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Yook HJ, Lee JH. Prurigo Nodularis: Pathogenesis and the Horizon of Potential Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5164. [PMID: 38791201 PMCID: PMC11121340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pruritus that lasts for over 6 weeks can present in various forms, like papules, nodules, and plaque types, with prurigo nodularis (PN) being the most prevalent. The pathogenesis of PN involves the dysregulation of immune cell-neural circuits and is associated with peripheral neuropathies, possibly due to chronic scratching. PN is a persistent and challenging condition, involving complex interactions among the skin, immune system, and nervous system. Lesional skin in PN exhibits the infiltration of diverse immune cells like T cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and mast cells, leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines and itch-inducing substances. Activated sensory nerve fibers aggravate pruritus by releasing neurotransmitters, perpetuating a vicious cycle of itching and scratching. Traditional treatments often fail, but recent advancements in understanding the inflammatory and itch transmission mechanisms of PN have paved the way for innovative therapeutic approaches, which are explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, #222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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2
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Madnani N, Deo J, Dalal K, Benjamin B, Murthy VV, Hegde R, Shetty T. Revitalizing the skin: Exploring the role of barrier repair moisturizers. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:1533-1540. [PMID: 38214440 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moisturizers are designed to maintain skin health and treat dermatological conditions associated with impaired skin barrier function. However, differences in their composition account for the differences in their effect. AIMS This narrative review aims to discuss the role of barrier repair moisturizers, highlight the role of different components in a moisturizer and their role in impaired skin conditions (e.g., dry, itchy, inflamed, sensitive skin, atopic eczema), and thereby empower dermatologists and pediatricians in selecting the right moisturizer. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Scopus electronic databases were searched from January 2000 to June 2023 for publications on skin barrier repair and use of barrier repair moisturizers for the treatment of dry, itchy, inflamed, sensitive skin, or atopic eczema. Studies conducted in humans, published in English for which full texts were freely available were included. RESULTS The structure and composition of lipid lamellae within the stratum corneum play an important role in maintaining an effective skin barrier and protecting the body from various external assaults. Endocannabinoid mediators play an active role in maintaining skin barrier function. Moisturizers containing physiological lipids and functional ingredients (e.g., endocannabinoids such as palmitoylethanolamide [PEA]) and based on the principles of biomimic technology are demonstrated to be beneficial for the management of conditions associated with a disrupted skin barrier. CONCLUSIONS Moisturizer based on the innovative biomimic formulation has good cosmetic efficacy and is generally well tolerated, and the addition of PEA might represent a new generation of compounds that may be beneficial for long-term management of impaired skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Madnani
- Department Coordinator, Dermatology Department, P.D. Hinduja National Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Sir H.N. Reliance Memorial Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyotsna Deo
- Cutis Skin and Laser Centre, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, India
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Rao A, Moussa AA, Erickson J, Briskey D. Efficacy of Topical Palmitoylethanolamide (Levagen+) for the Management of Eczema Symptoms: A Double-Blind, Comparator-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2024; 36:288-295. [PMID: 38408443 PMCID: PMC10997259 DOI: 10.1159/000536670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eczema is a debilitating skin disorder clinically characterised by the development of itchy, dry, rough, and scaling skin caused by a series of rudimentary clinical phenotypes. METHODS This double-blind, randomised, comparator-controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of topical application of a novel palmitoylethanolamide formulation (Levagen+) compared with a standard moisturiser (comparator) to reduce eczema severity and improve patient outcomes. Seventy-two participants aged over 18 years old with atopic eczema (symptoms including redness, dry skin, scaling, and/or itchiness) on their hands or arm were recruited. Participants were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups (Levagen + or comparator). Treatment was applied to the affected area twice daily for 4 weeks. Outcome measures included Self-Assessed Eczema Area Severity Index (SA-EASI) scoring and Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) from baseline to week 4. RESULTS Levagen+ was effective at alleviating symptom severity of eczema over 4 weeks. Levagen+ significantly reduced redness, dryness, and total POEM score compared to a comparator cream. CONCLUSION Levagen+ can significantly reduce eczema symptom severity compared to a comparator product, supporting its use as a potential treatment for eczema. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT05003453.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rao
