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Nishimura H, Elhussiny MZ, Ouchi Y, Haraguchi S, Itoh TQ, Gilbert ER, Cline MA, Nishimura S, Hosaka YZ, Takahashi E, Cockrem JF, Bungo T, Chowdhury VS. Expression and localization of the neuropeptide Y-Y4 receptor in the chick spleen: mRNA upregulation by high ambient temperature. Neuropeptides 2024; 107:102459. [PMID: 39121580 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
High ambient temperatures (HT) can increase diencephalic neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression, and central injection of NPY attenuates heat stress responses while inducing an antioxidative state in the chick spleen. However, there is a lack of knowledge about NPY receptor expression, and its regulation by HT, in the chick spleen. In the current study, male chicks were used to measure the expression of NPY receptors in the spleen and other immune organs under acute (30 vs. 40 ± 1°C for 3 h) or chronic (30 vs. 40 ± 1°C for 3 h/day for 3 days) exposure to HT and in response to central injection of NPY (47 pmol, 188 pmol, or 1 nmol). We found that NPY-Y4 receptor mRNA was expressed in the spleen, but not in other immune organs studied. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that NPY-Y4 receptors were localized in the splenic pulp. Furthermore, NPY-Y4 receptor mRNA increased in the chick spleen under both acute and chronic exposure to HT. Central NPY at two dose levels (47 and 188 pmol) and a higher dose (1 nmol) did not increase splenic NPY-Y4 receptor mRNA expression or splenic epinephrine under HT (35 ± 1°C), and significantly increased 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) concentrations under HT (40 ± 1°C). In conclusion, increased expression of NPY-Y4 receptor mRNA in the spleen under HT suggest that Y4 receptor may play physiological roles in response to HT in male chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Nishimura
- Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mohamed Z Elhussiny
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Department of Animal & Poultry Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Yoshimitsu Ouchi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari 794-8555, Japan
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Taichi Q Itoh
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0306, USA
| | - Mark A Cline
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0306, USA
| | - Shotaro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Eiki Takahashi
- Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - John F Cockrem
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Takashi Bungo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari 794-8555, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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2
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Oluwagbenga EM, Fraley GS. Heat stress and poultry production: a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103141. [PMID: 37852055 PMCID: PMC10591017 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of global warming on poultry production has gained significant attention over the years. However, our current knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms through which heat stress (HS) resulting from global warming affects the welfare, behavior, immune response, production performance, and even transgenerational effects in poultry are still incomplete. Further research is needed to delve deeper into these mechanisms to gain a comprehensive understanding. Numerous studies have investigated various biomarkers of stress in poultry, aiming to identify reliable markers that can accurately assess the physiological status and well-being of birds. However, there is a significant amount of variation and inconsistency in the results reported across different studies. This inconsistency highlights the need for more standardized methods and assays and a clearer understanding of the factors that influence these biomarkers in poultry. This review article specifically focuses on 3 main aspects: 1) the neuroendocrine and behavioral responses of poultry to HS, 2) the biomarkers of HS and 3) the impact of HS on poultry production that have been studied in poultry. By examining the neuroendocrine and behavioral changes exhibited by poultry under HS, we aim to gain insights into the physiological impact of elevated temperatures in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G S Fraley
- Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA.
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3
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Olutumise AI. Intensity of adaptations to heat stress in poultry farms: A behavioural analysis of farmers in Ondo state, Nigeria. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103614. [PMID: 37336113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental consequences of heat stress due to high ambient temperatures, particularly in the poultry industry, have led to the invention of several adaptation strategies. However, there is still limited information on the intensity of adaptations and the likely behavioural factors that influence farmers' decisions. Thus, understanding the practical adaptation behaviours of poultry farmers would improve our knowledge of the fundamental mechanisms for developing effective interventions. To fill this void, using a count data model, the study empirically examines the farmers' behavioural factors and the intensity of heat stress adaptation strategies' adoption among poultry farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria. The data were drawn from a survey of 150 poultry farmers using a multistage sampling procedure. The empirical results show that the majority of the farmers perceived an increase in temperature, frequently experienced heat stress, and believed that heat stress is induced by climate change. An average of six adaptation strategies were simultaneously adopted to mitigate heat stress in the area. The results of the count regression model reveal that farm-level factors such as permanent water sources, the quantity of feed, and bird stock density exert a significant effect on the intensity of adaptations. Climate-related factors such as access to climate information, training participation, perceived increases in temperature, attitudes toward climate change, and motives for adoption have a significant behavioural effect on the intensity of adaptations. Likewise, variables such as poultry farming experience, educational status, and access to credit are accounted for as socioeconomic behavioural factors that influence the intensity of adopting heat stress adaptation strategies in the area. This concludes that behavioural factors are crucial in addressing heat stress adaptations and assisting in improving environmental management, which would form a key variable in the policy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Isaac Olutumise
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Economic and Business Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa.
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4
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Ncho CM, Gupta V, Choi YH. Effects of Dietary Glutamine Supplementation on Heat-Induced Oxidative Stress in Broiler Chickens: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:570. [PMID: 36978818 PMCID: PMC10045030 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In avian species, heat stress (HS) is usually the result of being exposed to high ambient temperatures, whereas oxidative stress (OS) results from the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The current literature suggests that HS often leads to OS. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of dietary supplementation of glutamine on the antioxidant status and growth performances in heat-stressed broilers. A total of 13 studies were deemed eligible after an exhaustive search of the literature from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Briefly, the following criteria were used to select the studies: trials performed on broilers; publication in peer-review journals using English as the text language; and sufficient details about the design and inclusion of dietary glutamine as a treatment for HS. Two main categories of outcomes were extracted from the studies included in the review: growth parameters and OS markers. For the meta-analysis, a random effect model was used when the heterogeneity was higher than 50%, and a fixed effect model was applied otherwise. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMD), and mean differences (MD) with their confidence intervals (CI) from the studies revealed that dietary glutamine could increase body weight gain (SMD = 0.70, CI = 0.50 to 0.90, p < 0.05), and feed intake (FI) (SMD = 0.64, CI = 0.43 to 0.86, p < 0.05), and reduce the feed conversion ratio (MD = -0.05, CI = -0.07 to -0.02, p < 0.05) in heat-exposed birds. Additionally, higher glutamine (SMD = 1.21, CI = 1.00 to 1.43, p < 0.05), glutathione (SMD = 1.25, CI = 0.88 to 1.62, p < 0.05), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (SMD = 0.97, CI = 0.58 to 1.36, p < 0.05), and catalase (SMD = 0.94, CI = 0.72 to 1.16, p < 0.05) levels were recorded in the serum, breast, and thigh muscle after supplementation of glutamine. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis revealed that malondialdehydes levels were decreased only in the serum (SMD = -0.83, CI = -1.25 to -0.41, p < 0.001) and thigh muscle (SMD = -1.30, CI = -1.86 to -0.35, p < 0.001) while glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was increased in the breast (SMD = 1.32, CI = 0.95 to 1.68, p < 0.05) and thigh muscle (SMD = 1.53, CI = 1.06 to 1.99, p < 0.05). Meta-regression models indicated that longer periods of heat exposure were inversely associated with the effectiveness of dietary glutamine in increasing FI, GPX, and SOD (p < 0.05). Besides, increasing the dietary concentration of glutamine led to higher GPX and SOD levels (p < 0.05). Taken together, results suggest that dietary supplementation of glutamine can effectively mitigate the deleterious effects of HS by enhancing the antioxidant status and increasing growth performances in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Major Ncho
