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Nakai D, Yokohata Y. Bone microstructure as an indicator of digging ability in moles (Talpidae, Eulipotyphla). J Anat 2024. [PMID: 39039731 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Talpid moles (Talpidae, Eulipotyphla) are mammals highly specialised in burrowing using their forelimbs. Fossoriality has allowed moles to expand their ecological niche by enabling access to subterranean resources and spaces. This specialisation in burrowing has led to adaptations in the forelimb bones of moles for humeral rotation digging, a distinctive strategy unparalleled among other diggers. While bone robustness has been examined in moles through external morphology, the adaptation of bone microstructure to digging strategy remains unclear. Based on two assumptions, (1) the humerus of moles is subjected to a torsional load due to humeral rotation digging, and (2) the magnitude of torsional load correlates with the compactness of the substrate in which the individuals can dig, we hypothesised that humeral rotation digging influences bone microstructure. Comparative analyses of transverse sections from the humeri and femora of three mole species (Mogera imaizumii, Mogera wogura and Urotrichus talpoides; Talpidae) and an outgroup eulipotyphlan (Suncus murinus; Soricidae) revealed that (1) vascular canals distributed in the humeri of moles align more predominantly circumferential along the bone walls, indicating an adaptation to the torsion generated by humeral rotation digging, and (2) the laminarity of vascular canals, particularly in Mogera species compared with Urotrichus, potentially reflects differences in the magnitude of load due to substrate compactness during digging. The aligned vascular canals are distinctive traits not observed in mammals employing other digging strategies. This suggests that vascular canal laminarity can be an indicator of not only humeral rotation digging in fossorial animals, but also the variation of eco-spaces in talpid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Nakai
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yokohata
- Faculty of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Biltueva LS, Vorobieva NV, Lemskya NA, Perelman PL, Trifonov VA, Panov VV, Abramov AV, Kawada SI, Serdukova NA, Graphodatsky AS. Chromosomal Evolution of the Talpinae. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1472. [PMID: 37510376 PMCID: PMC10379030 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number of mole species with species status confirmed by genetic methods has been continuously increasing. Unfortunately, cytogenetic data are not yet available for all species. Here, for the first time, a GTG-banded karyotype of the small-toothed mole from Vietnam, Euroscaptor parvidens, a representative of the Eastern clade of the genus Euroscaptor, has been described. Through comparative analysis of available Euroscaptor (Euroscaptor parvidens, Euroscaptor klossi, and Euroscaptor malayana) and Oreoscaptor (Oreoscaptor mizura) karyotypes, we found cytogenetic signatures for each of the studied species. Zoo-FISH with sorted chromosomes of the Siberian mole (Talpa altaica) on chromosome sets of the small-toothed mole (E. parvidens), the small Japanese mole (Mogera imaizumii) from the closely related genus, and the Japanese shrew mole (Urotrichus talpoides) from the tribe Urotrichini made it possible to identify syntenic regions between these species. We propose a possible ancestral karyotype of the tribe and, based on it, traced the features of chromosomal rearrangements accompanying the divergence of moles. The low rates of chromosomal evolution within the species of the genus Talpa-T. altaica and T. europaea-and the high rates of karyotypic reshuffling within the Asian genera of the tribe were confirmed. The karyotype of the Japanese mountain mole O. mizura seems to be the most conserved among the Asian moles. The most frequently occurring types of chromosomal rearrangements in moles are the pericentric inversions and amplification of heterochromatin. The pericentric inversions on four pairs of autosomes are shared between the closely related genera Euroscaptor, Oreoscaptor, and Mogera, while many more apomorphic rearrangements have occurred in each lineage additionally. The highest rate of chromosomal changes, with five rearrangements occurring over approximately 7 million years, was recorded in the lineage of the small-toothed mole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa S Biltueva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8/2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Vorobieva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8/2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya A Lemskya
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8/2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Polina L Perelman
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8/2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Trifonov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8/2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Victor V Panov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze st.11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey V Abramov
- Zoological Institute RAS, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Joint Vietnamese-Russian Tropical Research and Technological Centre, Nguyen Van Huyen, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi 650000, Vietnam
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawada
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Tsukuba 305-0005, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Natalya A Serdukova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8/2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandr S Graphodatsky