- RDC Global, RDC Clinical, Newstead, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amel A. Moussa
- RDC Global, RDC Clinical, Newstead, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jane Erickson
- RDC Global, RDC Clinical, Newstead, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Briskey
- RDC Global, RDC Clinical, Newstead, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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4
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Lapteva M, Faro Barros J, Kalia YN. Cutaneous Delivery and Biodistribution of Cannabidiol in Human Skin after Topical Application of Colloidal Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:202. [PMID: 38399256 PMCID: PMC10892191 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the cutaneous delivery of cannabidiol (CBD) from aqueous formulations developed for the targeted local treatment of dermatological conditions. CBD was formulated using a proprietary colloidal drug delivery system (VESIsorb®) into an aqueous colloidal solution at 2% (ACS 2%) and two colloidal gels (CG 1% and CG 2%, which contained 1% and 2% CBD, respectively). Two basic formulations containing CBD (5% in propylene glycol (PG 5%) and a 6.6% oil solution (OS 6.6%)) and two marketed CBD products (RP1 and RP2, containing 1% CBD) were used as comparators. Cutaneous delivery and cutaneous biodistribution experiments were performed using human abdominal skin (500-700 µm) under infinite- and finite-dose conditions with 0.5% Tween 80 in the PBS receiver phase. The quantification of CBD in the skin samples was performed using a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method and an internal standard (CBD-d3). The cutaneous deposition of CBD under finite-dose conditions demonstrated the superiority of CG 1%, CG 2%, and ACS 2% over the marketed products; CG 1% had the highest delivery efficiency (5.25%). Cutaneous biodistribution studies showed the superiority of the colloidal systems in delivering CBD to the viable epidermis, and the upper and lower papillary dermis, which are the target sites for the treatment of several dermatological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lapteva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (J.F.B.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Faro Barros
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (J.F.B.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N. Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (J.F.B.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Marto J, Simões S. New Horizons in Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1654. [PMID: 38139781 PMCID: PMC10748041 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermal and transdermal drug delivery represents an important strategy to target drugs towards the site of action or to noninvasively enhance treatment activity, circumventing the hepatic first passage and reducing toxicity [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Marto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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Shao Y, Wang D, Zhu Y, Xiao Z, Jin T, Peng L, Shen Y, Tang H. Molecular mechanisms of pruritus in prurigo nodularis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1301817. [PMID: 38077377 PMCID: PMC10701428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1301817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pruritus is the most common symptom of dermatological disorders, and prurigo nodularis (PN) is notorious for intractable and severe itching. Conventional treatments often yield disappointing outcomes, significantly affecting patients' quality of life and psychological well-being. The pathogenesis of PN is associated with a self-sustained "itch-scratch" vicious cycle. Recent investigations of PN-related itch have partially revealed the intricate interactions within the cutaneous neuroimmune network; however, the underlying mechanism remains undetermined. Itch mediators play a key role in pruritus amplification in PN and understanding their action mechanism will undoubtedly lead to the development of novel targeted antipruritic agents. In this review, we describe a series of pruritogens and receptors involved in mediating itching in PN, including cytokines, neuropeptides, extracellular matrix proteins, vasculogenic substances, ion channels, and intracellular signaling pathways. Moreover, we provide a prospective outlook on potential therapies based on existing findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Yoo EH, Lee JH. Cannabinoids and Their Receptors in Skin Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16523. [PMID: 38003712 PMCID: PMC10672037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic application of cannabinoids has gained traction in recent years. Cannabinoids interact with the human endocannabinoid system in the skin. A large body of research indicates that cannabinoids could hold promise for the treatment of eczema, psoriasis, acne, pruritus, hair disorders, and skin cancer. However, most of the available data are at the preclinical stage. Comprehensive, large-scale, randomized, controlled clinical trials have not yet been fully conducted. In this article, we describe new findings in cannabinoid research and point out promising future research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
