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Giles BH, Kukolj N, Mann KK, Robaire B. Phenotypic and Functional Outcomes in Macrophages Exposed to an Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Organophosphate Esters in Vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:87002. [PMID: 39115886 PMCID: PMC11309092 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are flame retardants and plasticizers used in consumer products. OPEs are found ubiquitously throughout the environment with high concentrations in indoor house dust. Exposure to individual OPEs is associated with immune dysfunction, particularly in macrophages. However, OPEs exist as complex mixtures and the effects of environmentally relevant mixtures on the immune system have not been investigated. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to evaluate the toxicity of an environmentally relevant mixture of OPEs that models Canadian house dust on macrophages using phenotypic and functional assessments in vitro. METHODS High-content live-cell fluorescent imaging for phenotypic biomarkers of toxicity in THP-1 macrophages treated with the OPE mixture was undertaken. We used confocal microscopy and cholesterol analysis to validate and expand on the observed OPE-induced lipid phenotype. Then, we used flow cytometry and live-cell imaging to conduct functional tests and uncover mechanisms of OPE-induced phagocytic suppression. Finally, we validated our THP-1 findings in human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) derived macrophages. RESULTS Exposure to non-cytotoxic dilutions of the OPE mixture resulted in higher oxidative stress and disrupted lysosome and lipid homeostasis in THP-1 and primary macrophages. We further observed that phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in THP-1 and primary macrophages was lower in OPE-exposed cells vs. controls. In THP-1 macrophages, phagocytosis of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was also lower in OPE-exposed cells vs. controls. Additionally, the OPE mixture altered the expression of phagocytic receptors linked to the recognition of phosphatidylserine and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. DISCUSSION The results of this in vitro study suggested that exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of OPEs resulted in higher lipid retention in macrophages and poor efferocytic response. These effects could translate to enhanced foam cell generation resulting in higher cardiovascular mortality. Furthermore, bacterial phagocytosis was lower in OPE-exposed macrophages in an in vitro setting, which may indicate the potential for reduced bacterial clearance in models of infections. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that mixtures of OPEs can influence the biology of macrophages and offer new mechanistic insights into the impact of OPE mixtures on the immune system. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13869.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braeden H. Giles
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nikola Kukolj
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Koren K. Mann
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Hua S, Hua M, Chen X, Ying J, Li H, Yi Q. Effects of organophosphorus flame retardant EHDPP on mouse retinal photoreceptor cells: Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and proinflammatory response. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116640. [PMID: 38941656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) is a frequently utilized organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR) and has been extensively detected in environmental media. Prolonged daily exposure to EHDPP has been linked to potential retinal damage, yet the adverse impacts on the retina are still generally underexplored. In this research, we explored oxidative stress, inflammation, and the activating mechanisms initiated by EHDPP in mouse retinal photoreceptor (661 W) cells following a 24 h exposure period. Our research demonstrated that EHDPP led to a decline in cell viability that was directly proportional to its concentration, with the median lethal concentration (LC50) being 88 µM. Furthermore, EHDPP was found to elevate intracellular and mitochondrial levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), trigger apoptosis, induce cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and modulate the expression of both antioxidant enzymes (Nrf2, HO-1, and CAT) and pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) within 661 W cells. These findings indicate that retinal damage triggered by EHDPP exposure could be mediated via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in these cells. Collectively, our investigation revealed that oxidative stress induced by EHDPP is likely a critical factor in the cytotoxic response of 661 W cells, potentially leading to damage in retinal photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hua
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengxia Hua
- School of ophthalmology and optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingjun Chen
- School of ophthalmology and optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianing Ying
- Ningbo Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hu Li
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Quanyong Yi
- Ningbo Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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Khani L, Martin L, Pułaski Ł. Cellular and physiological mechanisms of halogenated and organophosphorus flame retardant toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165272. [PMID: 37406685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are chemical substances used to inhibit the spread of fire in numerous industrial applications, and their abundance in modern manufactured products in the indoor and outdoor environment leads to extensive direct and food chain exposure of humans. Although once considered relatively non-toxic, FRs are demonstrated by recent literature to have disruptive effects on many biological processes, including signaling pathways, genome stability, reproduction, and immune system function. This review provides a summary of research investigating the impact of major groups of FRs, including halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, on animals and humans in vitro and/or in vivo. We put in focus those studies that explained or referenced the modes of FR action at the level of cells, tissues and organs. Since FRs are highly hydrophobic chemicals, their biophysical and biochemical modes of action usually involve lipophilic interactions, e.g. with biological membranes or elements of signaling pathways. We present selected toxicological information about these molecular actions to show how they can lead to damaging membrane integrity, damaging DNA and compromising its repair, changing gene expression, and cell cycle as well as accelerating cell death. Moreover, we indicate how this translates to deleterious bioactivity of FRs at the physiological level, with disruption of hormonal action, dysregulation of metabolism, adverse effects on male and female reproduction as well as alteration of normal pattern of immunity. Concentrating on these subjects, we make clear both the advances in knowledge in recent years and the remaining gaps in our understanding, especially at the mechanistic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khani
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodz, Poland; Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Leonardo Martin
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodz, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Łukasz Pułaski
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodz, Poland.
