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Borroto-Escuela DO, Fuxe K. Advancement in human neuroimaging based on proximity ligation assay in brain disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01911-5. [PMID: 38956177 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Receptomics and Brain disorders lab, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Department of Human Physiology, Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain.
- Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Yaguajay, Cuba.
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Romero-Fernandez W, Carvajal-Tapia C, Prusky A, Katdare K, Wang E, Shostak A, Ventura-Antunes L, Harmsen H, Lippmann E, Borroto-Escuela D, MacGurn J, Fuxe K, Schrag M. Detection, Visualization and Quantification of Protein Complexes in Human Alzheimer's Disease Brains using Proximity Ligation Assay. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2570335. [PMID: 36824944 PMCID: PMC9949263 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2570335/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Examination of healthy and diseased human brain is essential to translational neuroscience. Protein-protein interactions play a pivotal role in physiological and pathological processes, but their detection is difficult, especially in aged and fixed human brain tissue. We used the proximity ligation assay (PLA) to broaden the range of molecular interactions assessable in-situ in human neuropathology. We adapted fluorescent in-situ PLA to detect ubiquitin-modified proteins in human brains with Alzheimer's disease (AD), including approaches for the management of autofluorescence and quantification using a high-content image analysis system. We confirmed that hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau (Serine202, Threonine205) aggregates were modified by ubiquitin and that phospho-tau-ubiquitin complexes were increased in hippocampal and frontal cortex regions in AD compared to non-AD brains. Overall, we refined PLA for use in human neuropathology, which has revealed a profound change in the distribution of ubiquitin in AD brain and its association with characteristic tau pathologies.
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3
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Kim S, Doukmak EJ, Flax RG, Gray DJ, Zirimu VN, de Jong E, Steinhardt RC. Developing Photoaffinity Probes for Dopamine Receptor D 2 to Determine Targets of Parkinson's Disease Drugs. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3008-3022. [PMID: 36183275 PMCID: PMC9585581 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic pathways control highly consequential aspects of physiology and behavior. One of the most therapeutically important and best-studied receptors in these pathways is dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2). Unfortunately, DRD2 is challenging to study with traditional molecular biological techniques, and most drugs designed to target DRD2 are ligands for many other receptors. Here, we developed probes able to both covalently bind to DRD2 using photoaffinity labeling and provide a chemical handle for detection or affinity purification. These probes behaved like good DRD2 agonists in traditional biochemical assays and were able to perform in chemical-biological assays of cell and receptor labeling. Rat whole brain labeling and affinity enrichment using the probes permitted proteomic analysis of the probes' interacting proteins. Bioinformatic study of the hits revealed that the probes bound noncanonically targeted proteins in Parkinson's disease network as well as the retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, GABA receptor, and dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) signaling networks. Follow-up analysis may yield insights into how this pathway relates specifically to Parkinson's disease symptoms or provide new targets for treatments. This work reinforces the notion that the combination of chemical biology and omics-based approaches provides a broad picture of a molecule's "interactome" and may also give insight into the pleiotropy of effects observed for a drug or perhaps indicate new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer
T. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Emma J. Doukmak
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Raymond G. Flax
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Dylan J. Gray
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Victoria N. Zirimu
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Ebbing de Jong
- SUNY
Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Rachel C. Steinhardt
- Department
of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States,BioInspired
Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States,Department
of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States,
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The mGlu 5 Receptor Protomer-Mediated Dopamine D 2 Receptor Trans-Inhibition Is Dependent on the Adenosine A 2A Receptor Protomer: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5955-5969. [PMID: 35829830 PMCID: PMC9463353 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) and metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) form A2AR-D2R-mGluR5 heteroreceptor complexes in living cells and in rat striatal neurons. In the current study, we present experimental data supporting the view that the A2AR protomer plays a major role in the inhibitory modulation of the density and the allosteric receptor-receptor interaction within the D2R-mGluR5 heteromeric component of the A2AR-D2R-mGluR5 complex in vitro and in vivo. The A2AR and mGluR5 protomers interact and modulate D2R protomer recognition and signalling upon forming a trimeric complex from these receptors. Expression of A2AR in HEK293T cells co-expressing D2R and mGluR5 resulted in a significant and marked increase in the formation of the D2R-mGluR5 heteromeric component in both bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and proximity ligation assays. A highly significant increase of the the high-affinity component of D2R (D2RKi High) values was found upon cotreatment with the mGluR5 and A2AR agonists in the cells expressing A2AR, D2R and mGluR5 with a significant effect observed also with the mGluR5 agonist alone compared to cells expressing only D2R and mGluR5. In cells co-expressing A2AR, D2R and mGluR5, stimulation of the cells with an mGluR5 agonist like or D2R antagonist fully counteracted the D2R agonist-induced inhibition of the cAMP levels which was not true in cells only expressing mGluR5 and D2R. In agreement, the mGluR5-negative allosteric modulator raseglurant significantly reduced the haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice, and in A2AR knockout mice, the haloperidol action had almost disappeared, supporting a functional role for mGluR5 and A2AR in enhancing D2R blockade resulting in catalepsy. The results represent a relevant example of integrative activity within higher-order heteroreceptor complexes.
