281-99. [PMID: 25574438 PMCID: PMC4285605 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.004281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Timely detection of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with non-invasive modalities like nonlinear spectral imaging (NLSI) can ensure efficient preventive or therapeutic measures for patients. In this study, in vivo NLSI was used to study spectral characteristics in murine skin treated with 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. The results show that NLSI could detect emission spectral changes during the early preclinical stages of skin carcinogenesis. Analyzing these emission spectra using simulated band-pass filters at 450-460 nm and 525-535 nm, gave parameters that were expressed as a ratio. This ratio was increased and thus suggestive of elevated metabolic activity in early stages of skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giju Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
- Centre for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Centre, Post Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Johan van Voskuilen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - Hoa Truong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Department of Experimental Animal Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - H. J. C. M. Sterenborg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
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Visualization of mouse neuronal ganglia infected by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) using multimodal non-linear optical microscopy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105103. [PMID: 25133579 PMCID: PMC4136817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that causes skin lesions and goes on to enter a latent state in neurons of the trigeminal ganglia. Following stress, the virus may reactivate from latency leading to recurrent lesions. The in situ study of neuronal infections by HSV-1 is critical to understanding the mechanisms involved in the biology of this virus and how it causes disease; however, this normally requires fixation and sectioning of the target tissues followed by treatment with contrast agents to visualize key structures, which can lead to artifacts. To further our ability to study HSV-1 neuropathogenesis, we have generated a recombinant virus expressing a second generation red fluorescent protein (mCherry), which behaves like the parental virus in vivo. By optimizing the application of a multimodal non-linear optical microscopy platform, we have successfully visualized in unsectioned trigeminal ganglia of mice both infected cells by two-photon fluorescence microscopy, and myelinated axons of uninfected surrounding cells by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. These results represent the first report of CARS microscopy being combined with 2-photon fluorescence microscopy to visualize virus-infected cells deep within unsectioned explanted tissue, and demonstrate the application of multimodal non-linear optical microscopy for high spatial resolution biological imaging of tissues without the use of stains or fixatives.
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Moslehi M, Yazdanparast R. Protective Effects of Flavonoid Baicalein against Menadione-Induced Damage in SK-N-MC Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2013.22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bayati S, Yazdanparast R. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of yakuchinone B derivatives in reduction of lipofuscin formation using H2O2-treated neuroblastoma cells. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2012; 15:134-42. [PMID: 22395138 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.1010.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progressive accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins in neurons is an accepted mechanism in aging. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), referred to as oxidative stress, is currently believed to play a pivotal role in this process. Lipofuscin as a histological index of aging results from cross-links between oxidized proteins and lipids. Therefore, to attenuate lipofuscin formation, it would be logical to use exogenous natural or synthetic antioxidants. Yakuchinone B (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-7-phenylhept-1-en-3-one) is a component of Alpinia oxyphylla seeds with established antioxidant activity. METHODS To evaluate the neuroprotective roles of yakuchinone B (JC6) and its structural analogues (JC1-JC5), the free radical scavenging capabilities of yakuchinone B derivatives were studied in terms of cell viability, apoptosis, cells ROS content, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the intracellular lipofuscin content in SK-N-MC cells exposed to H2O2. The level of MDA (malondialdehyde), as an index of lipid peroxidation and acid phosphatase activity were also measured. RESULTS Our results indicated that derivatives especially JC4, JC5 and JC6 decreased the extent of apoptosis and ROS level, while they increased the activities of SOD and CAT in drug-pretreated cells as compared to H2O2-treated cells. A clear relationship between the structure and antioxidant activities of these compounds was established. In addition, JC4, JC5 and JC6 were capable of down-regulating the formation of MDA and lipofuscin. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that free radicals play significant roles in lipofuscin formation and cellular aging which can be attenuated by yakuchinone B derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Bayati
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 13145-1384, Tehran, Iran
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Orzekowsky-Schroeder R, Klinger A, Martensen B, Blessenohl M, Gebert A, Vogel A, Hüttmann G. In vivo spectral imaging of different cell types in the small intestine by two-photon excited autofluorescence. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:116025. [PMID: 22112130 DOI: 10.1117/1.3655587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally resolved two-photon excited autofluorescence imaging is used to distinguish different cell types and functional areas during dynamic processes in the living gut. Excitation and emission spectra of mucosal tissue and tissue components are correlated to spectra of endogenous chromophores. We show that selective excitation with only two different wavelengths within the tuning range of a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser system yields excellent discrimination between enterocytes, antigen presenting cells and lysosomes based on the excitation and emission properties of their autofluorescence. The method is employed for time-lapse microscopy over up to 8 h. Changes of the spectral signature with the onset of photodamage are demonstrated, and their origin is discussed.