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Saquib Q, Al-Salem AM, Siddiqui MA, Ansari SM, Zhang X, Al-Khedhairy AA. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP): A flame retardant in solid waste display hepatotoxic and carcinogenic risks for humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133977. [PMID: 35216979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have confirmed that tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), an organophosphorous flame retardants (OPFRs), profoundly detected in the dust from solid waste (SW), e-waste dumping sites, landfills, and wastewater treatment facilities. Herein, we evaluated the hepatotoxic and carcinogenic potential of TBEP in human liver cells (HepG2). HepG2 cells exhibited cytotoxicity after 3 days of exposure, especially at greater concentrations (100-400 μM). TBEP induced severe DNA damage and cell cycle disturbances that trigger apoptosis in HepG2. TBEP treated cells showed an elevated level of esterase, nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and influx of Ca2+ in exposed cells. Thereby, causing oxidative stress and proliferation inhibition. TBEP exposed HepG2 cells exhibited dysfunction in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated cytoplasmic and nucleolar localization of DNA damage (P53) and apoptotic (caspase 3 and 9) proteins in HepG2 grown in the presence of TBEP for 3 days. Within the cohort of 84 genes of cancer pathway, 10 genes were upregulated and 3 genes were downregulated. The transcriptomic and toxicological data categorically emphasize that TBEP is hepatotoxic, and act as a putative carcinogenic agent. Thereby, direct or indirect ingestion of TBEP containing dusts by workers involved in handling and disposal of SW, as well as residents living nearby the disposal areas are prone to its adverse health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaiser Saquib
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah M Al-Salem
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqsood A Siddiqui
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha M Ansari
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Khedhairy
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Saquib Q, Al-Salem AM, Siddiqui MA, Ansari SM, Zhang X, Al-Khedhairy AA. Cyto-Genotoxic and Transcriptomic Alterations in Human Liver Cells by Tris (2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphate (TEHP): A Putative Hepatocarcinogen. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073998. [PMID: 35409358 PMCID: PMC8999606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) is an organophosphate flame retardant (OPFRs) which is extensively used as a plasticizer and has been detected in human body fluids. Contemporarily, toxicological studies on TEHP in human cells are very limited and there are few studies on its genotoxicity and cell death mechanism in human liver cells (HepG2). Herein, we find that HepG2 cells exposed to TEHP (100, 200, 400 µM) for 72 h reduced cell survival to 19.68%, 49.83%, 58.91% and 29.08%, 47.7% and 57.90%, measured by MTT and NRU assays. TEHP did not induce cytotoxicity at lower concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50 µM) after 24 h and 48 h of exposure. Flow cytometric analysis of TEHP-treated cells elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), Ca++ influx and esterase levels, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction (ΔΨm). DNA damage analysis by comet assay showed 4.67, 9.35, 13.78-fold greater OTM values in TEHP (100, 200, 400 µM)-treated cells. Cell cycle analysis exhibited 23.1%, 29.6%, and 50.8% of cells in SubG1 apoptotic phase after TEHP (100, 200 and 400 μM) treatment. Immunofluorescence data affirmed the activation of P53, caspase 3 and 9 proteins in TEHP-treated cells. In qPCR array of 84 genes, HepG2 cells treated with TEHP (100 µM, 72 h) upregulated 10 genes and downregulated 4 genes belonging to a human cancer pathway. Our novel data categorically indicate that TEHP is an oxidative stressor and carcinogenic entity, which exaggerates mitochondrial functions to induce cyto- and genotoxicity and cell death, implying its hepatotoxic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaiser Saquib
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-S.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-114-675-768
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Salem
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-S.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
| | - Maqsood A. Siddiqui
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-S.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
| | - Sabiha M. Ansari
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Khedhairy
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.-S.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