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave., 8/2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Nakamoto A, Harada M, Mitsuhashi R, Tsuchiya K, Kryukov AP, Shinohara A, Suzuki H. Influence of Quaternary environmental changes on mole populations inferred from mitochondrial sequences and evolutionary rate estimation. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2021; 7:2. [PMID: 33588942 PMCID: PMC7885446 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-021-00169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary environmental changes fundamentally influenced the genetic diversity of temperate-zone terrestrial animals, including those in the Japanese Archipelago. The genetic diversity of present-day populations is taxon- and region-specific, but its determinants are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed cytochrome b gene (Cytb) sequences (1140 bp) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to elucidate the factors determining the genetic variation in three species of large moles: Mogera imaizumii and Mogera wogura, which occur in central and southern mainland Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu), and Mogera robusta, which occurs on the nearby Asian continent. Network construction with the Cytb sequences revealed 10 star-shaped clusters with apparent geographic affinity. Mismatch distribution analysis showed that modes of pairwise nucleotide differences (τ values) were grouped into five classes in terms of the level, implying the occurrence of five stages for rapid expansion. It is conceivable that severe cold periods and subsequent warm periods during the late Quaternary were responsible for the population expansion events. The first and third oldest events included island-derived haplotypes, indicative of the involvement of land bridge formation between remote islands, hence suggesting an association of the ends of the penultimate (PGM, ca. 130,000 years ago) and last (LGM, ca. 15,000 years ago) glacial maxima, respectively. Since the third event was followed by the fourth, it is plausible that the termination of the Younger Dryas and subsequent abrupt warming ca. 11,500 years ago facilitated the fourth expansion event. The second event most likely corresponded to early marine isotope stage (MIS) 3 (ca. 53,000 years ago) when the glaciation and subsequent warming period were predicted to have influenced biodiversity. Utilization of the critical times of 130,000, 53,000, 15,000, and 11,500 years ago as calibration points yielded evolutionary rates of 0.03, 0.045, 0.10 and 0.10 substitutions/site/million years, respectively, showing a time-dependent manner whose pattern was similar to that seen in small rodents reported in our previous studies. The age of the fifth expansion event was calculated to be 5800 years ago with a rate of 0.10 substitutions/site/million years ago during the mid-Holocene, suggestive of the influence of humans or other unspecified reasons, such as the Jomon marine transgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Nakamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 5, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Masashi Harada
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medical School, Osaka, 545-8585 Japan
| | - Reiko Mitsuhashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 5, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Kimiyuki Tsuchiya
- Oyo-seibutsu Co. Ltd., 4-12-3, Minami-Aoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0062 Japan
| | - Alexey P. Kryukov
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022 Russia
| | - Akio Shinohara
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Kihara 5200, Miyazaki, 889-1692 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 5, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
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Sansalone G, Colangelo P, Loy A, Raia P, Wroe S, Piras P. Impact of transition to a subterranean lifestyle on morphological disparity and integration in talpid moles (Mammalia, Talpidae). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:179. [PMID: 31510915 PMCID: PMC6739959 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanisms promoting or constraining morphological diversification within clades is a central topic in evolutionary biology. Ecological transitions are of particular interest because of their influence upon the selective forces and factors involved in phenotypic evolution. Here we focused on the humerus and mandibles of talpid moles to test whether the transition to the subterranean lifestyle impacted morphological disparity and phenotypic traits covariation between these two structures. RESULTS Our results indicate non-subterranean species occupy a significantly larger portion of the talpid moles morphospace. However, there is no difference between subterranean and non-subterranean moles in terms of the strength and direction of phenotypic integration. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the transition to a subterranean lifestyle significantly reduced morphological variability in talpid moles. However, this reduced disparity was not accompanied by changes in the pattern of traits covariation between the humerus and the mandible, suggesting the presence of strong phylogenetic conservatism within this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sansalone
- Form, Evolution and Anatomy Research Laboratory, Zoology, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Largo San Leonardo Murialdo 1, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Colangelo
- National Research Council, Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
| | - Anna Loy
- Environmetrics Lab, Dipartimento STAT, Università del Molise, I-86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Pasquale Raia
