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Abstract
Donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) in the blood circulation is an early marker of injury in solid organ transplantation. Here, we review recent evidence that indicates that dd-cfDNA may itself be a trigger of inflammation, thereby adding insult on injury. Early unresolving molecular allograft injury measured via changes in dd-cfDNA may be an early warning sign and may therefore enable stratification of patients who are at risk of subsequent allograft injury. Considering dd-cfDNA as a continuous and clinically significant biomarker opens up the potential for new management strategies, therapeutics, and ways to quantify interventions by considering the immunological potential of dd-cfDNA.
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2
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Jiang J, Hu X, Li W, Liu J, Liang B, Chen H, Huang J, Zang N, Ning C, Liao Y, Chen R, Lai J, Chu J, Pan P, Cui P, Tang Q, Chen X, Liang H, Ye L. Enhanced Signaling Through the TLR9 Pathway Is Associated With Resistance to HIV-1 Infection in Chinese HIV-1-Exposed Seronegative Individuals. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1050. [PMID: 32547554 PMCID: PMC7274031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens and may mediate HIV-1 resistance in HIV-1–exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals. This study aims to identify components of innate immunity that confer natural HIV-1 resistance in Chinese HESN individuals. Specifically, we compared the expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and associated pathway molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), monocytes/macrophages, and plasma obtained from HESN and control individuals. HESN individuals had higher expression of TLR9, IRF7, IFN-α/β, RANTES, and MIP-1α/1β in PBMCs and plasma than control subjects. Upon TLR9 stimulation, significantly higher expression of TLR9 and IRF7, as well as higher production of IFN-α/β, RANTES, and MIP-1α/1β, was observed in PBMCs and monocytes/macrophages from HESN individuals than in the corresponding cells from control individuals. More importantly, both with and without TLR9 stimulation, the levels of HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from HESN individuals were significantly lower than those in MDMs from control individuals. These data suggest that increased TLR9 activity and subsequent release of antiviral factors contribute to protection against HIV-1 in HESN individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xi Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenwei Li
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ning Zang
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chuanyi Ning
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanyan Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jingzhen Lai
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiemei Chu
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Peijiang Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ping Cui
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiao Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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3
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Zuurbier CJ, Abbate A, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Cohen MV, Collino M, De Kleijn DPV, Downey JM, Pagliaro P, Preissner KT, Takahashi M, Davidson SM. Innate immunity as a target for acute cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1131-1142. [PMID: 30576455 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute obstruction of a coronary artery causes myocardial ischaemia and if prolonged, may result in an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). First-line treatment involves rapid reperfusion. However, a highly dynamic and co-ordinated inflammatory response is rapidly mounted to repair and remove the injured cells which, paradoxically, can further exacerbate myocardial injury. Furthermore, although cardiac remodelling may initially preserve some function to the heart, it can lead over time to adverse remodelling and eventually heart failure. Since the size of the infarct corresponds to the subsequent risk of developing heart failure, it is important to find ways to limit initial infarct development. In this review, we focus on the role of the innate immune system in the acute response to ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) and specifically its contribution to cell death and myocardial infarction. Numerous danger-associated molecular patterns are released from dying cells in the myocardium, which can stimulate pattern recognition receptors including toll like receptors and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) in resident cardiac and immune cells. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase 1, and pyroptosis may ensue, particularly when the myocardium has been previously aggravated by the presence of comorbidities. Evidence will be discussed that suggests agents targeting innate immunity may be a promising means of protecting the hearts of STEMI patients against acute IR injury. However, the dosing and timing of such agents should be carefully determined because innate immunity pathways may also be involved in cardioprotection. This article is part of a Cardiovascular Research Spotlight Issue entitled 'Cardioprotection Beyond the Cardiomyocyte', and emerged as part of the discussions of the European Union (EU)-CARDIOPROTECTION Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, CA16225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coert J Zuurbier
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center and Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hector A Cabrera-Fuentes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Department of Microbiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation.,Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael V Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Dominique P V De Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - James M Downey
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, UK
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4