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Vaishali Gupta
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Ho Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Plus Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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5
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Loengbudnark W, Chankitisakul V, Boonkum W. The genetic impact of heat stress on the egg production of Thai native chickens (Pradu Hang dum). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281328. [PMID: 36735733 PMCID: PMC9897533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable poultry production in adverse weather conditions is a widely debated issue, which has led to research into the development of breeds of poultry that are genetically resistant to heat. This study aimed to investigate the effects of heat stress on the genetics of monthly egg production and examine the threshold point of heat stress for preventing thermal stress and its effects on chicken productivity. The data of 5,965 monthly egg production records of 629 Thai native Pradu Hang dum chickens were used for analysis in combination with the temperature-humidity index (THI) calculated by meteorological data near the testing station. The average THI throughout the year was 76.6, and the highest was 82. The THI data were subsequently used to find the threshold point of heat stress. The THI equation used in this study was chosen by its highest correlation (-0.306) between THI values and monthly egg production. At a THI of 74, the lowest -2 logL was found and was considered the threshold point of heat stress. This means that monthly egg production would start decreasing when the THI was 74. Heritability was 0.15±0.03, and genetic and permanent environmental correlations were -0.29 and -0.48, respectively. The threshold point was used to estimate the estimated breeding values (EBVs) of the monthly egg production and heat stress individually, and EBVs were calculated into the selection index. The selection index values when the animal was selected for the replacement herd for all chickens (top 50%, 30%, 20%, and 10%) were 0.14, 0.90, 1.27, 1.53, and 1.91, respectively, and the genetic progress was 0.55, 0.60, 0.68, 0.75, and 0.77, respectively. This shows that the selection index values are lower if there are many selected animals. The recommendation for animal genetic selection is that the top 10% is appropriately because it seems to be most preferred. Therefore, using a selection index for high egg production and heat tolerance in Thai native chickens is possible to achieve genetic assessment in a large population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipas Loengbudnark
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Vibuntita Chankitisakul
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- The Research and Development Network Center of Animal Breeding and Omics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wuttigrai Boonkum
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- The Research and Development Network Center of Animal Breeding and Omics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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6
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt CG, Herskin MS, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Tiemann I, de Jong I, Gebhardt‐Henrich SG, Keeling L, Riber AB, Ashe S, Candiani D, García Matas R, Hempen M, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Rojo Gimeno C, Van der Stede Y, Vitali M, Bailly‐Caumette E, Michel V. Welfare of broilers on farm. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07788. [PMID: 36824680 PMCID: PMC9941850 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This Scientific Opinion considers the welfare of domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) related to the production of meat (broilers) and includes the keeping of day-old chicks, broiler breeders, and broiler chickens. Currently used husbandry systems in the EU are described. Overall, 19 highly relevant welfare consequences (WCs) were identified based on severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: 'bone lesions', 'cold stress', 'gastro-enteric disorders', 'group stress', 'handling stress', 'heat stress', 'isolation stress', 'inability to perform comfort behaviour', 'inability to perform exploratory or foraging behaviour', 'inability to avoid unwanted sexual behaviour', 'locomotory disorders', 'prolonged hunger', 'prolonged thirst', 'predation stress', 'restriction of movement', 'resting problems', 'sensory under- and overstimulation', 'soft tissue and integument damage' and 'umbilical disorders'. These WCs and their animal-based measures (ABMs) that can identify them are described in detail. A variety of hazards related to the different husbandry systems were identified as well as ABMs for assessing the different WCs. Measures to prevent or correct the hazards and/or mitigate each of the WCs are listed. Recommendations are provided on quantitative or qualitative criteria to answer specific questions on the welfare of broilers and related to genetic selection, temperature, feed and water restriction, use of cages, light, air quality and mutilations in breeders such as beak trimming, de-toeing and comb dubbing. In addition, minimal requirements (e.g. stocking density, group size, nests, provision of litter, perches and platforms, drinkers and feeders, of covered veranda and outdoor range) for an enclosure for keeping broiler chickens (fast-growing, slower-growing and broiler breeders) are recommended. Finally, 'total mortality', 'wounds', 'carcass condemnation' and 'footpad dermatitis' are proposed as indicators for monitoring at slaughter the welfare of broilers on-farm.
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7
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Brown CLJ, Zaytsoff SJM, Iwaniuk AN, Metz GAS, Montina T, Inglis GD. Comparative Analysis of the Temporal Impacts of Corticosterone and Simulated Production Stressors on the Metabolome of Broiler Chickens. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020144. [PMID: 36837763 PMCID: PMC9961940 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of physiological stress on the metabolome of breast muscle, liver, kidney, and hippocampus was investigated in Ross 308 broiler chicks. Simulated on-farm stressors were compared to a corticosterone model of physiological stress. The three different stressors investigated were: (i) corticosterone at a dose of 15 mg/kg of feed; (ii) heat treatment of 36 °C and 40% RH for 8 h per day; and (iii) isolation for 1 h per day. Liver, kidney, breast muscle, and hippocampus samples were taken after 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of stress treatment, and subjected to untargeted 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomic analysis to provide insights on how stress can modulate metabolite profiles and biomarker discovery. Many of the metabolites that were significantly altered in tissues were amino acids, with glycine and alanine showing promise as candidate biomarkers of stress. Corticosterone was shown to significantly alter alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism in the liver, breast, and hippocampus, while isolation altered the same pathways, but only in the kidneys and hippocampus. Isolation also significantly altered the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathway in the liver and breast, while the same pathway was significantly altered by heat in the liver, kidneys, and hippocampus. The study's findings support corticosterone as a model of stress. Moreover, a number of potential metabolite biomarkers were identified in chicken tissues, which may allow producers to effectively monitor stress and to objectively develop and evaluate on-farm mitigations, including practices that reduce stress and enhance bird health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L. J. Brown
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Sarah J. M. Zaytsoff
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Andrew N. Iwaniuk
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Gerlinde A. S. Metz
- Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Tony Montina
- Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (G.D.I.); Tel.: +1-403-394-3927 (T.M.); +1-403-360-7975 (G.D.I.)
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (G.D.I.); Tel.: +1-403-394-3927 (T.M.); +1-403-360-7975 (G.D.I.)
