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Xue J, Yin J, Nie J, Jiang H, Zhang H, Zeng S. Heterodimerization of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 Alters Their Glucuronidation Activities. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1499-1507. [PMID: 37643881 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) play a pivotal role as prominent phase II metabolic enzymes, mediating the glucuronidation of both endobiotics and xenobiotics. Dimerization greatly modulates the enzymatic activities of UGTs. In this study, we examined the influence of three mutations (H35A, H268Y, and N68A/N315A) and four truncations (signal peptide, single transmembrane helix, cytosolic tail, and di-lysine motif) in UGT2B7 on its heterodimerization with wild-type UGT1A9, using a Bac-to-Bac expression system. We employed quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques and co-immunoprecipitation assays to evaluate the formation of heterodimers between UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 allozymes. Furthermore, we evaluated the glucuronidation activities of the heterodimers using zidovudine and propofol as substrates for UGT2B7 and UGT1A9, respectively. Our findings revealed that the histidine residue at codon 35 was involved in the dimeric interaction, as evidenced by the FRET efficiencies and catalytic activities. Interestingly, the signal peptide and single transmembrane helix domain of UGT2B7 had no impact on the protein-protein interaction. These results provide valuable insights for a comprehensive understanding of UGT1A9/UGT2B7 heterodimer formation and its association with glucuronidation activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Our findings revealed that the H35A mutation in UGT2B7 affected the affinity of protein-protein interaction, leading to discernable variations in fluorescence resonance energy transfer efficiencies and catalytic activity. Furthermore, the signal peptide and single transmembrane helix domain of UGT2B7 did not influence heterodimer formation. These results provide valuable insights into the combined effects of polymorphisms and protein-protein interactions on the catalytic activity of UGT1A9 and UGT2B7, enhancing our understanding of UGT dimerization and its impact on metabolite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xue
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.X., J.Y., J.N., H.J., S.Z.) and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (H.Z.), Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.N.); and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (H.Z.)
| | - Jiayi Yin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.X., J.Y., J.N., H.J., S.Z.) and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (H.Z.), Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.N.); and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (H.Z.)
| | - Jing Nie
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.X., J.Y., J.N., H.J., S.Z.) and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (H.Z.), Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.N.); and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (H.Z.)
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.X., J.Y., J.N., H.J., S.Z.) and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (H.Z.), Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.N.); and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (H.Z.)
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.X., J.Y., J.N., H.J., S.Z.) and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (H.Z.), Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.N.); and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (H.Z.)
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis (J.X., J.Y., J.N., H.J., S.Z.) and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (H.Z.), Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.N.); and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (H.Z.)
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Xue J, Zhang H, Zeng S. Integrate thermostabilized fusion protein apocytochrome b562RIL and N-glycosylation mutations: A novel approach to heterologous expression of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:965038. [PMID: 36034790 PMCID: PMC9412022 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.965038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7 is a crucial phase II metabolic enzyme that transfers glucuronic acid from UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) to endobiotic and xenobiotic substrates. Biophysical and biochemical investigations of UGT2B7 are hampered by the challenge of the integral membrane protein purification. This study focused on the expression and purification of recombinant UGT2B7 by optimizing the insertion sites for the thermostabilized fusion protein apocytochrome b562RIL (BRIL) and various mutations to improve the protein yields and homogeneity. Preparation of the recombinant proteins with high purity accelerated the measurement of pharmacokinetic parameters of UGT2B7. The dissociation constants (KD) of two classical substrates (zidovudine and androsterone) and two inhibitors (schisanhenol and hesperetin) of UGT2B7 were determined using the surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) for the first time. Using negative-staining transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UGT2B7 protein particles were characterized, which could be useful for further exploring its three-dimensional structure. The methods described in this study could be broadly applied to other UGTs and are expected to provide the basis for the exploration of metabolic enzyme kinetics, the mechanisms of drug metabolisms and drug interactions, changes in pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics studies in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xue
