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Du C, Liu J, Liu S, Xiao P, Chen Z, Chen H, Huang W, Lei Y. Bone and Joint-on-Chip Platforms: Construction Strategies and Applications. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400436. [PMID: 38763918 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip, also known as "tissue chip," is an advanced platform based on microfluidic systems for constructing miniature organ models in vitro. They can replicate the complex physiological and pathological responses of human organs. In recent years, the development of bone and joint-on-chip platforms aims to simulate the complex physiological and pathological processes occurring in human bones and joints, including cell-cell interactions, the interplay of various biochemical factors, the effects of mechanical stimuli, and the intricate connections between multiple organs. In the future, bone and joint-on-chip platforms will integrate the advantages of multiple disciplines, bringing more possibilities for exploring disease mechanisms, drug screening, and personalized medicine. This review explores the construction and application of Organ-on-a-chip technology in bone and joint disease research, proposes a modular construction concept, and discusses the new opportunities and future challenges in the construction and application of bone and joint-on-chip platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Du
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Senrui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Pengcheng Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhuolin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yiting Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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Otumala AE, Hellen DJ, Luna CA, Delgado P, Dissanayaka A, Ugwumadu C, Oshinowo O, Islam MM, Shen L, Karpen SJ, Myers DR. Opportunities and considerations for studying liver disease with microphysiological systems on a chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2877-2898. [PMID: 37282629 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00940d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in microsystem engineering have enabled the development of highly controlled models of the liver that better recapitulate the unique in vivo biological conditions. In just a few short years, substantial progress has been made in creating complex mono- and multi-cellular models that mimic key metabolic, structural, and oxygen gradients crucial for liver function. Here we review: 1) the state-of-the-art in liver-centric microphysiological systems and 2) the array of liver diseases and pressing biological and therapeutic challenges which could be investigated with these systems. The engineering community has unique opportunities to innovate with new liver-on-a-chip devices and partner with biomedical researchers to usher in a new era of understanding of the molecular and cellular contributors to liver diseases and identify and test rational therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiya E Otumala
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dominick J Hellen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C Alessandra Luna
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Priscilla Delgado
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anjana Dissanayaka
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chidozie Ugwumadu
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Oluwamayokun Oshinowo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Md Mydul Islam
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Luyao Shen
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Saul J Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David R Myers
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Zhao Y, Wang EY, Lai FBL, Cheung K, Radisic M. Organs-on-a-chip: a union of tissue engineering and microfabrication. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:410-424. [PMID: 36725464 PMCID: PMC9985977 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We review the emergence of the new field of organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) engineering, from the parent fields of tissue engineering and microfluidics. We place into perspective the tools and capabilities brought into the OOAC field by early tissue engineers and microfluidics experts. Liver-on-a-chip and heart-on-a-chip are used as two case studies of systems that heavily relied on tissue engineering techniques and that were amongst the first OOAC models to be implemented, motivated by the need to better assess toxicity to human tissues in preclinical drug development. We review current challenges in OOAC that often stem from the same challenges in the parent fields, such as stable vascularization and drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimu Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Erika Yan Wang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fook B L Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Krisco Cheung
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.
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Victorious A. Current Applications of Organ-on-a-Chip: A Step Closer to Personalized Medicine. BIO INTEGRATION 2022. [DOI: 10.15212/bioi-2022-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract In the pharmaceutical industry, a critical need exists for effective drug development approaches that better account for factors imposed by the physiological microenvironment. Organ-on-a-chip (OOAC)—a revolutionary technology that simulates human organs’
physiological milieu and performance on a chip—has applications in curing illnesses and drug screening, and enormous potential to transform the drug discovery workflow. However, the effective integration of this unique engineering system into ordinary pharmacological and medical contexts
remains in development. This Editorial summarizes current research on OOAC systems, and offers insight into future development prospects and the need for a next-generation OOAC framework.
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Rahimnejad M, Rasouli F, Jahangiri S, Ahmadi S, Rabiee N, Ramezani Farani M, Akhavan O, Asadnia M, Fatahi Y, Hong S, Lee J, Lee J, Hahn SK. Engineered Biomimetic Membranes for Organ-on-a-Chip. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:5038-5059. [PMID: 36347501 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems are engineered nanobiosystems to mimic the physiochemical environment of a specific organ in the body. Among various components of OOC systems, biomimetic membranes have been regarded as one of the most important key components to develop controllable biomimetic bioanalysis systems. Here, we review the preparation and characterization of biomimetic membranes in comparison with the features of the extracellular matrix. After that, we review and discuss the latest applications of engineered biomimetic membranes to fabricate various organs on a chip, such as liver, kidney, intestine, lung, skin, heart, vasculature and blood vessels, brain, and multiorgans with perspectives for further biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Rahimnejad
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Fariba Rasouli
- Bioceramics and Implants Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 14174-66191, Iran
| | - Sepideh Jahangiri
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9161, Iran.,School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Marzieh Ramezani Farani
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Omid Akhavan
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9161, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Sanghoon Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Jungho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
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Zommiti M, Connil N, Tahrioui A, Groboillot A, Barbey C, Konto-Ghiorghi Y, Lesouhaitier O, Chevalier S, Feuilloley MGJ. Organs-on-Chips Platforms Are Everywhere: A Zoom on Biomedical Investigation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:646. [PMID: 36354557 PMCID: PMC9687856 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the decades, conventional in vitro culture systems and animal models have been used to study physiology, nutrient or drug metabolisms including mechanical and physiopathological aspects. However, there is an urgent need for Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) and more sophisticated platforms and devices to approach the real complexity of human physiology and provide reliable extrapolations for clinical investigations and personalized medicine. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC), also known as a microphysiological system, is a state-of-the-art microfluidic cell culture technology that sums up cells or tissue-to-tissue interfaces, fluid flows, mechanical cues, and organ-level physiology, and it has been developed to fill the gap between in vitro experimental models and human pathophysiology. The wide range of OOC platforms involves the miniaturization of cell culture systems and enables a variety of novel experimental techniques. These range from modeling the independent effects of biophysical forces on cells to screening novel drugs in multi-organ microphysiological systems, all within microscale devices. As in living biosystems, the development of vascular structure is the salient feature common to almost all organ-on-a-chip platforms. Herein, we provide a snapshot of this fast-evolving sophisticated technology. We will review cutting-edge developments and advances in the OOC realm, discussing current applications in the biomedical field with a detailed description of how this technology has enabled the reconstruction of complex multi-scale and multifunctional matrices and platforms (at the cellular and tissular levels) leading to an acute understanding of the physiopathological features of human ailments and infections in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zommiti