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Zhang C, Yu Y, Yu JF, Li BD, Zhou CF, Yang XD, Wang X, Wu C, Shen T, Zhu QX. Viral mimic polyinosine-polycytidylic acid potentiates liver injury in trichloroethylene-sensitized mice - Viral-chemical interaction as a novel mechanism. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 155:101-108. [PMID: 29510304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Occupational trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure can induce hypersensitivity dermatitis and severe liver injury. Recently, several clinical investigations indicate that viral infection, such as human herpesvirus-6, is associated with hepatic dysfunction in patients with TCE-related generalized skin disorders. However, whether viral infection potentiates TCE-induced liver injury remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the contribution of viral infection to the development of TCE-sensitization-induced liver injury in BALB/c mice. Female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned into four groups: solvent control group (n = 20), TCE group (n = 80), poly(I:C) group (n = 20) and combination of TCE and poly(I:C) (poly(I:C)+TCE) group (n = 80). Poly(I:C) (50 μg) was i.p. administrated. TCE and poly(I:C)+TCE groups were further divided into sensitization and non-sensitization subgroup. Complement 3 and C3a protein levels, and complement factors were measured. Combination treatment significantly enhanced TCE-induced liver injury, decreased complement 3, but increased C3a in serum and liver tissues in sensitization group. These changes were not correlated with the hepatic complement 3 transcription. Moreover, combination treatment specifically promoted complement factor B, but not factor D and factor H expressions. These data provide first evidence that poly(I:C) potentiates liver injury in BALB/c mouse model of TCE-sensitization. Upregulated C3a and factor B contributes to the poly(I:C) action in TCE-induced liver injury. This new mode of action may explain increased risk of chemical-sensitization induced tissue damage by viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yun Yu
- Institute of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jun-Feng Yu
- Institute of Dermatology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 118 Henan Road, Urumchi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bo-Dong Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Cheng-Fan Zhou
- Institute of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Changhao Wu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Tong Shen
- Institute of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
| | - Qi-Xing Zhu
- Institute of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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5
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Kolev M, Markiewski MM. Targeting complement-mediated immunoregulation for cancer immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2018; 37:85-97. [PMID: 29454575 PMCID: PMC5984681 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Complement was initially discovered as an assembly of plasma proteins "complementing" the cytolytic activity of antibodies. However, our current knowledge places this complex system of several plasma proteins, receptors, and regulators in the center of innate immunity as a bridge between the initial innate responses and adaptive immune reactions. Consequently, complement appears to be pivotal for elimination of pathogens, not only as an early response defense, but by directing the subsequent adaptive immune response. The discovery of functional intracellular complement and its roles in cellular metabolism opened novel avenues for research and potential therapeutic implications. The recent studies demonstrating immunoregulatory functions of complement in the tumor microenvironment and the premetastatic niche shifted the paradigm on our understanding of functions of the complement system in regulating immunity. Several complement proteins, through their interaction with cells in the tumor microenvironment and in metastasis-targeted organs, contribute to modulating tumor growth, antitumor immunity, angiogenesis, and therefore, the overall progression of malignancy and, perhaps, responsiveness of cancer to different therapies. Here, we focus on recent progress in our understanding of immunostimulatory vs. immunoregulatory functions of complement and potential applications of these findings to the design of novel therapies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolev
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, DIR, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States.
| | - Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, 79601, United States.
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6
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Telomere Damage Response and Low-Grade Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1024:213-224. [PMID: 28921472 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres at the ends of chromosomes safeguard genome integrity and stability in human nucleated cells. However, telomere repeats shed off during cell proliferation and other stress responses. Our recent studies show that telomere attrition induces not only epithelial stem cell senescence but also low-grade inflammation in the lungs. The senescence-associated low-grade inflammation (SALI) is characteristic of alveolar stem cell replicative senescence, increased proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, infiltrated immune cells, and spillover effects. To date, the mechanisms underlying SALI remain unclear. Investigations demonstrate that senescent epithelial stem cells with telomere erosion are not the source of secreted cytokines, containing no significant increase in expression of the genes coding for increased cytokines, suggesting an alternative senescence-associated secretory phenotype (A-SASP). Given that telomere loss results in significant alterations in the genomes and accumulations of the cleaved telomeric DNA in the cells and milieu externe, we conclude that telomere position effects (TPEs) on gene expression and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in antigen presentation are involved in A-SASP and SALI in response to telomere damage in mammals.
