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Yang Z, Marston SB, Gould IR. Modulation of Structure and Dynamics of Cardiac Troponin by Phosphorylation and Mutations Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8736-8748. [PMID: 37791815 PMCID: PMC10591477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Adrenaline acts on β1 receptors in the heart muscle to enhance contractility, increase the heart rate, and increase the rate of relaxation (lusitropy) via activation of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA. Phosphorylation of serines 22 and 23 in the N-terminal peptide of cardiac troponin I is responsible for lusitropy. Mutations associated with cardiomyopathy suppress the phosphorylation-dependent change. Key parts of troponin responsible for this modulatory system are disordered and cannot be resolved by conventional structural approaches. We performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations (5 × 1.5 μs runs) of the troponin core (419 amino acids) in the presence of Ca2+ in the bisphosphorylated and unphosphorylated states for both wild-type troponin and the troponin C (cTnC) G159D mutant. PKA phosphorylation affects troponin dynamics. There is significant rigidification of the structure involving rearrangement of the cTnI(1-33)-cTnC interaction and changes in the distribution of the cTnC helix A/B angle, troponin I (cTnI) switch peptide (149-164) docking, and the angle between the regulatory head and ITC arm domains. The familial dilated cardiomyopathy cTnC G159D mutation whose Ca2+ sensitivity is not modulated by cTnI phosphorylation exhibits a structure inherently more rigid than the wild type, with phosphorylation reversing the direction of all metrics relative to the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- Institute
of Chemical Biology, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Steven B. Marston
- National
Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, London W12 0NN, U.K.
| | - Ian R. Gould
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- Institute
of Chemical Biology, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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2
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Marston S. Recent studies of the molecular mechanism of lusitropy due to phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I by protein kinase A. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:201-208. [PMID: 36131171 PMCID: PMC10541847 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ acts on troponin and tropomyosin to switch the thin filament on and off, however in cardiac muscle a more graded form of regulation is essential to tailor cardiac output to the body's needs. This is achieved by the action of adrenaline on β1 receptors of heart muscle cells leading to enhanced contractility, faster heart rate and faster relaxation (lusitropy) via activation of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA. PKA phosphorylates serines 22 and 23 in the N-terminal peptide of cardiac troponin I. As a consequence the rate of Ca2+release from troponin is increased. This is the key determinant of lusitropy. The molecular mechanism of this process has remained unknown long after the mechanism of the troponin Ca2+ switch itself was defined. Investigation of this subtle process at the atomic level poses a challenge, since the change in Ca2+-sensitivity is only about twofold and key parts of the troponin modulation and regulation system are disordered and cannot be fully resolved by conventional structural approaches. We will review recent studies using molecular dynamics simulations together with functional, cryo-em and NMR techniques that have started to give us a precise picture of how phosphorylation of troponin I modulates the dynamics of troponin to produce the lusitropic effect.
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Marston S, Pinto JR. Suppression of lusitropy as a disease mechanism in cardiomyopathies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1080965. [PMID: 36698941 PMCID: PMC9870330 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1080965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In cardiac muscle the action of adrenaline on β1 receptors of heart muscle cells is essential to adjust cardiac output to the body's needs. Adrenergic activation leads to enhanced contractility (inotropy), faster heart rate (chronotropy) and faster relaxation (lusitropy), mainly through activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Efficient enhancement of heart output under stress requires all of these responses to work together. Lusitropy is essential for shortening the heartbeat when heart rate increases. It therefore follows that, if the lusitropic response is not present, heart function under stress will be compromised. Current literature suggests that lusitropy is primarily achieved due to PKA phosphorylation of troponin I (TnI) and phospholamban (PLB). It has been well documented that PKA-induced phosphorylation of TnI releases Ca2+ from troponin C faster and increases the rate of cardiac muscle relaxation, while phosphorylation of PLB increases SERCA activity, speeding up Ca2+ removal from the cytoplasm. In this review we consider the current scientific evidences for the connection between suppression of lusitropy and cardiac dysfunction in the context of mutations in phospholamban and thin filament proteins that are associated with cardiomyopathies. We will discuss what advances have been made into understanding the physiological mechanism of lusitropy due to TnI and PLB phosphorylation and its suppression by mutations and we will evaluate the evidence whether lack of lusitropy is sufficient to cause cardiomyopathy, and under what circumstances, and consider the range of pathologies associated with loss of lusitropy. Finally, we will discuss whether suppressed lusitropy due to mutations in thin filament proteins can be therapeutically restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Marston
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Renato Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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4
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Matsuo T, Peters J. Sub-Nanosecond Dynamics of Pathologically Relevant Bio-Macromolecules Observed by Incoherent Neutron Scattering. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081259. [PMID: 36013438 PMCID: PMC9410404 DOI: 10.3390/life12081259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Incoherent neutron scattering (iNS) is one of the most powerful techniques to study the dynamical behavior of bio-macromolecules such as proteins and lipid molecules or whole cells. This technique has widely been used to elucidate the fundamental aspects of molecular motions that manifest in the bio-macromolecules in relation to their intrinsic molecular properties and biological functions. Furthermore, in the last decade, iNS studies focusing on a possible relationship between molecular dynamics and biological malfunctions, i.e., human diseases and disorders, have gained importance. In this review, we summarize recent iNS studies on pathologically relevant proteins and lipids and discuss how the findings are of importance to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of human diseases and disorders that each study targets. Since some diseases such as amyloidosis have become more relevant in the aging society, research in this field will continue to develop further and be more important in the current increasing trend for longevity worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhito Matsuo
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan
- Dept. of Physics, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CEDEX 9, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Judith Peters
- Dept. of Physics, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CEDEX 9, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (J.P.)