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Haitao Zhang, ; Su Zeng,
| | - Su Zeng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Haitao Zhang, ; Su Zeng,
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Miyauchi Y, Kimura A, Sawai M, Fujimoto K, Hirota Y, Tanaka Y, Takechi S, Mackenzie PI, Ishii Y. Use of a Baculovirus-Mammalian Cell Expression-System for Expression of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Optimization of Infection With a Focus on Cytochrome P450 3A4. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:832931. [PMID: 35295333 PMCID: PMC8919721 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.832931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous expression systems are important for analyzing the effects of genetic factors including single nucleotide polymorphisms on the functions of drug-metabolizing enzymes. In this study, we focused on a baculovirus-mammalian cell (Bac-Mam) expression system as a safer and more efficient approach for this purpose. The baculovirus-insect cell expression system is widely utilized in large-scale protein expression. Baculovirus has been shown to also infect certain mammalian cells, although the virus only replicates in insect cells. With this knowledge, baculovirus is now being applied in a mammalian expression system called the Bac-Mam system wherein a gene-modified baculovirus is used whose promotor is replaced with one that can function in mammalian cells. We subcloned open-reading frames of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1, and UGT2B7 into a transfer plasmid for the Bac-Mam system, and prepared recombinant Bac-Mam virus. The obtained virus was amplified in insect Sf9 cells and used to infect mammalian COS-1 cells. Expression of CYP3A4, UGT1A1, and UGT2B7 in COS-1 cell homogenates were confirmed by immunoblotting. Optimum infection conditions including the amount of Bac-Mam virus, culture days before collection, and concentration of sodium butyrate, an enhancer of viral-transduction were determined by monitoring CYP3A4 expression. Expressed CYP3A4 showed appropriate activity without supplying hemin/5-aminolevulinic acid or co-expressing with NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. Further, we compared gene transfer efficiency between the Bac-Mam system and an established method using recombinant plasmid and transfection reagent. Our results indicate that the Bac-Mam system can be applied to introduce drug-metabolizing enzyme genes into mammalian cells that are widely used in drug metabolism research. The expressed enzymes are expected to undergo appropriate post-translational modification as they are in mammalian bodies. The Bac-Mam system may thus accelerate pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Miyauchi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akane Kimura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Madoka Sawai
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Fujimoto
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirota
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tanaka
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Takechi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Peter I Mackenzie
- Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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UGT72, a Major Glycosyltransferase Family for Flavonoid and Monolignol Homeostasis in Plants. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030441. [PMID: 35336815 PMCID: PMC8945231 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Phenylpropanoids are specialized metabolites playing crucial roles in plant developmental processes and in plant defense towards pathogens. The attachment of sugar moieties to these small hydrophobic molecules renders them more hydrophilic and increases their solubility. The UDP-glycosyltransferase 72 family (UGT72) of plants has been shown to glycosylate mainly two classes of phenylpropanoids, (i) the monolignols that are the building blocks of lignin, the second most abundant polymer after cellulose, and (ii) the flavonoids, which play determinant roles in plant interactions with other organisms and in response to stress. The purpose of this review is to bring an overview of the current knowledge of the UGT72 family and to highlight its role in the homeostasis of these molecules. Potential applications in pharmacology and in wood, paper pulp, and bioethanol production are given within the perspectives. Abstract Plants have developed the capacity to produce a diversified range of specialized metabolites. The glycosylation of those metabolites potentially decreases their toxicity while increasing their stability and their solubility, modifying their transport and their storage. The UGT, forming the largest glycosyltransferase superfamily in plants, combine enzymes that glycosylate mainly hormones and phenylpropanoids by using UDP-sugar as a sugar donor. Particularly, members of the UGT72 family have been shown to glycosylate the monolignols and the flavonoids, thereby being involved in their homeostasis. First, we explore primitive UGTs in algae and liverworts that are related to the angiosperm UGT72 family and their role in flavonoid homeostasis. Second, we describe the role of several UGT72s glycosylating monolignols, some of which have been associated with lignification. In addition, the role of other UGT72 members that glycosylate flavonoids and are involved in the development and/or stress response is depicted. Finally, the importance to explore the subcellular localization of UGTs to study their roles in planta is discussed.
