1
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Hara T, Konishi T, Yasuike S, Fujiwara Y, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Sb-Phenyl- N-methyl-5,6,7,12-tetrahydrodibenz[ c,f][1,5]azastibocine Induces Perlecan Core Protein Synthesis in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3656. [PMID: 36835071 PMCID: PMC9959368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells synthesize and secrete perlecan, a large heparan sulfate proteoglycan that increases the anticoagulant activity of vascular endothelium by inducing antithrombin III and intensifying fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 activity to promote migration and proliferation in the repair process of damaged endothelium during the progression of atherosclerosis. However, the exact regulatory mechanisms of endothelial perlecan expression remain unclear. Since organic-inorganic hybrid molecules are being developed rapidly as tools to analyze biological systems, we searched for a molecular probe to analyze these mechanisms using a library of organoantimony compounds and found that the Sb-phenyl-N-methyl-5,6,7,12-tetrahydrodibenz[c,f][1,5]azastibocine (PMTAS) molecule promotes the expression of perlecan core protein gene without exhibiting cytotoxicity in vascular endothelial cells. In the present study, we characterized proteoglycans synthesized by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells using biochemical techniques. The results indicated that PMTAS selectively induced perlecan core protein synthesis, without affecting the formation of its heparan sulfate chain, in vascular endothelial cells. The results also implied that this process is independent of the endothelial cell density, whereas in vascular smooth muscle cells, it occurred only at high cell density. Thus, PMTAS would be a useful tool for further studies on the mechanisms underlying perlecan core protein synthesis in vascular cells, which is critical in the progression of vascular lesions, such as those during atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Konishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1181, Japan
| | - Shuji Yasuike
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chba 278-8510, Japan
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2
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Hara T, Okazaki T, Hashiya T, Nozawa K, Yasuike S, Kurita J, Yamamoto C, Hamada N, Kaji T. Effects of Substitution on Cytotoxicity of Diphenyl Ditelluride in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910520. [PMID: 34638861 PMCID: PMC8531998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among organic–inorganic hybrid molecules consisting of organic structure(s) and metal(s), only few studies are available on the cytotoxicity of nucleophilic molecules. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of a nucleophilic organotellurium compound, diphenyl ditelluride (DPDTe), using a cell culture system. DPDTe exhibited strong cytotoxicity against vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts along with high intracellular accumulation but showed no cytotoxicity and had less accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells and renal epithelial cells. The cytotoxicity of DPDTe decreased when intramolecular tellurium atoms were replaced with selenium or sulfur atoms. Electronic state analysis revealed that the electron density between tellurium atoms in DPDTe was much lower than those between selenium atoms of diphenyl diselenide and sulfur atoms of diphenyl disulfide. Moreover, diphenyl telluride did not accumulate and exhibit cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity of DPDTe was also affected by substitution. p-Dimethoxy-DPDTe showed higher cytotoxicity, but p-dichloro-DPDTe and p-methyl-DPDTe showed lower cytotoxicity than that of DPDTe. The subcellular distribution of the compounds revealed that the compounds with stronger cytotoxicity showed higher accumulation rates in the mitochondria. Our findings suggest that the electronic state of tellurium atoms in DPDTe play an important role in accumulation and distribution of DPDTe in cultured cells. The present study supports the hypothesis that nucleophilic organometallic compounds, as well as electrophilic organometallic compounds, exhibit cytotoxicity by particular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan; (T.H.); (C.Y.)
| | - Takahiro Okazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan; (T.O.); (T.H.)
| | - Tamayo Hashiya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan; (T.O.); (T.H.)
| | - Kyohei Nozawa
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Shuji Yasuike
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan;
| | - Jyoji Kurita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan;
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan; (T.H.); (C.Y.)
| | - Noriaki Hamada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
- Correspondence: (N.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan; (T.O.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: (N.H.); (T.K.)