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Stephen Wroe
- Form, Evolution and Anatomy Research Laboratory, Zoology, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Paolo Piras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari,Respiratorie, Nefrologiche, Anestesiologiche e Geriatriche, “Sapienza”, Università di Roma, Via del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00100 Rome, Italy
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Zemlemerova E, Abramov A, Kryukov A, Lebedev V, Min M, Lee S, Bannikova A. Genetic and morphologic diversity of the moles (Talpomorpha, Talpidae, Mogera) from the continental Far East. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zemlemerova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and EvolutionRussian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Alexey Abramov
- Zoological InstituteRussian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexey Kryukov
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial BiodiversityFar Eastern BranchRussian Academy of Sciences Vladivostok Russia
| | - Vladimir Lebedev
- Zoological MuseumLomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Mi‐Sook Min
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB)Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Seo‐Jin Lee
- Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB)Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National University Seoul South Korea
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Koyabu D, Hosojima M, Endo H. Into the dark: patterns of middle ear adaptations in subterranean eulipotyphlan mammals. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170608. [PMID: 28989763 PMCID: PMC5627103 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of the middle ear ossicles was a key innovation for mammals, enhancing the transmission of airborne sound. Radiation into various habitats from a terrestrial environment resulted in diversification of the auditory mechanisms among mammals. However, due to the paucity of phylogenetically controlled investigations, how middle ear traits have diversified with functional specialization remains unclear. In order to identify the respective patterns for various lifestyles and to gain insights into fossil forms, we employed a high-resolution tomography technique and compared the middle ear morphology of eulipotyphlan species (moles, shrews and hedgehogs), a group that has radiated into various environments, such as terrestrial, aquatic and subterranean habitats. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis was conducted within a phylogenetically controlled framework. Quantitative shapes were found to strongly reflect the degree of subterranean lifestyle and weakly involve phylogeny. Our analyses demonstrate that subterranean adaptation should include a relatively shorter anterior process of the malleus, an enlarged incus, an enlarged stapes footplate and a reduction of the orbicular apophysis. These traits arguably allow improving low-frequency sound transmission at low frequencies and inhibiting the low-frequency noise which disturbs the subterranean animals in hearing airborne sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Koyabu
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
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He K, Shinohara A, Helgen KM, Springer MS, Jiang XL, Campbell KL. Talpid Mole Phylogeny Unites Shrew Moles and Illuminates Overlooked Cryptic Species Diversity. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 34:78-87. [PMID: 27795230 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian family Talpidae (moles, shrew moles, desmans) is characterized by diverse ecomorphologies associated with terrestrial, semi-aquatic, semi-fossorial, fossorial, and aquatic-fossorial lifestyles. Prominent specializations involved with these different lifestyles, and the transitions between them, pose outstanding questions regarding the evolutionary history within the family, not only for living but also for fossil taxa. Here, we investigate the phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and biogeographic history of the family using 19 nuclear and 2 mitochondrial genes (∼16 kb) from ∼60% of described species representing all 17 genera. Our phylogenetic analyses help settle classical questions in the evolution of moles, identify an ancient (mid-Miocene) split within the monotypic genus Scaptonyx, and indicate that talpid species richness may be nearly 30% higher than previously recognized. Our results also uniformly support the monophyly of long-tailed moles with the two shrew mole tribes and confirm that the Gansu mole is the sole living Asian member of an otherwise North American radiation. Finally, we provide evidence that aquatic specializations within the tribes Condylurini and Desmanini evolved along different morphological trajectories, though we were unable to statistically reject monophyly of the strictly fossorial tribes Talpini and Scalopini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN , Canada
| | - Akio Shinohara
- Department of Bio-resources, Division of Biotechnology, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kristofer M Helgen
- National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
| | - Mark S Springer
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Xue-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Kevin L Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN , Canada
