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Mastrogiacomo L, Werstuck GH. Investigating the Role of Endothelial Glycogen Synthase Kinase3α/β in Atherogenesis in Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314780. [PMID: 36499109 PMCID: PMC9740237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) are associated with inflammation and endothelial activation. Activated endothelial cells (ECs) express adhesion proteins that recruit monocytes to the subendothelial layer initiating plaque development. Understanding the mechanism(s) by which ECs increase adhesion protein expression will facilitate the development of therapies aimed at preventing CVD progression and mortality. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3α/β are constitutively active kinases which have been associated with many cellular pathways regulating cell viability and metabolism. While roles for myeloid GSK3α/β in the development of atherosclerosis have been established, there is limited knowledge on the potential roles of endothelial GSK3α/β. With the use of Cre recombinase technology, GSK3α/β was knocked out of both ECs and macrophages (Tie2Cre GSK3α/βfl/fl LDLR-/-). A bone marrow transplant was used to replenish GSK3α/β in the myeloid lineage allowing the assessment of an endothelial-selective GSK3α/β knockout (BMT Tie2Cre GSK3α/βfl/fl LDLR-/-). In both models, adhesion protein expression, macrophage recruitment and plaque volume were reduced in GSK3α knockout mice. GSK3β knockout had no significant effect. Results from this study are the first to suggest a pro-atherogenic role of endothelial GSK3α and support existing evidence for targeting GSK3α in the treatment of atherosclerotic CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Mastrogiacomo
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Geoff H. Werstuck
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +905-521-2100 (ext. 40747)
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Khang MK, Kuriakose AE, Nguyen T, Co CMD, Zhou J, Truong TTD, Nguyen KT, Tang L. Enhanced Endothelial Cell Delivery for Repairing Injured Endothelium via Pretargeting Approach and Bioorthogonal Chemistry. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6831-6841. [PMID: 33320611 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Arterial wall injury often leads to endothelium cell activation, endothelial detachment, and atherosclerosis plaque formation. While abundant research efforts have been placed on treating the end stages of the disease, no cure has been developed to repair injured and denude endothelium often occurred at an early stage of atherosclerosis. Here, a pretargeting cell delivery strategy using combined injured endothelial targeting nanoparticles and bioorthogonal click chemistry approach was developed to deliver endothelial cells to replenish the injured endothelium via a two-step process. First, nanoparticles bearing glycoprotein 1b α (Gp1bα) proteins and tetrazine (Tz) were fabricated to provide a homogeneous nanoparticle coating on an injured arterial wall via the interactions between Gp1bα and von Willebrand factor (vWF), a ligand that is present on denuded endothelium. Second, transplanted endothelium cells bearing transcyclooctene (TCO) would be quickly immobilized on the surfaces of nanoparticles via TCO:Tz reactions. In vitro binding studies under both static and flow conditions confirmed that our novel Tz-labeled Gp1bα-conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles can successfully pretargeted toward the injured site and support rapid adhesion of endothelial cells from the circulation. Ex vivo results also confirm that such an approach is highly efficient in mediating the local delivery of endothelial cells at the sites of arterial injury. The results support that this pretargeting cell delivery approach may be used for repairing injured endothelium in situ at its early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Khang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19138, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Aneetta Elizabeth Kuriakose
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19138, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Tam Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19138, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Cynthia My-Dung Co
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19138, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19138, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Thuy Thi Dang Truong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19138, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Kytai Truong Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19138, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Liping Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, P.O. Box 19138, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
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Lu M, Xue R, Wang P, Wang X, Tian X, Liu Y, Wang S, Cui A, Xie J, Le L, Zhao M, Quan J, Li N, Meng D, Wang X, Sun N, Chen AF, Xiang M, Chen S. Induced pluripotent stem cells attenuate chronic allogeneic vasculopathy in an integrin beta-1-dependent manner. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:2755-2767. [PMID: 32277602 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the mechanism of isogeneic-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) homing to vascular transplants and their therapeutic effect on chronic allogeneic vasculopathy. We found that integrin β1 (Intgβ1) was the dominant integrin β unit in iPSCs that mediates the adhesion of circulatory and endothelial cells (ECs). Intgβ1 knockout or Intgβ1-siRNAs inhibit iPSC adhesion and migration across activated endothelial monolayers. The therapeutic effects of the following were examined: iPSCs, Intgβ1-knockout iPSCs, iPSCs transfected with Intgβ1-siRNAs or nontargeting siRNAs, iPSC-derived ECs, iPSC-derived ECs simultaneously overexpressing Intgα4 and Intgβ1, iPSCs precultured in endothelial medium for 3 days (endothelial-prone stem cells), primary aortic ECs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and phosphate-buffered saline (control). The cells were administered every 3 days for a period of 8 weeks. iPSCs, iPSCs transfected with nontargeting siRNAs, and endothelial-prone stem cells selectively homed on the luminal surface of the allografts, differentiated into ECs, and decreased neointimal proliferation. Through a single administration, we found that iPSCs trafficked to allograft lesions, differentiated into ECs within 1 week, and survived for 4-8 weeks. The therapeutic effect of a single administration was moderate. Thus, Intgβ1 and pluripotency are essential for iPSCs to treat allogeneic vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokai Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anfeng Cui