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Gaweł-Bęben K, Czech K, Luca SV. Cannabidiol and Minor Phytocannabinoids: A Preliminary Study to Assess Their Anti-Melanoma, Anti-Melanogenic, and Anti-Tyrosinase Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050648. [PMID: 37242431 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is an increased interest from both scientists and consumers in the application of cannabis/hemp/phytocannabinoids in skin-related disorders. However, most previous investigations assessed the pharmacological properties of hemp extracts, cannabidiol (CBD), or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), with very few studies focusing on minor phytocannabinoids from hemp. In this context, the current work explored the in vitro anti-melanoma, anti-melanogenic, and anti-tyrosinase effects of cannabidiol (CBD) and three minor phytocannabinoids, namely cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabichromene (CBC). Among the tested human malignant melanoma cells (A375, SH4, and G361), only A375 cells were highly susceptible to the 48 h treatment with the four phytocannabinoids (IC50 values between 12.02 and 25.13 μg/mL). When melanogenesis was induced in murine melanoma B16F10 cells by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH), CBD, CBG, and CBN significantly decreased the extracellular (29.76-45.14% of αMSH+ cells) and intracellular (60.59-67.87% of αMSH+ cells) melanin content at 5 μg/mL. Lastly, CBN (50-200 μg/mL) inhibited both mushroom and murine tyrosinase, whereas CBG (50-200 μg/mL) and CBC (100-200 μg/mL) down-regulated only the mushroom tyrosinase activity; in contrast, CBD was practically inactive. The current data show that tyrosinase inhibition might not be responsible for reducing the melanin biosynthesis in α-MSH-treated B16F10 cells. By evaluating for the first time the preliminary anti-melanoma, anti-melanogenic, and anti-tyrosinase properties of CBN and CBC and confirming similar effects for CBD and CBG, this study can expand the utilization of CBD and, in particular, of minor phytocannabinoids to novel cosmeceutical products for skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gaweł-Bęben
- Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Karolina Czech
- Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Simon Vlad Luca
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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9
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Vander Does A, Ju T, Mohsin N, Chopra D, Yosipovitch G. How to get rid of itching. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108355. [PMID: 36739914 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Itch is an unpleasant sensation arising from a variety of dermatologic, neuropathic, systemic, and psychogenic etiologies. Various itch pathways are implicated according to the underlying etiology. A variety of pruritogens, or itch mediators, as well as receptors have been identified and provide potential therapeutic targets. Recent research has primarily focused on targeting inflammatory cytokines and Janus kinase signaling, protease-activated receptors, substance P and neurokinin, transient receptor potential-vanilloid ion channels, Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptors (MRGPRX2 and MRGPRX4), the endogenous opioid and cannabinoid balance, and phosphodiesterase 4. Periostin, a newly identified pruritogen, should be further explored with clinical trials. Drugs targeting neural sensitization including the gabergic system and P2X3 are other potential drugs for chronic itch. There is a need for more targeted therapies to improve clinical outcomes and reduce side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Vander Does
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Teresa Ju
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Noreen Mohsin
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Divya Chopra
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gil Yosipovitch
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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10
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Cannabinoid Compounds as a Pharmacotherapeutic Option for the Treatment of Non-Cancer Skin Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244102. [PMID: 36552866 PMCID: PMC9777118 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has been shown to be involved in various skin functions, such as melanogenesis and the maintenance of redox balance in skin cells exposed to UV radiation, as well as barrier functions, sebaceous gland activity, wound healing and the skin's immune response. In addition to the potential use of cannabinoids in the treatment and prevention of skin cancer, cannabinoid compounds and derivatives are of interest as potential systemic and topical applications for the treatment of various inflammatory, fibrotic and pruritic skin conditions. In this context, cannabinoid compounds have been successfully tested as a therapeutic option for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia, atopic and seborrhoeic dermatitis, dermatomyositis, asteatotic and atopic eczema, uraemic pruritis, scalp psoriasis, systemic sclerosis and venous leg ulcers. This review provides an insight into the current literature on cannabinoid compounds as potential medicines for the treatment of skin diseases.