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Bannikova AA, Zemlemerova ED, Lebedev VS, Aleksandrov DY, Fang Y, Sheftel BI. Phylogenetic position of the Gansu mole Scapanulus oweni Thomas, 1912 and the relationships between strictly fossorial tribes of the family talpidae. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2015; 464:230-234. [PMID: 26530064 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496615050038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The results of the first molecular study focused on the phylogenetic position of the Gansu mole, Scapanulus oweni are presented. The analysis based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytb gene and five nuclear genes supports the monophyly of the Scalopini tribe including S. oweni and shows that two highly fossorial talpid tribes, Talpini and Scalopini, are not immediate sister taxa. These results highlight the role of morphological parallelism as a potential source of conflict between molecular and morphology-based phylogenies in Talpidae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V S Lebedev
- Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - D Yu Aleksandrov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117071, Russia
| | - Yun Fang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese's Academy of Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - B I Sheftel
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117071, Russia
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Shinohara A, Kawada SI, Son NT, Koshimoto C, Endo H, Can DN, Suzuki H. Molecular phylogeny of East and Southeast Asian fossorial moles (Lipotyphla, Talpidae). J Mammal 2014. [DOI: 10.1644/13-mamm-a-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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10
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Emerling CA, Springer MS. Eyes underground: regression of visual protein networks in subterranean mammals. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 78:260-70. [PMID: 24859681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Regressive evolution involves the degeneration of formerly useful structures in a lineage over time, and may be accompanied by the molecular decay of phenotype-specific genes. The mammalian eye has repeatedly undergone degeneration in taxa that occupy dim-light environments including subterranean habitats. Here we assess whether a decrease in the amount of light that reaches the retina is associated with increased regression of retinal genes, whether the phototransduction and visual cycle pathways degrade in a predictable pattern, and if the timing of retinal gene loss is associated with the entrance of mammalian lineages into subterranean environments. Sequence data were obtained from the publically available genomes of the Cape golden mole (Chrysochloris asiatica), naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) and star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) for 65 genes associated with phototransduction, the visual cycle, and other retinal functions. Gene sequences were inspected for inactivating mutations and, when present, pseudogene sequences were compared to sequences from subaerial outgroup species. To test whether retinal degeneration is correlated with historical entrances into subterranean environments, estimated dates of retinal gene inactivation were compared to the fossil record and phylogenetic inferences of ancestral fossoriality. Our results show that (1) lower levels of light available to the retina correspond with an increase in the number of retinal pseudogenes, (2) retinal protein networks generally degrade in a predictable manner, although the extensive loss of cone phototransduction genes in Heterocephalus raises further questions regarding SWS1-cone monochromacy versus functional rod monochromacy in this species, and (3) inactivation dates of retinal genes usually post-date inferred entrances into subterranean habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Emerling
- Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Mark S Springer
- Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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Tu F, Liu S, Liu Y, Sun Z, Yin Y, Yan C, Lu L, Yue B, Zhang X. Complete mitogenome of Chinese shrew moleUropsilus soricipes(Milne-Edwards, 1871) (Mammalia: Talpidae) and genetic structure of the species in the Jiajin Mountains (China). J NAT HIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.842012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Yasuda SP, Gamage CD, Koizumi N, Nishio S, Isozumi R, Shimizu K, Koma T, Amada T, Suzuki H, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J. Distinct genetic characteristics of Sri Lankan Rattus and Bandicota (Murinae, Rodentia) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Genes Genet Syst 2014; 89:71-80. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.89.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei P. Yasuda
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Chandika D. Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Sanae Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Rie Isozumi
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kenta Shimizu
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takako Amada
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Ecology and Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
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13
