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Rheinsmith SE, Quinn TP, Dittman AH, Yopak KE. Ontogenetic shifts in olfactory rosette morphology of the sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21539. [PMID: 36433755 PMCID: PMC10107999 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, are anadromous, semelparous fish that breed in freshwater-typically in streams, and juveniles in most populations feed in lakes for 1 or 2 years, then migrate to sea to feed for 2 or 3 additional years, before returning to their natal sites to spawn and die. This species undergoes important changes in behavior, habitat, and morphology through these multiple life history stages. However, the sensory systems that mediate these migratory patterns are not fully understood, and few studies have explored changes in sensory function and specialization throughout ontogeny. This study investigates changes in the olfactory rosette of sockeye salmon across four different life stages (fry, parr, smolt, and adult). Development of the olfactory rosette was assessed by comparing total rosette size (RS), lamellae number, and lamellae complexity from scanning electron microscopy images across life stages, as a proxy for olfactory capacity. Olfactory RS increased linearly with lamellae number and body size (p < .001). The complexity of the rosette, including the distribution of sensory and nonsensory epithelia and the appearance of secondary lamellar folding, varied between fry and adult life stages. These differences in epithelial structure may indicate variation in odor-processing capacity between juveniles imprinting on their natal stream and adults using those odor memories in the final stages of homing to natal breeding sites. These findings improve our understanding of the development of the olfactory system throughout life in this species, highlighting that ontogenetic shifts in behavior and habitat may coincide with shifts in nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Rheinsmith
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas P Quinn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew H Dittman
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kara E Yopak
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Fischer AJ, Dew WA. Behavioural responses of fathead minnows to carbohydrates found in aquatic environments. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:2040-2043. [PMID: 34431092 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates make up a significant portion of dissolved organic carbon in waterways. Apart from studies demonstrating that chondroitin causes avoidance behaviours in some fish species, no work has been done to determine how fish respond to carbohydrates commonly found in their environment. In this study fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were attracted to N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, avoided d-arabinose and had no response to either d-xylose or d-glucose using a behavioural assay. This study provides further evidence that carbohydrates may be important chemosensory cues for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Fischer
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - William A Dew
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Nobata S, Kitagawa T, Houki S, Ito M, Aoki Y, Sato K, Hyodo S. Relationships between maturational status and migration behavior of homing chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in inner bays of the Sanriku coast. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 313:113896. [PMID: 34499908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The correlations among gonad maturity and various homing behaviors of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, were evaluated using acoustic tracking of tagged fish in Otsuchi Bay, Japan. There was a negative correlation between the time duration from release of tagged fish until river entry and the plasma 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) levels, an indicator of final maturation. Females with high DHP entered the rivers soon after the release, whereas females with low DHP (<10 ng/ml) took a few days to more than one week until river entry. Similar correlation was also found in males. A pattern of river entry correlated with maturational conditions was also observed in fish entering the rivers of neighboring bays. DHP concentrations of fish caught in the rivers were consistently higher. On the other hand, more than half of released salmon departed from the bay regardless of their plasma DHP level, suggesting that maturational status does not force homing adults to enter the most available nearest rivers. Fish entering the rivers experienced ambient temperatures less than 8 °C, which is approximately 5 °C lower than that of the bay. These results indicate that homing salmon hold their position in the bay until just before spawning, which may be attributable to low temperature avoidance. This characteristic type of river entry may be suitable to geographical features and thermal regimes of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Nobata
- Division of Bioscience, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kitagawa
- International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-19-8, Akahama, Otsuchi, Kamihei, Iwate 028-1102, Japan
| | - Shouji Houki
- International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-19-8, Akahama, Otsuchi, Kamihei, Iwate 028-1102, Japan
| | - Motohiro Ito
- International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-19-8, Akahama, Otsuchi, Kamihei, Iwate 028-1102, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Aoki
- International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-19-8, Akahama, Otsuchi, Kamihei, Iwate 028-1102, Japan
| | - Katsufumi Sato
- Division of Bioscience, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan; International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-19-8, Akahama, Otsuchi, Kamihei, Iwate 028-1102, Japan
| | - Susumu Hyodo