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8
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Chowdhury VS. L-Citrulline: A novel hypothermic amino acid promoting thermotolerance in heat-exposed chickens. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13826. [PMID: 36938778 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
With global warming becoming of increasing concern, poultry farms are experiencing a concomitant increase in heat stress. Chickens are very sensitive to high ambient temperature (HT), so the development of novel nutrients that will help deal with the challenge posed by heat stress is vital. We revealed that L-citrulline (L-Cit) can reduce body temperature in chickens. Orally administered L-Cit solution has been found to provide heat tolerance in chickens and to result in reduced food intake. Heat exposure and oral administration of L-Cit led to increased levels of plasma insulin, whereas heat stress led to a decline in plasma thyroxine. Dietary administration of L-Cit was also shown to be effective to reduce heat stress in broiler chickens. Moreover, L-Cit was found to be metabolized in the liver within 1 h of its administration, and in L-Cit-treated broiler chicks, the Cit-Arginine cycle and the Krebs cycle were found to be active. L-Cit has not yet been approved for inclusion in the poultry diet, so it is important to find alternative sources of L-Cit. Taken together, these findings suggest that L-Cit may serve as an important novel nutrient with the ability to produce heat tolerance in chickens under HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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9
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Impact of embryonic manipulations on core body temperature dynamics and survival in broilers exposed to cyclic heat stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15110. [PMID: 36068282 PMCID: PMC9448727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient temperature-associated stress has been shown to affect the normal physiological functions of birds. The recent literature indicated that both, embryonic thermal manipulation (ETM) and in ovo feeding (IOF) of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can mitigate the deleterious effects of heat stress (HS) in young broiler chicks. Therefore, this study intended to assess the effects of cyclic HS (32 ± 1 °C, 4 h/day from day 29 to 35) on rectal temperatures (RTs) and survival in broiler chickens after ETM and in IOF of GABA. A total of 275 RT data points and survival data were collected from chicks assigned to the following five treatments: chicks hatched from control eggs (CON); chicks hatched from control eggs but exposed to HS (CON + HS); chicks hatched from eggs injected at 17.5 days of incubation with 0.6 mL of 10% GABA and exposed to HS (G10 + HS); chicks hatched from thermally manipulated eggs (39.6 °C, 6 h/day from embryonic days 10 to 18) and exposed to HS (TM + HS); chicks hatched from eggs that received both previous treatments during incubation and exposed to HS (G10 + TM + HS). Under thermoneutral conditions, RTs increased quadratically from 39.9 ± 0.2 °C at hatching to 41.4 ± 0.1 °C at 8 days of age. When exposed to cyclic HS during the last week of rearing, the birds' RTs tended to decrease at the end of the heat stress challenge (from 43.0 ± 0.2 °C on day 29 to 42.4 ± 0.1 °C on day 35). A stepwise Cox regression indicated that treatment was predictive of birds' survival. Hazard ratios (HR) and their confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to assess the likelihood of death during the trial. The birds, belonging to the G10 + TM + HS group, were less likely to die under HS (HR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.91, P = 0.041) compared to the CON + HS birds. Taken together, the combination of ETM and GABA IOF may help mitigate the drawbacks of cyclic HS by improving the survival of broilers.
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Han G, Cui Y, Shen D, Li M, Ren Y, Bungo T, Chowdhury VS, Li Y, Li C. In ovo Feeding of L-Leucine Improves Antioxidative Capacity and Spleen Weight and Changes Amino Acid Concentrations in Broilers After Chronic Thermal Stress. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:862572. [PMID: 35372553 PMCID: PMC8971722 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.862572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Leucine (L-Leu) was demonstrated to confer thermotolerance by in ovo feeding in broiler chicks and chickens in our previous studies. However, the L-Leu-mediated roles in recovering from the detrimental effects of heat stress in broilers are still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of L-Leu in ovo feeding on the growth performance, relative weight of organs, serum metabolites and antioxidant parameters, and gene expression profiles in broiler chickens after chronic heat stress. Fertilized broiler eggs (Ross 308) were subjected to in ovo feeding of sterile water (0.5 mL/egg) or L-Leu (69 μmol/0.5 mL/egg) on embryonic day 7. After hatching, the male chicks were separated and used for the current study. All chickens were subjected to thermal stress exposure from 21 to 39 days of age and 1 week of recovery from 40 to 46 days of age. The results showed that in ovo feeding of L-Leu did not affect the body weight gain or relative weight of organs under chronic heat stress; however, the serum glutathione peroxidase was significantly increased and serum malondialdehyde was significantly decreased by L-Leu at 39 days of age. After 1 week of recovery, in ovo feeding of L-Leu significantly improved the relative spleen weight at 46 days of age. Subsequent RNA-seq analysis in the spleen showed that a total of 77 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 62 upregulated DEGs and 15 downregulated DEGs. Aspartic-type endopeptidase and peptidase activities were upregulated after recovery in the L-Leu group. The expression of genes related to B cell homeostatic proliferation and vestibular receptor cell differentiation, morphogenesis and development was downregulated in the L-Leu group. Moreover, the concentrations of serum catalase, total antioxidative capacity, isoleucine and ammonia were significantly decreased by L-Leu in ovo feeding after recovery. These results suggested that L-Leu in ovo feeding promoted the recovery of antioxidative status after chronic heat stress in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Han
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangyang Cui
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Ren
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Takashi Bungo
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S. Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yansen Li
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Research Center for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Chunmei Li
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11
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Chowdhury VS, Ouchi Y, Haraguchi S, Bungo T. Liver metabolomic analysis in broiler chicks: Profiling the metabolites after oral administration of l-citrulline. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13609. [PMID: 34402126 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypothermia is directly linked to metabolism; however, it is still unknown how the overall metabolism is altered by oral administration of hypothermic agent, l-citrulline (l-Cit). The present study aimed to determine the characteristics of liver metabolites of chicks orally administered l-Cit to provide a greater understanding of its metabolism. Capillary electrophoresis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS) and liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS) were conducted on liver samples after oral administration of l-Cit. A total of 361 liver metabolites were identified. Although a small number of samples were used for each group, a principal component analysis and heatmap patterns confirmed that the composition of metabolites could be segregated from each other. Of the 361 compounds detected in the liver, 41 compounds, including amino acids related to the Cit-arginine (Arg) cycle, argininosuccinic acid, Arg, ornithine, and Cit, as well as gamma aminobutyric acid, glycine, histidine, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide were abundant in l-Cit-treated livers. In contrast, 24 compounds containing fatty acids, amino acids, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were lower in the l-Cit group. These data imply that the active Cit-Arg cycle, TCA cycle metabolism, and a low activity in fatty acid metabolism occur in l-Cit-treated broiler chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Ouchi
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Bungo
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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12
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Andretta I, Kipper M, Schirmann GD, Franceschina CS, Ribeiro AML. Modeling the performance of broilers under heat stress. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101338. [PMID: 34358951 PMCID: PMC8350525 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was developed to model performance depression in heat stress (HS), to analyze the influence of HS type (cyclic or constant), and to assess the correlation between dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) and HS in broilers. Two databases (Dat) with performance and temperature were constructed (initial phase – up to 21 d of age – 14 articles, 7,667 animals, average replicate number treatment-ARN/T, 5 and growing phase – over 21 d of age – 74 articles and 25,145 broilers, ARN/T, 7). The criteria for article selection were (1) experiments using at least 2 temperatures (thermoneutral and high temperature); (2) results of ADFI and ADG; (3) feed and water ad libitum during the experiment. Each treatment was classified as cyclic or constant HS and the HS group response was calculated relative to the thermoneutral group. Performance was evaluated as raw data or as relativized information (indicated as “HS effect or ≠”), expressed as a percentage of the difference between results. The models to predict “HS effect” showed that for the initial phase, only ADG was influenced by HS, while for the grower phase, prediction equations were created for ADFI and ADG. Considering the simplest models, there was a reduction of 1.4% in ADFI and 2.1% in ADG for each unit (°C) above the upper critical temperature for broilers older than 21 d. Feed conversion (FC) was not affected by HS in any of the studied phases. Constant HS proved to be more negative than cyclic HS to broiler performance after 21 d of age. The relation between DEB and performance of broilers under HS was analyzed considering broilers over 21 d of age, and very weak correlations were observed. It was concluded that HS affects broilers over 21 d more, although FC is not affected. ADFI is the most important variable affected by HS and the relation between the DEB of the diet and HS is very weak. The empirical models generated in this study accurately predicted ADG and ADFI of broilers exposed to HS and can be used to minimize those effects on poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Andretta
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - M Kipper
- Elanco Brasil, São Paulo, 04703-002, Brazil
| | - G D Schirmann
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - C S Franceschina
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - A M L Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil.