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Wang Y, Wang X, Yang Y, Quan Q, Huo T, Yang S, Ju R, An Q. Comparison of the in vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Cannabidiol to Dexamethasone. CLINICAL, COSMETIC AND INVESTIGATIONAL DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:1959-1967. [PMID: 36159203 PMCID: PMC9491233 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s378798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid constituent of Cannabis sativa with pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties. With the emphasis on natural ingredients in cosmetics, CBD has become a new cosmetic ingredient due to its ability to alleviate inflammation. However, in-depth studies that directly compare the effective mechanism and the therapeutic potential of CBD are still needed. Purpose The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of CBD in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and compare it to dexamethasone (DEX). Methods RAW264.7 macrophages in the logarithmic growth phase were incubated in the presence or absence of LPS. After that, the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured. A luciferase reporter assay for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was performed, and the phosphorylation levels of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling pathways were measured. Results The present study indicated that CBD had a similar anti-inflammatory effect to DEX by attenuating the LPS-induced production of NO, IL-6, and TNF-α. However, only CBD attenuated JNK phosphorylation levels, and only DEX attenuated IKK phosphorylation levels. Conclusion These results suggested that CBD and DEX exhibit similar anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages mainly through suppressing the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, but with different intracellular mechanisms. These findings suggested that CBD may be considered a natural anti-inflammatory agent for protecting skin from immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Research and Development Department, Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Co, Ltd, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Research and Development Department, REAL DermaSci & Biotech Co, Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wang
- Research and Development Department, Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Co, Ltd, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Research and Development Department, REAL DermaSci & Biotech Co, Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Research and Development Department, Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Co, Ltd, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Research and Development Department, REAL DermaSci & Biotech Co, Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianghua Quan
- Research and Development Department, Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Co, Ltd, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Research and Development Department, REAL DermaSci & Biotech Co, Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Huo
- Research and Development Department, Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Co, Ltd, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Research and Development Department, REAL DermaSci & Biotech Co, Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Simin Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Enze Biomass Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijun Ju
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Enze Biomass Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan An
- Research and Development Department, Yunnan Baiyao Group Health Products Co, Ltd, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,East Asia Skin Health Research Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Research and Development Department, REAL DermaSci & Biotech Co, Ltd, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Research and Development Department, Yunnan Baiyao Group Shanghai Science & Technology Co, Ltd, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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A Review of Moisturizing Additives for Atopic Dermatitis. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis, the most common form of eczema, is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin condition that occurs with dry skin, persistent itching, and scaly lesions. This debilitating condition significantly compromises the patient’s quality of life due to the intractable itching and other associated factors such as disfigurement, sleeping disturbances, and social stigmatization from the visible lesions. The treatment mainstay of atopic dermatitis involves applying topical glucocorticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, combined with regular use of moisturizers. However, conventional treatments possess a certain degree of adverse effects, which raised concerns among the patients resulting in non-adherence to treatment. Hence, the modern use of moisturizers to improve barrier repair and function is of great value. One of the approaches includes incorporating bioactive ingredients with clinically proven therapeutic benefits into dermocosmetics emollient. The current evidence suggests that these dermocosmetics emollients aid in the improvement of the skin barrier and alleviate inflammation, pruritus and xerosis. We carried out a critical and comprehensive narrative review of the literature. Studies and trials focusing on moisturizers that include phytochemicals, natural moisturizing factors, essential fatty acids, endocannabinoids, and antioxidants were identified by searching electronic databases (PubMed and MEDLINE). We introduce the current knowledge on the roles of moisturizers in alleviating symptoms of atopic dermatitis. We then further summarize the science and rationale of the active ingredients in dermocosmetics and medical device emollients for treating atopic dermatitis. Finally, we highlight the limitations of the current evidence and future perspectives of cosmeceutical research on atopic dermatitis.
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13
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Weng HJ, Pham QTT, Chang CW, Tsai TF. Druggable Targets and Compounds with Both Antinociceptive and Antipruritic Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070892. [PMID: 35890193 PMCID: PMC9318852 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain and itch are both important manifestations of various disorders, such as herpes zoster, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Growing evidence suggests that both sensations have shared mediators, overlapping neural circuitry, and similarities in sensitization processes. In fact, pain and itch coexist in some disorders. Determining pharmaceutical agents and targets for treating pain and itch concurrently is of scientific and clinical relevance. Here we review the neurobiology of pain and itch and discuss the pharmaceutical targets as well as novel compounds effective for the concurrent treatment of these sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jui Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Quoc Thao Trang Pham
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Chia-Wei Chang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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14
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Cannabis use among patients with cutaneous lymphoma: A cross-sectional survey. Complement Ther Med 2022; 67:102830. [PMID: 35395396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate patterns of cannabis use in patients with cutaneous lymphoma (CL), as well as the association between cannabis use and itch specifically. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey created in partnership with the Cutaneous Lymphoma Foundation (CLF). SETTING The online survey was distributed electronically via email to the CLF listserv and links posted to social media over a 2-week period. Main Outcome Measures Respondents were classified as current cannabis users, prior users, and never users. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess itching severity, improvement of itch, and interest in learning about cannabis. RESULTS A total of 119 patient responses (61% female, mean age 59y) were included in analysis. The majority had mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome (74%; 88/119) and early stage (IA-IIA) disease (56%; 48/86). Mean VAS itch score was 3.2 + 2.8 for the cohort. Over half (55%; 60/110) reported ever having used cannabis, with 22% (24/110) endorsing current cannabis use. Common methods of cannabis use were smoking (54%) and vaporizing (46%). 25% (6/24) of current users reported using cannabis specifically to treat itch; these respondents noted that cannabis resulted in moderate improvement of itching (mean 6.6/10). There was strong interest in learning more about cannabis and cancer, and most desired this information from their CL doctor/nurse. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use is common among patients with CL, and patients report improvement of itching as a result of using cannabis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the risks and benefits of cannabis use in this patient population.