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxin Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Le
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Quan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Meng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alex F Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sifeng Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Peyton KJ, Liu XM, Yu Y, Yates B, Behnammanesh G, Durante W. Glutaminase-1 stimulates the proliferation, migration, and survival of human endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:204-214. [PMID: 30144404 PMCID: PMC6248344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminase-1 (GLS1) is a mitochondrial enzyme found in endothelial cells (ECs) that metabolizes glutamine to glutamate and ammonia. Although glutaminolysis modulates the function of human umbilical vein ECs, it is not known whether these findings extend to human ECs beyond the fetal circulation. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism by which GLS1 regulates EC function is not defined. In this study, we show that the absence of glutamine in the culture media or the inhibition of GLS1 activity or expression blocked the proliferation and migration of ECs derived from the human umbilical vein, the human aorta, and the human microvasculature. GLS1 inhibition arrested ECs in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and this was associated with a significant decline in cyclin A expression. Restoration of cyclin A expression via adenoviral-mediated gene transfer improved the proliferative, but not the migratory, response of GLS1-inhibited ECs. Glutamine deprivation or GLS1 inhibition also stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species and this was associated with a marked decline in heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. GLS1 inhibition also sensitized ECs to the cytotoxic effect of hydrogen peroxide and this was prevented by the overexpression of HO-1. In conclusion, the metabolism of glutamine by GLS1 promotes human EC proliferation, migration, and survival irrespective of the vascular source. While cyclin A contributes to the proliferative action of GLS1, HO-1 mediates its pro-survival effect. These results identify GLS1 as a promising therapeutic target in treating diseases associated with aberrant EC proliferation, migration, and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Peyton
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Liu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Yajie Yu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Benjamin Yates
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ghazaleh Behnammanesh
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - William Durante
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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Tulsulkar J, Ward A, Shah ZA. HO1 and Wnt expression is independently regulated in female mice brains following permanent ischemic brain injury. Brain Res 2017; 1662:1-6. [PMID: 28219651 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A gender difference in stroke is observed throughout epidemiologic studies, pathophysiology, treatment and outcomes. We investigated the neuroprotective role of hemeoxygenase (HO) enzyme, which catabolizes free heme to bilirubin, carbon monoxide and biliverdin in the female brain after permanent ischemia. We have previously reported in male mice that genetic deletion of HO1 exacerbates the brain damage after permanent ischemia, and the mechanism of neuroprotection is dependent on the HO1/Wnt pathway; however, the role of HO1/Wnt mediated neuroprotection in the female brain is yet to be investigated. We subjected ovary intact female mice, HO1-/- intact, HO1 inhibitor tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP) treated intact and/or ovariectomized female mice to permanent ischemia (pMCAO), and the animals were sacrificed after 7days. The SnMP treatment for 7days significantly reduced the HO1 enzyme activity as compared to that of vehicle treated group. Infarct volume analysis showed significantly lower infarct in intact, HO1-/- intact, and SnMP treated group as compared to the OVX group, suggesting the role of estrogen in neuroprotection. However, there were no differences in infarct volume observed between the intact, HO1-/- and SnMP treated group, suggesting a sexually dimorphic role of HO1 neuroprotection. Western blot analysis on intact and SnMP-treated groups subjected to pMCAO suggested no significant differences in Wnt expression. Together, these results suggest that HO1 neuroprotection is sexually dimorphic and Wnt expression is independently regulated in the female brain following permanent ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Tulsulkar
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Alicia Ward
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
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Identification of cyclins A1, E1 and vimentin as downstream targets of heme oxygenase-1 in vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29417. [PMID: 27388959 PMCID: PMC4937390 DOI: 10.1038/srep29417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential physiological process and an important factor in disease pathogenesis. However, its exploitation as a clinical target has achieved limited success and novel molecular targets are required. Although heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) acts downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to modulate angiogenesis, knowledge of the mechanisms involved remains limited. We set out identify novel HO-1 targets involved in angiogenesis. HO-1 depletion attenuated VEGF-induced human endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and tube formation. The latter response suggested a role for HO-1 in EC migration, and indeed HO-1 siRNA negatively affected directional migration of EC towards VEGF; a phenotype reversed by HO-1 over-expression. EC from Hmox1(-/-) mice behaved similarly. Microarray analysis of HO-1-depleted and control EC exposed to VEGF identified cyclins A1 and E1 as HO-1 targets. Migrating HO-1-deficient EC showed increased p27, reduced cyclin A1 and attenuated cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity. In vivo, cyclin A1 siRNA inhibited VEGF-driven angiogenesis, a response reversed by Ad-HO-1. Proteomics identified structural protein vimentin as an additional VEGF-HO-1 target. HO-1 depletion inhibited VEGF-induced calpain activity and vimentin cleavage, while vimentin silencing attenuated HO-1-driven proliferation. Thus, vimentin and cyclins A1 and E1 represent VEGF-activated HO-1-dependent targets important for VEGF-driven angiogenesis.