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13
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Chowdhury VS, Ouchi Y, Han G, Eltahan HM, Haraguchi S, Miyazaki T, Shiraishi JI, Sugino T, Bungo T. Oral administration of L-citrulline changes the concentrations of plasma hormones and biochemical profile in heat-exposed broilers. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13578. [PMID: 34235825 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of oral administration of L-citrulline (L-Cit) on plasma metabolic hormones and biochemical profile in broilers. Food intake, water intake, and body temperature were also analyzed. After dual oral administration (20 mmol/head/administration) of L-Cit, broilers were exposed to a high ambient temperature (HT; 30 ± 1°C) chamber for 120 min. Oral administration of L-Cit reduced (p < .001) rectal temperature in broilers. Food intake was increased (p < .05) by heat stress, but it was reduced (p < .05) by L-Cit. Plasma levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, which initially increased (p < .0001) due to heat stress, were reduced (p < .01) by oral administration of L-Cit. Plasma insulin levels were increased by heat exposure (p < .01) and oral L-Cit (p < .05). Heat stress caused a decline (p < .05) in plasma thyroxine. Plasma lactic acid (p < .05) and non-esterified fatty acids (p < .01) were increased in L-Cit-treated heat-exposed broilers. In conclusion, our results suggest that oral L-Cit can modulate plasma concentrations of major metabolic hormones and reduces food intake in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Ouchi
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Guofeng Han
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Animal Nutrition and Food Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hatem M Eltahan
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Agriculture Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Ministry, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshihisa Sugino
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Bungo
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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14
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The Sequential Behavior Pattern Analysis of Broiler Chickens Exposed to Heat Stress. AGRIENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering3030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Broiler productivity is dependent on a range of variables; among them, the rearing environment is a significant factor for proper well-being and productivity. Behavior indicates the bird’s initial response to an adverse environment and is capable of providing an indicator of well-being in real-time. The present study aims to identify and characterize the sequential pattern of broilers’ behavior when exposed to thermoneutral conditions (TNZ) and thermal stress (HS) by constant heat. The research was carried out in a climatic chamber with 18 broilers under thermoneutral conditions and heat stress for three consecutive days (at three different ages). The behavior database was first analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey test by age, and Boxplot graphs, and then the sequence of the behaviors was evaluated using the generalized sequential pattern (GSP) algorithm. We were able to predict behavioral patterns at the different temperatures assessed from the behavioral sequences. Birds in HS were prostrate, identified by the shorter behavioral sequence, such as the {Lying down, Eating} pattern, unlike TNZ ({Lying down, Walking, Drinking, Walking, Lying down}), which indicates a tendency to increase behaviors (feeding and locomotor activities) that guarantee the better welfare of the birds. The sequence of behaviors ‘Lying down’ followed by ‘Lying laterally’ occurred only in HS, which represents a stressful thermal environment for the bird. Using the pattern mining sequences approach, we were able to identify temporal relationships between thermal stress and broiler behavior, confirming the need for further studies on the use of temporal behavior sequences in environmental controllers.
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15
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Elhussiny MZ, Tran PV, Pham CV, Nguyen LTN, Haraguchi S, Gilbert ER, Cline MA, Bungo T, Furuse M, Chowdhury VS. Central GABA A receptor mediates taurine-induced hypothermia and possibly reduces food intake in thermo-neutral chicks and regulates plasma metabolites in heat-exposed chicks. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102905. [PMID: 34016332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the central action of taurine on body temperature and food intake in neonatal chicks under control thermoneutral temperature (CT) and high ambient temperature (HT). Intracerebroventricular injection of taurine caused dose-dependent hypothermia and reduced food intake under CT. The mRNA expression of the GABAA receptors, GABAAR-α1 and GABAAR-γ, but not that of GABABR, significantly decreased in the diencephalon after central injection of taurine. Subsequently, we found that picrotoxin, a GABAAR antagonist, attenuated taurine-induced hypothermia. Central taurine significantly decreased the brain concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, a major metabolite of norepinephrine; however, the concentrations of serotonin, dopamine, and the epinephrine metabolites, 3,4-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid, were unchanged. Although hypothermia was not observed under HT after central injection of taurine, plasma glucose and uric acid levels were higher, and plasma sodium and calcium levels were lower, than those in chicks under CT. In conclusion, brain taurine may play a role in regulating body temperature and food intake in chicks through GABAAR. The changes in plasma metabolites under heat stress suggest that brain taurine may play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Z Elhussiny
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Department of Animal & Poultry Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt
| | - Phuong V Tran
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Cuong V Pham
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Linh T N Nguyen
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mark A Cline
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Takashi Bungo
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Metabolism, Division of Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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16
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Vandana GD, Sejian V, Lees AM, Pragna P, Silpa MV, Maloney SK. Heat stress and poultry production: impact and amelioration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:163-179. [PMID: 33025116 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-02023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the poultry industry is gaining significant importance among the agricultural and its allied sectors. However, heat stress was found to negatively affect the poultry production particularly in the tropical regions. This review is therefore an attempt to generate information pertaining to the impacts of heat stress on poultry production and its amelioration. Heat stress reduces the growth, reproductive performance, and egg production in poultry birds. The reduction in productive potential of poultry birds on exposure to heat stress may be attributed to the deviation of energy resources from production to adaptation pathway. There are different approaches pertaining to relieving the adverse impacts of heat stress on poultry production. These approaches can be broadly categorized under genetic, management, and nutritional strategies. These approaches may reduce the negative effects of heat stress and enhance the productive performance of poultry birds. The management strategies include appropriate shelter design, providing shade, using sprinklers, implementing cooling devices, and using fans and ventilation systems. The recommended floor space for mature birds weighing 1.7 kg is 0.06 m2/bird while it is 0.13 m2/bird for the birds weighing 3.5 kg with 27.8 kg/m2 bird density in either case. The nutritional interventions comprise ration balancing and providing essential micronutrients to improve the productive and reproductive performance in poultry birds. Fat, antioxidants, yeast, and electrolyte supplementations are some of the most commonly used nutritional strategies to ensure optimum production in the poultry industry. Furthermore, providing adequate water supply and disease surveillance measures may help to ensure optimum meat and egg production in the birds. The advanced biotechnological tools may aid to identify suitable genetic markers in poultry birds which might help in developing new strains of higher thermo-tolerance by designing suitable breeding program involving marker-assisted selection. These strategies may help to optimize and sustain poultry production in the changing climate scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Vandana
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
- Academy of Climate Change Education and Research, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, 680656, India
| | - V Sejian
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India.