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Miyauchi Y, Takechi S, Ishii Y. Functional Interaction between Cytochrome P450 and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase on the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane: One of Post-translational Factors Which Possibly Contributes to Their Inter-Individual Differences. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1635-1644. [PMID: 34719641 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) and uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) catalyze oxidation and glucuronidation in drug metabolism, respectively. It is believed that P450 and UGT work separately because they perform distinct reactions and exhibit opposite membrane topologies on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, given that some chemicals are sequentially metabolized by P450 and UGT, it is reasonable to consider that the enzymes may interact and work cooperatively. Previous research by our team detected protein-protein interactions between P450 and UGT by analyzing solubilized rat liver microsomes with P450-immobilized affinity column chromatography. Although P450 and UGT have been known to form homo- and hetero-oligomers, this is the first report indicating a P450-UGT association. Based on our previous study, we focused on the P450-UGT interaction and reported lines of evidence that the P450-UGT association is a functional protein-protein interaction that can alter the enzymatic capabilities, including enhancement or suppression of the activities of P450 and UGT, helping UGT to acquire novel regioselectivity, and inhibiting substrate binding to P450. Biochemical and molecular bioscientific approaches suggested that P450 and UGT interact with each other at their internal hydrophobic domains in the ER membrane. Furthermore, several in vivo studies have reported the presence of a functional P450-UGT association under physiological conditions. The P450-UGT interaction is expected to function as a novel post-translational factor for inter-individual differences in the drug-metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Miyauchi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University.,Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Shinji Takechi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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Smith A, Page BDG, Collier AC, Coughtrie MWH. Homology Modeling of Human Uridine-5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 Reveals Insights into Factors Influencing Substrate and Cosubstrate Binding. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6872-6887. [PMID: 32258923 PMCID: PMC7114752 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of numerous endogenous compounds and xenobiotics via glucuronidation by uridine-5'-diphosphate glycosyltransferase enzymes (UGTs) is an essential process of the body's chemical defense system. UGTs have distinct but overlapping substrate preferences, but the molecular basis for their substrate specificity remains poorly understood. Three-dimensional protein structures can greatly enhance our understanding of the interactions between enzymes and their substrates, but because of the inherent difficulties in purifying and crystallizing integral endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins, no complete mammalian UGT structure has yet been produced. To address this problem, we have created a homology model of UGT1A6 using I-TASSER to explore, in detail, the interactions of human UGT1A6 with its substrates. Ligands were docked into our model in the presence of the cosubstrate uridine-5'-diphosphate-glucuronic acid, interacting residues were examined, and poses were compared to those cocrystallized with various plant and bacterial glycosyltransferases (GTs). Our model structurally resembles other GTs, and docking experiments replicated many of the expected UGT-substrate interactions. Some bias toward the template structures' protein-substrate interactions and binding preferences was evident.
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Hu DG, Hulin JUA, Nair PC, Haines AZ, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI, Meech R. The UGTome: The expanding diversity of UDP glycosyltransferases and its impact on small molecule metabolism. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107414. [PMID: 31647974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The UDP glycosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily of enzymes is responsible for the metabolism and clearance of thousands of lipophilic chemicals including drugs, toxins and endogenous signaling molecules. They provide a protective interface between the organism and its chemical-rich environment, as well as controlling critical signaling pathways to maintain healthy tissue function. UGTs are associated with drug responses and interactions, as well as a wide range of diseases including cancer. The human genome contains 22 UGT genes; however as befitting their exceptionally diverse substrate ranges and biological activities, the output of these UGT genes is functionally diversified by multiple processes including alternative splicing, post-translational modification, homo- and hetero-oligomerization, and interactions with other proteins. All UGT genes are subject to extensive alternative splicing generating variant/truncated UGT proteins with altered functions including the capacity to dominantly modulate/inhibit cognate full-length forms. Heterotypic