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Wei R, Liu LS, Wang LW, Li YB, Zhang T, Liu J, Zuo SW, Jia SH, Song YX, Wu ZY, Duan C, Ge YY, Li HB, Xiong J, Jia X, Wang X, Kong W, Xu XP, Guo W, Huo Y. Association of Resting Heart Rate with Infrarenal Aortic Diameter: A Cross Sectional Study in Chinese Hypertensive Adults. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2015; 50:714-21. [PMID: 26474738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated resting heart rate (RHR) has been shown to be a risk marker for cardiovascular disease. Results from studies on the effects of RHR in large arteries are limited to the functional changes of those arteries, while the association between RHR and aortic diameter remains largely understudied. METHODS This was a cross sectional study of hypertensive Chinese adults from rural areas. The maximum infrarenal aortic diameter (maxIAD) from renal arteries to the iliac bifurcation was obtained by ultrasound. MaxIADs in different RHR groups were compared in males and females separately because of the significant differences between sexes. Multiple regression analysis was used to determinate the correlation between RHR and maxIAD. Further interactions between three factors (BMI, smoking, and anti-hypertensive regimens) and RHR for maxIAD were examined using subgroup analysis. RESULTS 19,200 subjects were enrolled in the study, with an average age of 64.8±7.4 years and 61.6% females. Only 22 cases (0.11%) were detected with AAA, with males (n = 17) presenting a higher AAA incidence than females (n = 5). In subjects ≥65 years, there were 18 (0.19%) AAA, and 15 (83.3%) had a history of smoking. In the total subjects, the mean maxIAD ranged from 15.7±2.1 mm to 15.2±2.2 mm as RHR changed from the lowest quartile to the highest (≥84 bpm) in males, with a similar tendency observed in females. The correlation coefficient of RHR on maxIAD was -0.17 in males and -0.12 in females. Further subgroup analysis revealed that smoking exaggerated the correlation between RHR and maxIAD, but only in females. CONCLUSIONS A low AAA incidence was observed in this hypertensive Chinese population. There was a negative association between RHR and maxIAD, potentially exaggerated by smoking, especially in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wei
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - L S Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - L W Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Y B Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - T Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - S W Zuo
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - S H Jia
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Y X Song
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Y Wu
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - C Duan
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Y Ge
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - H B Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - J Xiong
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - X Jia
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - W Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - X P Xu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - W Guo
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Y Huo
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Ataollahi F, Pingguan-Murphy B, Moradi A, Wan Abas WAB, Chua KH, Abu Osman NA. New method for the isolation of endothelial cells from large vessels. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:1145-52. [PMID: 24831838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Numerous protocols for the isolation of bovine aortic endothelial cells have been described in the previous literature. However, these protocols prevent researchers from obtaining the pure population of endothelial cells. Thus, this study aimed to develop a new and economical method for the isolation of pure endothelial cells by introducing a new strategy to the enzymatic digestion method proposed by previous researchers. METHODS With the use of this method, the lumen of a bovine aorta was filled with wash medium and the outer surface of the sample was washed with alcohol for 30 seconds. Under a laminar flow hood, the inner surface of the sample was covered with filter paper. Collagenase type II was dripped onto the filter paper as a digestion enzyme. The digestion fluid was seeded in T25 flasks and fed with complete medium every 3 days. RESULTS The isolated cells were characterized by markers such as CD31, von Willebrand factor, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-1,3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate acetylated low-density lipoprotein and angiogenesis behavior. The purity of endothelial cells was detected by flow cytometry to be of nearly 90% purity; these results were confirmed by immunostaining. Moreover, endothelial cells formed blood vessel-like tubes in a three-dimensional environment, which is specific dynamic behavior for endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The new strategy presented in the current report enables isolation of a highly pure population of endothelial cells that can survive long-term culture without inducing an overgrowth of fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Ataollahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ali Moradi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien Hui Chua
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Calay D, Mason JC. The multifunctional role and therapeutic potential of HO-1 in the vascular endothelium. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1789-809. [PMID: 24131232 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Heme oxygenases (HO-1 and HO-2) catalyze the degradation of the pro-oxidant heme into carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin, which is subsequently converted to bilirubin. In the vasculature, particular interest has focused on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the inducible HO-1 isoform in the vascular endothelium. This review will present evidence that illustrates the potential therapeutic significance of HO-1 and its products, with special emphasis placed on their beneficial effects on the endothelium in vascular diseases. RECENT ADVANCES The understanding of the molecular basis for the regulation and functions of HO-1 has led to the identification of a variety of drugs that increase HO-1 activity in the vascular endothelium. Moreover, therapeutic delivery of HO-1 products CO, biliverdin, and bilirubin has been shown to have favorable effects, notably on endothelial cells and in animal models of vascular disease. CRITICAL ISSUES To date, mechanistic data identifying the downstream target genes utilized by HO-1 and its products to exert their actions remain relatively sparse. Likewise, studies in man to investigate the efficacy of therapeutics known to induce HO-1 or the consequences of the tissue-specific delivery of CO or biliverdin/bilirubin are rarely performed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Based on the promising in vivo data from animal models, clinical trials to explore the safety and efficacy of the therapeutic induction of HO-1 and the delivery of its products should now be pursued further, targeting, for example, patients with severe atherosclerotic disease, ischemic limbs, restenosis injury, or at high risk of organ rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Calay
- Vascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute , Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Ni CW, Kumar S, Ankeny CJ, Jo H. Development of immortalized mouse aortic endothelial cell lines. Vasc Cell 2014; 6:7. [PMID: 24690145 PMCID: PMC4230636 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The understanding of endothelial cell biology has been facilitated by the availability of primary endothelial cell cultures from a variety of sites and species; however, the isolation and maintenance of primary mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) remain a formidable challenge. Culturing MAECs is difficult as they are prone to phenotypic drift during culture. Therefore, there is a need to have a dependable in vitro culture system, wherein the primary endothelial cells retain their properties and phenotypes. Methods Here, we developed an effective method to prepare immortalized MAEC (iMAEC) lines. Primary MAECs, initially isolated from aortic explants, were immortalized using a retrovirus expressing polyoma middle T-antigen. Immortalized cells were then incubated with DiI-acetylated-low density lipoprotein and sorted via flow cytometry to isolate iMAECs. Results iMAECs expressed common markers of endothelial cells, including PECAM1, eNOS, VE-cadherin, and von Willebrand Factor. iMAECs aligned in the direction of imposed laminar shear and retained the ability to form tubes. Using this method, we have generated iMAEC lines from wild-type and various genetically modified mice such as p47phox-/-, eNOS-/-, and caveolin-1-/-. Conclusion In summary, generation of iMAEC lines from various genetically modified mouse lines provides an invaluable tool to study vascular biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 1760 Haygood Drive, Health Science Research Building, E-170, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Zhao H, Anand AR, Ganju RK. Slit2-Robo4 pathway modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial inflammation and its expression is dysregulated during endotoxemia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:385-93. [PMID: 24272999 PMCID: PMC3908786 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The secretory protein Slit2 and its receptors Robo1 and Robo4 are considered to regulate mobility and permeability of endothelial cells and other cell types. However, the roles of Slit2 and its two receptors in endothelial inflammatory responses remain to be clarified. In this study, we show that, in primary HUVECs, Slit2 represses LPS-induced secretion of certain inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 upregulation, and monocyte adhesion. Slit2's anti-inflammatory effect is mediated by its dominant endothelial-specific receptor Robo4. However, the minor receptor Robo1 has proinflammatory properties and is downregulated by Slit2 via targeting of miR-218. Elucidation of molecular mechanism reveals that Slit2 represses inflammatory responses by inhibiting the Pyk2-NF-κB pathway downstream of LPS-TLR4. Further studies reveal that LPS enhances endothelial inflammation by downregulating the anti-inflammatory Slit2 and Robo4 in HUVECs in vitro, as well as in arterial endothelial cells and liver in vivo during endotoxemia. These results suggest that Slit2-Robo4 signaling is important in regulating LPS-induced endothelial inflammation, and LPS, in turn, enhances inflammation by interfering with the expression of the anti-inflammatory Slit2-Robo4 during the disease state. This implies that Slit2-Robo4 is a key regulator of endothelial inflammation, and its dysregulation during endotoxemia is a novel mechanism for LPS-induced vascular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
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12
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Nada SE, Tulsulkar J, Shah ZA. Heme oxygenase 1-mediated neurogenesis is enhanced by Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761®) after permanent ischemic stroke in mice. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:945-56. [PMID: 24154866 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in stroke survivors. Studies have underlined the importance of repair mechanisms in the recovery phase of stroke. Neurogenesis in response to brain injury is one of the regeneration processes that, if enhanced, may offer better stroke treatment alternatives. Previously, we have demonstrated antioxidant, neuritogenic, and angiogenic properties of Ginkgo biloba/EGb 761® (EGb 761) in different mouse models of stroke. In the present study, we were interested to study whether EGb 761 could protect mice from permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and enhance neurogenesis. EGb 761 pre- and posttreated mice had lower infarct volume and improved motor skills with enhanced proliferation of neuronal stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) at 24 h and 7 days posttreatment. Netrin-1 and its receptors (DCC and UNC5B) that mediate axonal attraction and repulsion were observed to be overexpressed in NSPCs only, implying that netrin-1 and its receptors might have partly played a role in enhanced neurogenesis. Interestingly, in heme oxygenase 1 knockout mice (HO1(-/-)), neurogenesis was significantly lower than in vehicle-treated mice at day 8. Furthermore, EGb 761 posttreated mice also demonstrated heme oxygenase 1 (HO1)-activated pathway of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 α/β (p-GSK-3 α/β), collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2), semaphorin3A (SEMA3A), and Wnt, suggesting probable signaling pathways involved in proliferation, differentiation, and migration of NSPCs. Together, these results propose that EGb 761 not only has antioxidant, neuritogenic, and angiogenic properties, but can also augment the repair and regeneration mechanisms following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadia E Nada
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
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13