- Centre for Climate Resilient Animal Adaptation Studies, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, 560030, Bangalore, India.
| | - A M Lees
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2350, Australia
| | - P Pragna
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences Dookie Campus, Dookie College, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3647, Australia
| | - M V Silpa
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, 35390, Gießen, Germany
| | - Shane K Maloney
- The School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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17
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Chowdhury VS, Han G, Eltahan HM, Haraguchi S, Gilbert ER, Cline MA, Cockrem JF, Bungo T, Furuse M. Potential Role of Amino Acids in the Adaptation of Chicks and Market-Age Broilers to Heat Stress. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:610541. [PMID: 33490137 PMCID: PMC7820334 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.610541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased average air temperatures and more frequent and prolonged periods of high ambient temperature (HT) associated with global warming will increasingly affect worldwide poultry production. It is thus important to understand how HT impacts poultry physiology and to identify novel approaches to facilitate improved adaptation and thereby maximize poultry growth, health and welfare. Amino acids play a role in many physiological functions, including stress responses, and their relative demand and metabolism are altered tissue-specifically during exposure to HT. For instance, HT decreases plasma citrulline (Cit) in chicks and leucine (Leu) in the embryonic brain and liver. The physiological significance of these changes in amino acids may involve protection of the body from heat stress. Thus, numerous studies have focused on evaluating the effects of dietary administration of amino acids. It was found that oral l-Cit lowered body temperature and increased thermotolerance in layer chicks. When l-Leu was injected into fertile broiler eggs to examine the cause of reduction of Leu in embryos exposed to HT, in ovo feeding of l-Leu improved thermotolerance in broiler chicks. In ovo injection of l-Leu was also found to inhibit weight loss in market-age broilers exposed to chronic HT, giving rise to the possibility of developing a novel biotechnology aimed at minimizing the economic losses to poultry producers during summer heat stress. These findings and the significance of amino acid metabolism in chicks and market-age broilers under HT are summarized and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Guofeng Han
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hatem M Eltahan
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Mark A Cline
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - John F Cockrem
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Takashi Bungo
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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18
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Szafrańska PA, Andreasson F, Nord A, Nilsson JÅ. Deep body and surface temperature responses to hot and cold environments in the zebra finch. J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102776. [PMID: 33292974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Global warming increasingly challenges thermoregulation in endothermic animals, particularly in hot and dry environments where low water availability and high temperature increase the risk of hyperthermia. In birds, un-feathered body parts such as the head and bill work as 'thermal windows', because heat flux is higher compared to more insulated body regions. We studied how such structures were used in different thermal environments, and if heat flux properties change with time in a given temperature. We acclimated zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to two different ambient temperatures, 'cold' (5 °C) and 'hot' (35 °C), and measured the response in core body temperature using a thermometer, and head surface temperature using thermal imaging. Birds in the hot treatment had 10.3 °C higher head temperature than those in the cold treatment. Thermal acclimation also resulted in heat storage in the hot group: core body temperature was 1.1 °C higher in the 35 °C group compared to the 5 °C group. Hence, the thermal gradient from core to shell was 9.03 °C smaller in the hot treatment. Dry heat transfer rate from the head was significantly lower in the hot compared to the cold treatment after four weeks of thermal acclimation. This reflects constraints on changes to peripheral circulation and maximum body temperature. Heat dissipation capacity from the head region increased with acclimation time in the hot treatment, perhaps because angiogenesis was required to reach peak heat transfer rate. We have shown that zebra finches meet high environmental temperature by heat storage, which saves water and energy, and by peripheral vasodilation in the head, which facilitates dry heat loss. These responses will not exclude the need for evaporative cooling, but will lessen the amount of energy expend on body temperature reduction in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Anna Szafrańska
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland; Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Andreas Nord
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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19
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Disruption of energy homeostasis by food restriction or high ambient temperature exposure affects gonadal function in male house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus). J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:611-628. [PMID: 32712710 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive success requires that individuals acquire sufficient energy resources. Restricting food availability or increasing energy expenditure (e.g., thermoregulation) inhibits reproductive development in multiple avian species, but the nature of the energy-related signal mediating this effect is unclear. To investigate this question, we examined reproductive and metabolic physiology in male house finches that either underwent moderate food restriction (FR) or were exposed to high temperature (HT), in which birds were held at a high, but not locally atypical, ambient temperature cycle (37.8 °C day, 29.4 °C night) compared to a control group (CT; 29.4 °C day, 21.1 °C night). We hypothesized that FR and HT inhibit reproductive development by lowering available metabolic fuel, in particular plasma glucose (GLU) and free fatty acids (FFA). Following FR for 4 weeks, finches lost body mass, had marginally higher plasma FFA, and experienced a 90% reduction in testis mass compared to CT birds. Four weeks of HT exposure resulted in reduced voluntary food consumption and muscle mass, as well as an 80% reduction in testis mass relative to CT birds. Both FR and HT birds expressed less testicular 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) mRNA than controls but the expression of other testicular genes measured was unaffected by either treatment. Neither treatment significantly influenced plasma GLU. This study is among the first to demonstrate a negative effect of HT on reproductive development in a wild bird. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of metabolic mediators and their involvement under various conditions of energy availability and demand.