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Fernández-Dueñas V, Bonaventura J, Aso E, Luján R, Ferré S, Ciruela F. Overcoming the Challenges of Detecting GPCR Oligomerization in the Brain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1035-1045. [PMID: 34736381 PMCID: PMC9886828 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211104145727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest group of membrane receptor proteins controlling brain activity. Accordingly, GPCRs are the main target of commercial drugs for most neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. One of the mechanisms by which GPCRs regulate neuronal function is by homo- and heteromerization, with the establishment of direct protein-protein interactions between the same and different GPCRs. The occurrence of GPCR homo- and heteromers in artificial systems is generally well accepted, but more specific methods are necessary to address GPCR oligomerization in the brain. Here, we revise some of the techniques that have mostly contributed to reveal GPCR oligomers in native tissue, which include immunogold electron microscopy, proximity ligation assay (PLA), resonance energy transfer (RET) between fluorescent ligands and the Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay (ALPHA). Of note, we use the archetypical GPCR oligomer, the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR)-dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) heteromer as an example to illustrate the implementation of these techniques, which can allow visualizing GPCR oligomers in the human brain under normal and pathological conditions. Indeed, GPCR oligomerization may be involved in the pathophysiology of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Fernández-Dueñas
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;,Neuropharmacology & Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;,Address correspondence to these authors at the Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; E-mails: ,
| | - Jordi Bonaventura
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;,Neuropharmacology & Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ester Aso
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;,Neuropharmacology & Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Rafael Luján
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;,Neuropharmacology & Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;,Address correspondence to these authors at the Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; E-mails: ,
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6
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Andrianarivelo A, Saint-Jour E, Pousinha P, Fernandez SP, Petitbon A, De Smedt-Peyrusse V, Heck N, Ortiz V, Allichon MC, Kappès V, Betuing S, Walle R, Zhu Y, Joséphine C, Bemelmans AP, Turecki G, Mechawar N, Javitch JA, Caboche J, Trifilieff P, Barik J, Vanhoutte P. Disrupting D1-NMDA or D2-NMDA receptor heteromerization prevents cocaine's rewarding effects but preserves natural reward processing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg5970. [PMID: 34669474 PMCID: PMC8528421 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg5970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Addictive drugs increase dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), where it persistently shapes excitatory glutamate transmission and hijacks natural reward processing. Here, we provide evidence, from mice to humans, that an underlying mechanism relies on drug-evoked heteromerization of glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) with dopamine receptor 1 (D1R) or 2 (D2R). Using temporally controlled inhibition of D1R-NMDAR heteromerization, we unraveled their selective implication in early phases of cocaine-mediated synaptic, morphological, and behavioral responses. In contrast, preventing D2R-NMDAR heteromerization blocked the persistence of these adaptations. Interfering with these heteromers spared natural reward processing. Notably, we established that D2R-NMDAR complexes exist in human samples and showed that, despite a decreased D2R protein expression in the NAc, individuals with psychostimulant use disorder display a higher proportion of D2R forming heteromers with NMDAR. These findings contribute to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying addiction and uncover D2R-NMDAR heteromers as targets with potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andry Andrianarivelo
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Estefani Saint-Jour
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Paula Pousinha
- Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7275, Valbonne, France
| | - Sebastian P. Fernandez
- Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7275, Valbonne, France
| | - Anna Petitbon
- Université Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Nicolas Heck
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Vanesa Ortiz
- Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7275, Valbonne, France
| | - Marie-Charlotte Allichon
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Kappès
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Roman Walle
- Université Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ying Zhu
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Charlène Joséphine
- Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, and CNRS UMR 9199, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans
- Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, and CNRS UMR 9199, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Trifilieff
- Université Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jacques Barik
- Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7275, Valbonne, France
| | - Peter Vanhoutte
- CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Prasad K, de Vries EFJ, Elsinga PH, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A. Allosteric Interactions between Adenosine A 2A and Dopamine D 2 Receptors in Heteromeric Complexes: Biochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics, and Opportunities for PET Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041719. [PMID: 33572077 PMCID: PMC7915359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine and dopamine interact antagonistically in living mammals. These interactions are mediated via adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors (R). Stimulation of A2AR inhibits and blockade of A2AR enhances D2R-mediated locomotor activation and goal-directed behavior in rodents. In striatal membrane preparations, adenosine decreases both the affinity and the signal transduction of D2R via its interaction with A2AR. Reciprocal A2AR/D2R interactions occur mainly in striatopallidal GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the indirect pathway that are involved in motor control, and in striatal astrocytes. In the nucleus accumbens, they also take place in MSNs involved in reward-related behavior. A2AR and D2R co-aggregate, co-internalize, and co-desensitize. They are at very close distance in biomembranes and form heteromers. Antagonistic interactions between adenosine and dopamine are (at least partially) caused by allosteric receptor–receptor interactions within A2AR/D2R heteromeric complexes. Such interactions may be exploited in novel strategies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and perhaps also attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Little is known about shifting A2AR/D2R heteromer/homodimer equilibria in the brain. Positron emission tomography with suitable ligands may provide in vivo information about receptor crosstalk in the living organism. Some experimental approaches, and strategies for the design of novel imaging agents (e.g., heterobivalent ligands) are proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
| | - Erik F. J. de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C.Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
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8
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Zhu Y, Dwork AJ, Trifilieff P, Javitch JA. Detection of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Complexes in Postmortem Human Brain by Proximity Ligation Assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 91:e86. [PMID: 31943888 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Combining immunological and molecular biological methods, the antibody-based proximity ligation assay (PLA) has been used for more than a decade to detect and quantify protein-protein interactions, protein modification, and protein expression in situ, including in brain tissue. However, the transfer of this technology to human brain samples requires a number of precautions due to the nature of the specimens and their specific processing. Here, we used the PLA brightfield detection technique to assess the expression of dopamine D2 receptor and adenosine A2A receptor and their proximity in human postmortem brains, and we developed a systematic random sampling method to help quantify the PLA signals. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation and sectioning for PLA_BF Basic Protocol 2: PLA_BF staining of brain tissue Basic Protocol 3: Image acquisition and result analysis Support Protocol: Luxol fast blue/cresyl violet staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Andrew J Dwork
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Pierre Trifilieff
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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