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Liu XM, Peyton KJ, Durante W. Physiological cyclic strain promotes endothelial cell survival via the induction of heme oxygenase-1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H1634-43. [PMID: 23604711 PMCID: PMC3680772 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00872.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are constantly subjected to cyclic strain that arises from periodic change in vessel wall diameter as a result of pulsatile blood flow. Application of physiological levels of cyclic strain inhibits EC apoptosis; however, the underlying mechanism is not known. Since heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis, the present study investigated whether HO-1 contributes to the antiapoptotic action of cyclic strain. Administration of physiological cyclic strain (6% at 1 Hz) to human aortic ECs stimulated an increase in HO-1 activity, protein, and mRNA expression. The induction of HO-1 was preceded by a rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nrf2 protein expression. Cyclic strain also stimulated an increase in HO-1 promoter activity that was prevented by mutating the antioxidant responsive element in the promoter or by overexpressing dominant-negative Nrf2. In addition, the strain-mediated induction of HO-1 and activation of Nrf2 was abolished by the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Finally, application of cyclic strain blocked inflammatory cytokine-mediated EC death and apoptosis. However, the protective action of cyclic strain was reversed by the HO inhibitor tin protoporphyrin-IX and was absent in ECs isolated from HO-1-deficient mice. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that a hemodynamically relevant level of cyclic strain stimulates HO-1 gene expression in ECs via the ROS-Nrf2 signaling pathway to inhibit EC death. The ability of cyclic strain to induce HO-1 expression may provide an important mechanism by which hemodynamic forces promote EC survival and vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-ming Liu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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14
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Liu XM, Peyton KJ, Shebib AR, Wang H, Durante W. Compound C stimulates heme oxygenase-1 gene expression via the Nrf2-ARE pathway to preserve human endothelial cell survival. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:371-9. [PMID: 21635873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a novel inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and surprisingly found that compound C (6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-3-pyridin-4-yl-pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine), a cell-permeable inhibitor of AMPK, could also elevate HO-1 suggesting other AMPK-independent actions for this agent. In this study, we investigated the biochemical mechanism by which compound C stimulates HO-1 expression in human endothelial cells (ECs) and determined the biological significance of the induction of HO-1 by compound C in these cells. Compound C stimulated a concentration- and time-dependent increase in HO-1 expression and an increase in HO-1 promoter activity that was abrogated by mutating the antioxidant responsive elements (AREs) in the HO-1 promoter or by overexpressing a dominant negative mutant of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Compound C also stimulated Nrf2 expression this was associated with an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and with a decline in intracellular glutathione levels. Interestingly, the glutathione donor N-acetyl-l-cysteine or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin blocked the induction of HO-1 by compound C. Finally, compound C stimulated EC death and this was potentiated by silencing HO-1 expression and reversed by the administration of CO, biliverdin, or bilirubin. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that compound C stimulates HO-1 gene expression in human vascular endothelium via the activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway to counteract compound C-mediated cell death. The ability of compound C to induce HO-1 expression may contribute to the pleiotropic actions of this agent and suggest caution when using compound C to probe for AMPK functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Liu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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15
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Go YM, Park H, Koval M, Orr M, Reed M, Liang Y, Smith D, Pohl J, Jones DP. A key role for mitochondria in endothelial signaling by plasma cysteine/cystine redox potential. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:275-83. [PMID: 19879942 PMCID: PMC3057402 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The redox potential of the plasma cysteine/cystine couple (E(h)CySS) is oxidized in association with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including age, smoking, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and alcohol abuse. Previous in vitro findings support a cause-effect relationship for extracellular E(h)CySS in cell signaling pathways associated with CVD, including those controlling monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. In this study, we provide evidence that mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the signaling response to a more oxidized extracellular E(h)CySS. This increase in ROS was blocked by overexpression of mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 (Trx2) in endothelial cells from Trx2-transgenic mice, suggesting that mitochondrial thiol antioxidant status plays a key role in this redox signaling mechanism. Mass spectrometry-based redox proteomics showed that several classes of plasma membrane and cytoskeletal proteins involved in inflammation responded to this redox switch, including vascular cell adhesion molecule, integrins, actin, and several Ras family GTPases. Together, the data show that the proinflammatory effects of oxidized plasma E(h)CySS are due to a mitochondrial signaling pathway that is mediated through redox control of downstream effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding authors. Fax: +1 404 712 2974. (Y.-M. Go), (D.P. Jones)
| | - Heonyong Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Michael Koval
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew Reed
- Microchemical and Proteomics Facility, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Biotechnology Core Facility, DSR, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Yongliang Liang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Debra Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Microchemical and Proteomics Facility, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Biotechnology Core Facility, DSR, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding authors. Fax: +1 404 712 2974. (Y.-M. Go), (D.P. Jones)
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16