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20
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Abstract
Oral administration of l-citrulline (l-Cit) caused hypothermia, but l-Cit is not recommended in poultry diets in Japan. Watermelon is a natural source of l-Cit. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of watermelon waste, i.e., watermelon rind (WR) on the body temperature and plasma free amino acids of chicks. In Experiment 1, 14-day-old chicks were subjected to acute oral administration of WR extract (WRE) (2 ml) under control thermoneutral temperature (CT). In Experiment 2, 15-day-old chicks were orally administered 1.6 ml of either WRE, lowdose l-Cit (7.5 mmol/10 ml), or high-dose l-Cit (15 mmol/10 ml) under CT. In both experiments, rectal temperature (RT) and plasma free amino acids were analyzed. In Experiment 3, after dual oral administration of (1.6 ml) WRE or l-Cit (15 mmol/10 ml), 15-day-old chicks were exposed to high ambient temperature (HT; 35±1°C, 2 h) to monitor changes in RT. Acute oral administration of WRE significantly reduced RT under CT. The degree of RT reduction by WRE was similar to that by high l-Cit. Moreover, RT was significantly low at HT owing to the oral administration of WRE. However, the reduced RT was difficult to explain by the content of Cit in WRE alone. In conclusion, WRE could be used as a dietary ingredient to reduce body temperature for imparting thermotolerance in chicks.
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21
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Oral Administration of a Medium Containing L-Citrulline-producing Live Bacteria Reduces Body Temperature in Chicks. J Poult Sci 2019; 56:285-289. [PMID: 32055226 PMCID: PMC7005391 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0180136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we showed that oral administration of crystallized L-citrulline (L-Cit) caused hypothermia under a control thermoneutral temperature (CT) and provided thermotolerance under high ambient temperature (HT) in chicks. The aim of this study was to clarify whether oral administration of a medium containing L-Cit-producing live bacteria can reduce body temperature in chicks under CT. In Experiment 1, 7-day-old chicks were orally administered either a medium (containing mainly L-Cit-producing live bacteria and 277 mM L-Cit) or an equimolar amount of L-Cit to determine their effects on body temperature (acute treatment). In Experiment 2, chicks were subjected to the same treatment from 7 to 13 days of age (chronic treatment). Rectal and surface body temperatures were recorded daily after 1 h of treatment. Both acute and chronic oral administration of the medium, but not of the equimolar amount of L-Cit, significantly reduced the rectal and surface body temperatures of the chicks. Chronic administration of the medium resulted in consistently low rectal and surface body temperatures during the entire experimental period. In conclusion, acute or chronic administration of the medium containing L-Cit-producing live bacteria, but not of the equimolar amount of L-Cit, reduced the rectal and surface body temperatures of the chicks. Our results suggest that medium containing L-Cit-producing live bacteria can be used as a new feed supplement for lowering the body temperature of chicks.
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22
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Uchendu C, Zakari FO, Buba W. Diurnal rhythms of cloacal temperature in broiler chickens administered with graded levels of Bactofort® during the cold-dry (harmattan) season. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1607219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chidiebere Uchendu
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Friday O. Zakari
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Wahe Buba
- National Agricultural Extension Research and Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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23
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Han G, Yang H, Wang Y, Haraguchi S, Miyazaki T, Bungo T, Tashiro K, Furuse M, Chowdhury VS. L-Leucine increases the daily body temperature and affords thermotolerance in broiler chicks. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:842-848. [PMID: 30381734 PMCID: PMC6498076 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heat stress poses an increasing threat for poultry production. Some amino acids have been found to play critical roles in affording thermotolerance. Recently, it was found that in ovo administration of L-leucine (L-Leu) altered amino acid metabolism and afforded thermotolerance in heat-exposed broiler chicks. METHODS In this study, two doses (35 and 70 μmol/egg) of L-Leu were administered in ovo on embryonic day 7 to determine their effect on rectal temperature (RT), body weight (BW) and thyroid hormones at hatching. Changes in RT, BW, and thermotolerance in post-hatched chicks were also analyzed. RESULTS It was found that in ovo administration of L-Leu dose-dependently reduced RT and plasma thyroxine (T4) level just after hatching. In post-hatched neonatal broiler chicks, however, the higher dose of L-Leu administered in ovo significantly increased RT without affecting BW gain. In chicks that had been exposed to heat stress, the RT was significantly lowered by in ovo administration of L-Leu (high dose) in comparison with the control chicks under the same high ambient temperature (HT: 35°C±1°C, 120 min). CONCLUSION In ovo administration of L-Leu in a high dose contributed to an increased daily body temperature and afforded thermotolerance under HT in neonatal broiler chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Han
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
| | - Hui Yang
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
| | - Yunhao Wang
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 152-8555,
Japan
| | - Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 152-8555,
Japan
| | - Takashi Bungo
- Department of Bioresource Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528,
Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
| | - Vishwajit S. Chowdhury
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
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Han G, Yang H, Wang Y, Zhang R, Tashiro K, Bungo T, Furuse M, Chowdhury VS. Effects of in ovofeeding of L-leucine on amino acids metabolism and heat-shock protein-70, and -90 mRNA expression in heat-exposed chicks. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1243-1253. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chowdhury VS. Heat Stress Biomarker Amino Acids and Neuropeptide Afford Thermotolerance in Chicks. J Poult Sci 2019; 56:1-11. [PMID: 32055190 PMCID: PMC6993887 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0180024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With global warming, heat stress is becoming a pressing concern worldwide. In chickens, heat stress reduces food intake and growth, and increases body temperature and stress responses. Although it is believed that young chicks do not experience heat stress as they need a higher ambient temperature to survive, our series of studies in young chicks showed that they are sensitive to heat stress. This review summarizes current knowledge on amino acid metabolisms during heat stress, with special emphasis on the hypothermic functions of l-citrulline (l-Cit) and l-leucine (l-Leu), and the functions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in terms of body temperature and heat stress regulation in chicks. Amino acid metabolism is severely affected by heat stress. For example, prolonged heat stress reduces plasma l-Cit in chicks and l-Leu in the brain and liver of embryos. l-Cit and l-Leu supplementation affords thermotolerance in young chicks. NPY expression is increased in the brains of heat-exposed chicks. NPY has a hypothermic action under control thermoneutral temperature and heat stress in chicks. The NPY-sub-receptor Y5 is a partial mediator of the hypothermic action of NPY. Further, NPY stimulates brain dopamine concentrations and acts as an anti-stress agent in heat-exposed fasted, but not fed chicks. In conclusion, young chicks can serve as a model animal for the study of heat stress in chickens. l-Cit, l-Leu, and NPY were identified as biomarkers of heat stress, with the potential to afford thermotolerance in chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajit S. Chowdhury
- Lab of Stress Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Abstract
Heat stress is an increasing concern in poultry industry as it can cause a rise in the body temperature of chickens. Recently, we reported that l-citrulline (l-Cit) is a potential hypothermic agent that could improve thermotolerance in chicks. However, synthetic l-Cit has not yet been approved for inclusion in animal diets. l-Cit was first isolated from watermelon. Watermelon rind (WR), an agricultural waste product, contains more l-Cit than the flesh of the fruit. In the current study, the chemical composition and l-Cit content of WR dried powder (WRP) were determined. WRP was mixed with water at a ratio of 4:5 (wt/v) to make WRP mash, and then mixed with a commercial starter diet to prepare a 9% WRP mash diet. The WRP mash diet was fed to 3- to 15-day-old chicks and daily food intake, body weight, and changes in rectal temperature were measured. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected from the chicks to analyze plasma l-Cit and other free amino acids. The chemical analysis of WRP revealed a variety of components including 19.1% crude protein. l-Cit was the most abundant free amino acid in WRP (3.18 mg/g). Chronic supplementation of the WRP mash diet significantly increased compensatory food intake, plasma l-Cit, l-ornithine, and l-tyrosine in chicks. WRP mash diet did not affect the body temperature of the chicks. In conclusion, WRP mash diet supplementation increased plasma l-Cit concentration in chicks. The increase in plasma l-Cit concentrations suggest that WR could be used as a natural source of l-Cit in chicks to ameliorate the adverse effects of heat stress.
