1
|
Zhu CS, Chen W, Qiang X, Lou L, Li J, Wang H. Elevated Circulating Procathepsin L as a Potential Biomarker of Inflamm-aging. Med Hypotheses 2024; 186:111322. [PMID: 38617026 PMCID: PMC11008674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2024.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Inflamm-aging is a condition of low-grade and chronic systemic inflammation characterized by a systemic increase in multiple inflammatory biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and CXCL9 (MIG) in experimental and clinical settings. However, despite the recent identification of extracellular procathepsin L (pCTS-L) as a novel mediator of inflammatory diseases such as sepsis, its possible role in inflamm-aging was previously not investigated. In the present study, we compared blood levels of pCTS-L and other 62 cytokines and chemokines between young and aged Balb/C mice by Western blotting and Cytokine Antibody Arrays. In light of the surprising finding of a marked increase in blood pCTS-L levels in aged mice, we propose that blood pCTS-L levels may serve as another biomarker of inflamm-aging. Given the capacity of pCTS-L in inducing various cytokines (e.g., TNF and IL-6), it will be important to test the hypothetic role of pCTS-L in inflamm-aging under experimental and clinical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Shu Zhu
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Xiaoling Qiang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Li Lou
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Jianhua Li
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Haichao Wang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qiang X, Chen W, Zhu CS, Li J, Qi T, Lou L, Wang P, Tracey KJ, Wang H. Therapeutic potential of procathepsin L-inhibiting and progesterone-entrapping dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles in treating experimental sepsis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368448. [PMID: 38550581 PMCID: PMC10972846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms of bacterial infections and resultant sepsis are partly attributed to dysregulated inflammatory responses sustained by some late-acting mediators including the procathepsin-L (pCTS-L). It was entirely unknown whether any compounds of the U.S. Drug Collection could suppress pCTS-L-induced inflammation, and pharmacologically be exploited into possible therapies. Here, we demonstrated that a macrophage cell-based screening of a U.S. Drug Collection of 1360 compounds resulted in the identification of progesterone (PRO) as an inhibitor of pCTS-L-mediated production of several chemokines [e.g., Epithelial Neutrophil-Activating Peptide (ENA-78), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) or MCP-3] and cytokines [e.g., Interleukin-10 (IL-10) or Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)] in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In vivo, these PRO-entrapping 2,6-dimethal-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD) nanoparticles (containing 1.35 mg/kg PRO and 14.65 mg/kg DM-β-CD) significantly increased animal survival in both male (from 30% to 70%, n = 20, P = 0.041) and female (from 50% to 80%, n = 30, P = 0.026) mice even when they were initially administered at 24 h post the onset of sepsis. This protective effect was associated with a reduction of sepsis-triggered accumulation of three surrogate biomarkers [e.g., Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) by 40%; Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2 (MIP-2) by 45%; and Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor I (sTNFRI) by 80%]. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) analysis revealed a strong interaction between PRO and pCTS-L (KD = 78.2 ± 33.7 nM), which was paralleled with a positive correlation between serum PRO concentration and serum pCTS-L level (ρ = 0.56, P = 0.0009) or disease severity (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SOFA; ρ = 0.64, P = 0.0001) score in septic patients. Our observations support a promising opportunity to explore DM-β-CD nanoparticles entrapping lipophilic drugs as possible therapies for clinical sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Qiang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Cassie Shu Zhu
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Jianhua Li
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Timothy Qi
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Li Lou
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Haichao Wang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang HL, Narisawa M, Wu P, Meng X, Cheng XW. The many roles of cathepsins in restenosis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24720. [PMID: 38333869 PMCID: PMC10850908 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-eluting stents (DES) and dual antiplatelet regimens have significantly improved the clinical management of ischemic heart disease; however, the drugs loaded with DES in clinical practice are mostly paclitaxel or rapamycin derivatives, which target symptoms of post implantation proliferation and inflammation, leading to delayed re-endothelialization and neo-atherosclerosis. Along with the treatments already in place, there is a need for novel strategies to lessen the negative clinical outcomes of