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-infectious Strategies (CBSA, UR4312), University of Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Research Unit Bacterial Communication and Anti-infectious Strategies (CBSA, UR4312), University of Rouen Normandie, 27000 Evreux, France
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Tricot T, Verfaillie CM, Kumar M. Current Status and Challenges of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Liver Models in Drug Discovery. Cells 2022; 11:442. [PMID: 35159250 PMCID: PMC8834601 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is in high need of efficient and relevant in vitro liver models, which can be incorporated in their drug discovery pipelines to identify potential drugs and their toxicity profiles. Current liver models often rely on cancer cell lines or primary cells, which both have major limitations. However, the development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has created a new opportunity for liver disease modeling, drug discovery and liver toxicity research. hiPSCs can be differentiated to any cell of interest, which makes them good candidates for disease modeling and drug discovery. Moreover, hiPSCs, unlike primary cells, can be easily genome-edited, allowing the creation of reporter lines or isogenic controls for patient-derived hiPSCs. Unfortunately, even though liver progeny from hiPSCs has characteristics similar to their in vivo counterparts, the differentiation of iPSCs to fully mature progeny remains highly challenging and is a major obstacle for the full exploitation of these models by pharmaceutical industries. In this review, we discuss current liver-cell differentiation protocols and in vitro iPSC-based liver models that could be used for disease modeling and drug discovery. Furthermore, we will discuss the challenges that still need to be overcome to allow for the successful implementation of these models into pharmaceutical drug discovery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manoj Kumar
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.T.); (C.M.V.)
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Yang BA, Westerhof TM, Sabin K, Merajver SD, Aguilar CA. Engineered Tools to Study Intercellular Communication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002825. [PMID: 33552865 PMCID: PMC7856891 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
All multicellular organisms rely on intercellular communication networks to coordinate physiological functions. As members of a dynamic social network, each cell receives, processes, and redistributes biological information to define and maintain tissue homeostasis. Uncovering the molecular programs underlying these processes is critical for prevention of disease and aging and development of therapeutics. The study of intercellular communication requires techniques that reduce the scale and complexity of in vivo biological networks while resolving the molecular heterogeneity in "omic" layers that contribute to cell state and function. Recent advances in microengineering and high-throughput genomics offer unprecedented spatiotemporal control over cellular interactions and the ability to study intercellular communication in a high-throughput and mechanistic manner. Herein, this review discusses how salient engineered approaches and sequencing techniques can be applied to understand collective cell behavior and tissue functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
| | - Trisha M. Westerhof
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Hematology/Oncology and Rogel Cancer Center1500 East Medical Center Drive, Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborMI7314USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sabin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
| | - Sofia D. Merajver
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Hematology/Oncology and Rogel Cancer Center1500 East Medical Center Drive, Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborMI7314USA
| | - Carlos A. Aguilar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biointerfaces Institute2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research ComplexAnn ArborMIA10‐183USA
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Hafiz EOA, Bulutoglu B, Mansy SS, Chen Y, Abu-Taleb H, Soliman SAM, El-Hindawi AAF, Yarmush ML, Uygun BE. Development of liver microtissues with functional biliary ductular network. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:17-29. [PMID: 32856740 PMCID: PMC7775340 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver tissue engineering aims to create transplantable liver grafts that can serve as substitutes for donor's livers. One major challenge in creating a fully functional liver tissue has been to recreate the biliary drainage in an engineered liver construct through integration of bile canaliculi (BC) with the biliary ductular network that would enable the clearance of bile from the hepatocytes to the host duodenum. In this study, we show the formation of such a hepatic microtissue by coculturing rat primary hepatocytes with cholangiocytes and stromal cells. Our results indicate that within the spheroids, hepatocytes maintained viability and function for up to 7 days. Viable hepatocytes became polarized by forming BC with the presence of tight junctions. Morphologically, hepatocytes formed the core of the spheroids, while cholangiocytes resided at the periphery forming a monolayer microcysts and tubular structures extending outward. The spheroids were subsequently cultured in clusters to create a higher order ductular network resembling hepatic lobule. The cholangiocytes formed functional biliary ductular channels in between hepatic spheroids that were able to collect, transport, and secrete bile. Our results constitute the first step to recreate hepatic building blocks with biliary drainage for repopulating the whole liver scaffolds to be used as transplantable liver grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab O. A. Hafiz
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children in Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Electron Microscopy Research Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Beyza Bulutoglu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children in Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Soheir S. Mansy
- Electron Microscopy Research Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Yibin Chen
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children in Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hoda Abu-Taleb
- Immunology and Therapeutic Evaluation Department, TBRI, Giza, Egypt
| | - Somia A. M. Soliman
- Pathology Department, Kasr Al Ainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ali A. F. El-Hindawi
- Pathology Department, Kasr Al Ainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children in Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Basak E. Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children in Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Chen PY, Hsieh MJ, Liao YH, Lin YC, Hou YT. Liver-on-a-chip platform to study anticancer effect of statin and its metabolites. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Lee SW, Jung DJ, Jeong GS. Gaining New Biological and Therapeutic Applications into the Liver with 3D In Vitro Liver Models. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:731-745. [PMID: 32207030 PMCID: PMC7710770 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures with architectural and biomechanical properties similar to those of natural tissue have been the focus for generating liver tissue. Microarchitectural organization is believed to be crucial to hepatic function, and 3D cell culture technologies have enabled the construction of tissue-like microenvironments, thereby leading to remarkable progress in vitro models of human tissue and organs. Recently, to recapitulate the 3D architecture of tissues, spheroids and organoids have become widely accepted as new practical tools for 3D organ modeling. Moreover, the combination of bioengineering approach offers the promise to more accurately model the tissue microenvironment of human organs. Indeed, the employment of sophisticated bioengineered liver models show long-term viability and functional enhancements in biochemical parameters and disease-orient outcome. RESULTS Various 3D in vitro liver models have been proposed as a new generation of liver medicine. Likewise, new biomedical engineering approaches and platforms are available to more accurately replicate the in vivo 3D microarchitectures and functions of living organs. This review aims to highlight the recent 3D in vitro liver model systems, including micropatterning, spheroids, and organoids that are either scaffold-based or scaffold-free systems. Finally, we discuss a number of challenges that will need to be addressed moving forward in the field of liver tissue engineering for biomedical applications. CONCLUSION The ongoing development of biomedical engineering holds great promise for generating a 3D biomimetic liver model that recapitulates the physiological and pathological properties of the liver and has biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Woo Lee