- Division of Bioscience, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
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4
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Dittman AH, Quinn TP. Amino acid cues emanating from Pacific salmon eggs and ovarian fluid. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:1408-1414. [PMID: 32829515 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The eggs of salmonid fishes are an important food source for many aquatic predators that detect eggs using olfaction. Moreover, chemicals from eggs and ovarian fluid aid sperm cells in detecting and locating eggs for fertilization, and ovarian fluid is attractive to conspecific males. Thus chemicals from eggs and ovarian fluid may facilitate reproduction but may also attract egg predators. The authors sampled mature females of three Pacific salmon species - Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) - and determined the proportional representation of amino acids, potent fish odorants, from their eggs and ovarian fluid (Chinook and coho salmon only). They then tested juvenile coho salmon, an egg predator, for responses to ovarian fluid and egg odours using the electro-olfactogram (EOG) recording technique. The amino acid compositions of the salmon species were significantly and positively correlated with each other, and the interspecific differences were comparable to those between individuals of the same species. The egg water samples were, on average, dominated by lysine, alanine and glutamine (12.6%, 12.4% and 10.9%, respectively). The ovarian fluid samples were dominated by lysine (20.5%), followed by threonine (9.7%), glycine (9.2%) and arginine (8.8%). EOG recordings demonstrated the ability of juvenile coho salmon to detect the chemical traces of eggs and ovarian fluid. It is concluded that salmon eggs are a potent source of odours for potential predators but likely not highly differentiated among salmon species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Dittman
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas P Quinn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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5
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Nobata S, Kitagawa T, Tanaka K, Komatsu K, Aoki Y, Sato K, Takei Y, Hyodo S. Spreading of River Water Guides Migratory Behavior of Homing Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus keta in Otsuchi Bay, a Narrow Inlet with Multiple River Flows. Zoolog Sci 2019; 36:449-457. [PMID: 31833315 DOI: 10.2108/zs190026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Sanriku-ria coast of Japan, a homing area for chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, is characterized by a large number of small closed bays into which one or multiple short rivers flow. The present behavioral investigation of chum salmon in this region was designed to gain deeper insight into the migration of chum salmon to their natal rivers. Eighty-three fish caught at the middle part of Otsuchi Bay were tracked using an acoustic transmitter in the narrow inlet into which flow three rivers: the Otsuchi, Koduchi, and Unosumai. The majority of 18 fish that entered the Unosumai River, which flows into the southwest side of the bay, directly approached the river along the southern coast. More than half of fish that entered the Otsuchi and Koduchi Rivers, which flow into the northwest side, also migrated into the inner bay via the southerly route, and then entered these rivers frequently after passing the mouth of the Unosumai River. In the inner bay, the salinity of sea surface water suggested that water from the three rivers circulates in a counterclockwise direction at a depth of less than 1.0 m, flowing eastwardly along the southern coast. The observed migratory paths of homing salmon in Otsuchi Bay thus correspond well with the counterflow of surface river water in the bay. The present results suggest that homing migration of salmon in the Sanriku narrow inlet is guided by natal river flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Nobata
- International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-19-8, Akahama, Otsuchi, Kamihei, Iwate 028-1102, Japan,
| | - Takashi Kitagawa
- International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-19-8, Akahama, Otsuchi, Kamihei, Iwate 028-1102, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tanaka
- International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-19-8, Akahama, Otsuchi, Kamihei, Iwate 028-1102, Japan
| | - Kosei Komatsu
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 236-8648, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Aoki
- International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 1-19-8, Akahama, Otsuchi, Kamihei, Iwate 028-1102, Japan
| | - Katsufumi Sato
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takei
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Susumu Hyodo
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
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6
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Olivares J, Schmachtenberg O. An update on anatomy and function of the teleost olfactory system. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7808. [PMID: 31579633 PMCID: PMC6768218 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
About half of all extant vertebrates are teleost fishes. Although our knowledge about anatomy and function of their olfactory systems still lags behind that of mammals, recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have provided us with a wealth of novel information about the sense of smell in this important animal group. Its paired olfactory organs contain up to five types of olfactory receptor neurons expressing OR, TAAR, VR1- and VR2-class odorant receptors associated with individual transduction machineries. The different types of receptor neurons are preferentially tuned towards particular classes of odorants, that are associated with specific behaviors, such as feeding, mating or migration. We discuss the connections of the receptor neurons in the olfactory bulb, the differences in bulbar circuitry compared to mammals, and the characteristics of second order projections to telencephalic olfactory areas, considering the everted ontogeny of the teleost telencephalon. The review concludes with a brief overview of current theories about odor coding and the prominent neural oscillations observed in the teleost olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Olivares