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Li R, Liu B, Xu W, Yu L, Zhang C, Cheng J, Tao L, Li Z, Zhang Y. DNA damage and cell apoptosis induced by fungicide difenoconazole in mouse mononuclear macrophage RAW264.7. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:650-659. [PMID: 34877763 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole (DFC) is a typical triazole fungicide. Because of its effective bactericidal activity, it has been widely used in agricultural products such as fruits and vegetables. This study revealed the cytotoxic effect of fungicide DFC on mouse monocyte macrophage RAW264.7. The results showed that the IC50 value of DFC on RAW264.7 cells was 37.08 μM (24 h). DFC can significantly inhibit the viability of RAW264.7 cells, induce DNA damage and enhance apoptosis. The established cytotoxicity test showed that DFC-induced DNA double strand breaks in RAW264.7 cells. DFC-treated cells showed typical morphological changes of apoptosis, including chromatin condensation and nuclear lysis. In addition, DFC can induce the release of Cyt c, promote the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in RAW264.7 cells. Through this research, people further understand the toxicity of DFC and provide a more scientific basis for its safety application and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qingpu District Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lvnan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, UT southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jiagao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Saquib Q, Al-Salem AM, Siddiqui MA, Ansari SM, Zhang X, Al-Khedhairy AA. Organophosphorus Flame Retardant TDCPP Displays Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Risks in Human Liver Cells. Cells 2022; 11:195. [PMID: 35053312 PMCID: PMC8773750 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tris(1,3-Dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR) widely used in a variety of consumer products (plastics, furniture, paints, foams, and electronics). Scientific evidence has affirmed the toxicological effects of TDCPP in in vitro and in vivo test models; however, its genotoxicity and carcinogenic effects in human cells are still obscure. Herein, we present genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of TDCPP in human liver cells (HepG2). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays demonstrated survival reduction in HepG2 cells after 3 days of exposure at higher concentrations (100-400 μM) of TDCPP. Comet assay and flow cytometric cell cycle experiments showed DNA damage and apoptosis in HepG2 cells after 3 days of TDCPP exposure. TDCPP treatment incremented the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), Ca2+ influx, and esterase level in exposed cells. HepG2 mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) significantly declined and cytoplasmic localization of P53, caspase 3, and caspase 9 increased after TDCPP exposure. qPCR array quantification of the human cancer pathway revealed the upregulation of 11 genes and downregulation of two genes in TDCPP-exposed HepG2 cells. Overall, this is the first study to explicitly validate the fact that TDCPP bears the genotoxic, hepatotoxic, and carcinogenic potential, which may jeopardize human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaiser Saquib
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Salem
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maqsood A Siddiqui
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha M Ansari
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Khedhairy
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang W, Wang R, Giesy JP, Zhang S, Wei S, Wang P. Proteomic analysis using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification technology reveals mechanisms of toxic effects of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate on RAW264.7 macrophage cells. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:190-202. [PMID: 34036598 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is one of the most commonly used organophosphorus flame retardants. Immuno-toxicity induced by TDCIPP is becoming of increasing concern. However, effects of TDCIPP on immune cells and mechanisms resulting in those effects are poorly understood. In this study, it was determined, for the first time, by use of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) based proteomic techniques expression of global proteins in RAW264.7 cells exposed to 10 μM TDCIPP. A total of 180 significantly differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. Of these, 127 were up-regulated and 53 were down-regulated. The DEPs associated with toxic effects of TDCIPP were then screened by use of Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes for enrichment analysis. Results showed that these DEPs were involved in a number of pathways including apoptosis, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, immune-toxicity, and signaling pathways, such as the Toll-like receptor, PPAR and p53 signaling pathways. The complex regulatory relationships between different DEPs, which might play an important role in cell death were also observed in the form of a protein-protein interaction network. Meanwhile, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in RAW264.7 cells after TDCIPP treatment was also analyzed, the collapse of the MMP was speculated to play an important role in TDCIPP induced apoptosis. Moreover, some of the important regulator proteins discovered in this study, such as Chk1, Aurora A, would provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in toxic responses to TDCIPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shulin Wei