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7
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Sun Q, Loughran P, Shapiro R, Shrivastava IH, Antoine DJ, Li T, Yan Z, Fan J, Billiar TR, Scott MJ. Redox-dependent regulation of hepatocyte absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome activation in sterile liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2017; 65:253-268. [PMID: 27774630 PMCID: PMC5191963 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sterile liver inflammation, such as liver ischemia-reperfusion, hemorrhagic shock after trauma, and drug-induced liver injury, is initiated and regulated by endogenous mediators including DNA and reactive oxygen species. Here, we identify a mechanism for redox-mediated regulation of absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation in hepatocytes after redox stress in mice, which occurs through interaction with cytosolic high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). We show that in liver during hemorrhagic shock in mice and in hepatocytes after hypoxia with reoxygenation, cytosolic HMGB1 associates with AIM2 and is required for activation of caspase-1 in response to cytosolic DNA. Activation of caspase-1 through AIM2 leads to subsequent hepatoprotective responses such as autophagy. HMGB1 binds to AIM2 at a non-DNA-binding site on the hematopoietic interferon-inducible nuclear antigen domain of AIM2 to facilitate inflammasome and caspase-1 activation in hepatocytes. Furthermore, binding of HMGB1 to AIM2 is stronger with fully reduced all-thiol HMGB1 than with partially oxidized disulfide-HMGB1, and binding strength corresponds to caspase-1 activation. These data suggest that HMGB1 redox status regulates AIM2 inflammasome activation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a novel and important mechanism for regulation of AIM2 inflammasome activation in hepatocytes during redox stress and may suggest broader implications for how this and other inflammasomes are activated and how their activation is regulated during cell stress, as well as the mechanisms of inflammasome regulation in nonimmune cell types. (Hepatology 2017;65:253-268).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patricia Loughran
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Richard Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Daniel J Antoine
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tunliang Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengzheng Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Surgical Research, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare Systems, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Melanie J Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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8
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Suman S, Basak T, Gupta P, Mishra S, Kumar V, Sengupta S, Shukla Y. Quantitative proteomics revealed novel proteins associated with molecular subtypes of breast cancer. J Proteomics 2016; 148:183-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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9
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Complement Factor B Production in Renal Tubular Cells and Its Role in Sodium Transporter Expression During Polymicrobial Sepsis. Crit Care Med 2016; 44:e289-99. [PMID: 26757165 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors and complement are two components of the innate immunity. Complement factor B is essential for the alternative pathway of complement activation. We have recently reported that complement factor B is significantly up-regulated in the kidney and may contribute to acute tubular injury in an animal model of sepsis. This study investigates the mechanisms responsible for the complement factor B up-regulation and its role in sodium transporter expression in tubular cells during sepsis. DESIGN Animal study. SETTING Laboratory investigation. SUBJECTS C57BL/6 J wild-type, complement factor B(-/-), and Nfkb1(tm1Bal) p50(-/-) mice. INTERVENTIONS Human proximal tubular cells and mouse tubular epithelial cells were stimulated with Toll-like receptor agonists. Bay 11-7082 was used to block nuclear factor-κB pathway. Alternative pathway activation was detected by C3 zymosan deposition. Polymicrobial sepsis was created by cecal ligation and puncture. Sodium transporter gene expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The agonists for Toll-like receptor 4 (lipopolysaccharide) or Toll-like receptor 3 (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid) induced a marked increase in complement factor B expression in human proximal tubular cells and mouse tubular epithelial cells both at gene and protein levels. The Toll-like receptor 1/2 agonist, Pam3cys, induced complement factor B production only in human proximal tubular cells, not in mouse tubular epithelial cells. The Toll-like receptor 9 ligand, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides failed to induce complement factor B production either in human proximal tubular cells or in mouse tubular epithelial cells. Lipopolysaccharide/polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced complement factor B up-regulation was blocked by Bay 11-7082, a potent inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB signaling, and in mouse tubular epithelial cells deficient in p50 subunit of nuclear factor-κB. Media from the lipopolysaccharide-treated mouse tubular epithelial cell cultures contained de novo synthesized complement factor B and led to functional alternative pathway activation. In a cecal ligation and puncture model, wild-type septic mice had down-regulated expression of sodium transporters in the kidney compared with the sham. In comparison, complement factor B mice or mice treated with anti-complement factor B displayed preserved levels of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase-α1 following sepsis. CONCLUSIONS 1) Toll-like receptor 3/4 activation is sufficient to induce complement factor B production via nuclear factor-κB pathway and to enhance alternative pathway activation in the kidney tubular epithelial cells. 2) Complement factor B may contribute to the down-regulation of certain sodium transporter expression during sepsis.