DES delays as well as a need for greater understanding of their pathobiological mechanisms. This review concentrates on the function of cathepsins (Cats) in the inflammatory response and granulation tissue formation that follow Cat-induced damage to the vasculature scaffold, as well as the functions of Cats in intimal hyperplasia, which is characterized by the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and endothelial denudation, re-endothelialization, and/or neo-endothelialization. Additionally, Cats can alter essential neointima formation and immune response inside scaffolds, and if Cats are properly controlled in vivo, they may improve scaffold biocompatibility. This unique profile of functions could lead to an original concept for a cathepsin-based coronary intervention treatment as an adjunct to stent placement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Long Wang
- Department of Adult Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin, PR China
| | - Megumi Narisawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichiken, 4668550, Japan
| | - Pan Wu
- Department of Adult Intensive Care Unit, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiangkun Meng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, PR China
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yao K, Wang Z, Peng C, Wang Y, Xue B, Tang Y, Wang Z, Xu H. HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir inhibits toll-like receptor 4 activation by targeting receptor dimerization. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2023; 45:754-760. [PMID: 37485845 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2023.2239488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is crucial in induction of innate immune response through recognition of invading pathogens or endogenous alarming molecules. Ligand-triggered dimerization of TLR4 is essential for the activation of NF-κB and IRF3 through MyD88- or TRIF-dependent pathways. Saquinavir (SQV), an FDA-approved HIV protease inhibitor, has been shown to attenuate the activation of NF-κB induced by HMGB1 by blocking TLR4-MyD88 association in proteasome independent pathway. This study aims to define whether SQV is an HMGB1-specific and MyD88-dependent TLR4 signaling inhibitor and which precise signaling element of TLR4 is targeted by SQV. MATERIALS AND METHODS PMA differentiated human THP-1 macrophages or reconstituted HEK293 cells were pretreated with SQV before stimulated by different TLR agonists. TNF-α level was evaluated through ELISA assay. NF-κB activation was analyzed using NF-κB SEAP reporting system. The levels of MyD88/TRIF pathways-related factors were examined by immunoblot. TLR4 endocytosis was assessed by immunocytochemistry. TLR4 dimerization was determined using immunoprecipitation between different tagged TLR4 and an in silico molecular docking experiment was performed to explore the possible binding site of SQV on its target. RESULTS Our data showed that SQV suppresses both MyD88- and TRIF-dependent pathways in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a critical sepsis inducer and TLR4 agonist, leading to downregulation of NF-κB and IRF3. SQV did not suppress MyD88-dependent pathway triggered by TLR1/2 agonist Pam3csk4. In the only TRIF-dependent pathway, SQV did not alleviate IRF3 phosphorylation induced by TLR3 agonist Poly(I:C). Furthermore, dimerization of TLR4 following LPS or HMGB1 stimulation was decreased by SQV. CONCLUSION We concluded that TLR4 receptor complex is one of the mammalian targets of SQV, and TLR4-mediated immune responses and consequent risk for uncontrolled inflammation could be modulated by FDA-approved drug SQV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Bichen Xue
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao S, Jiang M, Qing H, Ni J. Cathepsins and SARS-CoV-2 infection: From pathogenic factors to potential therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2455-2481. [PMID: 37403614 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The COVID-19 pandemic began in March 2020 and has wrought havoc on health and economic systems worldwide. Efficacious treatment for COVID-19 is lacking: Only preventive measures as well as symptomatic and supportive care are available. Preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that lysosomal cathepsins might contribute to the pathogenesis and disease outcome of COVID-19. Here, we discuss cutting-edge evidence on the pathological roles of cathepsins in SARS-CoV-2 infection, host immune dysregulations, and the possible underlying mechanisms. Cathepsins are attractive drug targets because of their defined substrate-binding pockets, which can be exploited as binding sites for pharmaceutical enzyme inhibitors. Accordingly, the potential modulatory strategies of cathepsin activity are discussed. These insights could shed light on the development of cathepsin-based interventions for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Muzhou Jiang