oligomerization of different UGTs can alter kinetic properties relative to monotypic complexes, and potentially produce novel substrate specificities. Moreover, the recently profiled interactions of UGTs with non-UGT proteins may facilitate coordination between different metabolic processes, as well as providing opportunities for UGTs to engage in novel 'moonlighting' functions. Herein we provide a detailed and comprehensive review of all known modes of UGT functional diversification and propose a UGTome model to describe the resulting expansion of metabolic capacity and its potential to modulate drug/xenobiotic responses and cell behaviours in normal and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Ulie-Ann Hulin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pramod C Nair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Z Haines
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross A McKinnon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter I Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robyn Meech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
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Gotoh-Saito S, Abe T, Furukawa Y, Oda S, Yokoi T, Finel M, Hatakeyama M, Fukami T, Nakajima M. Characterization of human UGT2A3 expression using a prepared specific antibody against UGT2A3. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:280-286. [PMID: 31262603 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2A3 belongs to a UGT superfamily of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyzes the glucuronidation of many endobiotics and xenobiotics. Previous studies have demonstrated that UGT2A3 is expressed in the human liver, small intestine, and kidney at the mRNA level; however, its protein expression has not been determined. Evaluation of the protein expression of UGT2A3 would be useful to determine its role at the tissue level. In this study, we prepared a specific antibody against human UGT2A3 and evaluated the relative expression of UGT2A3 in the human liver, small intestine, and kidney. Western blot analysis indicated that this antibody is specific to UGT2A3 because it did not cross-react with other human UGT isoforms or rodent UGTs. UGT2A3 expression in the human small intestine was higher than that in the liver and kidney. Via treatment with endoglycosidase, it was clearly demonstrated that UGT2A3 was N-glycosylated. UGT2A3 protein levels were significantly correlated with UGT2A3 mRNA levels in a panel of 28 human liver samples (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). In conclusion, we successfully prepared a specific antibody against UGT2A3. This antibody would be useful to evaluate the physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological roles of UGT2A3 in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Gotoh-Saito
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Abe
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shingo Oda
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Moshe Finel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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The regioselective glucuronidation of morphine by dimerized human UGT2B7, 1A1, 1A9 and their allelic variants. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1184-1194. [PMID: 28552915 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7 is expressed mostly in the human liver, lung and kidney and can transfer endogenous glucuronide group into its substrate and impact the pharmacological effects of several drugs such as estriol, AZT and morphine. UGT2B7 and its allelic variants can dimerize with the homologous enzymes UGT1A1 and UGT1A9, as well as their allelic variants, and then change their enzymatic activities in the process of substrate catalysis. The current study was designed to identify this mechanism using morphine as the substrate of UGT2B7. Single-recombinant allozymes, including UGT2B7*1 (wild type), UGT2B7*71S (A71S, 211G>T), UGT2B7*2 (H268Y, 802C>T), UGT2B7*5 (D398N, 1192G>A), and double-recombinant allozymes formed by the dimerization of UGT1A9*1 (wild type), UGT1A9*2 (C3Y, 8G>A), UGT1A9*3 (M33T, 98T>C), UGT1A9*5 (D256N, 766G>A), UGT1A1 (wild type) with its splice variant UGT1A1b were established and incubated with morphine in vitro. Each sample was analyzed with HPLC-MS/MS. All enzyme kinetic parameters were then measured and analyzed. From the results, the production ratio of its aberrant metabolism and subsequent metabolites, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), changes regioselectively. Double-recombinant allozymes exhibit stronger enzymatic activity catalyzing morphine than the single-recombinant alloyzymes. Compared to UGT2B7*1, UGT2B7*2 singles or doubles have lower Km values for M3G and M6G, whereas UGT2B7*5 allozymes perform opposite effects. The double allozymes of UGT1A9*2 or UGT1A9*5 with UGT2B7 tend to produce M6G. Interestingly, the majority of single or double allozymes significantly reduce the ratio of M3G to M6G. The UGT1A9*2-UGT2B7*1 double enzyme has the lowest M3G:M6G ratio, reflecting that more M6G would form in morphine glucuronide metabolism. This study demonstrates that UGT2B7 common SNPs and their dimers with UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 and their allelic variants can regioselectively affect the generation of two metabolites of morphine via altering the CLint ratios of M3G to M6G. These results may predict the effectiveness of morphine antinociception in individualized opioid treatment.