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Wan T, He K, Jiang XL. Multilocus phylogeny and cryptic diversity in Asian shrew-like moles (Uropsilus, Talpidae): implications for taxonomy and conservation. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:232. [PMID: 24161152 PMCID: PMC3819745 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Uropsilus comprises a group of terrestrial, montane mammals endemic to the Hengduan and adjacent mountains. These animals are the most primitive living talpids. The taxonomy has been primarily based on cursory morphological comparisons and the evolutionary affinities are little known. To provide insight into the systematics of this group, we estimated the first multi-locus phylogeny and conducted species delimitation, including taxon sampling throughout their distribution range. RESULTS We obtained two mitochondrial genes (~1, 985 bp) and eight nuclear genes (~4, 345 bp) from 56 specimens. Ten distinct evolutionary lineages were recovered from the three recognized species, eight of which were recognized as species/putative species. Five of these putative species were found to be masquerading as the gracile shrew mole. The divergence time estimation results indicated that climate change since the last Miocene and the uplift of the Himalayas may have resulted in the diversification and speciation of Uropsilus. CONCLUSIONS The cryptic diversity found in this study indicated that the number of species is strongly underestimated under the current taxonomy. Two synonyms of gracilis (atronates and nivatus) should be given full species status, and the taxonomic status of another three potential species should be evaluated using extensive taxon sampling, comprehensive morphological, and morphometric approaches. Consequently, the conservation status of Uropsilus spp. should also be re-evaluated, as most of the species/potential species have very limited distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 China
| | - Kai He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Xue-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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Kirihara T, Shinohara A, Tsuchiya K, Harada M, Kryukov AP, Suzuki H. Spatial and temporal aspects of occurrence of Mogera species in the Japanese islands inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:267-81. [PMID: 23537237 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We assessed dispersal and vicariant events in four species of Japanese moles in the genera Mogera and Euroscaptor to better understand the factors shaping intra- and interspecific differentiation in Japanese moles. We used the combined viewpoints of molecular phylogeny and historical geology using nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial (cytochrome b; Cytb) and nuclear (A2ab, Bmp4, Tcf25, vWf) genes. The divergence times estimated from the molecular data were verified with available geological data on the chronology of fluctuations in sea level in the Korea Strait, assuming sequential migration and speciation events. This produced possible migration times of 5.6, 3.5, 2.4, and 1.3 million years ago for four species of Japanese moles, Euroscaptor mizura, Mogera tokudae, M. imaizumii, and M. wogura, respectively. For the western Japanese mole M. wogura, Cytb sequences revealed four major phylogroups with strong geographic affinities in southwestern Central Honshu (I), western Honshu/Shikoku (II), Kyushu/westernmost Honshu (III), and Korea/Russian Primorye (IV). The nuclear gene sequences supported the distinctiveness of phylogroups I and IV, indicating long, independent evolutionary histories. In contrast, phylogroups II and III were merged into a single geographic group based on the nuclear gene data. Intraspecific divergences in M. imaizumii and M. tokudae were rather apparent in Cytb but not in nuclear gene sequences. The results suggest that repeated dispersal events have occurred between the Asian continent and the Japanese Islands, and intensive vicariant events associated with abiotic and biotic factors have created higher levels of species and genetic diversities in moles occurring on the Japanese Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kirihara
- Laboratory of Ecology and Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Meier PS, Bickelmann C, Scheyer TM, Koyabu D, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Evolution of bone compactness in extant and extinct moles (Talpidae): exploring humeral microstructure in small fossorial mammals. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:55. [PMID: 23442022 PMCID: PMC3599842 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Talpids include forms with different degree of fossoriality, with major specializations in the humerus in the case of the fully fossorial moles. We studied the humeral microanatomy of eleven extant and eight extinct talpid taxa of different lifestyles and of two non-fossorial outgroups and examined the effects of size and phylogeny. We tested the hypothesis that bone microanatomy is different in highly derived humeri of fossorial taxa than in terrestrial and semi-aquatic ones, likely due to special mechanical strains to which they are exposed to during digging. This study is the first comprehensive examination of histological parameters in an ecologically diverse and small-sized mammalian clade. RESULTS No pattern of global bone compactness was found in the humeri of talpids that could be related to biomechanical specialization, phylogeny or size. The transition zone from the medullary cavity to the cortical compacta was larger and the ellipse ratio smaller in fossorial talpids than in non-fossorial talpids. No differences were detected between the two distantly related fossorial clades, Talpini and Scalopini. CONCLUSIONS At this small size, the overall morphology of the humerus plays a predominant role in absorbing the load, and microanatomical features such as an increase in bone compactness are less important, perhaps due to insufficient gravitational effects. The ellipse ratio of bone compactness shows relatively high intraspecific variation, and therefore predictions from this ratio based on single specimens are invalid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Meier
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, CH-8006, Switzerland
| | - Constanze Bickelmann
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, CH-8006, Switzerland
- Current address: Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions-und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstrasse 43, Berlin, D-10115, Germany