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li J, Zhu CS, He L, Qiang X, Chen W, Wang H. A two-decade journey in identifying high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and procathepsin L (pCTS-L) as potential therapeutic targets for sepsis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:575-591. [PMID: 37477229 PMCID: PMC10530501 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2239495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microbial infections and resultant sepsis are leading causes of death in hospitals, representing approximately 20% of total deaths worldwide. Despite the difficulties in translating experimental insights into effective therapies for often heterogenous patient populations, an improved understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying experimental sepsis is still urgently needed. Sepsis is partly attributable to dysregulated innate immune responses manifested by hyperinflammation and immunosuppression at different stages of microbial infections. AREAS COVERED Here we review our recent progress in searching for late-acting mediators of experimental sepsis and propose high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and procathepsin-L (pCTS-L) as potential therapeutic targets for improving outcomes of lethal sepsis and other infectious diseases. EXPERT OPINION It will be important to evaluate the efficacy of HMGB1- or pCTS-L-targeting agents for the clinical management of human sepsis and other infectious diseases in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Cassie Shu Zhu
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Li He
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xiaoling Qiang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Haichao Wang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen W, Zhu CS, Qiang X, Chen S, Li J, Wang P, Tracey KJ, Wang H. Development of Procathepsin L (pCTS-L)-Inhibiting Lanosterol-Carrying Liposome Nanoparticles to Treat Lethal Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8649. [PMID: 37239992 PMCID: PMC10217857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of microbial infections and sepsis is partly attributable to dysregulated innate immune responses propagated by late-acting proinflammatory mediators such as procathepsin L (pCTS-L). It was previously not known whether any natural product could inhibit pCTS-L-mediated inflammation or could be strategically developed into a potential sepsis therapy. Here, we report that systemic screening of a NatProduct Collection of 800 natural products led to the identification of a lipophilic sterol, lanosterol (LAN), as a selective inhibitor of pCTS-L-induced production of cytokines [e.g., Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and chemokines [e.g., Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) and Epithelial Neutrophil-Activating Peptide (ENA-78)] in innate immune cells. To improve its bioavailability, we generated LAN-carrying liposome nanoparticles and found that these LAN-containing liposomes (LAN-L) similarly inhibited pCTS-L-induced production of several chemokines [e.g., MCP-1, Regulated upon Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Presumably Secreted (RANTES) and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2 (MIP-2)] in human blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In vivo, these LAN-carrying liposomes effectively rescued mice from lethal sepsis even when the first dose was given at 24 h post the onset of this disease. This protection was associated with a significant attenuation of sepsis-induced tissue injury and systemic accumulation of serval surrogate biomarkers [e.g., IL-6, Keratinocyte-derived Chemokine (KC), and Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor I (sTNFRI)]. These findings support an exciting possibility to develop liposome nanoparticles carrying anti-inflammatory sterols as potential therapies for human sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Chen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA; (W.C.); (C.S.Z.); (X.Q.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (P.W.); (K.J.T.)
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, New York, NY 11549, USA
| | - Cassie Shu Zhu
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA; (W.C.); (C.S.Z.); (X.Q.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (P.W.); (K.J.T.)
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, New York, NY 11549, USA
| | - Xiaoling Qiang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA; (W.C.); (C.S.Z.); (X.Q.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (P.W.); (K.J.T.)
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, New York, NY 11549, USA
| | - Shujin Chen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA; (W.C.); (C.S.Z.); (X.Q.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (P.W.); (K.J.T.)
| | - Jianhua Li
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA; (W.C.); (C.S.Z.); (X.Q.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (P.W.); (K.J.T.)
| | - Ping Wang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA; (W.C.); (C.S.Z.); (X.Q.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (P.W.); (K.J.T.)
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, New York, NY 11549, USA
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA; (W.C.); (C.S.Z.); (X.Q.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (P.W.); (K.J.T.)
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, New York, NY 11549, USA
| | - Haichao Wang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA; (W.C.); (C.S.Z.); (X.Q.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (P.W.); (K.J.T.)
