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Lin R, Jia Z, Chen H, Xiong H, Bian C, He X, Wei B, Fu J, Zhao M, Li J. Ferrostatin‑1 alleviates liver injury via decreasing ferroptosis following ricin toxin poisoning in rat. Toxicology 2024; 503:153767. [PMID: 38437911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Ricin is a highly toxic plant toxin that can cause multi-organ failure, especially liver dysfunction, and is a potential bioterrorism agent. Despite the serious public health challenge posed by ricin, effective therapeutic for ricin-induced poisoning is currently unavailable. Therefore, it is important to explore the mechanism of ricin poisoning and develop appropriate treatment protocols accordingly. Previous studies have shown that lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation are associated with ricin poisoning. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death caused by excessive accumulation of lipid peroxide. The role and mechanism of ferroptosis in ricin poisoning are unclear and require further study. We investigated the effect of ferroptosis on ricin-induced liver injury and further elucidated the mechanism. The results showed that ferroptosis occurred in the liver of ricin-intoxicated rats, and Ferrostatin‑1 could ameliorate hepatic ferroptosis and thus liver injury. Ricin induced liver injury by decreasing hepatic reduced glutathione and the protein level of glutathione peroxidase 4 and Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11, increasing iron, malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial damage, whereas Ferrostatin‑1 pretreatment increased hepatic reduced glutathione and the protein level of glutathione peroxidase 4 and Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11, decreased iron, malondialdehyde, and reactive oxygen species, and ameliorated mitochondrial damage, thereby alleviated liver injury. These results suggested that ferroptosis exacerbated liver injury after ricin poisoning and that inhibition of ferroptosis may be a novel strategy for the treatment of ricin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiao Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zijie Jia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongli Xiong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Cunhao Bian
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bi Wei
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junfeng Fu
- Criminal Investigation Detachment of Liangjiang New Area Branch, Chongqing Public Security Bureau, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Minzhu Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Parsa D, Aden LA, Pitzer A, Ding T, Yu C, Diedrich A, Milne GL, Kirabo A, Shibao CA. Enhanced parasympathetic cholinergic activity with galantamine inhibited lipid-induced oxidative stress in obese African Americans. Mol Med 2022; 28:60. [PMID: 35659521 PMCID: PMC9164360 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans (AAs) are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD), they are 20% more likely to die from CVD than whites, chronic exposure to inflammation and oxidative stress contributes to CVD. In previous studies, enhancing parasympathetic cholinergic activity has been shown to decrease inflammation. Considering that AAs have decreased parasympathetic activity compared to whites, we hypothesize that stimulating it with a central acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, galantamine, would prevent lipid-induced oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that acute dose of galantamine, an AChE inhibitor, decreases lipid-induced oxidative stress in obese AAs. METHODS Proof-of-concept, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study that tested the effect of a single dose of 16 mg of galantamine versus placebo on lipid-induced oxidative stress in obese AAs. Subjects were studied on two separate days, one week apart. In each study day, 16 mg or matching placebo was administered before 20% intralipids infusion at doses of 0.8 mL/m2/min with heparin at doses of 200 U/h for 4 h. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 2 and 4 h during the infusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in F2-isoprostane (F2-IsoPs), marker of oxidative stress, measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in plasma at baseline, 2, and 4-h post-lipid infusion. Secondary outcomes include changes in inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF alpha). RESULTS A total of 32 obese AA women were screened and fourteen completed the study (age 37.8 ± 10.70 years old, BMI 38.7 ± 3.40 kg/m2). Compared to placebo, 16 mg of galantamine significantly inhibited the increase in F2-IsoPs in PBMC (0.007 ± 0.008 vs. - 0.002 ± 0.006 ng/sample, P = 0.016), and plasma (0.01 ± 0.02 vs. - 0.003 ± 0.01 ng/mL, P = 0.023). Galantamine also decreased IL-6 (11.4 ± 18.45 vs. 7.7 ± 15.10 pg/mL, P = 0.021) and TNFα levels (18.6 ± 16.33 vs. 12.9 ± 6.16 pg/mL, P = 0.021, 4-h post lipid infusion) compared with placebo. These changes were associated with an increased plasma acetylcholine levels induced by galantamine (50.5 ± 10.49 vs. 43.6 ± 13.38 during placebo pg/uL, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS In this pilot, proof-of-concept study, enhancing parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) cholinergic activity with galantamine inhibited lipid-induced oxidative stress and inflammation induced by lipid infusion in obese AAs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT02365285.