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10
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Sweigard JH, Matsumoto H, Smith KE, Kim LA, Paschalis EI, Okonuki Y, Castillejos A, Kataoka K, Hasegawa E, Yanai R, Husain D, Lambris JD, Vavvas D, Miller JW, Connor KM. Inhibition of the alternative complement pathway preserves photoreceptors after retinal injury. Sci Transl Med 2016. [PMID: 26203084 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of photoreceptors is a primary cause of vision loss worldwide, making the underlying mechanisms surrounding photoreceptor cell death critical to developing new treatment strategies. Retinal detachment, characterized by the separation of photoreceptors from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium, is a sight-threatening event that can happen in a number of retinal diseases. The detached photoreceptors undergo apoptosis and programmed necrosis. Given that photoreceptors are nondividing cells, their loss leads to irreversible visual impairment even after successful retinal reattachment surgery. To better understand the underlying disease mechanisms, we analyzed innate immune system regulators in the vitreous of human patients with retinal detachment and correlated the results with findings in a mouse model of retinal detachment. We identified the alternative complement pathway as promoting early photoreceptor cell death during retinal detachment. Photoreceptors down-regulate membrane-bound inhibitors of complement, allowing for selective targeting by the alternative complement pathway. When photoreceptors in the detached retina were removed from the primary source of oxygen and nutrients (choroidal vascular bed), the retina became hypoxic, leading to an up-regulation of complement factor B, a key mediator of the alternative pathway. Inhibition of the alternative complement pathway in knockout mice or through pharmacological means ameliorated photoreceptor cell death during retinal detachment. Our current study begins to outline the mechanism by which the alternative complement pathway facilitates photoreceptor cell death in the damaged retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Harry Sweigard
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hidetaka Matsumoto
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kaylee E Smith
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Leo A Kim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eleftherios I Paschalis
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yoko Okonuki
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexandra Castillejos
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Keiko Kataoka
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eiichi Hasegawa
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ryoji Yanai
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Deeba Husain
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Demetrios Vavvas
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joan W Miller
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kip M Connor
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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11
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Chen R, Zhang K, Chen H, Zhao X, Wang J, Li L, Cong Y, Ju Z, Xu D, Williams BRG, Jia J, Liu JP. Telomerase Deficiency Causes Alveolar Stem Cell Senescence-associated Low-grade Inflammation in Lungs. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30813-29. [PMID: 26518879 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of human telomerase RNA component (TERC) and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) are associated with a subset of lung aging diseases, but the mechanisms by which TERC and TERT participate in lung diseases remain unclear. In this report, we show that knock-out (KO) of the mouse gene Terc or Tert causes pulmonary alveolar stem cell replicative senescence, epithelial impairment, formation of alveolar sacs, and characteristic inflammatory phenotype. Deficiency in TERC or TERT causes a remarkable elevation in various proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, CXCL15 (human IL-8 homolog), IL-10, TNF-α, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)); decrease in TGF-β1 and TGFβRI receptor in the lungs; and spillover of IL-6 and CXCL15 into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. In addition to increased gene expressions of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen 1α1, suggesting myofibroblast differentiation, TERC deficiency also leads to marked cellular infiltrations of a mononuclear cell population positive for the leukocyte common antigen CD45, low-affinity Fc receptor CD16/CD32, and pattern recognition receptor CD11b in the lungs. Our data demonstrate for the first time that telomerase deficiency triggers alveolar stem cell replicative senescence-associated low-grade inflammation, thereby driving pulmonary premature aging, alveolar sac formation, and fibrotic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Chen
- From the Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China, the Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Kexiong Zhang
- the Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Hao Chen
- the Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Xiaoyin Zhao
- the Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Jianqiu Wang
- the Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Li Li
- the Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Yusheng Cong
- the Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- the Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Dakang Xu
- the Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China, the Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and
| | - Bryan R G Williams
- the Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and
| | - Jihui Jia
- From the Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Jun-Ping Liu
- From the Department of Microbiology/Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China, the Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China, the Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, and the Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3018, Australia