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Yang N, Sun RB, Chen XL, Zhen L, Ge C, Zhao YQ, He J, Geng JL, Guo JH, Yu XY, Fei F, Feng SQ, Zhu XX, Wang HB, Fu FH, Aa JY, Wang GJ. In vitro assessment of the glucose-lowering effects of berberrubine-9-O-β-D-glucuronide, an active metabolite of berberrubine. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:351-361. [PMID: 28042874 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberrubine (BRB) is the primary metabolite of berberine (BBR) that has shown a stronger glucose-lowering effect than BBR in vivo. On the other hand, BRB is quickly and extensively metabolized into berberrubine-9-O-β-D-glucuronide (BRBG) in rats after oral administration. In this study we compared the pharmacokinetic properties of BRB and BRBG in rats, and explored the mechanisms underlying their glucose-lowering activities. C57BL/6 mice with HFD-induced hyperglycemia were administered BRB (50 mg·kg-1·d-1, ig) for 6 weeks, which caused greater reduction in the plasma glucose levels than those caused by BBR (120 mg·kg-1·d-1) or BRB (25 mg·kg-1·d-1). In addition, BRB dose-dependently decreased the activity of α-glucosidase in gut of the mice. After oral administration of BRB in rats, the exposures of BRBG in plasma at 3 different dosages (10, 40, 80 mg/kg) and in urine at different time intervals (0-4, 4-10, 10-24 h) were dramatically greater than those of BRB. In order to determine the effectiveness of BRBG in reducing glucose levels, we prepared BRBG from the urine pool of rats, and identified and confirmed it through LC-MS-IT-TOF and NMR spectra. In human normal liver cell line L-O2 in vitro, treatment with BRB or BRBG (5, 20, 50 μmol/L) increased glucose consumption, enhanced glycogenesis, stimulated the uptake of the glucose analog 2-NBDG, and modulated the mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and hexokinase. However, both BBR and BRB improved 2-NBDG uptake in insulin-resistant L-O2 cells, while BRBG has no effect. In conclusion, BRB exerts a stronger glucose-lowering effect than BBR in HFD-induced hyperglycemia mice. Although BRB significantly stimulated the insulin sensitivity and glycolysis in vitro, BRBG may have a greater contribution to the glucose-lowering effect because it has much greater system exposure than BRB after oral administration of BRB. The results suggest that BRBG is a potential agent for reducing glucose levels.
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Nakamura T, Yamaguchi N, Miyauchi Y, Takeda T, Yamazoe Y, Nagata K, Mackenzie PI, Yamada H, Ishii Y. Introduction of an N-Glycosylation Site into UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B3 Alters Its Sensitivity to Cytochrome P450 3A1-Dependent Modulation. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:427. [PMID: 27895582 PMCID: PMC5107996 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated functional protein-protein interactions between cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). However, the role of carbohydrate chains of UGTs in the interaction with CYP is not well understood. To address this issue, we examined whether CYP3A1 modulates the function of UGT2B3 which lacks potential glycosylation sites. We also examined whether the introduction of N-glycosylation to UGT2B3 affects CYP3A-dependent modulation of UGT function. To introduce a potential glycosylation site into UGT2B3, Ser 316 of UGT2B3 was substituted with Asn by site-directed mutagenesis. A baculovirus-Sf-9 cell system for expressing CYP3A1 and UGT2B3/UGT2B3(S316N) was established using a Bac-to-Bac system. Glycosylation of UGT2B3(S316N) was demonstrated in this expression system. The microsomal activity of recombinant UGT was determined using 4-methylumbelliferone as a substrate. The effect of CYP3A1 co-expression on UGT function was examined by comparing the kinetic profiles between single (UGT alone) and double expression (UGT plus CYP) systems. The kinetics of the two expression systems fitted a Michaelis-Menten equation. When the 4-MU concentration was varied, co-expression of CYP3A1 lowered the Vmax of UGT2B3-mediated conjugation. Conversely, for UGT2B3(S316N), the Vmax in the dual expression system was higher than that in the single expression system. The data obtained demonstrate that the introduction of N-glycosylation to UGT2B3 alters its sensitivity to CYP3A1-dependent modulation while CYP3A1 enhanced UGT2B3(S316N) activity, and wild-type UGT2B3 was suppressed by CYP3A1. These data suggest that N-glycosylation of UGT is one of the determinants regulating the interaction between CYP3A and UGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naho Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuu Miyauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Takeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoshi Nagata
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Sendai, Japan
| | - Peter I Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - Hideyuki Yamada
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan