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena Parsa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Luul A Aden
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ashley Pitzer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Tan Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andre Diedrich
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cyndya A Shibao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 506 Robinson Research Building, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Waugh DT. Fluoride Exposure Induces Inhibition of Sodium-and Potassium-Activated Adenosine Triphosphatase (Na +, K +-ATPase) Enzyme Activity: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1427. [PMID: 31010095 PMCID: PMC6518254 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, several lines of evidence are provided to show that Na + , K + -ATPase activity exerts vital roles in normal brain development and function and that loss of enzyme activity is implicated in neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as increased risk of cancer, metabolic, pulmonary and cardiovascular disease. Evidence is presented to show that fluoride (F) inhibits Na + , K + -ATPase activity by altering biological pathways through modifying the expression of genes and the activity of glycolytic enzymes, metalloenzymes, hormones, proteins, neuropeptides and cytokines, as well as biological interface interactions that rely on the bioavailability of chemical elements magnesium and manganese to modulate ATP and Na + , K + -ATPase enzyme activity. Taken together, the findings of this study provide unprecedented insights into the molecular mechanisms and biological pathways by which F inhibits Na + , K + -ATPase activity and contributes to the etiology and pathophysiology of diseases associated with impairment of this essential enzyme. Moreover, the findings of this study further suggest that there are windows of susceptibility over the life course where chronic F exposure in pregnancy and early infancy may impair Na + , K + -ATPase activity with both short- and long-term implications for disease and inequalities in health. These findings would warrant considerable attention and potential intervention, not to mention additional research on the potential effects of F intake in contributing to chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Timothy Waugh
- EnviroManagement Services, 11 Riverview, Doherty's Rd, P72 YF10 Bandon, Co. Cork, Ireland.
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Arend J, Kegler A, Caprara ALF, Almeida C, Gabbi P, Pascotini ET, de Freitas LAV, Miraglia C, Bertazzo TL, Palma R, Arceno P, Duarte MMMF, Furian AF, Oliveira MS, Royes LFF, Mathern GW, Fighera MR. Depressive, inflammatory, and metabolic factors associated with cognitive impairment in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 86:49-57. [PMID: 30077908 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive function and depressive traits most frequently associated with the clinical assessment of patients with epilepsy and if these clinical parameters are linked to glycolipid levels and inflammatory and apoptotic markers. METHODS Patients with epilepsy (n = 32) and healthy subjects (n = 41) were recruited to participate in this study. Neuropsychological evaluation was performed in both groups through a battery of cognitive tests. Inflammatory markers, apoptotic factors, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage were measured in blood samples. Additionally, the metabolic markers total cholesterol (CHO), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), and glucose (GLU) levels were analyzed. RESULTS Statistical analyses showed that patients with epilepsy presented decreased scores in memory, attention, language, and executive function tests compared with the control group. Analysis revealed that there was negative correlation in epilepsy for seizure duration vs. oral language (R = -0.4484, p < 0.05) and seizure duration vs. problem solving (executive functions) (R = -0.3995, p < 0.05). This was also observed when comparing depression with temporal-spatial orientation (TSO) (R = -0.39, p < 0.05). Furthermore, we observed a higher depression score in patients with