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Universidad de Valparaíso, PhD Program in Neuroscience, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Oliver Schmachtenberg
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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7
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Ueda H. Sensory mechanisms of natal stream imprinting and homing in Oncorhynchus spp. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:293-303. [PMID: 30101534 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Oncorhynchus spp. can memorise their natal stream during downstream migration; juveniles migrate to feed during their growth phase and then they migrate long distances from their feeding habitat to their natal stream to reproduce as adults. Two different sensory mechanisms, olfaction and navigation, are involved in the imprinting and homing processes during short-distance migration within the natal stream and long-distance migration in open water, respectively. Here, olfactory functions are reviewed from both neurophysiological studies on the olfactory discrimination ability of natal stream odours and neuroendocrinological studies on the hormonal controlling mechanisms of olfactory memory formation and retrieval in the brain. These studies revealed that the long-term stability of dissolved free amino-acid composition in the natal stream is crucial for olfactory imprinting and homing. Additionally, the brain-pituitary-thyroid and brain-pituitary-gonadal hormones play important roles in olfactory memory formation and retrieval, respectively. Navigation functions were reviewed from physiological biotelemetry techniques with sensory interference experiments during the homing migration of anadromous and lacustrine Oncorhynchus spp. The experiments demonstrated that Oncorhynchus spp. used compass navigation mechanisms in the open water. These findings are discussed in relation to the sensory mechanisms involved in natal stream imprinting and homing in Oncorhynchus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueda
- Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Hokkaido Aquaculture Promotion Corporate, Sapporo, Japan
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8
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Molecular characterization and gene expression of syntaxin-1 and VAMP2 in the olfactory organ and brain during both seaward and homeward migrations of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 227:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Ma EY, Heffern K, Cheresh J, Gallagher EP. Differential copper-induced death and regeneration of olfactory sensory neuron populations and neurobehavioral function in larval zebrafish. Neurotoxicology 2018; 69:141-151. [PMID: 30292653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fish rely heavily on their sense of smell to maintain behaviors essential for survival, such as predator detection and avoidance, prey selection, social behavior, imprinting, and homing to natal streams and spawning sites. Due to its direct contact with the outside environment, the peripheral olfactory system of fish is particularly susceptible to dissolved contaminants. In particular, environmental exposures to copper (Cu) can cause a rapid loss of olfactory function. In this study, confocal imaging of double-transgenic zebrafish larvae with differentially labeled ciliated and microvillous olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) were used to examine cell death and regeneration following Cu exposure. Changes in cell morphologies were observed at varying degrees within both ciliated and microvillous OSNs, including the presence of round dense cell bodies, cell loss and fragmentation, retraction or loss of axons, disorganized cell arrangements, and loss of cells and fluorescence signal intensity, which are all indicators of cell death after Cu exposure. A marked loss of ciliated OSNs relative to microvillous OSNs occurred after exposure to low Cu concentrations for 3 h, with some regeneration observed after 72 h. At higher Cu concentrations and 24-h exposures, ciliated and microvillous OSNs were damaged with increased severity of injury with longer Cu exposures. Interestingly, microvillous, but not ciliated OSNs, regenerated rapidly within the 72-h time period of recovery after death from Cu exposure, suggesting that microvillous OSNs may be replaced in lieu of ciliated OSNs. An increase in bromodeoxyuridine labeling was observed 24 h after Cu-induced OSN death, suggesting that increased proliferation of the olfactory stem cells replaced the damaged OSNs. Olfactory behavioral analyses supported our imaging studies and revealed both initial loss and restoration of olfactory function after Cu exposures. In summary, our studies indicate that following zebrafish OSN damage by Cu, regeneration of microvillous OSNs may occur exceeding ciliated OSNs, likely via increased proliferation of the cellular reservoir of neuronal OSC precursors. Transgenic zebrafish are a valuable tool to study metal olfactory injury and recovery and to characterize sensitive olfactory neuron populations in fish exposed to environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Y Ma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105-6099, USA
| | - Kevin Heffern
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105-6099, USA
| | - Julia Cheresh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105-6099, USA
| | - Evan P Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105-6099, USA.