| | - Torsten M Scheyer
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, CH-8006, Switzerland
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, CH-8006, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, CH-8006, Switzerland
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Bickelmann C, Jiménez R, Richardson MK, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Humerus development in moles (Talpidae, Mammalia). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Bickelmann
- Paleontological Museum and Institute; University of Zurich; Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4 Zurich 8006 Switzerland
| | - Rafael Jiménez
- Departamento de Genética; Universidad de Granada; Avenida del Conocimiento Granada, Armilla 18100 Spain
| | - Michael K. Richardson
- Institute of Biology; University of Leiden; Sylviusweg 72 Leiden 2333 BE The Netherlands
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Koh HS, Jang KH, Han ED, Jo JE, Jeong SK, Ham EJ, Lee JH, Kim KS, In ST, Kweon GH. Lack of genetic divergence betweenMogera wogura coreanafrom Korea andM. w. robustafrom Northeastern China and adjacent Russia (Soricomorpha: Mammalia), reexamined from 12S rRNA and cytochromebsequences. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2012.694824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Crumpton N, Thompson RS. The Holes of Moles: Osteological Correlates of the Trigeminal Nerve in Talpidae. J MAMM EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-012-9213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kawada SI, Son NT, Can DN. A new species of mole of the genusEuroscaptor(Soricomorpha, Talpidae) from northern Vietnam. J Mammal 2012. [DOI: 10.1644/11-mamm-a-296.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Signore AV, Stetefeld J, Weber RE, Campbell KL. Origin and mechanism of thermal insensitivity in mole hemoglobins: a test of the 'additional' chloride binding site hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:518-25. [PMID: 22246260 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.063669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The structural and evolutionary origins underlying the effect of temperature on the O(2) binding properties of mammalian hemoglobins (Hbs) are poorly understood, despite their potential physiological importance. Previous work has shown that the O(2) affinities of the blood of the coast mole (Scapanus orarius) and the eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) are significantly less sensitive to temperature changes than that of the star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata). It was suggested that this difference may arise from the binding of 'additional' chloride ions within a cationic pocket between residues 8His, 76Lys and 77Asn on the β-like δ-globin chains of coast and eastern mole Hbs. To test this hypothesis, we deduced the primary sequences of star-nosed mole and American shrew mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii) Hb, measured the sensitivity of these respiratory proteins to allosteric effector molecules and temperature, and calculated their overall oxygenation enthalpies (ΔH'). Here we show that the variability in ΔH' seen among mole Hbs cannot be attributed to differential Cl(-) binding at δ8, δ76 and δ77, as the Cl(-) sensitivity of mole Hbs is unaffected by amino acid changes at this site (i.e. the proposed 'additional' Cl- binding site is not operational in mole Hbs). Rather, we demonstrate that the numerically low ΔH' of coast and eastern mole Hbs results from heightened proton binding relative to other mole Hbs. Comparative sequence analysis and molecular modelling moreover suggest that this attribute evolved in a common ancestor of these two fossorial lineages and arises from the development of a salt bridge between a pair of amino acid residues (δ125His and α34Glu/Asp) that are not present in other mole Hbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V Signore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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Piras P, Sansalone G, Teresi L, Kotsakis T, Colangelo P, Loy A. Testing convergent and parallel adaptations in talpids humeral mechanical performance by means of geometric morphometrics and finite element analysis. J Morphol 2012; 273:696-711. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Motokawa M, Wu Y, Harada M. Karyotypes of Six Soricomorph Species from Emei Shan, Sichuan Province, China. Zoolog Sci 2009; 26:791-7. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.26.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Kang HJ, Bennett SN, Sumibcay L, Arai S, Hope AG, Mocz G, Song JW, Cook JA, Yanagihara R. Evolutionary insights from a genetically divergent hantavirus harbored by the European common mole (Talpa europaea). PLoS One 2009; 4:e6149. [PMID: 19582155 PMCID: PMC2702001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of genetically distinct hantaviruses in shrews (Order Soricomorpha, Family Soricidae) from widely separated geographic regions challenges the hypothesis that rodents (Order Rodentia, Family Muridae and Cricetidae) are the primordial reservoir hosts of hantaviruses and also predicts that other soricomorphs harbor hantaviruses. Recently, novel hantavirus genomes have been detected in moles of the Family Talpidae, including the Japanese shrew mole (Urotrichus talpoides) and American shrew mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii). We present new insights into the evolutionary history of hantaviruses gained from a highly divergent hantavirus, designated Nova virus (NVAV), identified in the European common mole (Talpa europaea) captured in Hungary. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Pair-wise alignment and comparison of the full-length S- and L-genomic segments indicated moderately low sequence similarity of 54-65% and 46-63% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, between NVAV and representative rodent- and soricid-borne hantaviruses. Despite the high degree of sequence divergence, the predicted secondary structure of the NVAV nucleocapsid protein exhibited the characteristic coiled-coil domains at the amino-terminal end, and the L-segment motifs, typically found in hantaviruses, were well conserved. Phylogenetic analyses, using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods, showed that NVAV formed a distinct clade that was evolutionarily distant from all other hantaviruses. CONCLUSIONS Newly identified hantaviruses harbored by shrews and moles support long-standing virus-host relationships and suggest that ancestral soricomorphs, rather than rodents, may have been the early or original mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ji Kang
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute for Viral Diseases and Bank for Pathogenic Viruses, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shannon N. Bennett
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Laarni Sumibcay
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Satoru Arai
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew G. Hope
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Gabor Mocz
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute for Viral Diseases and Bank for Pathogenic Viruses, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joseph A. Cook
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Richard Yanagihara
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
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Kang HJ, Bennett SN, Dizney L, Sumibcay L, Arai S, Ruedas LA, Song JW, Yanagihara R. Host switch during evolution of a genetically distinct hantavirus in the American shrew mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii). Virology 2009; 388:8-14. [PMID: 19394994 PMCID: PMC2692302 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A genetically distinct hantavirus, designated Oxbow virus (OXBV), was detected in tissues of an American shrew mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii), captured in Gresham, Oregon, in September 2003. Pairwise analysis of full-length S- and M- and partial L-segment nucleotide and amino acid sequences of OXBV indicated low sequence similarity with rodent-borne hantaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods, and host-parasite evolutionary comparisons, showed that OXBV and Asama virus, a hantavirus recently identified from the Japanese shrew mole (Urotrichus talpoides), were related to soricine shrew-borne hantaviruses from North America and Eurasia, respectively, suggesting parallel evolution associated with cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ji Kang
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB320L, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases and Bank for Pathogenic Viruses, College of Medicine, Korea University, 5-Ka, Anam-dong, Sungbug-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Shannon N. Bennett
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB320L, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Laurie Dizney
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Laarni Sumibcay
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB320L, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Satoru Arai
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Luis A. Ruedas
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases and Bank for Pathogenic Viruses, College of Medicine, Korea University, 5-Ka, Anam-dong, Sungbug-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Richard Yanagihara
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB320L, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Kawada SI, Li S, Wang YX, Mock OB, Oda SI, Campbell KL. Karyotype Evolution of Shrew Moles (Soricomorpha: Talpidae). J Mammal 2008. [DOI: 10.1644/07-mamm-a-105.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Shinohara A, Kawada SI, Harada M, Koyasu K, Oda SI, Suzuki H. Phylogenetic relationships of the short-faced mole, Scaptochirus moschatus (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla), among Eurasian fossorial moles, as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. MAMMAL STUDY 2008. [DOI: 10.3106/1348-6160(2008)33[77:protsm]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Carmona FD, Motokawa M, Tokita M, Tsuchiya K, Jiménez R, Sánchez-Villagra MR. The evolution of female mole ovotestes evidences high plasticity of mammalian gonad development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2008; 310:259-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nunome M, Yasuda SP, Sato JJ, Vogel P, Suzuki H. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among dormice (Rodentia, Gliridae) based on three nuclear genes. ZOOL SCR 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nagata N, Kubota K, Sota T. Phylogeography and introgressive hybridization of the ground beetle Carabus yamato in Japan based on mitochondrial gene sequences. Zoolog Sci 2007; 24:465-74. [PMID: 17867845 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.24.