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, New York, NY 11549, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhu CS, Qiang X, Chen W, Li J, Lan X, Yang H, Gong J, Becker L, Wang P, Tracey KJ, Wang H. Identification of procathepsin L (pCTS-L)-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to treat potentially lethal sepsis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4313. [PMID: 36735789 PMCID: PMC9897667 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based strategies have been attempted to antagonize early cytokines of sepsis, but not yet been tried to target inducible late-acting mediators. Here, we report that the expression and secretion of procathepsin-L (pCTS-L) was induced by serum amyloid A (SAA) in innate immune cells, contributing to its late and systemic accumulation in experimental and clinical sepsis. Recombinant pCTS-L induced interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, GRO-α/KC, GRO-β/MIP-2, and MCP-1 release in innate immune cells and moderately correlated with blood concentrations of these cytokines/chemokines in clinical sepsis. Mechanistically, pCTS-L interacted with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) to induce cytokines/chemokines. Pharmacological suppression of pCTS-L with neutralizing polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies attenuated pCTS-L-mediated inflammation by impairing its interaction with TLR4 and RAGE receptors, and consequently rescued animals from lethal sepsis. Our findings have suggested a possibility of developing antibody strategies to prevent dysregulated immune responses mediated by late-acting cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Shu Zhu
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Xiaoling Qiang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Jianhua Li
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Xiqian Lan
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Huan Yang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Jonathan Gong
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Lance Becker
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Haichao Wang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd., Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zheng B, Wang Y, Hu J, Bao Z, Wang M. Comparative analysis of two cathepsin L genes in Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix): Similar in sequence features, different in expression profiles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108527. [PMID: 36621705 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin L is widely found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and it plays important roles in innate immunity. In the present study, we cloned two cathepsin L genes (designated as MmCTSL1 and MmCTSL2, respectively) from Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix). The complete sequence of MmCTSL1 cDNA contained a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 31 bp, a 3' UTR of 228 bp with a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1005 bp encoding 334 amino acids with predicted molecular weight of 37.5 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point of 5.27, and contained a signal peptide (from M1 to A16), a protease inhibitor I29 family domain (from W27 to F87), and a papain family cysteine protease domain (from L118 to T333). The complete sequence of MmCTSL2 cDNA contained a 5' UTR of 50 bp, a 3' UTR of 162 bp with a poly (A) tail, and an ORF of 996 bp encoding a polypeptide of 331 amino acids with predicted molecular weight of 36.8 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point of 7.07. It contained a signal peptide (from M1 to A16), a protease inhibitor I29 family domain (from W30 to F89), and a papain family cysteine protease domain (from L115 to T330). Real-time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that MmCTSL1 and MmCTSL2 were widely expressed in all the tested tissues, including adductor muscle, foot, gill, hemocytes, hepatopancreas and mantle, with the highest mRNA expression level in hepatopancreas and hemocytes, respectively. After Vibrio splendidus challenge, the mRNA expression levels of MmCTSL1 and MmCTSL2 in hemocytes and hepatopancreas were both significantly up-regulated with different expression profiles. In hemocytes, the expression levels of MmCTSL1 and MmCTSL2 reached their respective peaks (3.4-fold and 13.0-fold compared with the control, respectively) at 12 h after bacterial challenge, and MmCTSL2 responds earlier than MmCTSL1. In hepatopancreas, the expression levels of MmCTSL1 and MmCTSL2 reached their respective peaks at 6 h (9.0-fold compared with the control) and 24 h (2.8-fold compared with the control) after bacterial challenge, meaning that MmCTSL1 responds earlier than MmCTSL2. At the same time, whether in hepatopancreas or hemocytes, MmCTSL1 persist for a while after the bacterial challenge peak, while MmCTSL2 would quickly return to the initial level after the bacterial challenge peak. These results indicate that cathepsin L may be involved in the immune process of hard clam against V. splendidus with different potential roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Qingdao 266003), and Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province of Sanya Oceanographic Institute (Sanya 572024), Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, and Center for Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Comparative Analysis of Arterial Compliance in Mice Genetically Null for Cathepsins K, L, or S. J Biomech 2022; 143:111266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Xu H, Zhang T, He L, Yuan M, Yuan X, Wang S. Exploring the mechanism of Danggui Buxue Decoction in regulating atherosclerotic disease network based on integrated pharmacological methods. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20211429. [PMID: 34528665 PMCID: PMC8521537 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of Danggui Buxue Decoction (DGBXD) in regulating Atherosclerosis (AS) network based on integrated pharmacological methods. METHODS The active ingredients and targets of DGBXD are obtained from TCMSP database and ETCM. AS-related targets were collected from the Genecards and OMIM databases. The drug-disease protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed by Cytoscape. Meanwhile, it was used to screen out densely interacting regions, namely clusters. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) annotations are performed on the targets and genes in the cluster to obtain biological processes, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations are performed on the targets of the PPI network to obtain signaling pathways. RESULTS A total of 212 known targets, 265 potential targets and 229 AS genes were obtained. The 'DGBXD known-AS PPI network' and 'DGBXD-AS PPI Network' were constructed and analyzed. DGBXD can regulate inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, vascular smooth muscle proliferation, angiogenesis, TNF, HIF-1, FoxO signaling pathway, etc. The experimental data showed that compared with the model group, the expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and interleukin (IL)-1β protein and mRNA in the DGBXD group decreased (P<0.05). However, plasma IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in the DGBXD group were not significantly different from the model group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The mechanism of DGBXD in the treatment of AS may be related to the improvement of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the blood vessel wall and the anti-vascular local inflammatory response, which may provide a reference for the study of the mechanism of DGBXD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- School of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tianqing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mengxia Yuan
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- School of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Müller P, Maus H, Hammerschmidt SJ, Knaff P, Mailänder V, Schirmeister T, Kersten C. Interfering with Host Proteases in SARS-CoV-2 Entry as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:635-665. [PMID: 34042026 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210526111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to its fast international spread and substantial mortality, the coronavirus disease COVID-19 evolved to a global threat. Since currently, there is no causative drug against this viral infection available, science is striving for new drugs and approaches to treat the new disease. Studies have shown that the cell entry of coronaviruses into host cells takes place through the binding of the viral spike (S) protein to cell receptors. Priming of the S protein occurs via hydrolysis by different host proteases. The inhibition of these proteases could impair the processing of the S protein, thereby affecting the interaction with the host-cell receptors and preventing virus cell entry. Hence, inhibition of these proteases could be a promising strategy for treatment against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art of developing inhibitors against the entry proteases furin, the transmembrane serine protease type-II (TMPRSS2), trypsin, and cathepsin L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hannah Maus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Josef Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Knaff
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Kersten
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang M, Sun X, Liu S, Tang Y, Shi Y, Bai Y, Wang Y, Yang Q, Yang Q, Jiang W, Yuan H, Jiang Q, Cai J. Caspase-11-Gasdermin D-Mediated Pyroptosis Is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:657486. [PMID: 33981234 PMCID: PMC8109243 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.657486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pyroptosis is a form of cell death triggered by proinflammatory signals. Recent studies have reported that oxidized phospholipids function as caspase-11 agonists to induce noncanonical inflammasome activation in immune cells. As the levels of oxidized phospholipids derived from ox-LDL are largely elevated in atherosclerotic lesions, this study sought to determine whether oxidized lipids trigger pyroptosis and subsequent inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results: In our current study, after integrating transcriptomic data available from the Gene Expression Omnibus with data from hyperlipidemic mice and ox-LDL-treated peritoneal macrophages, we discovered that caspase-4/11-gasdermin D-associated inflammatory signaling was significantly activated. Consistently, the mRNA expression of caspase-4 and gasdermin D was upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with coronary heart disease. In particular, the expression of caspase-4 was closely associated with the severity of lesions in the coronary arteries. An in vivo study showed that caspase-11-gasdermin D activation occurred in response to a high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet in ApoE−/− mice, while caspase-11 deletion largely attenuated the volume and macrophage infiltration of atherosclerotic lesions. An in vitro mechanistic study showed that caspase-11-mediated inflammation occurred partly via gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis in macrophages. Suppressing gasdermin D in HFHC-fed ApoE−/− mice via delivery of an adeno-associated virus markedly decreased lesion volume and infiltrating macrophage numbers. Conclusion: Caspase-11-gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis and the subsequent proinflammatory response in macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, targeting the caspase 11-gasdermin D may serve as an alternative strategy for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuejing Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Suzhen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunming Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qize Yang
- Suzhou Science and Technology Town Foreign Language School, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qixia Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
El‐Shimy IA, Mohamed MMA, Hasan SS, Hadi MA. Targeting host cell proteases as a potential treatment strategy to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00698. [PMID: 33369210 PMCID: PMC7758277 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the death toll of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) continues to rise worldwide, it is imperative to explore novel molecular mechanisms for targeting SARS-CoV-2. Rather than looking for drugs that directly interact with key viral proteins inhibiting its replication, an alternative and possibly add-on approach is to dismantle the host cell machinery that enables the virus to infect the host cell and spread from one cell to another. Excellent examples of such machinery are host cell proteases whose role in viral pathogenesis has been demonstrated in numerous coronaviruses. In this review, we propose two therapeutic modalities to tackle SARS-CoV-2 infections; the first is to transcriptionally modulate the expression of cellular proteases and their endogenous inhibitors and the second is to directly inhibit their enzymatic activity. We present a nonexhaustive collection of clinically investigated drugs that act by one of these mechanisms and thus represent promising candidates for preclinical in vitro testing and hopefully clinical testing in COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail A. El‐Shimy