epilepsy than in the healthy ones. Statistical analyses showed higher acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (p < 0.05), interleukin 1β (IL-1β, p < 0.001), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (p < 0.001) levels compared with those in the control group. Moreover, patients with epilepsy had significantly higher serum levels of caspase 3 (CASP 3) (p < 0.001) and Picogreen (p < 0.001) compared with the control subjects. Regarding the metabolic markers, higher glycolipid levels were observed in the patients with epilepsy (CHO < 0.05*, LDL < 0.0001*, TG < 0.05*, GLU p < 0.05). High-density lipoprotein levels were not significant. The patients with epilepsy had significant correlation when comparing total language with TNF-α (R = -0.4, p < 0.05), praxes with CASP 3 (R = -0.52, p < 0.01), total CHO with total language (R = -0.48, p < 0.05), TG with semantic memory (R = -0.54, p < 0.05), TG with prospective memory (R = -0.2165, p < 0.02), TG with total memory (R = -0.53, p < 0.02), and GLU with total attention (R = -0.62, p < 0.002). CONCLUSION This study supports the evidence of a distinct neuropsychological profile between patients with epilepsy and healthy subjects. Furthermore, our findings suggest that inflammatory pathway, glycolipid profile, and depressive factors may be associated with cognitive dysfunction in patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josi Arend
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Kegler
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Letícia Fornari Caprara
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Almeida
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Gabbi
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo T Pascotini
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lori Ane Vargas de Freitas
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cinara Miraglia
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Taíse Leitemperger Bertazzo
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Raphael Palma
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Arceno
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta M M F Duarte
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia Furian
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício (BIOEX), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gary W Mathern
- UCLA, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício (BIOEX), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Whitfield SJC, Griffiths GD, Jenner DC, Gwyther RJ, Stahl FM, Cork LJ, Holley JL, Green AC, Clark GC. Production, Characterisation and Testing of an Ovine Antitoxin against Ricin; Efficacy, Potency and Mechanisms of Action. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E329. [PMID: 29057798 PMCID: PMC5666376 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin is a type II ribosome-inactivating toxin that catalytically inactivates ribosomes ultimately leading to cell death. The toxicity of ricin along with the prevalence of castor beans (its natural source) has led to its increased notoriety and incidences of nefarious use. Despite these concerns, there are no licensed therapies available for treating ricin intoxication. Here, we describe the development of a F(ab')₂ polyclonal ovine antitoxin against ricin and demonstrate the efficacy of a single, post-exposure, administration in an in vivo murine model of intoxication against aerosolised ricin. We found that a single dose of antitoxin afforded a wide window of opportunity for effective treatment with 100% protection observed in mice challenged with aerosolised ricin when given 24 h after exposure to the toxin and 75% protection when given at 30 h. Treated mice had reduced weight loss and clinical signs of intoxication compared to the untreated control group. Finally, using imaging flow cytometry, it was found that both cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of ricin toxin to the Golgi apparatus was reduced in the presence of the antitoxin suggesting both actions can contribute to the therapeutic mechanism of a polyclonal antitoxin. Collectively, the research highlights the significant potential of the ovine F(ab')₂ antitoxin as a treatment for ricin intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J C Whitfield
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Gareth D Griffiths
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Dominic C Jenner
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Robert J Gwyther
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Fiona M Stahl
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Lucy J Cork
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Jane L Holley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - A Christopher Green
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Graeme C Clark
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK.