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To study the phylogeography of the ground beetle Carabus yamato in Japan, we compared 1,020-bp sequences of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene from 373 specimens from 37 localities with those of three parapatric species (C. albrechti, C. kimurai, and C. japonicus) that might share mitochondrial lineages with C. yamato through introgressive hybridization. We found 81 haplotypes from C. yamato. Of these, 17 haplotypes were considered to be of an introgressed lineage from C. albrechti, based on the phylogeny and geographic distribution. In addition, one haplotype of C. kimurai was likely an introgressant from C. yamato. Putative introgression events among the four species were restricted to these two directional cases. We analyzed the phylogeography of C. yamato using nested clade phylogeographical analysis and population genetic parameters. The mitochondrial lineages of C. yamato were estimated to have diverged no more than approximately 1.12 million years ago, implying that the estimated historical events occurred after the Early Pleistocene. Carabus yamato was inferred to have experienced a contraction of its distribution range, followed by recent range expansion. Populations in the western and eastern regions, segregated by Ise Bay and the Nobi and Okazaki Plains, diverged in the mitochondrial clades. The northern and most western populations possessed one clade only (except an introgressed lineage), whereas eastern and some southwestern populations possessed several diverged clades, which were considered to be ancestral; these populations may have been associated with refugia during glacial periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Nagata
- Department of Zoology, Graudate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abstract
The middle ear structures of eight species of mole in the family Talpidae (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla) were studied under light and electron microscopy. Neurotrichus, Parascalops, and Condylura have a simple middle ear cavity with a loose ectotympanic bone, ossicles of a "microtype" morphology, and they retain a small tensor tympani muscle. These characteristics are ancestral for talpid moles. Talpa, Scalopus, Scapanus, and Parascaptor species, on the other hand, have a looser articulation between malleus and ectotympanic bone and a reduced or absent orbicular apophysis. These species lack a tensor tympani muscle, possess complete bullae, and extensions of the middle ear cavity pneumatize the surrounding basicranial bones. The two middle ear cavities communicate in Talpa, Scapanus, and Parascaptor species. Parascaptor has a hypertrophied malleus, a feature shared with Scaptochirus but not found in any other talpid genus. Differences in middle ear morphology within members of the Talpidae are correlated with lifestyle. The species with middle ears closer to the ancestral type spend more time above ground, where they will be exposed to high-frequency sound: their middle ears appear suited for transmission of high frequencies. The species with derived middle ear morphologies are more exclusively subterranean. Some of the derived features of their middle ears potentially improve low-frequency hearing, while others may reduce the transmission of bone-conducted noise. By contrast, the unusual middle ear apparatus of Parascaptor, which exhibits striking similarities to that of golden moles, probably augments seismic sensitivity by inertial bone conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Mason
- University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
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Cabria MT, Rubines J, Gómez-Moliner B, Zardoya R. On the phylogenetic position of a rare Iberian endemic mammal, the Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus). Gene 2006; 375:1-13. [PMID: 16624502 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the complete mitochondrial genome and nine partial nuclear genes of the Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) were determined in order to establish the relative phylogenetic position of this species at different taxonomic levels within the placental tree. Phylogenetic relationships of desman within the family Talpidae were inferred based on complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene nucleotide sequence data. The Pyrenean desman was unambiguously recovered as sister group of the Russian desman (Desmana moschata) confirming the monophyly of the subfamily Desmaninae. However, phylogenetic relationships among major lineages within the Talpidae could not be confidently resolved. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial (at the amino acid level) and nuclear (at the nucleotide level) sequence data sets confidently placed desman within the Eulipotyphla (that also included moles, shrews, and hedgehogs), and partially recovered placental interordinal relationships. The monophyly of Laurasiatheria (including Eulipotyphla, Chiroptera, Carnivora, Pholidota, Perissodactyla, and Cetartiodactyla) was strongly supported. Mitochondrial amino acid sequences of Pholidota (pangolins) were found to bias phylogenetic inferences due to long-branch attraction effects. A Bayesian inference based on a combined mitochondrial and nuclear data set without Pholidota arrived at an almost fully resolved tree that supported the basal position of Eulipotyphla within Laurasiatheria.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Cabria
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Sanchez-Villagra MR, Horovitz I, Motokawa M. A comprehensive morphological analysis of talpid moles (Mammalia) phylogenetic relationships. Cladistics 2006; 22:59-88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Shinohara A, Campbell KL, Suzuki H. An evolutionary view on the Japanese talpids based on nucleotide sequences. MAMMAL STUDY 2005. [DOI: 10.3106/1348-6160(2005)30[s19:aevotj]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shinohara A, Kawada SI, Yasuda M, Liat LB. Phylogenetic position of the Malaysian mole, Euroscaptor micrura (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla), inferred from three gene sequences. MAMMAL STUDY 2004. [DOI: 10.3106/mammalstudy.29.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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