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27
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Bayati S, Yazdanparast R, Majd SS, Oh S. Protective effects of 1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-one derivatives against H₂O₂ -induced damage in SK-N-MC cells. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:545-53. [PMID: 21154880 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system resulting in memory loss and dementia. Some of the associated pathogenic changes are amyloid peptide aggregation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation. Oxidative stress plays an indispensable role in the pathophysiology of AD. Therefore, antioxidant therapies appear to be promising approaches in dealing with AD patients. In that line, we evaluated the free radical scavenging capabilities of 13 different chalcones (1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one) derivatives against the free-radical damaging effects of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) on the SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cell line. Pretreatment of the cells for 3 h with 20 µ m of each of these derivatives (compounds 8-20) followed by exposure to 300 µ m H₂O₂ for 24 h indicated that all compounds, except compound 20, were capable of restoring the viabilities of cells relative to the control (H₂O₂ -treated) cells. The destructive effect of H₂O₂ on the adhesive behavior of the cells was almost totally restored by each of the derivatives. In addition, each of the derivatives except compounds 20 and 14 significantly reduced the extent of lipofuscin formation among the cells time-dependently. Despite these activities, some of the derivatives, such as compounds 12 and 19, did not reduce the H₂O₂ -induced intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels, meaning that these two derivatives act through a different mechanism other than free-radical scavenging activity. On the other hand, for those derivatives acting as anti-oxidants, structure-activity evaluation clearly revealed that the hydroxyl group of vanillin ring is required for their free-radical scavenging activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Bayati
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, PO Box 13145-1384, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Henry RK, Keil MF, Stratakis CA, Fechner PY. Cushing's syndrome secondary to isolated micronodular adrenocortical disease (iMAD) associated with rapid onset weight gain and negative abdominal MRI findings in a 3 year old male. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2010; 23:613-20. [PMID: 20662336 PMCID: PMC3094852 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2010.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome (CS) is uncommon in childhood. CS may be either dependent or independent of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). ACTH independent micronodular adrenocortical (MAD) disease may present in the second to third decade of life or between ages 2-3 years. It may occur in isolation, or as a part of the Carney complex and it represents an elusive entity to diagnose. We present a 3 year 7 month old boy with isolated MAD (iMAD). Abdominal CT revealed prominent mildly lobulated anteromedial margin of adrenals with nodular appearance. Cardiac echo, thyroid and testicular ultrasounds performed as a work up for Carney complex were normal. Bilateral adrenalectomy confirmed MAD as the cause of CS.We present the history and identification of a unique case of iMAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan K Henry
- Endocrinology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Luquin E, Pérez-Lorenzo E, Aymerich MS, Mengual E. Two-color fluorescence labeling in acrolein-fixed brain tissue. J Histochem Cytochem 2010; 58:359-68. [PMID: 20051381 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.954495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrolein is a potent fixative that provides both excellent preservation of ultrastructural morphology and retention of antigenicity, thus it is frequently used for immunocytochemical detection of antigens at the electron microscopic level. However, acrolein is not commonly used for fluorescence microscopy because of concerns about possible autofluorescence and destruction of the luminosity of fluorescent dyes. Here we describe a simple protocol that allows fine visualization of two fluorescent markers in 40-mum sections from acrolein-perfused rat brain. Autofluorescence was removed by pretreatment with 1% sodium borohydride for 30 min, and subsequent incubation in a 50% ethanol solution containing 0.3% hydrogen peroxide enhanced fluorescence labeling. Thus, fluorescence labeling can be used for high-quality detection of markers in tissue perfused with acrolein. Furthermore, adjacent acrolein-fixed sections from a single experiment can be processed to produce high-quality results for electron microscopy or fluorescence labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Luquin
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Area de Neurociencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review discusses the molecular basis of micronodular adrenal hyperplasia. It focuses on the role of genetic defects in cyclic-AMP (cAMP) signaling-related molecules, namely PRKAR1A, GNAS, PDE11A, and PDE8B in the predisposition to tumor formation. This review also discusses the involvement of cAMP signaling and related pathways and their impact on the adrenocortical tumor formation. RECENT FINDINGS Molecular abnormalities in the phosphodiesterases family are the most recently discovered genetic abnormalities that predispose individuals to various adrenocortical tumors. In contrast to GNAS and PRKAR1A, defects in phosphodiesterases are associated more frequently with incomplete penetrance. SUMMARY Recent findings indicate the importance of cAMP signaling for normal adrenocortical functioning and the sensitivity of the adrenal gland to subtle alterations in cAMP levels. The identification of low-penetrance mutations in more than one phosphodiesterase in patients with adrenocortical hyperplasia is suggestive for a complementary role of the different phosphodiesterases in adrenal gland abnormalities and possible involvement of other members of this pathway in adrenocortical tumor defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constantine Stratakis