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Wei Y, Liu XM, Peyton KJ, Wang H, Johnson FK, Johnson RA, Durante W. Hypochlorous acid-induced heme oxygenase-1 gene expression promotes human endothelial cell survival. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C907-15. [PMID: 19625608 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00536.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a unique oxidant generated by the enzyme myeloperoxidase that contributes to endothelial cell dysfunction and death in atherosclerosis. Since myeloperoxidase localizes with heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in and around endothelial cells of atherosclerotic lesions, the present study investigated whether there was an interaction between these two enzymes in vascular endothelium. Treatment of human endothelial cells with the myeloperoxidase product HOCl stimulated a concentration- and time-dependent increase in HO-1 protein that resulted in a significant rise in carbon monoxide (CO) production. The induction of HO-1 protein was preceded by a prominent increase in HO-1 mRNA and total and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In addition, HOCl induced a significant rise in HO-1 promoter activity that was blocked by mutating the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter or by overexpressing a dominant-negative mutant of Nrf2. The HOCl-mediated induction of Nrf2 or HO-1 was blocked by the glutathione donor N-acetyl-l-cysteine but was unaffected by ascorbic or uric acid. Finally, treatment of endothelial cells with HOCl stimulated mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase-3 activation, and cell death that was potentiated by the HO inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin-IX, or by the knockdown of HO-1, and reversed by the exogenous administration of biliverdin, bilirubin, or CO. These results demonstrate that HOCl induces HO-1 gene transcription via the activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway to counteract HOCl-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. The ability of HOCl to activate HO-1 gene expression may represent a critical adaptive response to maintain endothelial cell viability at sites of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wei
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
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17
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Loboda A, Jazwa A, Grochot-Przeczek A, Rutkowski AJ, Cisowski J, Agarwal A, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J. Heme oxygenase-1 and the vascular bed: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1767-812. [PMID: 18576916 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1, an enzyme degrading heme to carbon monoxide, iron, and biliverdin, has been recognized as playing a crucial role in cellular defense against stressful conditions, not only related to heme release. HO-1 protects endothelial cells from apoptosis, is involved in blood-vessel relaxation regulating vascular tone, attenuates inflammatory response in the vessel wall, and participates in blood-vessel formation by means of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The latter functions link HO-1 not only to cardiovascular ischemia but also to many other conditions that, like development, wound healing, or cancer, are dependent on neovascularization. The aim of this comprehensive review is to address the mechanisms of HO-1 regulation and function in cardiovascular physiology and pathology and to demonstrate some possible applications of the vast knowledge generated so far. Recent data provide powerful evidence for the involvement of HO-1 in the therapeutic effect of drugs used in cardiovascular diseases. Novel studies open the possibilities of application of HO-1 for gene and cell therapy. Therefore, research in forthcoming years should help to elucidate both the real role of HO-1 in the effect of drugs and the clinical feasibility of HO-1-based cell and gene therapy, creating the effective therapeutic avenues for this refined antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Loboda
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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18
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Ying WZ, Aaron K, Sanders PW. Mechanism of dietary salt-mediated increase in intravascular production of TGF-beta1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F406-14. [PMID: 18562633 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90294.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated an important effect of arterial pathobiology on the progressive loss of renal function that occurs in chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease, in turn, promotes alterations in vascular function. A modulating role for dietary salt has been suggested, with the amount of salt intake regulating endothelial cell production of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), a fibrogenic growth factor that promotes arteriosclerosis and glomerulosclerosis. The purpose of the present studies was to determine how the interaction between dietary salt intake and vasculature promoted the production of TGF-beta1 in rats. Two different vascular tissues, aortic rings and glomeruli, were chosen for study. Dietary salt induced, in a dose-dependent fashion, activation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (Pyk2) and further identified c-Src as an important binding partner of Pyk2 in these tissues. Use of pharmacological inhibitors and dominant negative strategies confirmed that dietary salt induced complex formation of Pyk2 and c-Src with downstream activation of p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases and generation of TGF-beta1. The experiments defined the molecular signaling events that promoted the production of TGF-beta1, a key growth factor involved in the vascular response to increased salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhong Ying
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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19
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Müller-Brüsselbach S, Kömhoff M, Rieck M, Meissner W, Kaddatz K, Adamkiewicz J, Keil B, Klose KJ, Moll R, Burdick AD, Peters JM, Müller R. Deregulation of tumor angiogenesis and blockade of tumor growth in PPARbeta-deficient mice. EMBO J 2007; 26:3686-98. [PMID: 17641685 PMCID: PMC1949001 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta (PPARbeta) has been implicated in tumorigenesis, but its precise role remains unclear. Here, we show that the growth of syngeneic Pparb wild-type tumors is impaired in Pparb(-/-) mice, concomitant with a diminished blood flow and an abundance of hyperplastic microvascular structures. Matrigel plugs containing pro-angiogenic growth factors harbor increased numbers of morphologically immature, proliferating endothelial cells in Pparb(-/-) mice, and retroviral transduction of Pparb triggers microvessel maturation. We have identified the Cdkn1c gene encoding the cell cycle inhibitor p57(Kip2) as a PPARbeta target gene and a mediator of the PPARbeta-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation, which provides a possible mechanistic explanation for the observed tumor endothelial hyperplasia and deregulation of tumor angiogenesis in Pparb(-/-) mice. Our data point to an unexpected essential role for PPARbeta in constraining tumor endothelial cell proliferation to allow for the formation of functional tumor microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Kömhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Rieck