- Integrative Research Institute (IRI) for Life SciencesHumboldt University BerlinBerlinGermany
- Institute of PathologyCharité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | | | - Muhammad A. Hadi
- School of PharmacyCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tong Y, Yu Z, Chen Z, Zhang R, Ding X, Yang X, Niu X, Li M, Zhang L, Billiar TR, Pitt BR, Li Q. The HIV protease inhibitor Saquinavir attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury and promotes M2 macrophage polarization via targeting matrix metalloproteinase-9. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:67. [PMID: 33431821 PMCID: PMC7798387 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance of macrophage polarization plays an indispensable role in acute lung injury (ALI), which is considered as a promising target. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is expressed in the macrophage, and has a pivotal role in secreting inflammatory cytokines. We reported that saquinavir (SQV), a first-generation human immunodeficiency virus-protease inhibitor, restricted exaggerated inflammatory response. However, whether MMP-9 could regulate macrophage polarization and inhibit by SQV is still unknown. We focused on the important role of macrophage polarization in CLP (cecal ligation puncture)-mediated ALI and determined the ability of SQV to maintain M2 over M1 phenotype partially through the inhibition of MMP-9. We also performed a limited clinical study to determine if MMP-9 is a biomarker of sepsis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased MMP-9 expression and recombinant MMP-9 (rMMP-9) exacerbated LPS-mediated M1 switching. Small interfering RNA to MMP-9 inhibited LPS-mediated M1 phenotype and SQV inhibition of this switching was reversed with rMMP-9, suggesting an important role for MMP-9 in mediating LPS-induced M1 phenotype. MMP-9 messenger RNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these 14 patients correlated with their clinical assessment. There was a significant dose-dependent decrease in mortality and ALI after CLP with SQV. SQV significantly inhibited LPS-mediated M1 phenotype and increased M2 phenotype in cultured RAW 264.7 and primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages as well as lung macrophages from CLP-treated mice. This study supports an important role for MMP-9 in macrophage phenotypic switching and suggests that SQV-mediated inhibition of MMP-9 may be involved in suppressing ALI during systemic sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 518116, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200000, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 518116, Shenzhen, China
| | - Renlingzi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Xibing Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyin Niu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengzhu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bruce R Pitt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 518116, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu C, Wan Y, Xu W, Jin X, Zhang S, Xin M, Jiang H, Cheng X. Increased Circulating Cathepsin L in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Int Heart J 2020; 62:9-15. [PMID: 33390563 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.20-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CatL) is a potent collagenase involved in atherosclerotic vascular remodeling and dysfunction in animals and humans. This study investigated the hypothesis that plasma CatL is associated with the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Between February May 2011 and January 2013, 206 consecutive subjects were enrolled from among patients who underwent coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention treatment. Age-matched subjects (n = 215) served as controls. Plasma CatL and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured. The patients with CAD had significantly higher plasma CatL levels compared to the controls (1.4 ± 0.4 versus 0.4 ± 0.2 ng/mL, P < 0.001), and the patients with acute coronary syndrome had significantly higher plasma CatL levels compared to those with stable angina pectoris (1.7 ± 0.7 versus 0.8 ± 0.4 ng/mL, P < 0.01). Linear regression analysis showed that overall, the plasma CatL levels were inversely correlated with the high-density lipoprotein levels (r = -0.32, P < 0.01) and positively with hs-CRP levels (r = 0.35, P < 0.01). Multiple logistic regression analyses shows that cathepsin L levels were independent predictors of CAD (add ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.1; P < 0.01). These data demonstrated that increased levels of plasma CatL are closely associated with the presence of CAD and that circulating CatL serves as a useful biomarker for CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Yu
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital
| | - Ying Wan
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital
| | - Wenhu Xu
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital
| | - Xiongjie Jin
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital
| | - Shengming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital
| | - Minglong Xin
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital
| | - Haiying Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Jiaxing University Medical College
| | - Xianwu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Jiaxing University Medical College