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Fujiwara S. Dynamical Behavior of Disordered Regions in Disease-Related Proteins Revealed by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:795. [PMID: 35744058 PMCID: PMC9230977 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and proteins containing intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are known to be involved in various human diseases. Since the IDPs/IDRs are fluctuating between many structural substrates, the dynamical behavior of the disease-related IDPs/IDRs needs to be characterized to elucidate the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of the diseases. As protein motions have a hierarchy ranging from local side-chain motions, through segmental motions of loops or disordered regions, to diffusive motions of entire molecules, segmental motions, as well as local motions, need to be characterized. Materials and Methods: Combined analysis of quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) spectra with the structural data provides information on both the segmental motions and the local motions of the IDPs/IDRs. Here, this method is applied to re-analyze the QENS spectra of the troponin core domain (Tn-CD), various mutants of which cause the pathogenesis of familial cardiomyopathy (FCM), and α-synuclein (αSyn), amyloid fibril formation of which is closely related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, collected in the previous studies. The dynamical behavior of wild-type Tn-CD, FCM-related mutant Tn-CD, and αSyn in the different propensity states for fibril formation is characterized. Results: In the Tn-CD, the behavior of the segmental motions is shown to be different between the wild type and the mutant. This difference is likely to arise from changes in the intramolecular interactions, which are suggested to be related to the functional aberration of the mutant Tn-CD. In αSyn, concerted enhancement of the segmental motions and the local motions is observed with an increased propensity for fibril formation, suggesting the importance of these motions in fibril formation. Conclusions: Characterization of the segmental motions as well as the local motions is thus useful for discussing how the changes in dynamical behavior caused by the disease-related mutations and/or environmental changes could be related to the functional and/or behavioral aberrations of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Fujiwara
- Institute for Quantum Biology, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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Qvit N, Lin AJ, Elezaby A, Ostberg NP, Campos JC, Ferreira JCB, Mochly-Rosen D. A Selective Inhibitor of Cardiac Troponin I Phosphorylation by Delta Protein Kinase C (δPKC) as a Treatment for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:271. [PMID: 35337069 PMCID: PMC8950820 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality, with myocardial injury occurring during ischemia and subsequent reperfusion (IR). We previously showed that the inhibition of protein kinase C delta (δPKC) with a pan-inhibitor (δV1-1) mitigates myocardial injury and improves mitochondrial function in animal models of IR, and in humans with acute myocardial infarction, when treated at the time of opening of the occluded blood vessel, at reperfusion. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a key sarcomeric protein in cardiomyocyte contraction, is phosphorylated by δPKC during reperfusion. Here, we describe a rationally-designed, selective, high-affinity, eight amino acid peptide that inhibits cTnI's interaction with, and phosphorylation by, δPKC (ψTnI), and prevents tissue injury in a Langendorff model of myocardial infarction, ex vivo. Unexpectedly, we also found that this treatment attenuates IR-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. These data suggest that δPKC phosphorylation of cTnI is critical in IR injury, and that a cTnI/δPKC interaction inhibitor should be considered as a therapeutic target to reduce cardiac injury after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Qvit
- Center for Clinical Sciences Research, Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr. Room 3145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.Q.); (A.J.L.); (A.E.); (N.P.O.); (J.C.B.F.)
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Amanda J. Lin
- Center for Clinical Sciences Research, Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr. Room 3145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.Q.); (A.J.L.); (A.E.); (N.P.O.); (J.C.B.F.)
| | - Aly Elezaby
- Center for Clinical Sciences Research, Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr. Room 3145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.Q.); (A.J.L.); (A.E.); (N.P.O.); (J.C.B.F.)
| | - Nicolai P. Ostberg
- Center for Clinical Sciences Research, Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr. Room 3145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.Q.); (A.J.L.); (A.E.); (N.P.O.); (J.C.B.F.)
| | - Juliane C. Campos
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Julio C. B. Ferreira
- Center for Clinical Sciences Research, Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr. Room 3145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.Q.); (A.J.L.); (A.E.); (N.P.O.); (J.C.B.F.)