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-Ro 43 Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Jung Jung
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-Ro 43 Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Seok Jeong
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-Ro 43 Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-Ro 43 Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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Moradi E, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Solati-Hashjin M. Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip models of human liver tissue. Acta Biomater 2020; 116:67-83. [PMID: 32890749 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the largest internal organ of the body with complex microarchitecture and function that plays critical roles in drug metabolism. Hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by various drugs is the main reason for late-stage drug failures. Moreover, liver diseases are among the leading causes of death in the world, with the number of new cases arising each year. Although animal models have been used to understand human drug metabolism and toxicity before clinical trials, tridimensional microphysiological systems, such as liver-on-a-chip (Liver Chip) platforms, could better recapitulate features of human liver physiology and pathophysiology and thus, are often more predictive of human outcome. Liver Chip devices have shown promising results in mimicking in vivo condition by recapitulating the sinusoidal structure of the liver, maintaining high cell viability and cellular phenotypes, and emulating native liver functions. Here, we first review the cellular constituents and physiology of the liver and then critically discuss the state-of-the-art chip-based liver models and their applications in drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. We finally address the pending issues of existing platforms and touch upon future directions for developing new, advanced on-chip models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsanollah Moradi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Iran
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Mehran Solati-Hashjin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Iran.
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Sengupta S, Johnson B, Seirup M, Ardalani H, Duffin B, Barrett-Wilt GA, Stewart R, Thomson JA. Co-culture with mouse embryonic fibroblasts improves maintenance of metabolic function of human small hepatocyte progenitor cells. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:70-84. [PMID: 34345838 PMCID: PMC8320630 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivation and culture of small hepatocyte progenitor cells (SHPCs) capable of proliferating in vitro has been described in rodents and recently in humans. These cells are capable of engrafting in injured livers, however, they display de-differentiated morphology and reduced xenobiotic metabolism activity in culture over passages. Here we report that SHPCs derived from adult primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) not only display differentiated morphology and exhibit gene expression profiles similar to adult PHHs, but importantly, they retain their phenotype over several passages. Further, unlike previous reports, where extensive manipulations of culture conditions are required to convert SHPCs to metabolically functional hepatocytes, SHPCs in our co-culture system maintain expression of xenobiotic metabolism-associated genes. We show that SHPCs in co-culture are able to perform xenobiotic metabolism at rates equal to their parent PHHs as evidenced by the metabolism of acetaminophen to all of its major metabolites. In summary, we present an improved co-culture system that allows generation of SHPCs from adult PHHs that maintain their differentiated phenotype over multiple passages. Our findings would be useful for expansion of limited PHHs for use in studies of drug metabolism and toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikumar Sengupta
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Brian Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Morten Seirup
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Dianomi Therapeutics, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Hamisha Ardalani
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, San Jose, CA, United States of America
| | - Bret Duffin
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Gregory A Barrett-Wilt
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
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14
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Azizipour N, Avazpour R, Rosenzweig DH, Sawan M, Ajji A. Evolution of Biochip Technology: A Review from Lab-on-a-Chip to Organ-on-a-Chip. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E599. [PMID: 32570945 PMCID: PMC7345732 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following the advancements in microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies, a novel biomedical application for microfluidic based devices has emerged in recent years and microengineered cell culture platforms have been created. These micro-devices, known as organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms mimic the in vivo like microenvironment of living organs and offer more physiologically relevant in vitro models of human organs. Consequently, the concept of OOC has gained great attention from researchers in the field worldwide to offer powerful tools for biomedical researches including disease modeling, drug development, etc. This review highlights the background of biochip development. Herein, we focus on applications of LOC devices as a versatile tool for POC applications. We also review current progress in OOC platforms towards body-on-a-chip, and we provide concluding remarks and future perspectives for OOC platforms for POC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Azizipour
- Institut de Génie Biomédical, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada;
| | - Rahi Avazpour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada;
| | - Derek H. Rosenzweig
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada;
- Injury, Repair and Recovery Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- Polystim Neurotech Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- CenBRAIN Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- Institut de Génie Biomédical, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada;
- NSERC-Industry Chair, CREPEC, Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
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15
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Gonzalez-Fernandez T, Tenorio AJ, Leach JK. Three-Dimensional Printed Stamps for the Fabrication of Patterned Microwells and High-Throughput Production of Homogeneous Cell Spheroids. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2020; 7:139-147. [PMID: 32855996 PMCID: PMC7313638 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2019.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of cells into spheroids and organoids is a promising tool for regenerative medicine, cancer and cell biology, and drug discovery due to their recapitulation of the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions found in vivo. Traditional approaches for the production of spheroids, such as the hanging drop method, are limited by the lack of reproducibility and the use of labor-intensive and time-consuming techniques. The need for high-throughput approaches allowing for the quick and reproducible formation of cell aggregates has driven the development of soft lithography techniques based on the patterning of microwells into nonadherent hydrogels. However, these methods are also limited by costly, labor-intensive, and multistep protocols that could impact the sterility of the process and efficiency of spheroid formation. In this study, we describe a one-step method for the fabrication of patterned nonadherent microwells into tissue culture plates using three-dimensional (3D) printed stamps and evaluate the production of cell spheroids of different sizes and cell sources. The generation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell and endothelial cell spheroids by the use of 3D printed stamps was superior in comparison with a widely used multistep mold technique, yielding spheroids of larger sizes and higher DNA content. The 3D stamps produced spheroids of more consistent diameter and DNA content when compared with other commercially available methods. These 3D printed stamps offer a tunable, simple, fast, and cost-effective approach for the production of reproducible spheroids and organoids for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro J. Tenorio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Address correspondence to: J. Kent Leach, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, 2303 GBSF, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Patil S, Dhyani V, Kaur T, Singh N. Spatiotemporal Control over Cell Proliferation and Differentiation for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications Using Silk Fibroin Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3476-3493. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Patil