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Alyamkina EA, Nikolin VP, Popova NA, Minkevich AM, Kozel AV, Dolgova EV, Efremov YR, Bayborodin SI, Andrushkevich OM, Taranov OS, Omigov VV, Rogachev VA, Proskurina AS, Vereschagin EI, Kiseleva EV, Zhukova MV, Ostanin AA, Chernykh ER, Bogachev SS, Shurdov MA. Combination of cyclophosphamide and double-stranded DNA demonstrates synergistic toxicity against established xenografts. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:32. [PMID: 25798073 PMCID: PMC4369063 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular double-stranded DNA participates in various processes in an organism. Here we report the suppressive effects of fragmented human double-stranded DNA along or in combination with cyclophosphamide on solid and ascites grafts of mouse Krebs-2 tumor cells and DNA preparation on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7. METHODS Apoptosis and necrosis were assayed by electrophoretic analysis (DNA nucleosomal fragmentation) and by measurements of LDH levels in ascitic fluid, respectively. DNA internalization into MCF-7 was analyzed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Direct cytotoxic activity of double-stranded DNA (along or in combination with cyclophosphamide) on a solid transplant was demonstrated. This resulted in delayed solid tumor proliferation and partial tumor lysis due to necrosis of the tumor and adjacent tissues. In the case of ascites form of tumor, extensive apoptosis and secondary necrosis were observed. Similarly, MCF-7 cells showed induction of massive apoptosis (up to 45%) as a result of treatments with double-stranded DNA preparation. CONCLUSIONS Double-stranded DNA (along or in combination with cyclophosphamide) induces massive apoptosis of Krebs-2 ascite cells and MCF-7 cell line (DNA only). In treated mice it reduces the integrity of gut wall cells and contributes to the development of systemic inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Alyamkina
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valeriy P Nikolin
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nelly A Popova
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- />Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Alexandra M Minkevich
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Artem V Kozel
- />Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Evgenia V Dolgova
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yaroslav R Efremov
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- />Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Sergey I Bayborodin
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- />Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Oleg M Andrushkevich
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- />Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - Oleg S Taranov
- />The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region 630559 Russia
| | - Vladimir V Omigov
- />The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region 630559 Russia
| | - Vladimir A Rogachev
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia S Proskurina
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Elena V Kiseleva
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria V Zhukova
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandr A Ostanin
- />Institute of Clinical Immunology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630099 Russia
| | - Elena R Chernykh
- />Institute of Clinical Immunology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630099 Russia
| | - Sergey S Bogachev
- />Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Proskurina AS, Gvozdeva TS, Alyamkina EA, Dolgova EV, Orishchenko KE, Nikolin VP, Popova NA, Sidorov SV, Chernykh ER, Ostanin AA, Leplina OY, Dvornichenko VV, Ponomarenko DM, Soldatova GS, Varaksin NA, Ryabicheva TG, Uchakin PN, Zagrebelniy SN, Rogachev VA, Bogachev SS, Shurdov MA. Results of multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial of Panagen preparation to evaluate its leukostimulatory activity and formation of the adaptive immune response in patients with stage II-IV breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:122. [PMID: 25886605 PMCID: PMC4365563 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We performed a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial of human dsDNA-based preparation Panagen in a tablet form. In total, 80 female patients with stage II-IV breast cancer were recruited. Methods Patients received three consecutive FAC (5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide) or AC (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide) adjuvant chemotherapies (3 weeks per course) and 6 tablets of 5 mg Panagen or placebo daily (one tablet every 2–3 hours, 30 mg/day) for 18 days during each chemotherapy course. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 6.0 software, and non-parametric analyses, namely Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney and paired Wilcoxon tests. To describe the results, the following parameters were used: number of observations (n), median, interquartile range, and minimum-maximum range. Results Panagen displayed pronounced leukostimulatory and leukoprotective effects when combined with chemotherapy. In an ancillary protocol, anticancer effects of a tablet form of Panagen were analyzed. We show that Panagen helps maintain the pre-therapeutic activity level of innate antitumor immunity and induces formation of a peripheral pool of cytotoxic CD8+ perforin + T-cells. Our 3-year follow-up analysis demonstrates that 24% of patients who received Panagen relapsed or died after the therapy, as compared to 45% in the placebo cohort. Conclusions The data collected in this trial set Panagen as a multi-faceted “all-in-one” medicine that is capable of simultaneously sustaining hematopoiesis, sparing the innate immune cells from adverse effects of three consecutive rounds of chemotherapy and boosting individual adaptive immunity. Its unique feature is that it is delivered via gastrointestinal tract and acts through the lymphoid system of intestinal mucosa. Taken together, maintenance of the initial levels of innate immunity, development of adaptive cytotoxic immune response and significantly reduced incidence of relapses 3 years after the therapy argue for the anticancer activity of Panagen. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02115984 from 04/07/2014. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1142-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Proskurina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | | | - Ekaterina A Alyamkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Evgenia V Dolgova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Konstantin E Orishchenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Valeriy P Nikolin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Nelly A Popova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Sidorov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Oncology Department of Municipal Hospital No 1, Novosibirsk, 630047, Russia.