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3
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Hara T, Saeki M, Negishi Y, Kaji T, Yamamoto C. Cell density-dependent accumulation of low polarity gold nanocluster in cultured vascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:795-800. [PMID: 33268679 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the cytotoxicity and various biological responses of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules. However, because all the molecules used were electrophilic, the effect of the hybrid molecule without electrophilicity remains unclear. The glutathione-protected gold nanocluster, Au25(SG)18, is an organic-inorganic hybrid molecule that shows a low intramolecular polarity and high stability. In this study, we examined the cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of Au25(SG)18 in cultured vascular endothelial cells and compared these characteristics with those of negatively charged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Both Au25(SG)18 and AuNPs accumulated in vascular endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity and more accumulation was observed at low cell densities. However, Au25(SG)18 accumulated significantly less than AuNPs in the cells. These results suggest that the intramolecular polarity of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules could regulate intracellular accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Misato Saeki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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4
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Fujie T, Ozaki Y, Takenaka F, Nishio M, Hara T, Fujiwara Y, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Induction of metallothionein isoforms in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells exposed to cadmium. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:801-806. [PMID: 33268680 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is an inducible protein with cytoprotective activity against heavy metals such as cadmium, zinc, and copper. MT-1 and MT-2 are the isoforms of MT induced by and bind the heavy metals. Bovine aortic endothelial cells contain three types of MT genes, namely, MT-1A, MT-1E, and MT-2A; however, the associated protein expression of these MT isoforms has not been identified. In the present study, the expression of MT subisoform proteins in cells treated with cadmium chloride was identified using a high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry system. It was revealed that: (1) transcriptional induction of MT-1A by cadmium was markedly more sensitive than that of MT-1E/2A; (2) MT-1A and MT-2A proteins were the predominant MT subisoforms induced by cadmium; and (3) there might be differentiation in the functions of MT-1 and MT-2 against cadmium cytotoxicity, although the actual roles of the MT isoforms in the cells were not distinct. This is the first study to show the differential induction of isoforms of MT proteins in vascular endothelial cells by cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujie
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Yusuke Ozaki
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Fukuta Takenaka
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Misaki Nishio
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Takato Hara
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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5
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Nakamura T, Yoshida E, Hara T, Fujie T, Yamamoto C, Fujiwara Y, Ogata F, Kawasaki N, Takita R, Uchiyama M, Kaji T. Zn(ii)2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline stimulates cultured bovine aortic endothelial cell proliferation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42327-42337. [PMID: 35516781 PMCID: PMC9057965 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06731h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells cover the luminal surface of blood vessels in a monolayer. Proliferation of these cells is crucial for the repair of damaged endothelial monolayers. In the present study, we identified a zinc complex, Zn(ii)2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Zn-12), that stimulates the proliferation of bovine aortic endothelial cells in a culture system. No such stimulatory activity was observed for the ligand alone or in combination with other metals; however, the ligand combined with iron weakly stimulated the proliferation, as evidenced by the [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. Inorganic zinc weakly but significantly stimulated proliferation, and intracellular accumulation of zinc was similar between inorganic zinc and Zn-12 treatment, suggesting that the mechanisms by which Zn-12 stimulates vascular endothelial cell proliferation contain processes that differ from those by which inorganic zinc stimulates proliferation. Although expression of endogenous fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and its receptor FGFR-1 was unchanged by Zn-12, both siRNA-mediated knockdown of FGF-2 and FGFR inhibition partly but significantly suppressed the stimulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation by Zn-12, indicating that the zinc complex activates the FGF-2 pathway to stimulate proliferation. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and MAPKs was induced by Zn-12, and PD98059, a MEK1 inhibitor, significantly suppressed the stimulatory effect of Zn-12 on vascular endothelial cell proliferation. Therefore, it is suggested that Zn-12 activates the FGF-2 pathway via activation of ERK1/2 signaling to stimulate vascular endothelial cell proliferation, although FGF-2-independent mechanisms are also involved in the stimulation. Zn-12 and related compounds may be promising molecular probes to analyze biological systems of vascular endothelial cells. Stimulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation by Zn-12 can be mediated by the ERK1/2 activation independently of the FGF-2-FGFR pathway. Additionally, there may be other pathways involved in the Zn-12 stimulation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda 278-8510 Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae Higashi-Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Eiko Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda 278-8510 Japan
| | - Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi 274-8510 Japan
| | - Tomoya Fujie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi 274-8510 Japan
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi 274-8510 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1432-1 Horinouchi Hachioji 192-0392 Japan
| | - Fumihiko Ogata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae Higashi-Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Naohito Kawasaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University 3-4-1 Kowakae Higashi-Osaka 577-8502 Japan
| | - Ryo Takita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku 113-0033 Japan.,Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako 351-0198 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki Noda 278-8510 Japan
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6
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Hara T, Sakamaki S, Ikeda A, Nakamura T, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Cell density-dependent modulation of perlecan synthesis by dichloro(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)zinc(II) in vascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:109-115. [PMID: 32062617 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans that are synthesized by vascular endothelial cells contribute to the proliferation, migration, and blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system in vascular endothelial cells. Clarification of the molecular mechanisms for proteoglycan synthesis allows understanding of the regulation of endothelial functions. The research strategy of bioorganometallics analyzes biological systems using organic-inorganic hybrid molecules as tools. The present study found dichloro(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)zinc(II) and its ligand-modulated perlecan expression in vascular endothelial cells, which depends on the cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | | | - Atsuya Ikeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | | | | | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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7
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Transcriptional Induction of Cystathionine γ-Lyase, a Reactive Sulfur-Producing Enzyme, by Copper Diethyldithiocarbamate in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176053. [PMID: 32842680 PMCID: PMC7503448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As toxic substances can enter the circulating blood and cross endothelial monolayers to reach parenchymal cells in organs, vascular endothelial cells are an important target compartment for such substances. Reactive sulfur species protect cells against oxidative stress and toxic substances, including heavy metals. Reactive sulfur species are produced by enzymes, such as cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms underlying the expression of these enzymes in vascular endothelial cells. Bio-organometallics is a research field that analyzes biological systems using organic-inorganic hybrid molecules (organometallic compounds and metal coordinating compounds) as molecular probes. In the present study, we analyzed intracellular signaling pathways that mediate the expression of reactive sulfur species-producing enzymes in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells, using copper diethyldithiocarbamate (Cu10). Cu10 selectively upregulated CSE gene expression in vascular endothelial cells independent of cell density. This transcriptional induction of endothelial CSE required both the diethyldithiocarbamate scaffold and the coordinated copper ion. Additionally, the present study revealed that ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α/HIF-1β pathways mediate transcriptional induction of endothelial CSE by Cu10. The transcription factors NF-κB, Sp1, and ATF4 were suggested to act in constitutive CSE expression, although the possibility that they are involved in the CSE induction by Cu10 cannot be excluded. The present study used a copper complex as a molecular probe to reveal that the transcription of CSE is regulated by multiple pathways in vascular endothelial cells, including ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and HIF-1α/HIF-1β. Bio-organometallics appears to be an effective strategy for analyzing the functions of intracellular signaling pathways in vascular endothelial cells.