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Center for Clinical Sciences Research, Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Dr. Room 3145, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (N.Q.); (A.J.L.); (A.E.); (N.P.O.); (J.C.B.F.)
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Arata T. Myosin and Other Energy-Transducing ATPases: Structural Dynamics Studied by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E672. [PMID: 31968570 PMCID: PMC7014194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this article was to document the energy-transducing and regulatory interactions in supramolecular complexes such as motor, pump, and clock ATPases. The dynamics and structural features were characterized by motion and distance measurements using spin-labeling electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In particular, we focused on myosin ATPase with actin-troponin-tropomyosin, neural kinesin ATPase with microtubule, P-type ion-motive ATPase, and cyanobacterial clock ATPase. Finally, we have described the relationships or common principles among the molecular mechanisms of various energy-transducing systems and how the large-scale thermal structural transition of flexible elements from one state to the other precedes the subsequent irreversible chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Arata
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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8
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Matsuo T, Kono F, Fujiwara S. Effects of the cardiomyopathy-causing E244D mutation of troponin T on the structures of cardiac thin filaments studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. J Struct Biol 2018; 205:196-205. [PMID: 30599212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Small-angle X-ray scattering experiments were carried out to investigate the structural changes of cardiac thin filaments induced by the cardiomyopathy-causing E244D mutation in troponin T (TnT). We examined native thin filaments (NTF) from a bovine heart, reconstituted thin filaments containing human cardiac wild-type Tn (WTF), and filaments containing the E244D mutant of Tn (DTF), in the absence and presence of Ca2+. Analysis by model calculation showed that upon Ca2+-activation, tropomyosin (Tm) and Tn in the WTF and NTF moved together in a direction to expose myosin-binding sites on actin. On the other hand, Tm and Tn of the DTF moved in the opposite directions to each other upon Ca2+-activation. These movements caused Tm to expose more myosin-binding sites on actin than the WTF, suggesting that the affinity of myosin for actin is higher for the DTF. Thus, the mutation-induced structural changes in thin filaments would increase the number of myosin molecules bound to actin compared with the WTF, resulting in the force enhancement observed for the E244D mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhito Matsuo
- Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kono
- Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Satoru Fujiwara
- Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka-Gun, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan.
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9
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Marques MA, Parvatiyar MS, Yang W, de Oliveira GAP, Pinto JR. The missing links within troponin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 663:95-100. [PMID: 30584890 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac contraction-relaxation cycle is controlled by a sophisticated set of machinery. Of particular interest, is the revelation that allosteric networks transmit effects of binding at one site to influence troponin complex dynamics and structural-mediated signaling in often distal, functional sites in the myofilament. Our recent observations provide compelling evidence that allostery can explain the function of large-scale macromolecular events. Here we elaborate on our recent findings of interdomain communication within troponin C, using cutting-edge structural biology approaches, and highlight the importance of unveiling the unknown, distant communication networks within this system to obtain more comprehensive knowledge of how allostery impacts cardiac physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A Marques
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michelle S Parvatiyar
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, 107 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1493, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Kasha Laboratory Building, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4380, USA
| | - Guilherme A P de Oliveira
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0733, USA.
| | - Jose R Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4300, USA.
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Matsuo T, Tominaga T, Kono F, Shibata K, Fujiwara S. Modulation of the picosecond dynamics of troponin by the cardiomyopathy-causing mutation K247R of troponin T observed by quasielastic neutron scattering. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1781-1789. [PMID: 28923663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Troponin (Tn), consisting of three subunits (TnC, TnI, and TnT), regulates cardiac muscle contraction in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Various point mutations of human cardiac Tn are known to cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to aberration of the regulatory function. In this study, we investigated the effects of one of these mutations, K247R of TnT, on the picosecond dynamics of the Tn core domain (Tn-CD), consisting of TnC, TnI and TnT2 (183-288 residues of TnT), by carrying out the quasielastic neutron scattering measurements on the reconstituted Tn-CD containing either the wild-type TnT2 (wtTn-CD) or the mutant TnT2 (K247R-Tn-CD) in the absence and presence of Ca2+. It was found that Ca2+-binding to the wtTn-CD decreases the residence time of atomic motions in the Tn-CD with slight changes in amplitudes, suggesting that the regulatory function mainly requires modulation of frequency of atomic motions. On the other hand, the K247R-Tn-CD shows different dynamic behavior from that of the wtTn-CD both in the absence and presence of Ca2+. In particular, the K247R-Tn-CD exhibits a larger amplitude than the wtTn-CD in the presence of Ca2+, suggesting that the mutant can explore larger conformational space than the wild-type. This increased flexibility should be relevant to the functional aberration of this mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhito Matsuo
- Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Taiki Tominaga
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kono
- Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Kaoru Shibata
- Neutron Science Section, J-PARC Center, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Satoru Fujiwara
- Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan.
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