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Meissner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaddatz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Adamkiewicz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Boris Keil
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Small Animal and Molecular Imaging Center, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus J Klose
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Small Animal and Molecular Imaging Center, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Moll
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrew D Burdick
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, Marburg 35032, Germany. Tel.: +49 6421 2866236; Fax: +49 6421 2868923; E-mail:
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20
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Orozco LD, Kapturczak MH, Barajas B, Wang X, Weinstein MM, Wong J, Deshane J, Bolisetty S, Shaposhnik Z, Shih DM, Agarwal A, Lusis AJ, Araujo JA. Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages Plays a Beneficial Role in Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2007; 100:1703-11. [PMID: 17495224 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.151720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of heme, which leads to the generation of biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. It has been shown to have important antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties that result in a vascular antiatherogenic effect. To determine whether HO-1 expression in macrophages constitutes a significant component of the protective role in atherosclerosis, we evaluated the effect of decreased or absent HO-1 expression in peritoneal macrophages on oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro, and the effect of complete deficiency of HO-1 expression in macrophages in atherosclerotic lesion formation in vivo. We found that compared with HO-1(+/+) controls, peritoneal macrophages from HO-1(-/-) and HO-1(+/-) mice exhibited (1) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, (2) increased proinflammatory cytokines such as monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), and (3) increased foam cell formation when treated with oxLDL, attributable in part to increased expression of scavenger receptor A (SR-A). Bone marrow transplantation experiments performed in lethally irradiated LDL-R null female mice, reconstituted with bone marrow from HO-1(-/-) versus HO-1(+/+) mice, revealed that HO-1(-/-) reconstituted animals exhibited atherosclerotic lesions with a greater macrophage content as evaluated by immunohistochemistry and planimetric assessment. We conclude that HO-1 expression in macrophages constitutes an important component of the antiatherogenic effect by increasing antioxidant protection and decreasing the inflammatory component of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz D Orozco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Deshane J, Chen S, Caballero S, Grochot-Przeczek A, Was H, Li Calzi S, Lach R, Hock TD, Chen B, Hill-Kapturczak N, Siegal GP, Dulak J, Jozkowicz A, Grant MB, Agarwal A. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 promotes angiogenesis via a heme oxygenase 1-dependent mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:605-18. [PMID: 17339405 PMCID: PMC1855437 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) plays a major role in the migration, recruitment, and retention of endothelial progenitor cells to sites of ischemic injury and contributes to neovascularization. We provide direct evidence demonstrating an important role for heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in mediating the proangiogenic effects of SDF-1. Nanomolar concentrations of SDF-1 induced HO-1 in endothelial cells through a protein kinase C zeta-dependent and vascular endothelial growth factor-independent mechanism. SDF-1-induced endothelial tube formation and migration was impaired in HO-1-deficient cells. Aortic rings from HO-1(-/-) mice were unable to form capillary sprouts in response to SDF-1, a defect reversed by CO, a byproduct of the HO-1 reaction. Phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein was impaired in HO-1(-/-) cells, an event that was restored by CO. The functional significance of HO-1 in the proangiogenic effects of SDF-1 was confirmed in Matrigel plug, wound healing, and retinal ischemia models in vivo. The absence of HO-1 was associated with impaired wound healing. Intravitreal adoptive transfer of HO-1-deficient endothelial precursors showed defective homing and reendothelialization of the retinal vasculature compared with HO-1 wild-type cells following ischemia. These findings demonstrate a mechanistic role for HO-1 in SDF-1-mediated angiogenesis and provide new avenues for therapeutic approaches in vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Deshane
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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22
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Lu A, Frink M, Choudhry MA, Schwacha MG, Hubbard WJ, Rue LW, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Mitochondria play an important role in 17beta-estradiol attenuation of H(2)O(2)-induced rat endothelial cell apoptosis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E585-93. [PMID: 17018771 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00413.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown salutary effects of 17beta-estradiol following trauma-hemorrhage on different cell types. 17beta-Estradiol also induces improved circulation via relaxation of the aorta and has an anti-apoptotic effect on endothelial cells. Because mitochondria play a pivotal role in apoptosis, we hypothesized that 17beta-estradiol will maintain mitochondrial function and will have protective effects against H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were isolated from rats' aorta and cultured in the presence or absence of H(2)O(2), a potent inducer of apoptosis. In additional studies, endothelial cells were pretreated with 17beta-estradiol. Flow cytometry analysis revealed H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in 80.9% of endothelial cells; however, prior treatment of endothelial cells with 17beta-estradiol resulted in an approximately 40% reduction in apoptosis. This protective effect of 17beta-estradiol was abrogated when endothelial cells were cultured in the presence ICI-182780, indicating the involvement of estrogen receptor (ER). Fluorescence microscopy revealed a 17beta-estradiol-mediated attenuation of H(2)O(2)-induced mitochondrial condensation. Western blot analysis demonstrated that H(2)O(2)-induced cytochrome c release from mitochondrion to cytosol and the activation of caspase-9 and -3 were decreased by 17beta-estradiol. These findings suggest that 17beta-estradiol attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis via ER-dependent activation of caspase-9 and -3 in rat endothelial cells through mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Lu