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu T, Luo S, Libby P, Shi GP. Cathepsin L-selective inhibitors: A potentially promising treatment for COVID-19 patients. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107587. [PMID: 32470470 PMCID: PMC7255230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The widespread coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has already infected over 4 million people worldwide, with a death toll over 280,000. Current treatment of COVID-19 patients relies mainly on antiviral drugs lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol, and remdesivir, the anti-malarial drugs hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, and traditional Chinese medicine. There are over 2,118 on-going clinical trials underway, but to date none of these drugs have consistently proven effective. Cathepsin L (CatL) is an endosomal cysteine protease. It mediates the cleavage of the S1 subunit of the coronavirus surface spike glycoprotein. This cleavage is necessary for coronavirus entry into human host cells, virus and host cell endosome membrane fusion, and viral RNA release for next round of replication. Here we summarize data regarding seven CatL-selective inhibitors that block coronavirus entry into cultured host cells and provide a mechanism to block SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Given the rapid growth of the SARS-CoV-2-positive population worldwide, ready-to-use CatL inhibitors should be explored as a treatment option. We identify ten US FDA-approved drugs that have CatL inhibitory activity. We provide evidence that supports the combined use of serine protease and CatL inhibitors as a possibly safer and more effective therapy than other available therapeutics to block coronavirus host cell entry and intracellular replication, without compromising the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Songyuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a new coronavirus infection occurred in the People’s Republic of China with an epicentre in the city of Wuhan. On February 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization assigned the official name of the infection caused by the new coronavirus – COVID-19. COVID-19 has affected people from all over the world given that the infection was noted in 200 countries resulting in annunciation of the pandemic situation. Human corona viruses cause mild to moderate respiratory infections. At the end of 2002, a new coronavirus appeared (SARS-CoV), the causal agent of atypical pneumonia, which caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The initial stage of COVID-19 infection is the penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells that have angiotensin converting enzyme type II receptors. The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract and interacts primarily with toll-like receptors (TLRs). The events in SARS-Cov-2 induced infection follow the next scenario: epithelial cells via TLRs recognize and identify SARS-Cov-2, and after that the information is transmitted to the transcriptional NF-κB, which causes expression of the corresponding genes. Activated in this way, the epithelial cells begin to synthesize various biologically active molecules. The results obtained on preclinical material indicate that ROS generation increases and the antioxidant protection decreases, which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV, as well as in the progression and severity of this respiratory disease.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bai H, Cao Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wu C, Zhan X, Cheng M. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:1136-1146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
20
|
Sardu C, Gambardella J, Morelli MB, Wang X, Marfella R, Santulli G. Hypertension, Thrombosis, Kidney Failure, and Diabetes: Is COVID-19 an Endothelial Disease? A Comprehensive Evaluation of Clinical and Basic Evidence. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1417. [PMID: 32403217 PMCID: PMC7290769 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptoms most commonly reported by patients affected by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) include cough, fever, and shortness of breath. However, other major events usually observed in COVID-19 patients (e.g., high blood pressure, arterial and venous thromboembolism, kidney disease, neurologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus) indicate that the virus is targeting the endothelium, one of the largest organs in the human body. Herein, we report a systematic and comprehensive evaluation of both clinical and preclinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that the endothelium is a key target organ in COVID-19, providing a mechanistic rationale behind its systemic manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celestino Sardu
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy; (C.S.); (R.M.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, International University of Health and Medical Sciences “Saint Camillus”, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, International Translational Research and Medical Education Academic Research Unit (ITME), “Federico II” University, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, New York, NY 10461, USA; (M.B.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Marco Bruno Morelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, New York, NY 10461, USA; (M.B.M.); (X.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Montefiore University Hospital, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Xujun Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, New York, NY 10461, USA; (M.B.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Raffaele Marfella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy; (C.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, International Translational Research and Medical Education Academic Research Unit (ITME), “Federico II” University, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, New York, NY 10461, USA; (M.B.M.); (X.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Montefiore University Hospital, New York, NY 10461, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cathepsin L expression in the carotid arteries of atherosclerotic swine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e264-e267. [PMID: 32373754 PMCID: PMC7197027 DOI: 10.5114/amsad.2019.90153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
22
|