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Gal Y, Mazor O, Falach R, Sapoznikov A, Kronman C, Sabo T. Treatments for Pulmonary Ricin Intoxication: Current Aspects and Future Prospects. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E311. [PMID: 28972558 PMCID: PMC5666358 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a plant-derived toxin originating from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor beans), is one of the most lethal toxins known, particularly if inhaled. Ricin is considered a potential biological threat agent due to its high availability and ease of production. The clinical manifestation of pulmonary ricin intoxication in animal models is closely related to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which involves pulmonary proinflammatory cytokine upregulation, massive neutrophil infiltration and severe edema. Currently, the only post-exposure measure that is effective against pulmonary ricinosis at clinically relevant time-points following intoxication in pre-clinical studies is passive immunization with anti-ricin neutralizing antibodies. The efficacy of this antitoxin treatment depends on antibody affinity and the time of treatment initiation within a limited therapeutic time window. Small-molecule compounds that interfere directly with the toxin or inhibit its intracellular trafficking may also be beneficial against ricinosis. Another approach relies on the co-administration of antitoxin antibodies with immunomodulatory drugs, thereby neutralizing the toxin while attenuating lung injury. Immunomodulators and other pharmacological-based treatment options should be tailored according to the particular pathogenesis pathways of pulmonary ricinosis. This review focuses on the current treatment options for pulmonary ricin intoxication using anti-ricin antibodies, disease-modifying countermeasures, anti-ricin small molecules and their various combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Ohad Mazor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Reut Falach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Anita Sapoznikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Chanoch Kronman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Tamar Sabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
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Mini Review: Anticholinergic Activity as a Behavioral Pathology of Lewy Body Disease and Proposal of the Concept of "Anticholinergic Spectrum Disorders". PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:5380202. [PMID: 27738546 PMCID: PMC5055966 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5380202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the relationship between anticholinergic activity (AA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), we rereview our hypothesis of the endogenous appearance of AA in AD. Briefly, because acetylcholine (ACh) regulates not only cognitive function but also the inflammatory system, when ACh downregulation reaches a critical level, inflammation increases, triggering the appearance of cytokines with AA. Moreover, based on a case report of a patient with mild AD and slightly deteriorated ACh, we also speculate that AA can appear endogenously in Lewy body disease due to the dual action of the downregulation of ACh and hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Based on these hypotheses, we consider AA to be a behavioral pathology of Lewy body disease. We also propose the concept of “anticholinergic spectrum disorders,” which encompass a variety of conditions, including AD, Lewy body disease, and delirium. Finally, we suggest the prescription of cholinesterase inhibitors to patients in this spectrum of disorders to abolish AA by upregulating ACh.
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Management of Castor Bean Seed-Associated Intraventricular Hemorrhage with Fresh Frozen Plasma: A Case Report. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.27834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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LEI MING, LIU XINXIN. Vagus nerve electrical stimulation inhibits serum levels of S100A8 protein in septic shock rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4122-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Hosoi M, Hori K, Konishi K, Tani M, Tomioka H, Kitajima Y, Akashi N, Inamoto A, Kurosawa K, Yuda H, Hanashi T, Ouchi H, Hachisu M. Pharmacotherapy for Neurocognitive Disorders Based on the Hypothesis of Endogenous Appearance of Anticholinergic Activity. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 15:157-61. [DOI: 10.1159/000381513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Hosoi M, Hori K, Konishi K, Tani M, Tomioka H, Kitajima Y, Akashi N, Inamoto A, Minami S, Izuno T, Umezawa K, Horiuchi K, Hachisu M. Plasma Cholinesterase Activity in Alzheimer's Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 15:188-90. [DOI: 10.1159/000381532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Konishi K, Hori K, Tani M, Tomioka H, Kitajima Y, Akashi N, Inamoto A, Kurosawa K, Yuda H, Hanashi T, Ouchi H, Hosoi M, Hachisu M. Hypothesis of Endogenous Anticholinergic Activity in Alzheimer's Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 15:149-56. [PMID: 26138492 DOI: 10.1159/000381511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we review and repropose our hypothesis of the endogenous appearance of anticholinergic activity (AA) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). First, we introduce our previous articles and speculate that, because acetylcholine (ACh) regulates both cognitive function and inflammation, downregulation of this neurotransmitter causes upregulation of the inflammatory system. AA then appears endogenously with the production of cytokines and the downregulation of ACh in AD. To support our hypothesis, we present a female AD patient