- Address all correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr. Constantine A. Stratakis, Section on Endocrinology & Genetics, PDEGEN, NICHD, NIH, 10 Center Dr, CRC, Room 1E-3330, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1862, Tel: 301-496-6683/496-4686), Fax: 301-402-0574/480-0378), E-mail:
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Stratakis CA, Boikos SA. Genetics of adrenal tumors associated with Cushing's syndrome: a new classification for bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasias. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:748-57. [DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang Y, Groot-Wassink T, Lemoine NR, Vassaux G. Cellular characterization of the tropism of recombinant adenovirus for the adrenal glands. Eur J Clin Invest 2003; 33:794-8. [PMID: 12925039 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2003.01216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant adenoviruses are widely used in gene therapy clinical trials. A particular tropism for the adrenal glands has been reported but the precise cellular base for this tropism has not been determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recombinant adenoviruses were injected intravenously into Balb/c nu/nu or C57BL/6 mice. Seventy-two hours later, the animals were sacrificed and the adrenal glands and livers collected. The glands were sectioned and analyzed using immunohistochemical methods to detect adenoviral epitopes and transgene expression. Total RNA were extracted from the liver and adrenal glands of some animals and subjected to real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS The only cell type infected in the adrenal glands of Balb/c nu/nu or C57BL/6 mice is the adrenocortical cells in the zona fasciculata. Quantitatively, the relative level of gene expression in the adrenal gland is comparable but lower than that measured in the liver. CONCLUSIONS Systemic injection of recombinant adenovirus could be used as a procedure to restore adrenal steroidogenesis in clinical gene therapy protocols. In addition, our study suggest that adrenal dysfunction should be considered when criteria are established to assess the safety of gene therapy formulations administered systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Cancer Research UK, Imperial College, London, UK
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Sawczuk A, Covell DA. Wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to TRITC: a novel approach for labeling primary projection neurons of peripheral afferent nerves. J Neurosci Methods 1999; 93:139-47. [PMID: 10634499 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(99)00141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-dextran (WGA-TRITC) was studied as a novel tracer of primary projection neurons of pharyngeal (PhN) and superior laryngeal (SLN) branches of the vagus nerve. The SLN and PhN were dissected from rat cervical tissues and the proximal end of the nerves were bathed in tracer for 60-90 min. The animals were sacrificed 42-72 h later. The tissue was fixed, sliced, mounted on slides and viewed under epifluorescence. The clarity of the fluorescent label in projection neurons was confounded in some regions of the brainstem by autofluorescence. A computer image analysis method was developed to quantify fluorescence intensity for definitive identification of labeled neurons. Brainstem neurons labeled by afferent projections of the SLN and PhN were localized to the nucleus tractus solitarius. Efferents were identified in the nucleus ambiguus. WGA-TRITC labeled cells were observed in the ipsilateral brainstem at intensities significantly different from the fluorescence observed in controls (P<0.01). The distribution and density of labeling is in agreement with results of previous investigations, suggesting that WGA-TRITC is a useful alternative for tracing SLN and PhN projections to brainstem nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sawczuk
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark 07103, USA.
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Abstract
Serious studies of the formation mechanisms of age-related pigments and their possible cellular influence have been hampered for a long time by discrepancies and controversies over the definition, fluorescence emission, origin, and composition of these pigments. This review discusses several critical controversies in this field and lay special emphasis on the cellular and biochemical reactions related to the formation mechanisms of lipofuscin, ceroid, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and age pigment like fluorophores (APFs). Various amino compounds and their reaction with secondary aldehydic products of oxygen free radical-induced oxidation, particularly lipid peroxidation, are important sources of the fluorophores of ceroid/lipofuscin, which progressively accumulate as a result of phagocytosis and autophagocytosis of modified biomaterials within secondary lysosomes of postmitotic and other cells. Lipofuscin is the classical age pigment of postmitotic cells, while ceroid accumulates due to pathologic and experimental processes. There are good reasons to consider both ceroid and lipofuscin as materials of the same principal origin. The age-related intracellular fluorophores of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) seems to represent a special class of lipofuscin, which partly contains derivatives of retinoids and carotenoids. Saccharide-originated fluorophores, principally AGEs formed during glycation/Maillard reactions, may be mainly responsible for the extracellular fluorescence of long-lived proteins, such as collagen, elastin, and lens crystalline. Although lipofuscin, ceroid, AGEs, and APFs can be produced from different types of biological materials due to different side reactions of essential biology, the crosslinking of carbonyl-amino compounds is recognized as a common process during their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yin
- Department of Pathology, Linköping University, Sweden
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