Zhang X, Luo S, Wang M, Shi GP. Cysteinyl cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140360. [PMID: 31926332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl cathepsins are lysosomal/endosomal proteases that mediate bulk protein degradation in these intracellular acidic compartments. Yet, studies indicate that these proteases also appear in the nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytosol, plasma membrane, and extracellular space. Patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) show increased levels of cathepsins in the heart, aorta, and plasma. Plasma cathepsins often serve as biomarkers or risk factors of CVD. In aortic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and abdominal aneurysms, cathepsins play pathogenic roles, but many of the same cathepsins are cardioprotective in hypertensive, hypertrophic, and infarcted hearts. During the development of CVD, cathepsins are regulated by inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, hypertensive stimuli, oxidative stress, and many others. Cathepsin activities in inflammatory molecule activation, immunity, cell migration, cholesterol metabolism, neovascularization, cell death, cell signaling, and tissue fibrosis all contribute to CVD and are reviewed in this article in memory of Dr. Nobuhiko Katunuma for his contribution to the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Songyuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lu Y, Sun X, Peng L, Jiang W, Li W, Yuan H, Cai J. Angiotensin II-Induced vascular remodeling and hypertension involves cathepsin L/V- MEK/ERK mediated mechanism. Int J Cardiol 2020; 298:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
24
|
Gunasekar P, Satish M, Dabestani P, Jiang W, Boosani C, Radwan M, Agrawal D, Asensio J. Modulation of Cathepsin L Expression in the Coronary Arteries of Atherosclerotic Swine. J Surg Res 2019; 243:460-468. [PMID: 31377485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) and restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and intravascular stenting remain a problem on a long-term basis by causing endothelial denudation and damage to the intima and media. Vascular sterile inflammation has been attributed to the formation of NIH. Cathepsin L (CTSL), a lysosome protease, is associated with diet-induced atherogenesis. Vitamin D regulates the actions and regulatory effects of proteases and protease inhibitors in different cell types. Objectives of this study are to evaluate the modulatory effect of vitamin D on CTSL activity in post-PTCA coronary arteries of atherosclerotic swine. METHODS Yucatan microswine were fed with high-cholesterol atherosclerotic diets. The swine were stratified to receive three diets: (1) vitamin D-deficient diet, (2) vitamin D-sufficient diet, and (3) vitamin D-supplement diet. After 6 mo, PTCA was performed in the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx). After 1 y, angiography and optical coherence tomography imaging were performed, and swine was euthanized. Coronary arteries were embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Expression of Ki67 and CTSL were evaluated by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Increased number of Ki67 + cells were observed in the postangioplasty LCx in vitamin D-deficient compared with vitamin D-sufficient or vitamin D-supplemented swine. Notably, the expression of CTSL was significantly increased in postangioplasty LCx of vitamin D-deficient swine compared with the vitamin D-sufficient or vitamin D-supplemented animal groups. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of CTSL correlates with the formation of NIH in the PTCA-injured coronary arteries. However, in the presence of sufficient or supplemented levels of vitamin D in the blood, CTSL expression was significantly reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palanikumar Gunasekar
- Departments of Clinical & Translational Science and Trauma Surgery, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Mohan Satish
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Parinaz Dabestani
- Departments of Clinical & Translational Science and Trauma Surgery, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Wanlin Jiang
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Chandra Boosani
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Mohammad Radwan
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Devendra Agrawal
- Departments of Clinical & Translational Science and Trauma Surgery, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Juan Asensio
- Departments of Clinical & Translational Science and Trauma Surgery, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fu GX, Chen AF, Xu QM, Han BB, Huang GZ, Zhong Y. Cathepsin L deficiency results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and vascular cells activation. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:932-942. [PMID: 29041825 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1393665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a link between cathepsin L (CTSL) and vascular diseases. However, its contribution to reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in the vasculature remains unknown. p66shc is a redox enzyme implicated in mitochondrial ROS generation and translation of oxidative signals. In this study, we explored the relationship between CTSL and oxidative damage in vasculature and whether the oxidative damage is mediated by p66shc.Carotid arteries from aged mice (24 months old) showed a reduction in CTSL expression compared with young wild-type mice (4 months old). Local knockdown of CTSL in carotid arteries of young mice by adenoviral vector encoding the short hairpin RNA targeting CTSL leading to premature vascular aging, as shown by mitochondrial disruption, increased β-galactosidase-positive cells, reduced telomerase activity, and up-regulation of p66shc. Knockdown of CTSL decreased the expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes I, III, and IV, leading to increased mitochondrial ROS and hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane in vitro. Furthermore, knockdown of CTSL also stimulated ROS production and senescence in vascular cells, accompanied by the up-regulation of p66shc.However, p66shc knockdown blunted the alteration in ROS production, and senescence in CTSL knockdown vascular cells. This study suggests that CTSL knockdown partially induces vascular cells damage via increased ROS production and up-regulation of p66shc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xiang Fu
- a Department of Gerontology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , No. 600 , Shanghai , P R China
| | - Alex F Chen
- b Department of Surgery , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, and Vascular Surgery Research, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Qiu-Mei Xu
- c Department of Gerontology , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China, P R China
| | - Bei-Bei Han
- d Department of Cardiology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , No. 600 , Shanghai , P R China
| | - Gao-Zhong Huang
- e Department of Priority Ward , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , No. 600 , Shanghai , P R China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- a Department of Gerontology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , No. 600 , Shanghai , P R China
| |
Collapse
|