Isn't there an inductance factor in the plasma membrane of nerves?

Advances in using ultrasound to regulate the nervous system

Ultrasound is a mechanical vibration with a frequency greater than 20 kHz. Due to its high spatial resolution, good directionality, and convenient operation in neural regulation, it has recently received increasing attention from scientists. However, the mechanism by which ultrasound regulates the nervous system is still unclear. This article mainly explores the possible mechanisms of ultrasound's mechanical effects, cavitation effects, thermal effects, and the rise of sonogenetics. In addition, the essence of action potential and its relationship with ultrasound were also discussed. Traditional theory treats nerve impulses as pure electrical signals, similar to cable theory. However, this theory cannot explain the phenomenon of inductance and cell membrane bulging out during the propagation of action potential. Therefore, the flexoelectric effect of cell membrane and soliton model reveal that action potential may also be a mechanical wave. Finally, we also elaborated the therapeutic effect of ultrasound on nervous system disease such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.

Chemical Inductor

A multitude of chemical, biological, and material systems present an inductive behavior that is not electromagnetic in origin. Here, it is termed a chemical inductor. We show that the structure of the chemical inductor consists of a two-dimensional system that couples a fast conduction mode and a slowing down element. Therefore, it is generally defined in dynamical terms rather than by a specific physicochemical mechanism. The chemical inductor produces many familiar features in electrochemical reactions, including catalytic, electrodeposition, and corrosion reactions in batteries and fuel cells, and in solid-state semiconductor devices such as solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes, and memristors. It generates the widespread phenomenon of negative capacitance, it causes negative spikes in voltage transient measurements, and it creates inverted hysteresis effects in current-voltage curves and cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, it determines stability, bifurcations, and chaotic properties associated to self-sustained oscillations in biological neurons and electrochemical systems. As these properties emerge in different types of measurement techniques such as impedance spectroscopy and time-transient decays, the chemical inductor becomes a useful framework for the interpretation of the electrical, optoelectronic, and electrochemical responses in a wide variety of systems. In the paper, we describe the general dynamical structure of the chemical inductor and we comment on a broad range of examples from different research areas.

A Physical Perspective to the Inductive Function of Myelin-A Missing Piece of Neuroscience

Starting from the inductance in neurons, two physical origins are discussed, which are the coil inductance of myelin and the piezoelectric effect of the cell membrane. The direct evidence of the coil inductance of myelin is the opposite spiraling phenomenon between adjacent myelin sheaths confirmed by previous studies. As for the piezoelectric effect of the cell membrane, which has been well-known in physics, the direct evidence is the mechanical wave accompany with action potential. Therefore, a more complete physical nature of neural signals is provided. In conventional neuroscience, the neural signal is a pure electrical signal. In our new theory, the neural signal is an energy pulse containing electrical, magnetic, and mechanical components. Such a physical understanding of the neural signal and neural systems significantly improve the knowledge of the neurons. On the one hand, we achieve a corrected neural circuit of an inductor-capacitor-capacitor (LCC) form, whose frequency response and electrical characteristics have been validated by previous studies and the modeling fitting of artifacts in our experiments. On the other hand, a number of phenomena observed in neural experiments are explained. In particular, they are the mechanism of magnetic nerve stimulations and ultrasound nerve stimulations, the MRI image contrast issue and Anode Break Excitation. At last, the biological function of myelin is summarized. It is to provide inductance in the process of neural signal, which can enhance the signal speed in peripheral nervous systems and provide frequency modulation function in central nervous systems.

A Model and Simulation With Therapeutic Device-Protocol Design Implications for Acute and Chronic Wounds

An understanding of healing processes for different tissues and organs, along with the development of appropriate therapeutic devices and treatment protocols, requires an appreciation for the mechanisms-of-action and sequencing of many interconnected chemical, electrical, mechanical, and optical activities. Unfortunately, the substantial contributions that endogenous electrical mechanisms-of-action provide in healing and regulation are often overlooked, resulting in a poor transfer of knowledge from science, to engineering, and finally, to therapy. The wide variety of healing processes, their therapeutic implications, and the devices and protocol designs that are most effective cannot be understood or addressed adequately without an understanding of the endogenous electrical mechanisms-of-action associated with wound healing. Achieving this level of understanding can be enhanced by the use of appropriate models and simulations that are based on physiological/biochemical system response characteristics.