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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An J, Cho J. Potential immune-modulatory effects of wheat phytase on the performance of a mouse macrophage cell line, Raw 264.7, exposed to long-chain inorganic polyphosphate. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:463-470. [PMID: 32777888 PMCID: PMC7961190 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This experiment was conducted to find out the immunological effects of wheat phytase when long-chain inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) treated with wheat phytase was added to a macrophage cell line, Raw 264.7, when compared to intact long-chain polyP. Methods Nitric oxide (NO) production of Raw 264.7 cells exposed to P700, a long-chain polyP with an average of 1,150 phosphate residues, treated with or without wheat phytase, was measured by Griess method. Phagocytosis assay of P700 treated with or without phytase in Raw 264.7 cells was investigated using neutral red uptake. The secretion of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) by Raw 264.7 cells with wheat phytase-treated P700 compared to intact P700 was observed by using Mouse TNF-α enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results P700 treated with wheat phytase effectively increased NO production of Raw 264.7 cells by 172% when compared with intact P700 at 12 h exposure. At 5 mM of P700 concentration, wheat phytase promoted NO production of macrophages most strongly. P700, treated with wheat phytase, stimulated phagocytosis in macrophages at 12 h exposure by about 1.7-fold compared to intact P700. In addition, P700 treated with wheat phytase effectively increased in vitro phagocytic activity of Raw 264.7 cells at a concentration above 5 mM when compared to intact P700. P700 dephosphorylated by wheat phytase increased the release of TNF-α from Raw 264.7 cells by 143% over that from intact P700 after 6 h exposure. At the concentration of 50 μM P700, wheat phytase increased the secretion of cytokine, TNF-α, by 124% over that from intact P700. Conclusion In animal husbandry, wheat phytase can mitigate the long-chain polyP causing damage by improving the immune capabilities of macrophages in the host. Thus, wheat phytase has potential as an immunological modulator and future feed additive for regulating immune responses caused by inflammation induced by long-chain polyP from bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin An
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jaiesoon Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Li X, Li N, Rao K, Huang Q, Ma M. In Vitro Immunotoxicity of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Human THP-1-Derived Macrophages. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8900-8908. [PMID: 32643373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Scarce attention has been paid to the immunotoxicity of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), which poses a challenge to the systematic assessment of their health risks. In this study, a battery of in vitro immunotoxicity screening assays, including adhesion, phagocytosis, and 48 cytokine/chemokine production, was measured after exposing THP-1-derived macrophages to six selected common PFRs (TPHP, TDCPP, TNBP, TOCP, TCEP, and TBOEP) at a noncytotoxic concentration (≤50 μM). Our results showed that TPHP and TBOEP partially attenuated the adhesion and phagocytosis of the THP-1 mφs and that TDCPP caused a functional loss of phagocytosis, implying the potential immunosuppression. In contrast, TNBP and TOCP may cause an immunostimulation by significantly promoting cell adhesion and enhancing phagocytic efficiency. Additionally, the results from a cytokine/chemokine secretion analysis revealed the proinflammatory properties of TDCPP, TPHP, and TBOEP. TOCP was thought to disrupt the inflammatory balance by inhibiting both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. TCEP showed no effect on adhesion or phagocytosis and little modulation of cytokine release at this experimental concentration. Overall, this study supports that PFRs can be immunotoxic to macrophages in different ways and provides evidence for developing more sensitive in vitro immunotoxicity bioassay methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Cui D, Bi J, Zhang ZN, Li MY, Qin YS, Xiang P, Ma LQ. Organophosphorus flame retardant TDCPP-induced cytotoxicity and associated mechanisms in normal human skin keratinocytes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138526. [PMID: 32304943 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), a widely used organophosphorus flame retardant, has been frequently detected in the environment including indoor dust. Long-term exposure to TDCPP-containing dust may adversely affect human skin, however, little is known about its potential cytotoxicity. In this study, human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) were employed to study TDCPP-induced cytotoxicity and associated mechanisms. The effects of TDCPP on cell morphology, viability, apoptosis, and cycle, and the mRNA levels of apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3) and cell cycle (cyclin D1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6) regulatory genes were investigated. The results showed that TDCPP caused a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability after exposing to TDCPP ≥100 μg/mL for 48 h, with a median lethal concentration of 163 μg/mL (LC50). In addition, TDCPP induced cell apoptosis and arrested cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase at 16 and 160 μg/mL by enhancing Bax and Caspase-3 expression besides inhibiting cyclin D1, CDK2, CDK6 and Bcl-2 expression. Our results showed that TDCPP-induced toxicity in HaCaT cells was probably through cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. This study provides information on the toxicity of TDCPP to human skin cells, which may help to reduce its toxicity to human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolei Cui