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10
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Heffern K, Tierney K, Gallagher EP. Comparative effects of cadmium, zinc, arsenic and chromium on olfactory-mediated neurobehavior and gene expression in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 201:83-90. [PMID: 29890505 PMCID: PMC6062444 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that olfactory-mediated behaviors that are critical to survival can be disrupted by exposure to certain metals. Polluted waterways often contain elevated levels of metals, yet only a subset have been characterized for their potential to cause olfactory toxicity. A larval zebrafish behavioral assay was developed to characterize concentration-response curves for zinc (Zn), hexavalent chromium (Cr), and arsenate (As) olfaction inhibition. Cadmium (Cd), an established olfactory toxicant, was used as a positive control. As expected, following a 24-hour exposure to Cd, we observed a reduced response to taurocholic acid (TCA), a substrate for ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), thus validating the behavioral assay. Zn exposure similarly decreased the olfactory response toward TCA, (IC50: 36 μg/L and 76 μg/L, for Cd and Zn, respectively). The response towards a secondary odorant L-cysteine (Cys), a substrate for ciliated and microvillous OSNs, was significantly altered by both Cd and Zn exposure, although the response to Cys was not completely removed in Zn treated larvae, suggesting preferential toxicity towards ciliated OSNs. No significant changes in olfactory responses were observed following Cr and As exposures. Exposures to binary mixtures of Cd and Zn indicated that Zn had a protective effect against Cd toxicity at low Zn concentrations. QuantiGene (QDP) RNA analysis revealed Cd to be a potent inducer of metallothionein 2 (mt2) mRNA in zebrafish larvae, and Zn to be a weak mt2 inducer, suggesting a protective role of mt2 in Cd and Zn olfactory injury. By contrast, QDP analysis of eight other genes important in mitigating the effects of oxidative stress suggested an antioxidant response to Cd, but not Zn, As, and Cr suggesting that oxidative stress was not a primary mechanism of Zn-induced olfactory dysfunction. In summary, our study indicates that Zn inhibits zebrafish olfaction at environmental concentrations and may potentially mitigate Cd induced olfactory dysfunction when present in mixtures. The zebrafish behavioral trough assay incorporating the odorants L-cysteine and TCA is an effective assay to assess the effects of metals on olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Heffern
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-6099, United States
| | - Keith Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Evan P Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-6099, United States.
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11
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Abe T, Minowa Y, Kudo H. Molecular characterization and gene expression of synaptosome-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) in the brain during both seaward and homeward migrations of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 217:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Chen EY, Leonard JBK, Ueda H. The behavioural homing response of adult chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta to amino-acid profiles. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1257-1264. [PMID: 27873320 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta homing behaviour in a two-choice test tank (Y-maze) was monitored using a passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tag system in response to river-specific dissolved free amino-acid (DFAA) profiles and revealed that the majority of O. keta showed a preference for artificial natal-stream water and tended to stay in this maze arm for a longer period; natal-stream water was chosen over a nearby tributary's water, but not when the O. keta were presented with a non-tributary water. The results demonstrate the ability of O. keta to discriminate artificial stream waters containing natural levels of DFAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Chen
- Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - J B K Leonard
- Biology Department, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, 49855, U.S.A
| | - H Ueda
- Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Bioresources and Ecosystems, Field Science Center for the Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0809, Japan
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13
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Kinoshita M, Homberg U. Insect Brains: Minute Structures Controlling Complex Behaviors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56469-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Bett NN, Hinch SG, Dittman AH, Yun SS. Evidence of Olfactory Imprinting at an Early Life Stage in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Sci Rep 2016; 6:36393. [PMID: 27827382 PMCID: PMC5101574 DOI: 10.1038/srep36393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) navigate towards spawning grounds using olfactory cues they imprinted on as juveniles. The timing at which imprinting occurs has been studied extensively, and there is strong evidence that salmon imprint on their natal water during the parr-smolt transformation (PST). Researchers have noted, however, that the life histories of some species of Pacific salmon could necessitate imprinting prior to the PST. Juvenile pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) spend less time in fresh water than any other species of Pacific salmon, and presumably must imprint on their natal water at a very young age. The time at which imprinting occurs in this species, however, has not been experimentally tested. We exposed juvenile pink salmon as alevins to phenethyl alcohol (PEA) or control water, reared these fish to adulthood, and then tested their behavioural responses to PEA to determine whether the fish successfully imprinted. We found that pink salmon exposed to PEA as alevins were attracted to the chemical as adults, suggesting that imprinting can occur during this stage. Our finding provides some of the first evidence to support the long-standing belief that imprinting can occur in pink salmon prior to the PST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan N Bett