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Bahry MA, Yang H, Tran PV, Do PH, Han G, Eltahan HM, Chowdhury VS, Furuse M. Reduction in voluntary food intake, but not fasting, stimulates hypothalamic gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone precursor mRNA expression in chicks under heat stress. Neuropeptides 2018; 71:90-96. [PMID: 30220422 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is an issue of rising concern across the globe. Recently, we found that mRNA expression of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), an orexigenic neuropeptide, was increased in the heat-exposed chick brain when food intake was reduced. The aim of the current study was to examine mRNA expression of GnIH and of the glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the hypothalamus as well as the plasma corticosterone (CORT) and metabolites in 14-d-old chicks exposed to a high ambient temperature (HT; 40 ± 1 °C for 1 or 5 h) or a control thermoneutral temperature (CT; 30 ± 1 °C), either with free access to food or fasted. Heat stress caused a voluntary reduction of food intake and reduced plasma triacylglycerol concentration, but increased rectal temperature and plasma CORT and glucose concentrations (P < 0.05). Heat stress also increased (P < 0.05) the expression of diencephalic GnIH mRNA in chicks when they reduced food intake voluntarily, but did not do so under fasting conditions. Although the expression of GR mRNA was not altered as a result of heat stress, its expression was decreased (P < 0.05) in fasted chicks at 5 h in comparison with fed chicks. In addition, the rectal temperature of fasted chicks was lower than that of fed chicks under both CT and HT. In conclusion, voluntary reduction of food intake caused an increase in brain GnIH mRNA expression, plasma CORT, and body temperature in chicks under heat stress. Interestingly, brain GnIH mRNA expression was not induced by heat stress in fasted chicks and was not accompanied by a decrease in rectal temperature. These results suggest that the increased expression of brain GnIH mRNA in chicks under heat stress could be a consequence of a mechanism mediated by the voluntary reduction of food intake, but that it is not a consequence of fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Bahry
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Phuong V Tran
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Phong H Do
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Guofeng Han
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hatem M Eltahan
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Visiting Researcher from Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Agriculture Ministry, and Division for Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Metabolism, Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Eltahan HM, Bahry MA, Yang H, Han G, Nguyen LTN, Ikeda H, Ali MN, Amber KA, Furuse M, Chowdhury VS. Central NPY-Y5 sub-receptor partially functions as a mediator of NPY-induced hypothermia and affords thermotolerance in heat-exposed fasted chicks. Physiol Rep 2018; 5. [PMID: 29208684 PMCID: PMC5727273 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of chicks to a high ambient temperature (HT) has previously been shown to increase neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression in the brain. Furthermore, it was found that NPY has anti‐stress functions in heat‐exposed fasted chicks. The aim of the study was to reveal the role of central administration of NPY on thermotolerance ability and the induction of heat‐shock protein (HSP) and NPY sub‐receptors (NPYSRs) in fasted chicks with the contribution of plasma metabolite changes. Six‐ or seven‐day‐old chicks were centrally injected with 0 or 375 pmol of NPY and exposed to either HT (35 ± 1°C) or control thermoneutral temperature (CT: 30 ± 1°C) for 60 min while fasted. NPY reduced body temperature under both CT and HT. NPY enhanced the brain mRNA expression of HSP‐70 and ‐90, as well as of NPYSRs‐Y5, ‐Y6, and ‐Y7, but not ‐Y1, ‐Y2, and ‐Y4, under CT and HT. A coinjection of an NPYSR‐Y5 antagonist (CGP71683) and NPY (375 pmol) attenuated the NPY‐induced hypothermia. Furthermore, central NPY decreased plasma glucose and triacylglycerol under CT and HT and kept plasma corticosterone and epinephrine lower under HT. NPY increased plasma taurine and anserine concentrations. In conclusion, brain NPYSR‐Y5 partially afforded protective thermotolerance in heat‐exposed fasted chicks. The NPY‐mediated reduction in plasma glucose and stress hormone levels and the increase in free amino acids in plasma further suggest that NPY might potentially play a role in minimizing heat stress in fasted chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem M Eltahan
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mohammad A Bahry
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Guofeng Han
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Linh T N Nguyen
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mohamed N Ali
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Ministry, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khairy A Amber
- Division for Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Kafr-Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Aluwong T, Sumanu VO, Ayo JO, Ocheja BO, Zakari FO, Minka NS. Daily rhythms of cloacal temperature in broiler chickens of different age groups administered with zinc gluconate and probiotic during the hot-dry season. Physiol Rep 2018. [PMID: 28637707 PMCID: PMC5492204 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the experiment was to evaluate effects of zinc gluconate (ZnGlu) and probiotic administration on the daily rhythm of cloacal temperature (tcloacal) in broiler chickens of different age groups during the hot-dry season. One-day-old broiler chicks (n = 60) were divided into groups I-IV of 15 chicks per group, and treated for 35 days: Group I (control) was given deionized water; Group II, ZnGlu (50 mg/kg); Group III, probiotic (4.125 × 106 cfu/100 mL), and Group IV, ZnGlu (50 mg/kg) + probiotic (4.125 × 106 cfu/100 mL). Air dry-bulb temperature (tdb), relative humidity (RH), and temperature-humidity index (THI) inside the pen, and tcloacal of each broiler chick were obtained bihourly over a 24-h period; on days 21, 28, and 35 of the study. Values of tdb (32.10 ± 0.49°C), RH (49.94 ± 1.91%), and THI (38.85 ± 0.42) obtained were outside the thermoneutral zone for broiler chickens, and suggested that the birds were subjected to heat stress. Application of the periodic model showed disruption of daily rhythm of tcloacal in broilers on day 21, which was synchronized by probiotic administration. The administration of probiotics or ZnGlu + probiotics to a greater extent decreased the mesor and amplitude, delayed the acrophases of tcloacal in broilers, especially at day 35, as compared to the controls. Overall, the tcloacal values in broiler chickens administered with probiotic alone (41.25 ± 0.05°C) and ZnGlu + probiotic (41.52 ± 0.05°C) were lower (P < 0.001) than that of the controls (41.94 ± 0.06°C). In conclusion, probiotic alone synchronized tcloacal of the birds at day 21, and, in addition, decreased tcloacal response most, followed by its coadministration with ZnGlu, the antioxidants may be beneficial in modulating daily rhythmicity of tcloacal and alleviating adverse effects of heat stress on broiler chickens during the hot-dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tagang Aluwong
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Victory O Sumanu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Joseph O Ayo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin O Ocheja
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Friday O Zakari
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ndazo S Minka
- Division of Agricultural Colleges, College of Agriculture and Animal Science Ahmadu Bello University, Mando-Kaduna, Nigeria
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Han G, Yang H, Bungo T, Ikeda H, Wang Y, Nguyen LT, Eltahan HM, Furuse M, Chowdhury VS. In ovo L -leucine administration stimulates lipid metabolisms in heat-exposed male, but not female, chicks to afford thermotolerance. J Therm Biol 2018; 71:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chowdhury VS, Han G, Bahry MA, Tran PV, Do PH, Yang H, Furuse M. L-Citrulline acts as potential hypothermic agent to afford thermotolerance in chicks. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:163-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Do PH, Tran PV, Bahry MA, Yang H, Han G, Tsuchiya A, Asami Y, Furuse M, Chowdhury VS. Oral administration of a medium containing both D-aspartate-producing live bacteria and D-aspartate reduces rectal temperature in chicks. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:569-577. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1335858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. H. Do
