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Underwater Walking Intensity is Modified by a New and Untested Device that Increased the Lower Limb Surface of Movement. Asian J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Salas LA, Font-Ribera L, Bustamante M, Sumoy L, Grimalt JO, Bonnin S, Aguilar M, Mattlin H, Hummel M, Ferrer A, Kogevinas M, Villanueva CM. Gene expression changes in blood RNA after swimming in a chlorinated pool. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:250-261. [PMID: 28774616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to disinfection by-products (DBP) such as trihalomethanes (THM) in swimming pools has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, but their biological mechanisms are unclear. We evaluated short-term changes in blood gene expression of adult recreational swimmers after swimming in a chlorinated pool. Volunteers swam 40min in an indoor chlorinated pool. Blood samples were drawn and four THM (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform) were measured in exhaled breath before and after swimming. Intensity of physical activity was measured as metabolic equivalents (METs). Gene expression in whole blood mRNA was evaluated using IlluminaHumanHT-12v3 Expression-BeadChip. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the relationship between gene expression changes and THM exposure. Thirty-seven before-after pairs were analyzed. The median increase from baseline to after swimming were: 0.7 to 2.3 for MET, and 1.4 to 7.1μg/m3 for exhaled total THM (sum of the four THM). Exhaled THM increased on average 0.94μg/m3 per 1 MET. While 1643 probes were differentially expressed post-exposure. Of them, 189 were also associated with exhaled levels of individual/total THM or MET after False Discovery Rate. The observed associations with the exhaled THM were low to moderate (Log-fold change range: -0.17 to 0.15). In conclusion, we identified short-term gene expression changes associated with swimming in a pool that were minor in magnitude and their biological meaning was unspecific. The high collinearity between exhaled THM levels and intensity of physical activity precluded mutually adjusted models with both covariates. These exploratory results should be validated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Salas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Font-Ribera
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Genomics and Disease, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lauro Sumoy
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Genomics Core Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Bonnin
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Genomics Core Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Aguilar
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Genomics Core Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heidi Mattlin
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Genomics Core Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Hummel
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Genomics Core Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Ferrer
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Genomics Core Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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Lim KI, Rhi SY. The effects of landed and aquatic treadmill walking at moderate intensity on heart rate, energy expenditure and catecholamine. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2014; 18:197-203. [PMID: 25566456 PMCID: PMC4241925 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2014.18.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was to examine whether or not the appropriate exercise intensity of water-walking could be accurately prescribed by land-based walking speed. METHODS Using a crossover design, nine healthy male college students completed bouts of walking for thirty minutes at 100m/min, 50m/min, respectively, on land and water treadmills. Heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), energy expenditure, blood lactic acid and catecholamine concentration were measured. Two-way repeated measured ANOVA was used with the SPSS program for data analysis. RESULTS HR (P < 0.001), RPE (P < 0.001), energy expenditure (P < 0.001), blood lactic acid (P < 0.001) and epinephrine concentration (P < 0.05) were significantly increased during walking both in water and on land. The change of HR was significantly lower at 50min/m in water than 100min/m on land (P < 0.01). There were no significant interaction effects for RPE, energy expenditure, blood lactic acid and catecholamine concentration, but these variables were slightly lower in water than on land. These results indicated that the use of land walking speed-based prescriptive norms would underestimate the physiological cost in water walking at the moderate intensity. CONCLUSION Therefore, approximately two-half of the speed would be needed to walk in water in order to obtain the same level of physiological load as during treadmill walking at the moderate intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Il Lim
- Institute of Exercise Physiology, School of Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Soung Yob Rhi
- Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Greene NP, Greene ES, Carbuhn AF, Green JS, Crouse SF. VO2 prediction and cardiorespiratory responses during underwater treadmill exercise. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2011; 82:264-273. [PMID: 21699106 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2011.10599754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We compared cardiorespiratory responses to exercise on an underwater treadmill (UTM) and land treadmill (LTM) and derived an equation to estimate oxygen consumption (VO2) during UTM exercise. Fifty-five men and women completed one LTM and five UTM exercise sessions on separate days. The UTM sessions consisted of chest-deep immersion, with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% water-jet resistance. All session treadmill velocities increased every 3 min from 53.6 to 187.8 m x min(-1). Cardiorespiratory responses were similar between LTM and UTM when jet resistance for UTM was 50%. Using multiple regression analysis, weight-relative VO2 could be estimated as: VO2 (mLO2 c kg(-1) x min(-1)) = 0.19248 x height (cm) + 0.17422 x jet resistance (% max) + 0.14092 x velocity (m x min(-1)) -0.12794 x weight (kg)-27.82849, R2 = .82. Our data indicate that similar LTM and UTM cardiorespiratory responses are achievable, and we provide a reasonable estimate of UTM VO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Greene