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Girard-Bock C, Benoit-Biancamano MO, Villeneuve L, Desjardins S, Guillemette C. A Rare UGT2B7 Variant Creates a Novel N-Glycosylation Site at Codon 121 with Impaired Enzyme Activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1867-1871. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Riches Z, Collier AC. Posttranscriptional regulation of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:949-65. [PMID: 25797307 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1028355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily of enzymes (EC 2.4.1.17) conjugates glucuronic acid to an aglycone substrate to make them more polar and readily excreted. In general, this reaction terminates the activities of chemicals, drugs and toxins, although occasionally a more active or toxic species is produced. AREAS COVERED In addition to their well-known transcriptional responsiveness, UGTs are also regulated by posttranscriptional mechanisms. Here, the authors review these mechanisms, including latency, modulation of co-substrate accessibility and binding, dimerization and oligomerization, protein-protein interactions, allosteric inhibition and activation, posttranslational structural and functional modifications and developmental switching for UGTs. EXPERT OPINION Posttranscriptional regulation of UGTs has traditionally received less attention than nuclear regulation, in part because mechanisms involving ribosomes and endoplasmic reticula are challenging to investigate. Most promising of the posttranscriptional mechanisms reviewed are likely to be effects on co-substrate (UDP-glucuronic acid) transport and availability and structure-function changes to UGT proteins through, for example, glycosylation and phosphorylation. Although classical biochemistry continues to illuminate many aspects of UGT function, advances in proteomics and structural biology are beginning to assist in the determination of posttranscriptional regulation mechanisms for UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Riches
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 , Canada +1 604 827 2380 ;
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Muta K, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. N-Glycosylation during translation is essential for human arylacetamide deacetylase enzyme activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 87:352-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Xiao JF, Liu XJ, Liu GW, Yang XY, Xiao P, Hou XM, Wang HT, Tang JJ, Zhang YT, Zhen C, Fang HH. The metabolism of trifluoperazine (TFP) exhibits atypical kinetic behavior in both human liver microsomes (HLMs) and monkey liver microsomes (MyLM). Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 39:335-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-013-0163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ménard V, Collin P, Margaillan G, Guillemette C. Modulation of the UGT2B7 Enzyme Activity by C-Terminally Truncated Proteins Derived from Alternative Splicing. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2197-205. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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18
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Nakamura T, Murota K, Kumamoto S, Misumi K, Bando N, Ikushiro S, Takahashi N, Sekido K, Kato Y, Terao J. Plasma metabolites of dietary flavonoids after combination meal consumption with onion and tofu in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:310-7. [PMID: 24039174 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The effect of food combination on metabolic profile in postprandial plasma has hardly been reported. We investigated the absorption and metabolism of quercetin and soy isoflavones in humans after combination meal consumption. METHODS AND RESULTS Five healthy volunteers ingested sautéed onion and tofu, and the plasma metabolites of quercetin and isoflavones were analyzed. Quercetin and genistein were incubated with human intestinal Caco-2 cells and human hepatoma HepG2 cells to further analyze the influence of simultaneous supply to the small intestine and the liver. Glucuronosyl conjugates of quercetin and methylated quercetin were the major plasma metabolites in the case of onion intake. Plasma metabolites with the single serving of tofu were both glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of isoflavones. Interestingly, quercetin sulfate was only detected after the combined intake of sautéed onion and tofu, accompanied with a decrease in sulfated isoflavones. Besides, quercetin was shown as the preferential substance for phase II enzymes over genistein in both Caco-2 and HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that, when flavonoids and isoflavonoids were ingested together, the metabolic conversions in the small intestine and/or the liver could be altered, resulting in the variation of the postprandial profiles of the plasma metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Food Science, Graduate School of Nutrition and Bioscience, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Zhang H, Patana AS, Mackenzie PI, Ikushiro S, Goldman A, Finel M. Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Expression in Insect Cells: Ratio of Active to Inactive Recombinant Proteins and the Effects of a C-Terminal His-Tag on Glucuronidation Kinetics. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1935-44. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.046086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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