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vartika Dhyani
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Tejinder Kaur
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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17
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Wu Q, Liu J, Wang X, Feng L, Wu J, Zhu X, Wen W, Gong X. Organ-on-a-chip: recent breakthroughs and future prospects. Biomed Eng Online 2020; 19:9. [PMID: 32050989 PMCID: PMC7017614 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-020-0752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) is in the list of top 10 emerging technologies and refers to a physiological organ biomimetic system built on a microfluidic chip. Through a combination of cell biology, engineering, and biomaterial technology, the microenvironment of the chip simulates that of the organ in terms of tissue interfaces and mechanical stimulation. This reflects the structural and functional characteristics of human tissue and can predict response to an array of stimuli including drug responses and environmental effects. OOAC has broad applications in precision medicine and biological defense strategies. Here, we introduce the concepts of OOAC and review its application to the construction of physiological models, drug development, and toxicology from the perspective of different organs. We further discuss existing challenges and provide future perspectives for its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Wu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Lingyan Feng
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Jinbo Wu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Weijia Wen
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
| | - Xiuqing Gong
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China
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18
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Abstract
Engineering approaches were adopted for liver microsystems to recapitulate cell arrangements and culture microenvironments in vivo for sensitive, high-throughput and biomimetic drug screening. This review introduces liver microsystems in vitro for drug hepatotoxicity, drug-drug interactions, metabolic function and enzyme induction, based on cell micropatterning, hydrogel biofabrication and microfluidic perfusion. The engineered microsystems provide varied microenvironments for cell culture that feature cell coculture with non-parenchymal cells, in a heterogeneous extracellular matrix and under controllable perfusion. The engineering methods described include cell micropatterning with soft lithography and dielectrophoresis, hydrogel biofabrication with photolithography, micromolding and 3D bioprinting, and microfluidic perfusion with endothelial-like structures and gradient generators. We discuss the major challenges and trends of liver microsystems to study drug response in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyong-Huei Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lun Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Kang Fan
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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19
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Donnelly H, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Dalby MJ. Designing stem cell niches for differentiation and self-renewal. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0388. [PMID: 30158185 PMCID: PMC6127175 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells, characterized by their ability to differentiate into skeletal tissues and self-renew, hold great promise for both regenerative medicine and novel therapeutic discovery. However, their regenerative capacity is retained only when in contact with their specialized microenvironment, termed the stem cell niche Niches provide structural and functional cues that are both biochemical and biophysical, stem cells integrate this complex array of signals with intrinsic regulatory networks to meet physiological demands. Although, some of these regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood or difficult to harness with traditional culture systems. Biomaterial strategies are being developed that aim to recapitulate stem cell niches, by engineering microenvironments with physiological-like niche properties that aim to elucidate stem cell-regulatory mechanisms, and to harness their regenerative capacity in vitro In the future, engineered niches will prove important tools for both regenerative medicine and therapeutic discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Donnelly
- The Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Matthew J Dalby
- The Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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20
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Kryou C, Leva V, Chatzipetrou M, Zergioti I. Bioprinting for Liver Transplantation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E95. [PMID: 31658719 PMCID: PMC6956058 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting techniques can be used for the in vitro fabrication of functional complex bio-structures. Thus, extensive research is being carried on the use of various techniques for the development of 3D cellular structures. This article focuses on direct writing techniques commonly used for the fabrication of cell structures. Three different types of bioprinting techniques are depicted: Laser-based bioprinting, ink-jet bioprinting and extrusion bioprinting. Further on, a special reference is made to the use of the bioprinting techniques for the fabrication of 2D and 3D liver model structures and liver on chip platforms. The field of liver tissue engineering has been rapidly developed, and a wide range of materials can be used for building novel functional liver structures. The focus on liver is due to its importance as one of the most critical organs on which to test new pharmaceuticals, as it is involved in many metabolic and detoxification processes, and the toxicity of the liver is often the cause of drug rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kryou
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece.
| | - Valentina Leva
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece.
| | | | - Ioanna Zergioti
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece.
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21
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Sakthivel K, O'Brien A, Kim K, Hoorfar M. Microfluidic analysis of heterotypic cellular interactions: A review of techniques and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Li N, Zhang W, Li Y, Lin JM. Analysis of cellular biomolecules and behaviors using microfluidic chip and fluorescence method. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Raasch M, Fritsche E, Kurtz A, Bauer M, Mosig AS. Microphysiological systems meet hiPSC technology - New tools for disease modeling of liver infections in basic research and drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:51-67. [PMID: 29908880 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex cell culture models such as microphysiological models (MPS) mimicking human liver functionality in vitro are in the spotlight as alternative to conventional cell culture and animal models. Promising techniques like microfluidic cell culture or micropatterning by 3D bioprinting are gaining increasing importance for the development of MPS to address the needs for more predictivity and cost efficiency. In this context, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer new perspectives for the development of advanced liver-on-chip systems by recreating an in vivo like microenvironment that supports the reliable differentiation of hiPSCs to hepatocyte-like cells (HLC). In this review we will summarize current protocols of HLC generation and highlight recently established MPS suitable to resemble physiological hepatocyte function in vitro. In addition, we are discussing potential applications of liver MPS for disease modeling related to systemic or direct liver infections and the use of MPS in testing of new drug candidates.