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Effects of aquatic backward locomotion exercise and progressive resistance exercise on lumbar extension strength in patients who have undergone lumbar diskectomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 91:208-14. [PMID: 20159123 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of aquatic backward locomotion exercise and progressive resistance exercise with a machine on lumbar extension strength in patients who have undergone diskectomy for a lumbar disk herniation. DESIGN Prospective comparative study. SETTING Department of Kinesiology at a state university. PARTICIPANTS Male patients (N=30) with disk herniation at spinal levels L3 to S1 completed this study as subjects. INTERVENTION After the diskectomy for a lumbar disk herniation, all patients had 6 weeks of rest time. At the end of the rest period, the aquatic backward locomotion exercise and progressive resistance exercise groups, respectively, started first 6 weeks of underwater training and lumbar extension training twice per week. After completion of the first 6-week training, subjects participated in a second 6-week training. After the whole 12-week training, subjects had no training for 6 weeks (detraining) and a follow-up 6-week training (retraining). The control (CON) group did not undergo any training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES For each test, maximum voluntary isometric lumbar extension strength was measured in 7 trunk positions (72 degrees , 60 degrees , 48 degrees , 36 degrees , 24 degrees , 12 degrees , and 0 degrees of the trunk angle). RESULTS The progressive resistance exercise and aquatic backward locomotion exercise groups showed increases in lumbar extension strength after the first 6-week training, although they were not statistically different from the CON group. After a second 6-week training, the progressive resistance exercise and aquatic backward locomotion exercise groups showed statistically significant increases in their strength levels as compared with the CON group. After the detraining period, the strength levels of the progressive resistance exercise and aquatic backward locomotion exercise groups did not statistically differ from the CON group. After the retraining period, the progressive resistance exercise and aquatic backward locomotion exercise groups showed increases in their strength levels, which were different from that of the CON group. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained suggested that the aquatic backward locomotion exercise is as beneficial as progressive resistance exercise for improving lumbar extension strength in patients after lumbar diskectomy surgery.
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Effects of aquatic exercise training using water-resistance equipment in elderly. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:957-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Water Exercise in Patients With and Without Cardiovascular Disease: Benefits, Rationale, Safety, and Prescriptive Guidelines. Am J Lifestyle Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827609334756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research regarding the benefits of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is extensive and well documented. Water exercise, in the form of stretching, walking, jogging, aerobics, strength and balance training, and swimming, provides an attractive alternative from traditional land-based exercise for achieving improved health and fitness. Patients with orthopedic or musculoskeletal limitations, pulmonary disease, excess adiposity, and other medical conditions may significantly benefit from a water-based exercise program. Although water exercise is beneficial for varied patient populations, the safety and appropriateness of higher intensity activities such as swimming should be considered. Because coronary patients have a reduced ability to identify ischemic symptoms in water, water exercise should be prescribed with caution in high-risk patients, individuals with limited swimming skills, and those with significant left ventricular dysfunction. Furthermore, the acute physiological responses during water submersion and exercise may vary considerably from land-based activity and require attention when prescribing a water-based exercise program for patients with and without coronary artery disease.
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Comparison of maximal and spontaneous speeds during walking on dry land and water. Gait Posture 2009; 29:403-7. [PMID: 19081722 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify spontaneous and maximal speeds on dry land and in water, in four modalities of walking [forward (F), backward (B) and lateral walking (L)], with chest immersion level. Lateral walking was studied with the upper limbs of the subject alongside the body with hands placed on the lateral face of the thighs (L1) and upper limbs tightened behind the back with the hands joined (L2). 16 males (age 22.8+/-1.8 years, height 178.1+/-6.1cm, body mass 73.5+/-6.6 kg) and 15 females (age 22.8+/-2.1 years, height 171.5+/-5.8 cm, body mass 69.2+/-9.3 kg) were evaluated using the four modalities of walking on dry land and in water. The speed increments between spontaneous and maximal speeds on dry land for F, B and L1 and L2 were 60.2%, 60.9%, 64.3% and 65.3% for males and 47.3%, 48.3%, 44.5% and 53.1% for females. In the water, these variation values for F, B, L1 and L2 for males were 44.6%, 26.1%, 48.8%, and 42.1%. The values for females were 31.7%, 21.6%, 32.8%, and 34.6%. Spontaneous and maximal speeds of walking were substantially reduced in water with the chest immersed, compared to speeds on dry land for the four modalities and the two genders. These findings may be used by therapists who utilize the various modalities of walking in aquatherapy.