- University of British Columbia, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- University of British Columbia, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andrew H Dittman
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Sang-Seon Yun
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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15
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Nosal AP, Chao Y, Farrara JD, Chai F, Hastings PA. Olfaction Contributes to Pelagic Navigation in a Coastal Shark. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0143758. [PMID: 26735492 PMCID: PMC4703295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How animals navigate the constantly moving and visually uniform pelagic realm, often along straight paths between distant sites, is an enduring mystery. The mechanisms enabling pelagic navigation in cartilaginous fishes are particularly understudied. We used shoreward navigation by leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) as a model system to test whether olfaction contributes to pelagic navigation. Leopard sharks were captured alongshore, transported 9 km offshore, released, and acoustically tracked for approximately 4 h each until the transmitter released. Eleven sharks were rendered anosmic (nares occluded with cotton wool soaked in petroleum jelly); fifteen were sham controls. Mean swimming depth was 28.7 m. On average, tracks of control sharks ended 62.6% closer to shore, following relatively straight paths that were significantly directed over spatial scales exceeding 1600 m. In contrast, tracks of anosmic sharks ended 37.2% closer to shore, following significantly more tortuous paths that approximated correlated random walks. These results held after swimming paths were adjusted for current drift. This is the first study to demonstrate experimentally that olfaction contributes to pelagic navigation in sharks, likely mediated by chemical gradients as has been hypothesized for birds. Given the similarities between the fluid three-dimensional chemical atmosphere and ocean, further research comparing swimming and flying animals may lead to a unifying paradigm explaining their extraordinary navigational abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Nosal
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States of America
| | - Yi Chao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
| | - John D. Farrara
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States of America
| | - Fei Chai
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Hastings
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States of America
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16
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Haraguchi S, Yamamoto Y, Suzuki Y, Hyung Chang J, Koyama T, Sato M, Mita M, Ueda H, Tsutsui K. 7α-Hydroxypregnenolone, a key neuronal modulator of locomotion, stimulates upstream migration by means of the dopaminergic system in salmon. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26220247 PMCID: PMC4518220 DOI: 10.1038/srep12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmon migrate upstream against an opposing current in their natal river. However, the molecular mechanisms that stimulate upstream migratory behavior are poorly understood. Here, we show that 7α-hydroxypregnenolone (7α-OH PREG), a newly identified neuronal modulator of locomotion, acts as a key factor for upstream migration in salmon. We first identified 7α-OH PREG and cytochrome P450 7α-hydroxylase (P4507α), a steroidogenic enzyme producing 7α-OH PREG, in the salmon brain and then found that 7α-OH PREG synthesis in the brain increases during upstream migration. Subsequently, we demonstrated that 7α-OH PREG increases upstream migratory behavior of salmon. We further found that 7α-OH PREG acts on dopamine neurons in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus during upstream migration. Thus, 7α-OH PREG stimulates upstream migratory behavior through the dopaminergic system in salmon. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of fish upstream migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Haraguchi
- 1] Department of Biology and Center for Medical Life Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan [2] Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuzo Yamamoto
- 1] Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan [2] Current address: Demonstration Laboratory, Marine Ecology Research Institute, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuko Suzuki
- Department of Biology and Center for Medical Life Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joon Hyung Chang
- Department of Biology and Center for Medical Life Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teppei Koyama
- Department of Biology and Center for Medical Life Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miku Sato
- Department of Biology and Center for Medical Life Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Mita
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tsutsui