whose AA was considered to occur endogenously through her AD pathology. Her serum anticholinergic activity (SAA) was positive at her first visit to our memory clinic, was negative at the 1-year and 2-year follow-up visits, and had become positive again by 3 years. We speculate that the initial positive SAA was related to her AD pathology plus mental stress, and that her SAA at 3 years was related to her AD pathology only. Consequently, we believe that 2 patterns of SAA positivity (and therefore AA) exist. One occurs when the downregulation of ACh reaches a critical level, and the other occurs with the addition of some other factor such as medication, induced illness or mental stress that causes AA to affect AD pathology. Finally, we consider the pharmacotherapy of AD based on the proposed hypothesis and conclude that cholinesterase inhibitors can be used to prevent rapid disease progression, whereas N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists should be reserved for the treatment of AD that is already in a stage of rapid progression. We also propose a staging schema for patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Konishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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Abrin and Ricin: Understanding Their Toxicity, Diagnosis, and Treatment. BIOLOGICAL TOXINS AND BIOTERRORISM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5869-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Ferchmin PA, Pérez D, Castro Alvarez W, Penzo MA, Maldonado HM, Eterovic VA. γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptor inhibition triggers a nicotinic neuroprotective mechanism. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:416-25. [PMID: 23280428 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-mediated neuroprotection has been implicated in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and hypoxic ischemic events as well as other diseases hallmarked by excitotoxic and apoptotic neuronal death. Several modalities of nicotinic neuroprotection have been reported. However, although this process generally involves α4β2 and α7 subtypes, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Interestingly, both activation and inhibition of α7 nAChRs have been reported to be neuroprotective. We have shown that inhibition of α7 nAChRs protects the function of acute hippocampal slices against excitotoxicity in an α4β2-dependent manner. Neuroprotection was assessed as the prevention of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-dependent loss of the area of population spikes (PSs) in the CA1 area of acute hippocampal slices. Our results support a model in which α7 AChRs control the release of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Blocking either α7 or GABA(A) receptors reduces the inhibitory tone on cholinergic terminals, thereby promoting α4β2 activation, which in turn mediates neuroprotection. These results shed light on how α7 nAChR inhibition can be neuroprotective through a mechanism mediated by activation of α4β2 nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ferchmin
- School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
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Konishi K, Hori K, Tomioka H, Minegishi G, Tani M, Tanaka H, Akita R, Yokoyama S, Oshio T, Hachisu M. Donepezil abolishes anticholinergic activity in a patient with amnesia. Pharmacology 2012; 91:86-91. [PMID: 23258422 DOI: 10.1159/000345344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 74-year-old woman who presented with amnesia and positive serum anticholinergic activity (SAA), which disappeared after treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil for 1 year. Her only other regular medications were topical glaucoma preparations. We suggest that mental stress, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease pathology combined to generate SAA in this patient. We also consider that SAA may have subsequently become negative because of upregulation of acetylcholine production by donepezil, and because the patient's other medications and physical condition (including glaucoma) remained unchanged during the 1-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Konishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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Elevation of BACE in an Aβ rat model of Alzheimer's disease: exacerbation by chronic stress and prevention by nicotine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15:223-33. [PMID: 21356140 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), progressive accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides impairs nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) function by a mechanism that may involve α7 and α4β2-nAChR subtypes. Additionally, the beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme (BACE), the rate-limiting enzyme in the pathogenic Aβ production pathway, is expressed at high levels in hippocampal and cortical regions of AD brains. We measured hippocampal area CA1 protein levels of BACE and α7- and α4β2-nAChR subunits using an Aβ rat model of AD (14-d osmotic pump i.c.v. infusion of 300 pmol/d Aβ peptides) in the presence and absence of chronic stress and/or chronic nicotine treatment. There was a significant increase in the levels of BACE in Aβ-infused rats, which were markedly intensified by chronic (4-6 wk) stress, but were normalized in Aβ rats chronically treated with nicotine (1 mg/kg b.i.d.). The levels of the three subunits α7, α4 and β2 were significantly decreased in Aβ rats, but these were also normalized in Aβ rats chronically treated with nicotine. Chronic stress did not further aggravate the reduction of nAChRs in Aβ-infused rats. The increased BACE levels and decreased nAChR levels, which are established hallmarks of AD, provide additional support for the validity of the Aβ i.c.v.-infused rat as a model of AD.