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15
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Pagano C, Navarra G, Coppola L, Avilia G, Bifulco M, Laezza C. Cannabinoids: Therapeutic Use in Clinical Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063344. [PMID: 35328765 PMCID: PMC8952215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical case reports suggest that cannabinoids extracted from Cannabis sativa have therapeutic effects; however, the therapeutic employment is limited due to the psychotropic effect of its major component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The new scientific discoveries related to the endocannabinoid system, including new receptors, ligands, and mediators, allowed the development of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of several pathological disorders minimizing the undesirable psychotropic effects of some constituents of this plant. Today, FDA-approved drugs, such as nabiximols (a mixture of THC and non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD)), are employed in alleviating pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Dronabinol and nabilone are used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. Dronabinol was approved for the treatment of anorexia in patients with AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). In this review, we highlighted the potential therapeutic efficacy of natural and synthetic cannabinoids and their clinical relevance in cancer, neurodegenerative and dermatological diseases, and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy or (C.P.); (G.N.); (L.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Giovanna Navarra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy or (C.P.); (G.N.); (L.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Laura Coppola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy or (C.P.); (G.N.); (L.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Giorgio Avilia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy or (C.P.); (G.N.); (L.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy or (C.P.); (G.N.); (L.C.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.); or (C.L.)
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); or (C.L.)
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16
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Sivesind TE, Maghfour J, Rietcheck H, Kamel K, Malik AS, Dellavalle RP. Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Dermatologic Conditions. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100095. [PMID: 35199092 PMCID: PMC8841811 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cannabinoid (CB) products have gained popularity among the public. The anti-inflammatory properties of CBs have piqued the interest of researchers and clinicians because they represent promising avenues for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory skin disorders that may be refractory to conventional therapy. The objective of this study was to review the existing literature regarding CBs for dermatologic conditions. A primary literature search was conducted in October 2020, using the PubMed and Embase databases, for all articles published from 1965 to October 2020. Review articles, studies using animal models, and nondermatologic and pharmacologic studies were excluded. From 248 nonduplicated studies, 26 articles were included. There were 13 articles on systemic CBs and 14 reports on topical CBs. Selective CB receptor type 2 agonists were found to be effective in treating diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis and dermatomyositis. Dronabinol showed efficacy for trichotillomania. Sublingual cannabidiol and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were successful in treating the pain associated with epidermolysis bullosa. Available evidence suggests that CBs may be effective for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders. Although promising, additional research is necessary to evaluate efficacy and to determine dosing, safety, and long-term treatment guidelines.