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24
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Sakai Y, Koike M, Kawahara D, Hasegawa H, Murai T, Yamanouchi K, Soyama A, Hidaka M, Takatsuki M, Fujita F, Kuroki T, Eguchi S. Controlled cell morphology and liver-specific function of engineered primary hepatocytes by fibroblast layer cell densities. J Biosci Bioeng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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25
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Imashiro C, Kurashina Y, Kuribara T, Hirano M, Totani K, Takemura K. Cell Patterning Method on a Clinically Ubiquitous Culture Dish Using Acoustic Pressure Generated From Resonance Vibration of a Disk-Shaped Ultrasonic Transducer. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 66:111-118. [PMID: 29993416 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2835834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cell patterning methods have been previously reported for cell culture. However, these methods use inclusions or devices that are not used in general cell culture and that might affect cell functionality. Here, we report a cell patterning method that can be conducted on a general cell culture dish without any inclusions by employing a resonance vibration of a disk-shaped ultrasonic transducer located under the dish. A resonance vibration with a single nodal circle patterned C2C12 myoblasts into a circular shape on the dish with 10-min exposure of the vibration with maximum peak-peak amplitude of 10 μm[Formula: see text]. Furthermore, the relationship between the amplitude distribution of the transducer and the cell density in the patterned sample could be expressed as a linear function, and there was a clear threshold of amplitude for cell adhesion. To evaluate the cell function of the patterned cells, we conducted proliferation and protein assays at 120-h culture after patterning. Our results showed that the cell proliferation rate did not decrease and the expression of cellular proteins was unchanged. Thus, we conclude, this method can successfully pattern cells in the clinically ubiquitous culture dish, while maintaining cell functionality.
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Ronaldson-Bouchard K, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Organs-on-a-Chip: A Fast Track for Engineered Human Tissues in Drug Development. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:310-324. [PMID: 29499151 PMCID: PMC5837068 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organs-on-a-chip (OOCs) are miniature tissues and organs grown in vitro that enable modeling of human physiology and disease. The technology has emerged from converging advances in tissue engineering, semiconductor fabrication, and human cell sourcing. Encompassing innovations in human stem cell technology, OOCs offer a promising approach to emulate human patho/physiology in vitro, and address limitations of current cell and animal models. Here, we review the design considerations for single and multi-organ OOCs, discuss remaining challenges, and highlight the potential impact of OOCs as a fast-track opportunity for tissue engineering to advance drug development and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey Ronaldson-Bouchard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University in the City of New York, NY 10032, USA.
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27
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3D Co-Culture with Vascular Cells Supports Long-Term Hepatocyte Phenotype and Function In Vitro. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-018-0046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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A triple co-culture method to investigate the effect of macrophages and fibroblasts on myoblast proliferation and migration. Biotechniques 2018; 64:52-58. [PMID: 29571282 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2017-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The communication between nonmyogenic cells, such as macrophages and fibroblasts, and myoblasts is crucial for successful skeletal muscle repair. In vitro co-culture methods can be used to increase our understanding of these cellular interactions; however, current protocols are restricted to two, often physically separate, cell populations. Here, we demonstrate a novel, inexpensive in vitro triple co-culture method that facilitates the co-culture of at least three cell populations with some degree of cell-cell contact. Using this method, we determined the effect of macrophages and fibroblasts on myoblast proliferation and migration. A significant increase in myoblast proliferation and migration was observed following co-culture with either macrophages or fibroblasts. However, triple co-culture of macrophages, fibroblasts, and myoblasts revealed that the presence of macrophages prevented fibroblasts from maintaining this positive effect on myoblast migration. Macrophages, on the other hand, continued to promote myoblast proliferation whether in the presence of fibroblasts or not. Our triple co-culture system highlights the significance of multicellular communication in regulating myoblast proliferation and migration and emphasizes the importance of more complex co-culture systems when investigating myogenesis in vitro.
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29
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Beckwitt CH, Clark AM, Wheeler S, Taylor DL, Stolz DB, Griffith L, Wells A. Liver 'organ on a chip'. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:15-25. [PMID: 29291400 PMCID: PMC5944300 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays critical roles in both homeostasis and pathology. It is the major site of drug metabolism in the body and, as such, a common target for drug-induced toxicity and is susceptible to a wide range of diseases. In contrast to other solid organs, the liver possesses the unique ability to regenerate. The physiological importance and plasticity of this organ make it a crucial system of study to better understand human physiology, disease, and response to exogenous compounds. These aspects have impelled many to develop liver tissue systems for study in isolation outside the body. Herein, we discuss these biologically engineered organoids and microphysiological systems. These aspects have impelled many to develop liver tissue systems for study in isolation outside the body. Herein, we discuss these biologically engineered organoids and microphysiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Beckwitt
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Research and Development Service, VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Amanda M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Linda Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Research and Development Service, VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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30
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Ahadian S, Civitarese R, Bannerman D, Mohammadi MH, Lu R, Wang E, Davenport-Huyer L, Lai B, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Mandla S, Korolj A, Radisic M. Organ-On-A-Chip Platforms: A Convergence of Advanced Materials, Cells, and Microscale Technologies. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29034591 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in biomaterials, stem cell biology, and microscale technologies have enabled the fabrication of biologically relevant tissues and organs. Such tissues and organs, referred to as organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms, have emerged as a powerful tool in tissue analysis and disease modeling for biological and pharmacological applications. A variety of biomaterials are used in tissue fabrication providing multiple biological, structural, and mechanical cues in the regulation of cell behavior and tissue morphogenesis. Cells derived from humans enable the fabrication of personalized OOC platforms. Microscale technologies are specifically helpful in providing physiological microenvironments for tissues and organs. In this review, biomaterials, cells, and microscale technologies are described as essential components to construct OOC platforms. The latest developments in OOC platforms (e.g., liver, skeletal muscle, cardiac, cancer, lung, skin, bone, and brain) are then discussed as functional tools in simulating human physiology and metabolism. Future perspectives and major challenges in the development of OOC platforms toward accelerating clinical studies of drug discovery are finally highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ahadian
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Robert Civitarese
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Dawn Bannerman
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Rick Lu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Erika Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Locke Davenport-Huyer