- Department of Biology and Center for Medical Life Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Dew WA, Hontela A, Rood SB, Pyle GG. Biological effects and toxicity of diluted bitumen and its constituents in freshwater systems. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1219-27. [PMID: 26153036 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50 billion cubic meters of bitumen resides within the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada. To facilitate the transport of bitumen from where it is extracted to where it is processed, the bitumen is diluted with natural gas condensate ('dilbit'), synthetic crude from hydrocracking bitumen ('synbit'), or a mixture of both ('dilsynbit'). A primary consideration for the effects of diluted bitumen products on freshwater organisms and ecosystems is whether it will float on the water surface or sink and interact with the stream or lake sediments. Evidence from a spill near Kalamazoo, MI, in 2010 and laboratory testing demonstrate that the nature of the spill and weathering of the dilbit, synbit or dilsynbit prior to and during contact with water will dictate whether the product floats or sinks. Subsequent toxicological data on the effects of dilbit and other diluted bitumen products on freshwater organisms and ecosystems are scarce. However, the current literature indicates that dilbit or bitumen can have significant effects on a wide variety of toxicological endpoints. This review synthesizes the currently available literature concerning the fate and effects of dilbit and synbit spilled into freshwater, and the effects of bitumen and bitumen products on aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Dilbit is likely to provide ecological impacts that are similar to and extend from those that follow from exposure to lighter crude oil, but the prospect of bitumen settling after binding to suspended sediments elevates the risk for benthic impacts in streams and lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Dew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alberta Water and Environmental Sciences Building, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, T1K 3M4.,Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada, R7A 6A9
| | - Alice Hontela
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alberta Water and Environmental Sciences Building, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, T1K 3M4
| | - Stewart B Rood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alberta Water and Environmental Sciences Building, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, T1K 3M4
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alberta Water and Environmental Sciences Building, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada, T1K 3M4
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18
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Bett NN, Hinch SG. Olfactory navigation during spawning migrations: a review and introduction of the Hierarchical Navigation Hypothesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:728-59. [PMID: 25923999 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Migrations are characterized by periods of movement that typically rely on orientation towards directional cues. Anadromous fish undergo several different forms of oriented movement during their spawning migration and provide some of the most well-studied examples of migratory behaviour. During the freshwater phase of the migration, fish locate their spawning grounds via olfactory cues. In this review, we synthesize research that explores the role of olfaction during the spawning migration of anadromous fish, most of which focuses on two families: Salmonidae (salmonids) and Petromyzontidae (lampreys). We draw attention to limitations in this research, and highlight potential areas of investigation that will help fill in current knowledge gaps. We also use the information assembled from our review to formulate a new hypothesis for natal homing in salmonids. Our hypothesis posits that migrating adults rely on three types of cues in a hierarchical fashion: imprinted cues (primary), conspecific cues (secondary), and non-olfactory environmental cues (tertiary). We provide evidence from previous studies that support this hypothesis. We also discuss future directions of research that can test the hypothesis and further our understanding of the spawning migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan N Bett
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Genomic organization and evolution of the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) repertoire in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2014; 4:1135-41. [PMID: 24760389 PMCID: PMC4065256 DOI: 10.1534/g3.114.010660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that olfaction plays a key role in the homing of salmonids to their natal spawning grounds, particularly in the freshwater phase. However, the physiological and genetic mechanisms behind this biological phenomenon are largely unknown. It has been shown that Pacific salmon respond to dissolved free amino acids from their natal streams. This indicates that amino acids comprise part of the olfcatory cues for imprinting and homing in salmonids. As trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), a class of olfactory receptors that are close relatives of the G protein-coupled aminergic neurotransmitter receptors, recognize amino acid metabolites, we hypothesize that TAARs play an important role in salmon homing by recognizing olfactory cues. Therefore, to better understand homing in Atlantic salmon, we set out to characterize the TAAR genes in this species. We searched the first assembly of the Atlantic salmon genome for sequences resembling TAARs previously characterized in other teleosts. We identified 27 putatively functional TAAR genes and 25 putative TAAR pseudogenes, which cluster primarily on chromosome 21 (Ssa21). Phylogenetic analysis of TAAR amino acid sequences from 15 vertebrate species revealed the TAAR gene family arose after the divergence of jawed and jawless vertebrates. The TAARs group into three classes with salmon possessing class I and class III TAARs. Within each class, evolution is characterized by species-specific gene expansions, which is in contrast to what is observed in other olfactory receptor families (e.g., OlfCs and oras).
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