| | - Elena R Chernykh
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630099, Russia.
| | - Alexandr A Ostanin
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630099, Russia.
| | - Olga Y Leplina
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630099, Russia.
| | - Victoria V Dvornichenko
- Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Irkutsk, 664049, Russia. .,Regional Oncology Dispensary, Irkutsk, 664035, Russia.
| | - Dmitriy M Ponomarenko
- Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Irkutsk, 664049, Russia. .,Regional Oncology Dispensary, Irkutsk, 664035, Russia.
| | - Galina S Soldatova
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Clinic Department of the Central Clinical Hospital, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | - Vladimir A Rogachev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Sergey S Bogachev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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Kono H, Onda A, Yanagida T. Molecular determinants of sterile inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 26:147-56. [PMID: 24556412 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic cell death alerts the acquired immune system to activate naïve T cells even in the absence of non-self derived molecules (e.g. pathogens). In addition, sterile necrosis leads to innate immune-mediated acute inflammation. The dying cells still represent a threat to the body that should be eliminated by the host immune response. Although the inflammatory response plays important roles in protecting the host and repairing tissues, it can also cause the collateral damage to normal tissues that underlies disease pathogenesis. Tissue resident macrophages recognize the danger signals released from necrotic cells via the pattern recognition receptors and secrete IL-1 that results in acute neutrophilic inflammation. This article will review our current knowledge especially focusing on the role of IL-1 in the sterile necrotic cell death induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Akiko Onda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tamiko Yanagida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Heil M, Land WG. Danger signals - damaged-self recognition across the tree of life. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:578. [PMID: 25400647 PMCID: PMC4215617 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms suffer injury and serve as hosts for microorganisms. Therefore, they require mechanisms to detect injury and to distinguish the self from the non-self and the harmless non-self (microbial mutualists and commensals) from the detrimental non-self (pathogens). Danger signals are "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs) that are released from the disrupted host tissue or exposed on stressed cells. Seemingly ubiquitous DAMPs are extracellular ATP or extracellular DNA, fragmented cell walls or extracellular matrices, and many other types of delocalized molecules and fragments of macromolecules that are released when pre-existing precursors come into contact with enzymes from which they are separated in the intact cell. Any kind of these DAMPs enable damaged-self recognition, inform the host on tissue disruption, initiate processes aimed at restoring homeostasis, such as sealing the wound, and prepare the adjacent tissues for the perception of invaders. In mammals, antigen-processing and -presenting cells such as dendritic cells mature to immunostimulatory cells after the perception of DAMPs, prime naïve T-cells and elicit a specific adaptive T-/B-cell immune response. We discuss molecules that serve as DAMPs in multiple organisms and their perception by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Ca(2+)-fluxes, membrane depolarization, the liberation of reactive oxygen species and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades are the ubiquitous molecular mechanisms that act downstream of the PRRs in organisms across the tree of life. Damaged-self recognition contains both homologous and analogous elements and is likely to have evolved in all eukaryotic kingdoms, because all organisms found the same solutions for the same problem: damage must be recognized without depending on enemy-derived molecules and responses to the non-self must be directed specifically against detrimental invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-IrapuatoIrapuato, México
- *Correspondence: Martin Heil, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato- León, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico e-mail:
| | - Walter G. Land
- Molecular ImmunoRheumatology, INSERM UMR S1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, Faculty of Medicine, University of StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
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