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Nishida Y, Berg PC, Shakersain B, Hecht K, Takikawa A, Tao R, Kakuta Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Misawa N, Maoka T. Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:514. [PMID: 37888449 PMCID: PMC10608541 DOI: 10.3390/md21100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
| | | | - Behnaz Shakersain
- AstaReal AB, Signum, Forumvägen 14, Level 16, 131 53 Nacka, Sweden; (P.C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Ruohan Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Yumeka Kakuta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi 921-8836, Japan;
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
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Ishii T, Takashimizu I, Casco-Robles MM, Taya Y, Yuzuriha S, Toyama F, Maruo F, Kishi K, Chiba C. Skin Wound Healing of the Adult Newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster: A Unique Re-Epithelialization and Scarless Model. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121892. [PMID: 34944708 PMCID: PMC8698868 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In surgical and cosmetic studies, scarless regeneration is an ideal method to heal skin wounds. To study the technologies that enable scarless skin wound healing in medicine, animal models are useful. However, four-limbed vertebrates, including humans, generally lose their competency of scarless regeneration as they transit to their terrestrial life-stages through metamorphosis, hatching or birth. Therefore, animals that serve as a model for postnatal humans must be an exception to this rule, such as the newt. Here, we evaluated the adult newt in detail for the first time. Using a Japanese fire-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, we excised the full-thickness skin at various locations on the body, and surveyed their re-epithelialization, granulation or dermal fibrosis, and recovery of texture and appendages as well as color (hue, tone and pattern) for more than two years. We found that the skin of adult newts eventually regenerated exceptionally well through unique processes of re-epithelialization and the absence of fibrotic scar formation, except for the dorsal-lateral to ventral skin whose unique color patterns never recovered. Color pattern is species-specific. Consequently, the adult C. pyrrhogaster provides an ideal model system for studies aimed at perfect skin wound healing and regeneration in postnatal humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyuki Ishii
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University, Shinanomachi 35, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
| | - Ikkei Takashimizu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; (I.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Martin Miguel Casco-Robles
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (M.M.C.-R.); (F.M.)
| | - Yuji Taya
- Department of Pathology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Fujimi 1-9-20, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan;
| | - Shunsuke Yuzuriha
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; (I.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Fubito Toyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Yoto 7-1-2, Utsunomiya 321-8585, Japan;
| | - Fumiaki Maruo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (M.M.C.-R.); (F.M.)
| | - Kazuo Kishi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University, Shinanomachi 35, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Chikafumi Chiba
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; (M.M.C.-R.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (C.C.)
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Integrative mRNA-miRNA interaction analysis reveals the molecular mechanism of skin color variation between wild-type and yellow mutant rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100914. [PMID: 34653947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an important economic fish in China. Skin color affects the economic value of trout. However, the molecular mechanism of the skin color variation between wild-type (WR) and yellow mutant rainbow trout (YR) is unclear. We sequenced mRNAs and miRNAs of dorsal skin to identify key color variation-associated mRNAs and miRNAs between WR and YR. Overall, 2060 out of 3625 differentially expressed genes were upregulated in YR, and 196 out of 275 differentially expressed miRNAs were downregulated in WR. We identified three key YR-upregulated genes related to the formation of xanthophores (GCH1, SLC2A11, and SOX10). Interestingly, several genes related to melanogenesis (TYR, TYRP1, TYRP2, MC1R, MITF, PMEL, SLC45A2, and OCA2) were downregulated in WR. Integrated analysis identified five miRNAs that target at least two skin color-related genes (miR-495-y, miR-543-y, miR-665-z, miR-433-y, and miR-382-x). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses of target genes identified noncoding RNA metabolic process as the most significantly enriched GO term, and several metabolic pathways associated with skin color were enriched significantly, such as tyrosine metabolism, histidine metabolism, and vitamin B6 metabolism. Quantitative real-time PCR of selected mRNAs and miRNAs validated the reliability of the integrated analysis. This study provides in-depth insights into the molecular mechanism of skin color variation between WR and YR, which will accelerate the genetic selection and breeding of rainbow trout with consumer-favored traits.
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Cothran RD, Gervasi SS, Murray C, French BJ, Bradley PW, Urbina J, Blaustein AR, Relyea RA. Carotenoids and amphibians: effects on life history and susceptibility to the infectious pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov005. [PMID: 27293690 PMCID: PMC4778475 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are considered beneficial nutrients because they provide increased immune capacity. Although carotenoid research has been conducted in many vertebrates, little research has been done in amphibians, a group that is experiencing global population declines from numerous causes, including disease. We raised two amphibian species through metamorphosis on three carotenoid diets to quantify the effects on life-history traits and post-metamorphic susceptibility to a fungal pathogen (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Bd). Increased carotenoids had no effect on survival to metamorphosis in gray treefrogs (Hyla versicolor) but caused lower survival to metamorphosis in wood frogs [Lithobates sylvaticus (Rana sylvatica)]. Increased carotenoids caused both species to experience slower development and growth. When exposed to Bd after metamorphosis, wood frogs experienced high mortality, and the carotenoid diets had no mitigating effects. Gray treefrogs were less susceptible to Bd, which prevented an assessment of whether carotenoids could mitigate the effects of Bd. Moreover, carotenoids had no effect on pathogen load. As one of only a few studies examining the effects of carotenoids on amphibians and the first to examine potential interactions with Bd, our results suggest that carotenoids do not always serve amphibians in the many positive ways that have become the paradigm in other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickey D Cothran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Stephanie S Gervasi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Cindy Murray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Beverly J French
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Paul W Bradley
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jenny Urbina
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Andrew R Blaustein
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Abstract
Sexual selection based on visual stimuli was recently studied in several amphibian species with permanent or temporary dichromatism. The Alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris) is a Caudate species with prominent sexual dichromatism during the breeding period. We focused on the intersexual differences in the orange, carotenoid-base ventral colouration of this widespread European species. We used an image analysis approach to compare the content of the red colour and saturation of the belly in 80 male and 62 female aquatic adult newts captured during spring migration in two localities in the Czech Republic. Both studied colour parameters of the ventral side of the Alpine newt are connected with sex. Males have significantly higher values of saturation on both localities, but the relationship with red content was not so clear. Individual characteristics (body condition, body length) affect colour variables of males and females similarly. Effect of body condition on colour variables was not demonstrated. Therefore we presume that the pronounced colouration of males is a cue facilitating detection, localisation or interspecies identification, rather than a direct component of male quality as assessed by females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldřich Kopecký
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
| | - Jiří Šichtař
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
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Burri BJ, Clifford AJ. Carotenoid and retinoid metabolism: insights from isotope studies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 430:110-9. [PMID: 15325918 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Use of isotopes as tracers has had an important role in elucidating key features of vitamin A and retinoid metabolism in animal models and humans. Their use has shown that beta-carotene absorption is variable, and that the appearance of beta-carotene and its metabolites in the blood by time since dosing follows characteristic patterns. Retinol formed from beta-carotene shows a different pattern, as does lutein. In this article, we summarize and discuss insights and some surprises into the absorption and metabolism of vitamin A, beta-carotene, and lutein that were gained with the use of isotope tracers in humans, rats, and cells as models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty J Burri
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS/USDA, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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