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Ben Lai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Serena Mandla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto M5S 3G9 Ontario Canada
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31
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Jung HR, Kang HM, Ryu JW, Kim DS, Noh KH, Kim ES, Lee HJ, Chung KS, Cho HS, Kim NS, Im DS, Lim JH, Jung CR. Cell Spheroids with Enhanced Aggressiveness to Mimic Human Liver Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10499. [PMID: 28874716 PMCID: PMC5585316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We fabricated a spheroid-forming unit (SFU) for efficient and economic production of cell spheroids. We optimized the protocol for generating large and homogenous liver cancer cell spheroids using Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. The large Huh7 spheroids showed apoptotic and proliferative signals in the centre and at the surface, respectively. In particular, hypoxia-induced factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and ERK signal activation were detected in the cell spheroids. To diminish core necrosis and increase the oncogenic character, we co-cultured spheroids with 2% human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs promoted proliferation and gene expression of HCC-related genes and cancer stem cell markers in the Huh7 spheroidsby activating cytokine signalling, mimicking gene expression in liver cancer. HUVECs induced angiogenesis and vessel maturation in Huh7 spheroids in vivo by activating epithelial–mesenchymal transition and angiogenic pathways. The large Huh7 cell spheroids containing HUVECs survived at higher concentrations of anti-cancer drugs (doxorubicin and sorafenib) than did monolayer cells. Our large cell spheroid provides a useful in vitro HCC model to enable intuitive observation for anti-cancer drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ryul Jung
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Mi Kang
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jea-Woon Ryu
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea university of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Noh
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Su Kim
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea university of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Lee
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea university of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea university of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea university of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Im
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Lim
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea university of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Okudaira T, Yabuta R, Mizumoto H, Kajiwara T. Fabrication of a fiber-type hepatic tissue by bottom-up method using multilayer spheroids. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:739-747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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33
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Advances in Engineered Liver Models for Investigating Drug-Induced Liver Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1829148. [PMID: 27725933 PMCID: PMC5048025 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1829148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of drug attrition. Testing drugs on human liver models is essential to mitigate the risk of clinical DILI since animal studies do not always suffice due to species-specific differences in liver pathways. While primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) can be cultured on extracellular matrix proteins, a rapid decline in functions leads to low sensitivity (<50%) in DILI prediction. Semiconductor-driven engineering tools now allow precise control over the hepatocyte microenvironment to enhance and stabilize phenotypic functions. The latest platforms coculture PHHs with stromal cells to achieve hepatic stability and enable crosstalk between the various liver cell types towards capturing complex cellular mechanisms in DILI. The recent introduction of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cells can potentially allow a better understanding of interindividual differences in idiosyncratic DILI. Liver models are also being coupled to other tissue models via microfluidic perfusion to study the intertissue crosstalk upon drug exposure as in a live organism. Here, we review the major advances being made in the engineering of liver models and readouts as they pertain to DILI investigations. We anticipate that engineered human liver models will reduce drug attrition, animal usage, and cases of DILI in humans.
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Kashyap A, Cors JF, Lovchik RD, Kaigala GV. Rapid Subtractive Patterning of Live Cell Layers with a Microfluidic Probe. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27685165 DOI: 10.3791/54447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The microfluidic probe (MFP) facilitates performing local chemistry on biological substrates by confining nanoliter volumes of liquids. Using one particular implementation of the MFP, the hierarchical hydrodynamic flow confinement (hHFC), multiple liquids are simultaneously brought in contact with a substrate. Local chemical action and liquid shaping using the hHFC, is exploited to create cell patterns by locally lysing and removing cells. By utilizing the scanning ability of the MFP, user-defined patterns of cell monolayers are created. This protocol enables rapid, real-time and spatially controlled cell patterning, which can allow selective cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction studies.
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35
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Okudaira T, Amimoto N, Mizumoto H, Kajiwara T. Formation of three-dimensional hepatic tissue by the bottom-up method using spheroids. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:213-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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36
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Nguyen DG, Funk J, Robbins JB, Crogan-Grundy C, Presnell SC, Singer T, Roth AB. Bioprinted 3D Primary Liver Tissues Allow Assessment of Organ-Level Response to Clinical Drug Induced Toxicity In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158674. [PMID: 27387377 PMCID: PMC4936711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling clinically relevant tissue responses using cell models poses a significant challenge for drug development, in particular for drug induced liver injury (DILI). This is mainly because existing liver models lack longevity and tissue-level complexity which limits their utility in predictive toxicology. In this study, we established and characterized novel bioprinted human liver tissue mimetics comprised of patient-derived hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells in a defined architecture. Scaffold-free assembly of different cell types in an in vivo-relevant architecture allowed for histologic analysis that revealed distinct intercellular hepatocyte junctions, CD31+ endothelial networks, and desmin positive, smooth muscle actin negative quiescent stellates. Unlike what was seen in 2D hepatocyte cultures, the tissues maintained levels of ATP, Albumin as well as expression and drug-induced enzyme activity of Cytochrome P450s over 4 weeks in culture. To assess the ability of the 3D liver cultures to model tissue-level DILI, dose responses of Trovafloxacin, a drug whose hepatotoxic potential could not be assessed by standard pre-clinical models, were compared to the structurally related non-toxic drug Levofloxacin. Trovafloxacin induced significant, dose-dependent toxicity at clinically relevant doses (≤ 4uM). Interestingly, Trovafloxacin toxicity was observed without lipopolysaccharide stimulation and in the absence of resident macrophages in contrast to earlier reports. Together, these results demonstrate that 3D bioprinted liver tissues can both effectively model DILI and distinguish between highly related compounds with differential profile. Thus, the combination of patient-derived primary cells with bioprinting technology here for the first time demonstrates superior performance in terms of mimicking human drug response in a known target organ at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah G. Nguyen
- Organovo Holdings Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Juergen Funk
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Singer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian B. Roth
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Choi YY, Kim J, Lee SH, Kim DS. Lab on a chip-based hepatic sinusoidal system simulator for optimal primary hepatocyte culture. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:58. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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38