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Silva EMD, Kruel LFM. Caminhada em ambiente aquático e terrestre: revisão de literatura sobre a comparação das respostas neuromusculares e cardiorrespiratórias. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922008000600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a comparação das respostas neuromusculares e cardiorrespiratórias durante a caminhada em meio aquático e em meio terrestre. As respostas foram apresentadas para a caminhada em piscina rasa e para a caminhada em piscina funda. Em relação à caminhada em piscina rasa, as respostas neuromusculares (sinal EMG) e cardiorrespiratórias (FC e VO2) são muito dependentes da velocidade do exercício. As respostas neuromusculares podem ser menores no meio aquático quando a velocidade da caminhada é menor nesse ambiente. Por outro lado, quando o exercício é realizado com velocidades similares, a atividade dos músculos propulsores pode ser superior durante a caminhada aquática. Da mesma forma, respostas cardiorrespiratórias maiores são registradas no exercício aquático quando velocidades similares de caminhada são utilizadas. Contudo, com velocidades menores, essas respostas são semelhantes ou menores que as encontradas em meio terrestre. No que diz respeito à caminhada em piscina funda, as respostas neuromusculares diferem daquelas encontradas durante a caminhada em meio terrestre devido à ausência das forças de reação com o solo. Essa característica possivelmente modifica os músculos envolvidos na produção de força propulsiva nesse exercício. Além do mais, durante a caminhada em piscina funda, as respostas cardiorrespiratórias parecem sempre mais baixas devido à grande redução no peso hidrostático e à menor atividade dos músculos posturais e pela utilização do cinturão flutuador nessa modalidade.
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Shono T, Masumoto K, Fujishima K, Hotta N, Ogaki T, Adachi T. Gait Patterns and Muscle Activity in the Lower Extremities of Elderly Women during Underwater Treadmill Walking against Water Flow. J Physiol Anthropol 2007; 26:579-86. [DOI: 10.2114/jpa2.26.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Shono T, Fujishima K, Hotta N, Ogaki T, Masumoto K. Cardiorespiratory response to low-intensity walking in water and on land in elderly women. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND APPLIED HUMAN SCIENCE 2001; 20:269-74. [PMID: 11759265 DOI: 10.2114/jpa.20.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether or not the exercise intensity of water-walking for elderly women could be accurately prescribed by heart rate data obtained during treadmill exercise on land. Six healthy female volunteers, with a mean age of 62.2 +/- 4.2 years, took part in this study. Walking on land was performed on a treadmill. Each subject completed three consecutive 4-minute walks at a progressively increasing velocity (40, 60 and 80 m.min-1), with a 1-minute rest after both the first and second walks. The room temperature and relative humidity were 24.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C and 54.8 +/- 4.0%, respectively. Walking in water was performed in a Flowmill, which is a treadmill positioned at the base of a water flume. Each subject completed three consecutive 4-minute walks at a progressively increasing belt and water-flow velocity (20, 30 and 40 m.min-1), with a 1-minute rest after both the first and second walks. The water depth was at the level of the xiphoid process of each subject. The water temperature was 30.7 +/- 0.1 degrees C. The exercise intensity at the highest workrate was equivalent to 44.2 +/- 10.3% of the heart rate reserve (HRR) during water-walking and 38.4 +/- 4.7% of the HRR during land-walking. There was a highly significant linear relationship between heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO2) during both water-walking and land-walking. The relationship between HR and VO2 in both exercise modes was similar. Thus, the relationship of HR to VO2 derived from a treadmill-graded walking test on land may be used to prescribe exercise intensity for water-walking in thermoneutral water.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shono
- Beppu Women's Junior College.
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