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Mabley J, Gordon S, Pacher P. Nicotine exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model of acute lung injury. Inflammation 2011; 34:231-7. [PMID: 20625922 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway through direct activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on immune cells can inhibit pro-inflammatory chemokine and cytokine release and thereby protect in a variety of inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether nicotine treatment protected against acute lung inflammation. Mice challenged with intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 μg) were treated with nicotine (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg, sc). After 24 h, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained to measure leukocyte infiltration, lung edema, and pro-inflammatory chemokine (MIP-1α, MIP-2, and eotaxin) and cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α) levels. Nicotine treatment reduced the LPS-mediated infiltration of leukocytes and edema as evidenced by decreased BALF inflammatory cells, myeloperoxidase, and protein. Nicotine also downregulated lung production of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. These data support the proposal that activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway may represent a useful addition to the therapy of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Mabley
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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Lipid-enriched enteral nutrition controls the inflammatory response in murine Gram-negative sepsis. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1996-2002. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181eb90d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Intradermal administration of RiVax protects mice from mucosal and systemic ricin intoxication. Vaccine 2010; 28:5315-22. [PMID: 20562013 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ricin toxin is a CDC level B biothreat. We have developed a ricin vaccine, RiVax, which is a recombinant mutant of ricin A chain. RiVax is safe, immunogenic and protective in mice when administered intramuscularly (IM). We have now attempted to increase the utility and immunogenicity of RiVax by administering it intradermally (ID) with or without alum. Without alum, Rivax administered by the ID and IM routes was equally immunogenic and protective. With alum, ID vaccinations were more immunogenic and protective against both systemic and mucosal challenge with ricin and superior in protecting animals from ricin-induced lung damage.
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Lindauer ML, Wong J, Iwakura Y, Magun BE. Pulmonary inflammation triggered by ricin toxin requires macrophages and IL-1 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1419-26. [PMID: 19561099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ricin is a potent ribotoxin considered to be a potentially dangerous bioterrorist agent due to its wide availability and the possibility of aerosol delivery to human populations. Studies in rodents and nonhuman primates have demonstrated that ricin delivered to the pulmonary system leads to acute lung injury and symptoms resembling acute respiratory distress syndrome. Increasing evidence suggests that the inflammatory effects triggered by ricin are responsible for its lethality. We demonstrated previously that ricin administered to the lungs of mice causes death of pulmonary macrophages and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting macrophages may be a primary target of ricin. Here we examined the requirement for macrophages in the development of ricin-mediated pulmonary inflammation by employing transgenic (MAFIA) mice that express an inducible gene driven by the c-fms promoter for Fas-mediated apoptosis of macrophages upon injection of a synthetic dimerizer, AP20187. Administration of aerosolized ricin to macrophage-depleted mice led to reduced inflammatory responses, including recruitment of neutrophils, expression of proinflammatory transcripts, and microvascular permeability. When compared with control mice treated with ricin, macrophage-depleted mice treated with ricin displayed a reduction in pulmonary IL-1beta. Employing mice deficient in IL-1, we found that ricin-induced inflammatory responses were suppressed, including neutrophilia. Neutrophilia could be restored by co-administering ricin and exogenous IL-1beta to IL-1alpha/beta(-/-) mice. Furthermore, IL1Ra/anakinra cotreatment inhibited ricin-mediated inflammatory responses, including recruitment of neutrophils, expression of proinflammatory genes, and histopathology. These data suggest a central role for macrophages and IL-1 signaling in the inflammatory process triggered by ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Lindauer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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