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8
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Wu-Hua C, Gui-Xiang X, Qin C, Yan-Ming R. The crystal structure of (dichromato-κ 2
O, O′)bis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ 2
N, N′)nickel(II), C 12H 16N 4O 7Cr 2Ni. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2020-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C12H16N4O7Cr2Ni, orthorhombic, Pbcn (no. 60), a = 13.7804(5) Å, b = 10.3110(5) Å, c = 16.4118(6) Å, V = 2331.96(17) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0438, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1111, T = 293(2) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu-Hua
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian Provincial Colleges and University Engineering, Research Center of Solid Waste Resource Utilization (Longyan University), Longyan University , Longyan 364012 , Fujian Province , P.R. China
| | - Xie Gui-Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian Provincial Colleges and University Engineering, Research Center of Solid Waste Resource Utilization (Longyan University), Longyan University , Longyan 364012 , Fujian Province , P.R. China
| | - Chen Qin
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian Provincial Colleges and University Engineering, Research Center of Solid Waste Resource Utilization (Longyan University), Longyan University , Longyan 364012 , Fujian Province , P.R. China
| | - Ruan Yan-Ming
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian Provincial Colleges and University Engineering, Research Center of Solid Waste Resource Utilization (Longyan University), Longyan University , Longyan 364012 , Fujian Province , P.R. China
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9
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Hara T, Nakano S, Kitamura Y, Yamamoto C, Yasuike S, Kaji T. Intracellular accumulation-independent cytotoxicity of pentavalent organoantimony compounds in cultured vascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 44:845-848. [PMID: 31813903 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
As the field of utilization of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules expands, the toxicology of these compounds is becoming more important. We have shown previously that there is a strong correlation between cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation detected as metal content, which is modulated by the substituents, of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of pentavalent organoantimony compounds with three phenyl groups on cultured vascular endothelial cells. The results indicated that the cytotoxicity of pentavalent organoantimony compounds was not correlated with the hydrophobicity and intracellular accumulation of these compounds. Therefore, we suggest that hydrophobicity and intracellular accumulation are not necessarily predictive of cytotoxicity in organic-inorganic hybrid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Shihoko Nakano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yuki Kitamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University
| | | | - Shuji Yasuike
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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10
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Fujie T, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Bis(1,4-dihydro-2-methyl-1-phenyl-4-thioxo-3-pyridiolato)zinc(II) exhibits strong cytotoxicity and a high intracellular accumulation in cultured vascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:113-120. [PMID: 30726811 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although cytotoxicity of inorganic metals has been well investigated, little is known about the cytotoxicity of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules. The cytotoxicity of zinc complexes was evaluated using a culture system of vascular endothelial cells. We found that bis(1,4-dihydro-2-methyl-1-phenyl-4-thioxo-3-pyridiolato)zinc(II), termed Zn-06, exhibited strong cytotoxicity in vascular smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells, fibroblastic cells, and vascular endothelial cells. This study showed that the tetracoordinate structure of the Zn-06 molecule, which contains two sulfur and two oxygen atoms attached to the zinc atom, facilitated its accumulation within vascular endothelial cells whereas the whole structure of the zinc complex was involved in its cytotoxicity in the cells. The present data suggest that a part of the structure, especially the binding site of the metal atom, was responsible for accumulation of zinc complexes, and the entire structure is responsible for their cytotoxicity in vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujie
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Taro Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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11
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Hara T, Nonaka Y, Yasuike S, Kaji T, Yamamoto C. Structure-activity relationship of [1,5]azastibocines in cytotoxicity to vascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 43:735-740. [PMID: 30518711 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
It has been well established that organic-inorganic hybrid molecules can exhibit biological activities that are different from those of either their intramolecular metals in inorganic forms or their organic structures. We have previously reported that organoantimony compound Sb-phenyl-N-methyl-5,
6,7,12-tetrahydrodibenz[c,f][1,5]azastibocine (PMTAS) is nontoxic, but that the compound exhibits cytotoxicity in vascular endothelial cells when the antimony atom is replaced with a bismuth atom. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of PMTAS and its analogs and found that the cytotoxicity of PMTAS analogs also decrease depending on the electron-withdrawing property of the substituent bound to the intramolecular antimony atom. On the other hand, with the exception of the phenyl group, and depending on the carbon number of hydrocarbon group bound to the intramolecular nitrogen atom, cytotoxicity was enhanced. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of PMTAS analogs correlated with their intracellular accumulation values. These results suggested that the low cytotoxicity effects of PMTAS on vascular endothelial cells is due to the characteristics of substituents bound to intramolecular antimony and nitrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | | | - Shuji Yasuike