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous Rural Areas, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jue Bi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous Rural Areas, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous Rural Areas, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Meng-Ying Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous Rural Areas, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yi-Shu Qin
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous Rural Areas, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous Rural Areas, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Yuan P, Zhou Q, Hu X. WS 2 Nanosheets at Noncytotoxic Concentrations Enhance the Cytotoxicity of Organic Pollutants by Disturbing the Plasma Membrane and Efflux Pumps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1698-1709. [PMID: 31916439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Emerging transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanosheets, such as WS2 nanosheets, have shown tremendous potential for use in many fields such as intelligent manufacturing and environmental protection. However, considerable knowledge gaps still exist regarding the impact of TMDCs on environmental risks, especially risks involving organic pollutants. Here, a synergistic toxicity between WS2 nanosheets and organic pollutants (triclosan or tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) was found using the median-effect and combination index equations. In particular, the effect of synergy had a higher magnitude at low cytotoxicity levels and a noncytotoxic concentration of WS2 nanosheets clearly enhanced the cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of organic pollutants. On the one hand, WS2 nanosheets damaged the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton, resulting in increased membrane permeability and organic pollutant uptake. On the other hand, as shown by fluorescence substrate accumulation experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, WS2 nanosheets affected the secondary structure of the efflux pumps and competitively bound with efflux pumps, blocking xenobiotic removal. This work emphasized that TMDCs, especially at the noncytotoxic level, in combination with organic pollutants caused damage that cannot be ignored, providing insight into comprehensive safety assessment and the specific toxicological mechanisms of TMDCs that accompany organic pollutant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
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Santibáñez-Andrade M, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Chirino YI, Morales-Bárcenas R, Herrera LA, García-Cuellar CM. Airborne particulate matter induces mitotic slippage and chromosomal missegregation through disruption of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:794-804. [PMID: 31280048 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a risk factor for lung cancer development and chromosomal missegregation and cell cycle disruptions are key cellular events that trigger tumorigenesis. We aimed to study the effect of PM10 (PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm) on mitotic arrest and chromosomal segregation, evaluating the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) protein dynamics in the human lung A549 adenocarcinoma cell line. For this purpose, synchronized cells were exposed to PM10 for 24 h to obtain the frequency of micronucleated (MN) and trinucleated (TN) cells. Then, the efficiency of the mitotic arrest after PM10 exposure was analyzed. To elucidate the effect of PM10 in chromosomal segregation, the levels and subcellular localization of essential SAC proteins were evaluated. Results indicated that A549 cells exposed to PM10 exhibited an increase in MN and TN cells and a decrease in mitotic indexes and G2/M phase. A549 cells treated with PM10 showed reduced protein levels of MDC1 and NEK2 (38% and 35% respectively), which is required for MAD2 recruitment to kinetochores, MAD2 and BUBR1, effectors of the SAC (25% and 18% respectively), and CYCLIN B1, required during G2/M phase (35%). Besides, PM10 exposure increase the levels of AURORA B and SURVIVIN, required for SAC activation through chromosome-microtubule attachment errors (85% and 74% respectively). We suggest that PM10 causes mitotic slippage due to alterations in MAD2 localization. Thus, PM10 causes inadequate chromosomal segregation and deficient mitotic arrest by altering SAC protein levels, predisposing A549 cells to chromosomal instability, a common feature observed in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Santibáñez-Andrade
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rocío Morales-Bárcenas
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia M García-Cuellar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080 México, DF, Mexico.
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