- Center for Surgical Research, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Abstract
Heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an inducible cytoprotective molecule that displays antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and antiinflammatory effects. In addition, HO-1 appears to have a complex role in angiogenesis. Recent in vivo studies report that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates HO-1 expression and activity in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and that inhibition of HO-1 abrogates VEGF-induced endothelial activation and subsequent angiogenesis, while promoting VEGF-induced monocyte recruitment and inflammatory angiogenesis. HO-1 may also regulate the synthesis and activity of VEGF, resulting in a positive-feedback loop. In contrast, HO-1 activity has the opposite effect on lipopolysaccharide-driven inflammatory angiogenesis, inhibiting leukocyte invasion and preventing subsequent angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of HO-1 in angiogenesis. We conclude that further investigation, using targeted molecular approaches specifically to alter HO-1 activity, are required to develop our understanding of the role of HO-1 and its products, carbon monoxide, biliverdin, bilirubin, and free iron in angiogenesis. We propose that during chronic inflammation, HO-1 has two roles, first an antiinflammatory action inhibiting leukocyte infiltration, and second, promotion of VEGF-driven noninflammatory angiogenesis, which facilitates tissue repair. Additional studies will help determine whether modulating the activity of HO-1 and/or its products has therapeutic potential in chronic inflammatory dise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Biology and Clinical Science, University of Torino, Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista, Italy
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Huber SA, Sartini D. Roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and the p55 TNF receptor in CD1d induction and coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. J Virol 2005; 79:2659-65. [PMID: 15708985 PMCID: PMC548425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.2659-2665.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Giving C57BL/6 mice 10(4) PFU of coxsackievirus B3 (H3 variant) fails to induce myocarditis, but increasing the initial virus inoculum to 10(5) or 10(6) PFU causes significant cardiac disease. Virus titers in the heart were equivalent at days 3 and 7 in mice given all three virus doses, but day 3 titers in the pancreases of mice inoculated with 10(4) PFU were reduced. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations in the heart were increased in all infected mice, but cytokine levels were highest in mice given the larger virus inocula. TNF-alpha(-/-) and p55 TNF receptor-negative (TNFR(-/-)) mice developed minimal myocarditis compared to B6;129 or C57BL/6 control mice. p75 TNFR(-/-) mice were as disease susceptible as C57BL/6 animals. No significant differences in virus titers in heart or pancreas were observed between the groups, but C57BL/6 and p75 TNFR(-/-) animals showed 10-fold more inflammatory cells in the heart than p55 TNFR(-/-) mice, and the cell population was comprised of high concentrations of CD4(+) gamma interferon-positive and Vgamma4(+) cells. Cardiac endothelial cells isolated from C57BL/6 and p75 TNFR(-/-) mice upregulate CD1d, the molecule recognized by Vgamma4(+) cells, but infection of TNF(-/-) or p55 TNFR(-/-) endothelial cells failed to upregulate CD1d. Infection of C57BL/6 endothelial cells with a nonmyocarditic coxsackievirus B3 variant, H310A1, which is a poor inducer of TNF-alpha, failed to elicit CD1d expression, but TNF-alpha treatment of H310A1-infected endothelial cells increased CD1d levels to those seen in H3-infected cells. TNF-alpha treatment of uninfected endothelial cells had only a modest effect on CD1d expression, suggesting that optimal CD1d upregulation requires both infection and TNF-alpha signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Death
- Enterovirus B, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus B, Human/pathogenicity
- Enterovirus Infections/etiology
- Enterovirus Infections/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/pathology
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Heart/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocarditis/etiology
- Myocarditis/immunology
- Myocarditis/pathology
- Myocarditis/virology
- Myocardium/immunology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Huber
- University of Vermont, Department of Pathology, 208 South Park Dr., Suite 2, Colchester, VT 05446, USA.
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Cisowski J, Loboda A, Józkowicz A, Chen S, Agarwal A, Dulak J. Role of heme oxygenase-1 in hydrogen peroxide-induced VEGF synthesis: effect of HO-1 knockout. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 326:670-6. [PMID: 15596152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is an important mediator of intracellular signaling, which potently enhances the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and upregulates synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The purpose of the present study was to explore the involvement of HO-1 in regulation of H(2)O(2)-mediated induction of VEGF synthesis. We provide genetic evidence that basal and H(2)O(2)-induced VEGF synthesis is partially dependent on HO-1. Inhibition of HO-1 activity by tin protoporphyrin (SnPPIX) resulted in downregulation of VEGF synthesis in murine fibroblasts and human keratinocytes. The relationship between HO-1 and VEGF was corroborated by using cells derived from HO-1 knockout mice, which demonstrated lower basal and H(2)O(2)-induced production of VEGF. Additionally, knock out of HO-1 gene impaired induction of VEGF by hemin, lysophosphatidylcholine, and prostaglandin-J(2). Our results provide confirmation for the involvement of HO-1 in regulation of angiogenesis.
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