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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12
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Fujie T, Takenaka F, Yoshida E, Yasuike S, Fujiwara Y, Shinkai Y, Kumagai Y, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Possible mechanisms underlying transcriptional induction of metallothionein isoforms by tris(pentafluorophenyl)stibane, tris(pentafluorophenyl)arsane, and tris(pentafluorophenyl)phosphane in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:327-333. [PMID: 31068538 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is a low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich, and metal-binding protein that protects cells from the cytotoxic effects of heavy metals and reactive oxygen species. Previously, we found that transcriptional induction of endothelial MT-1A was mediated by not only the metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF-1)-metal responsive element (MRE) pathway but also the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element/electrophile responsive element (ARE) pathway, whereas that of MT-2A was mediated only by the MTF-1-MRE pathway, using the organopnictogen compounds tris(pentafluorophenyl)stibane, tris(pentafluorophenyl)arsane, and tris(pentafluorophenyl)phosphane as molecular probes in vascular endothelial cells. In the present study, we investigated the binding sites of MTF-1 and Nrf2 in the promoter regions of MTs in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells treated with these organopnictogen compounds. We propose potential mechanisms underlying transcriptional induction of endothelial MT isoforms. Specifically, both MRE activation by MTF-1 and that of ARE in the promoter region of the MT-2A gene by Nrf2 are involved in transcriptional induction of MT-1A, whereas only MRE activation by MTF-1 or other transcriptional factor(s) is required for transcriptional induction of MT-2A in vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujie
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Fukuta Takenaka
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Eiko Yoshida
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Shuji Yasuike
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Yasuhiro Shinkai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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13
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Copper(II) Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) Induces the Expression of Syndecan-4, a Transmembrane Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan, via p38 MAPK Activation in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113302. [PMID: 30352976 PMCID: PMC6274924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans synthesized by vascular endothelial cells are important for regulating cell function and the blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system. Since we recently reported that copper(II) bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) (Cu(edtc)2) modulates the expression of some molecules involving the antioxidant and blood coagulation systems, we hypothesized that Cu(edtc)2 may regulate the expression of proteoglycans and examined this hypothesis using a bovine aortic endothelial cell culture system. The experiments showed that Cu(edtc)2 induced the expression of syndecan-4, a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This induction required the whole structure of Cu(edtc)2—the specific combination of intramolecular copper and a diethyldithiocarbamate structure—as the ligand. Additionally, the syndecan-4 induction by Cu(edtc)2 depended on the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) but not the Smad2/3, NF-E2-related factor2 (Nrf2), or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways. p38 MAPK may be a key molecule for inducing the expression of syndecan-4 in vascular endothelial cells.
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Fujie T, Okino S, Yoshida E, Yamamoto C, Naka H, Kaji T. Copper diethyldithiocarbamate as an inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator synthesis in cultured human coronary endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 42:553-558. [PMID: 28904290 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments have shown that organic-inorganic hybrid molecules have the potential to provide useful tools for analyzing biological systems. In the case of fibrinolysis, which is the phenomenon whereby fibrin is degraded by plasmin that has been converted from plasminogen via tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) secreted from vascular endothelial cells, we hypothesized that there may be organic-inorganic hybrid molecules that could be used to analyze the mechanisms by which endothelial fibrinolysis is regulated. In our present study, we found that a copper complex - copper diethyldithiocarbamate (Cu10) - reduces t-PA activity in a conditioned medium of cultured human coronary endothelial cells by inhibiting the t-PA synthesis without changing the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, which is a t-PA inhibitor. Copper sulfate, the Cu10 ligand, and zinc/iron complexes with the same Cu10 ligand, did not exhibit such biological activity. These results indicate that Cu10 has the potential to provide a useful tool for finding alternative pathways that downregulate endothelial t-PA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujie
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science.,Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Shiori Okino
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Eiko Yoshida
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Hiroshi Naka
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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15
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Nakamura T, Yoshida E, Fujie T, Ogata F, Yamamoto C, Kawasaki N, Kaji T. Synergistic cytotoxicity caused by forming a complex of copper and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline in cultured vascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:683-687. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
| | - Eiko Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Tomoya Fujie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | | | | | | | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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