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Zheng F, Fu F, Cheng Y, Wang C, Zhao Y, Gu Z. Organ-on-a-Chip Systems: Microengineering to Biomimic Living Systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2253-82. [PMID: 26901595 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
"Organ-on-a-chip" systems integrate microengineering, microfluidic technologies, and biomimetic principles to create key aspects of living organs faithfully, including critical microarchitecture, spatiotemporal cell-cell interactions, and extracellular microenvironments. This creative platform and its multiorgan integration recapitulating organ-level structures and functions can bring unprecedented benefits to a diversity of applications, such as developing human in vitro models for healthy or diseased organs, enabling the investigation of fundamental mechanisms in disease etiology and organogenesis, benefiting drug development in toxicity screening and target discovery, and potentially serving as replacements for animal testing. Recent advances in novel designs and examples for developing organ-on-a-chip platforms are reviewed. The potential for using this emerging technology in understanding human physiology including mechanical, chemical, and electrical signals with precise spatiotemporal controls are discussed. The current challenges and future directions that need to be pursued for these proof-of-concept studies are also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Fanfan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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39
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Chen Q, Utech S, Chen D, Prodanovic R, Lin JM, Weitz DA. Controlled assembly of heterotypic cells in a core-shell scaffold: organ in a droplet. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1346-9. [PMID: 26999495 PMCID: PMC4829496 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00231e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a droplet-based microfluidic approach to fabricate a large number of monodisperse, portable microtissues, each in an individual drop. We use water-water-oil double emulsions as templates and spatially assemble hepatocytes in the core and fibroblasts in the shell, forming a 3D liver model in a drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China. and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Stefanie Utech
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Dong Chen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Radivoje Prodanovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentskitrg 12, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - David A Weitz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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40
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Lee JW, Choi YJ, Yong WJ, Pati F, Shim JH, Kang KS, Kang IH, Park J, Cho DW. Development of a 3D cell printed construct considering angiogenesis for liver tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2016; 8:015007. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/1/015007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Funano SI, Tanaka N, Tanaka Y. Vapor-based micro/nano-partitioning of fluoro-functional group immobilization for long-term stable cell patterning. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16906f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study developed a simple vapor-based immobilization method using a compound with fluoro-functional-group on a cell culture surface with micro/nano scale patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yo Tanaka
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC)
- RIKEN
- Suita
- Japan
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42
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Tanaka N, Moriguchi H, Sato A, Kawai T, Shimba K, Jimbo Y, Tanaka Y. Microcasting with agarose gel via degassed polydimethylsiloxane molds for repellency-guided cell patterning. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11563b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method for micro-casting with agarose gel was developed. Vacuum pressure in a degassed PDMS elastomer acted as a driving force for introducing agarose solution into micro-channels. The repellency of agarose well-guided cell adhesion area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asako Sato
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC)
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC)
- Suita
- Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
- PRESTO
| | - Kenta Shimba
- Department of Precision Engineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Jimbo
- Department of Precision Engineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Yo Tanaka
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC)
- Suita
- Japan
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43
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Kang YBA, Sodunke TR, Lamontagne J, Cirillo J, Rajiv C, Bouchard MJ, Noh M. Liver sinusoid on a chip: Long-term layered co-culture of primary rat hepatocytes and endothelial cells in microfluidic platforms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2571-82. [PMID: 25994312 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the generation of microfluidic platforms for the co-culture of primary hepatocytes and endothelial cells; these platforms mimic the architecture of a liver sinusoid. This paper describes a progressional study of creating such a liver sinusoid on a chip system. Primary rat hepatocytes (PRHs) were co-cultured with primary or established endothelial cells in layers in single and dual microchannel configurations with or without continuous perfusion. Cell viability and maintenance of hepatocyte functions were monitored and compared for diverse experimental conditions. When primary rat hepatocytes were co-cultured with immortalized bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) in a dual microchannel with continuous perfusion, hepatocytes maintained their normal morphology and continued to produce urea for at least 30 days. In order to demonstrate the utility of our microfluidic liver sinusoid platform, we also performed an analysis of viral replication for the hepatotropic hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV replication, as measured by the presence of cell-secreted HBV DNA, was successfully detected. We believe that our liver model closely mimics the in vivo liver sinusoid and supports long-term primary liver cell culture. This liver model could be extended to diverse liver biology studies and liver-related disease research such as drug induced liver toxicology, cancer research, and analysis of pathological effects and replication strategies of various hepatotropic infectious agents. .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Temitope R Sodunke
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason Lamontagne
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Cirillo
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caroline Rajiv
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Moses Noh
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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44
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Martinez NJ, Titus SA, Wagner AK, Simeonov A. High-throughput fluorescence imaging approaches for drug discovery using in vitro and in vivo three-dimensional models. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1347-61. [PMID: 26394277 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-resolution microscopy using fluorescent probes is a powerful tool to investigate individual cell structure and function, cell subpopulations and mechanisms underlying cellular responses to drugs. Additionally, responses to drugs more closely resemble those seen in vivo when cells are physically connected in three-dimensional (3D) systems (either 3D cell cultures or whole organisms), as opposed to traditional monolayer cultures. Combined, the use of imaging-based 3D models in the early stages of drug development has the potential to generate biologically relevant data that will increase the likelihood of success for drug candidates in human studies. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss current methods for the culturing of cells in 3D as well as approaches for the imaging of whole-animal models and 3D cultures that are amenable to high-throughput settings and could be implemented to support drug discovery campaigns. Furthermore, they provide critical considerations when discussing imaging these 3D systems for high-throughput chemical screenings. EXPERT OPINION Despite widespread understanding of the limitations imposed by the two-dimensional versus the 3D cellular paradigm, imaging-based drug screening of 3D cellular models is still limited, with only a few screens found in the literature. Image acquisition in high throughput, accurate interpretation of fluorescent signal, and uptake of staining reagents can be challenging, as the samples are in essence large aggregates of cells. The authors recognize these shortcomings that need to be overcome before the field can accelerate the utilization of these technologies in large-scale chemical screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia J Martinez