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - P. V. Tran
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M. A. Bahry
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H. Yang
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - G. Han
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - A. Tsuchiya
- R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Y. Asami
- R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M. Furuse
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - V. S. Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Bahry MA, Chowdhury VS, Yang H, Tran PV, Do PH, Han G, Ikeda H, Cockrem JF, Furuse M. Central administration of neuropeptide Y differentially regulates monoamines and corticosterone in heat-exposed fed and fasted chicks. Neuropeptides 2017; 62:93-100. [PMID: 27979380 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that brain neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression was increased in heat exposed chicks. However, the functions of brain NPY during heat stress are unknown. This study was conducted to investigate whether centrally administered NPY affects food intake, rectal temperature, monoamines, stress hormones and plasma metabolites in chicks under high ambient temperatures (HT). Five or six-day-old chicks were centrally injected with 0, 188 or 375pmol of NPY and exposed to either HT (35±1°C) or a control thermoneutral temperature (CT; 30±1°C) for 3h whilst fed or fasted. NPY increased food intake under both CT and HT. NPY reduced rectal temperature 1 and 2h after central administration under CT, but not under HT. Interestingly, NPY decreased brain serotonin and norepinephrine concentrations in fed chicks, but increased concentrations of brain dopamine and its metabolites in fasted and fed chicks, respectively. Plasma epinephrine was decreased by NPY in fed chicks, but plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine were increased significantly by NPY in fasted-heat exposed chicks. Furthermore, NPY significantly reduced plasma corticosterone concentrations in fasted chicks. Plasma glucose and triacylglycerol were increased by NPY in fed chicks, but triacylglycerol declined in fasted NPY-injected chicks. In conclusion, brain NPY may attenuate the reduction of food intake during heat stress and the increased brain NPY might be a potential regulator of the monoamines and corticosterone to modulate stress response in heat-exposed chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Bahry
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Phuong V Tran
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Phong H Do
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Guofeng Han
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - John F Cockrem
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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l-Leucine acts as a potential agent in reducing body temperature at hatching and affords thermotolerance in broiler chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 204:48-56. [PMID: 27840178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thermal manipulation (TM) of incubation temperature causes metabolic alterations and contributes to improving thermotolerance in chicks post hatching. However, there has been no report on amino acid metabolism during TM and the part it plays in thermotolerance. In this study, we therefore first analyzed free amino acid concentrations in the embryonic brain and liver during TM (38.6°C, 6h/d during embryonic day (ED) 10 to ED 18). It was found that leucine (Leu), phenylalanine and lysine were significantly decreased in the embryonic brain and liver. We then chose l-Leu and other branched-chain amino acids (l-isoleucine (L-Ile) and l-valine (l-Val)) for in ovo injection on ED 7 to reveal their roles in thermoregulation, growth, food intake and thermotolerance in chicks. It was found that in ovo injection of l-Leu, but not of l-Ileu or l-Val, caused a significant decline in body temperature at hatching and increased food intake and body weight gain in broiler chicks. Interestingly, in ovo injection of l-Leu resulted in the acquisition of thermotolerance under high ambient temperature (35±1°C for 180min) in comparison with the control thermoneutral temperature (28±1°C for 180min). These results indicate that the free amino acid concentrations during embryogenesis were altered by TM. l-Leu administration in eggs caused a reduction in body temperature at hatching, and afforded thermotolerance in heat-exposed young chicks, further suggesting that l-Leu may be one of the key metabolic factors involved in controlling body temperature in embryos, as well as in producing thermotolerance after hatching.
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Yang H, Chowdhury VS, Bahry MA, Tran PV, Do PH, Han G, Zhang R, Tagashira H, Tsubata M, Furuse M. Chronic oral administration of pine bark extract (flavangenol) attenuates brain and liver mRNA expressions of HSPs in heat-exposed chicks. J Therm Biol 2016; 60:140-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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Ito K, Bahry MA, Hui Y, Furuse M, Chowdhury VS. Acute heat stress up-regulates neuropeptide Y precursor mRNA expression and alters brain and plasma concentrations of free amino acids in chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 187:13-9. [PMID: 25933935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress causes an increase in body temperature and reduced food intake in chickens. Several neuropeptides and amino acids play a vital role in the regulation of food intake. However, the responses of neuropeptides and amino acids to heat-stress-induced food-intake regulation are poorly understood. In the current study, the hypothalamic mRNA expression of some neuropeptides related to food intake and the content of free amino acids in the brain and plasma was examined in 14-day-old chicks exposed to a high ambient temperature (HT; 40±1 °C for 2 or 5 h) or to a control thermoneutral temperature (CT; 30±1 °C). HT significantly increased rectal temperature and plasma corticosterone level and suppressed food intake. HT also increased the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) precursor mRNA, while no change was observed in pro-opiomelanocortin, cholecystokinin, ghrelin, or corticotropin-releasing hormone precursor mRNA. It was further found that the diencephalic content of free amino acids - namely, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, valine and serine - was significantly higher in HT chicks with some alterations in their plasma amino acids in comparison with CT chicks. The induction of NPY and ASIP expression and the alteration of some free amino acids during HT suggest that these changes can be the results or causes the suppression of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ito
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Mohammad A Bahry
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yang Hui
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Oral Administration of L-Citrulline, but not L-Arginine or L-Ornithine, Acts as a Hypothermic Agent in Chicks. J Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0150014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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38
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Ito K, Erwan E, Nagasawa M, Furuse M, Chowdhury VS. Changes in free amino acid concentrations in the blood, brain and muscle of heat-exposed chicks. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:644-52. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.957653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Oxidative damage and brain concentrations of free amino acid in chicks exposed to high ambient temperature. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 169:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chowdhury VS, Tomonaga S, Nishimura S, Tabata S, Cockrem JF, Tsutsui K, Furuse M. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone precursor mRNA is increased during depressed food intake in heat-exposed chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 162:227-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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