- a National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Steven A Titus
- a National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Amanda K Wagner
- a National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- a National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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45
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Baimakhanov Z, Yamanouchi K, Sakai Y, Koike M, Soyama A, Hidaka M, Takatsuki M, Fujita F, Kanetaka K, Kuroki T, Eguchi S. Efficacy of Multilayered Hepatocyte Sheet Transplantation for Radiation-Induced Liver Damage and Partial Hepatectomy in a Rat Model. Cell Transplant 2015. [PMID: 26224253 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x688669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cell sheet technology has recently been developed for use in both animal experiments and in the clinical setting, it remains unclear whether transplanted hepatocyte sheets improve the liver function in vivo. Radiation-induced liver damage (RILD) combined with partial hepatectomy (PH) has been reported to suppress the proliferation of host hepatocytes and induce critical liver failure. The aim of this study was to improve the liver function in the above-mentioned diseased rat model (RILD + PH) using multilayered hepatocyte sheet transplantation. In this study, we used Fischer rats as a donor for primary hepatocytes and dermal fibroblast isolation. Cocultured multilayered hepatocyte sheets were generated by disseminating hepatocytes onto fibroblasts cultured beforehand on temperature-responsive culture dishes. Four cell sheets were transplanted into the recipient rats subcutaneously. Prior to transplantation, RILD (50 Gy) with 2/3PH was induced in the recipients. The same model was applied in the control group without transplantation. The serum was collected each week. The rats in both groups were sacrificed at 2 months after transplantation for the histological analysis. Consequently, the serum albumin concentrations were significantly higher in the transplant group than in the control group (54.3 ± 9.6 vs. 32.7 ± 5.7 mg/ml; p < 0.01) after 2 months and comparable to the serum albumin levels in the normal rats (58.1 ± 6.4 mg/ml). In addition, treatment with the transplanted sheets significantly improved the survival rate (57% vs. 22%, p < 0.05), and the hepatocyte sheets showed the storage of albumin, glycogen, and bile canaliculus structures. Some hepatocytes and fibroblasts were positive for Ki-67, and vascularization was observed around the cell sheets. Transplanted multilayered hepatocyte sheets can survive with additional proliferative activity, thereby maintaining the liver function in vivo for at least 2 months, providing metabolic support for rats with RILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhassulan Baimakhanov
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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Lin C, Ballinger KR, Khetani SR. The application of engineered liver tissues for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:519-40. [PMID: 25840592 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1032241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug-induced liver injury remains a major cause of drug attrition. Furthermore, novel drugs are being developed for treating liver diseases. However, differences between animals and humans in liver pathways necessitate the use of human-relevant liver models to complement live animal testing during preclinical drug development. Microfabrication tools and synthetic biomaterials now allow for the creation of tissue subunits that display more physiologically relevant and long-term liver functions than possible with declining monolayers. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss acellular enzyme platforms, two-dimensional micropatterned co-cultures, three-dimensional spheroidal cultures, microfluidic perfusion, liver slices and humanized rodent models. They also present the use of cell lines, primary liver cells and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cells in the creation of cell-based models and discuss in silico approaches that allow integration and modeling of the datasets from these models. Finally, the authors describe the application of liver models for the discovery of novel therapeutics for liver diseases. EXPERT OPINION Engineered liver models with varying levels of in vivo-like complexities provide investigators with the opportunity to develop assays with sufficient complexity and required throughput. Control over cell-cell interactions and co-culture with stromal cells in both two dimension and three dimension are critical for enabling stable liver models. The validation of liver models with diverse sets of compounds for different applications, coupled with an analysis of cost:benefit ratio, is important for model adoption for routine screening. Ultimately, engineered liver models could significantly reduce drug development costs and enable the development of more efficacious and safer therapeutics for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lin
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering , 200 W. Lake St, 1301 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1374 , USA
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Moreno-Flores S, Küpcü S. 2D protein arrays induce 3D in vivo-like assemblies of cells. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1259-1264. [PMID: 25591813 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the ability of two-dimensional protein crystals to induce the formation of homo- and heterotypic multicellular spheroids (MCSs) which resemble the morphology and hierarchical organization of living tissues and tumours. We have systematically studied the influence of the initial cell density and incubation time on the kinetics of spheroid growth and spheroid lifespan. Hereby a novel methodology has been established to produce MCSs on protein-based molecular layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moreno-Flores
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Khetani SR, Berger DR, Ballinger KR, Davidson MD, Lin C, Ware BR. Microengineered liver tissues for drug testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:216-50. [PMID: 25617027 DOI: 10.1177/2211068214566939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drug attrition. Significant and well-documented differences between animals and humans in liver pathways now necessitate the use of human-relevant in vitro liver models for testing new chemical entities during preclinical drug development. Consequently, several human liver models with various levels of in vivo-like complexity have been developed for assessment of drug metabolism, toxicity, and efficacy on liver diseases. Recent trends leverage engineering tools, such as those adapted from the semiconductor industry, to enable precise control over the microenvironment of liver cells and to allow for miniaturization into formats amenable for higher throughput drug screening. Integration of liver models into organs-on-a-chip devices, permitting crosstalk between tissue types, is actively being pursued to obtain a systems-level understanding of drug effects. Here, we review the major trends, challenges, and opportunities associated with development and implementation of engineered liver models created from primary cells, cell lines, and stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells. We also present key applications where such models are currently making an impact and highlight areas for improvement. In the future, engineered liver models will prove useful for selecting drugs that are efficacious, safer, and, in some cases, personalized for specific patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman R Khetani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dustin R Berger
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly R Ballinger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matthew D Davidson
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christine Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brenton R Ware
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Wei J, Yan S, Yu J, Li X. Promoting hepatocyte spheroid formation and functions by coculture with fibroblasts on micropatterned electrospun fibrous scaffolds. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3029-3040. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21779e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beckwith KM, Sikorski P. Patterned cell arrays and patterned co-cultures on polydopamine-modified poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels. Biofabrication 2013; 5:045009. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/5/4/045009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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