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Key Words
- 2-AG, 2-arachidonoylglycerol
- ACR-CRISS, American College of Rheumatology-combined response index in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis
- AEA, anandamide
- CB, cannabinoid
- CB1R, cannabinoid receptor 1
- CB2R, cannabinoid receptor 2
- CBD, cannabidiol
- CDASI, cutaneous dermatomyositis disease area and severity index
- DM, dermatomyositis
- ECS, endocannabinoid system
- KC, keratinocyte
- MRSS, modified Rodnan skin thickness score
- N-PEA, N-palmitoylethanolamide
- QOLHEQ, Quality of Life Hand Eczema Questionnaire
- RCT, randomized controlled trial
- SSc, systemic sclerosis
- VAS, Visual Analog Score
- Δ9-THC, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
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Affiliation(s)
- Torunn E. Sivesind
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jalal Maghfour
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Care, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Hope Rietcheck
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kevin Kamel
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ali S. Malik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert P. Dellavalle
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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17
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Cannabis-Based Products for the Treatment of Skin Inflammatory Diseases: A Timely Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020210. [PMID: 35215320 PMCID: PMC8878527 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of natural products in dermatology is increasingly being pursued due to sustainability and ecological issues, and as a possible way to improve the therapeutic outcome of chronic skin diseases, relieving the burden for both patients and healthcare systems. The legalization of cannabis by a growing number of countries has opened the way for researching the use of cannabinoids in therapeutic topical formulations. Cannabinoids are a diverse class of pharmacologically active compounds produced by Cannabis sativa (phytocannabinoids) and similar molecules (endocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids). Humans possess an endocannabinoid system involved in the regulation of several physiological processes, which includes naturally-produced endocannabinoids, and proteins involved in their transport, synthesis and degradation. The modulation of the endocannabinoid system is a promising therapeutic target for multiple diseases, including vascular, mental and neurodegenerative disorders. However, due to the complex nature of this system and its crosstalk with other biological systems, the development of novel target drugs is an ongoing challenging task. The discovery of a skin endocannabinoid system and its role in maintaining skin homeostasis, alongside the anti-inflammatory actions of cannabinoids, has raised interest in their use for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases, which is the focus of this review. Oral treatments are only effective at high doses, having considerable adverse effects; thus, research into plant-based or synthetic cannabinoids that can be incorporated into high-quality, safe topical products for the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions is timely. Previous studies revealed that such products are usually well tolerated and showed promising results for example in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and contact dermatitis. However, further controlled human clinical trials are needed to fully unravel the potential of these compounds, and the possible side effects associated with their topical use.
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18
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Junaid MSA, Tijani AO, Puri A, Banga AK. In vitro percutaneous absorption studies of cannabidiol using human skin: Exploring the effect of drug concentration, chemical enhancers, and essential oils. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121540. [PMID: 35124116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive constituent of cannabis, has garnered much attention after United States Food and Drug Administration approved Epidiolex® for oral use. Although therapeutic effect of cannabidiol after systemic absorption has been investigated extensively, its therapeutic potential in treating skin disorders after local delivery still needs further exploration. Our study has investigated the effect of cannabidiol concentration, chemical enhancers, and essential oils on percutaneous absorption of cannabidiol. In vitro permeation tests were conducted on human skin. The 24 h study results suggest no significant difference in amount of drug absorbed into skin, between 5% (242.41 ± 12.17 µg/cm2) and 10% (232.79 ± 20.82 cm2) cannabidiol solutions. However, 1% delivered (23.02 ± 4.74 µg/cm2) significantly lower amount of drug into skin than 5% and 10%. Transcutol and isopropyl myristate did not enhance delivery of cannabidiol. However, oleic acid was found to be useful as chemical enhancer. Oleic acid (43.07 ± 10.11 µg/cm2) had significantly higher cannabidiol delivery into skin than the group without oleic acid (10.98 ± 3.40 µg/cm2) after a 4 h in vitro permeation study. Essential oils at concentrations tested had lower total cannabidiol delivery when compared to control. This study's findings will help guide future research on the pharmacological effect of percutaneously delivered cannabidiol on inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shajid Ashraf Junaid
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Akeemat O Tijani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Ashana Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Ajay K Banga
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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19
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Lipman ZM, Paramasivam V, Yosipovitch G, Germain MJ. Clinical management of chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus: current treatment options and future approaches. Clin Kidney J 2021; 14:i16-i22. [PMID: 34987779 PMCID: PMC8702820 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfab167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)-associated pruritus (CKD-aP) is an underdiagnosed yet severely distressing condition that impacts 60% of patients on dialysis and many nondialysis patients with Stages 3–5 CKD. However, despite its high prevalence, there are currently limited treatment options available for these patients and a lack of treatment guidelines for clinicians. In this manuscript, we reviewed the available literature in order to evaluate the current management and treatment options for CKD-aP, including dialysis management, topical treatments, gabapentinoids, opioids and alternative medicine. We also review the available data on CKD-aP treatments in development and propose new guidelines for managing patients with CKD-aP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M Lipman
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Paramasivam
- Division of Nephrology, Renal Transplant Associates of New England, Baystate Medical Center U Mass Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Gil Yosipovitch
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael J Germain
- Division of Nephrology, Renal Transplant Associates of New England, Baystate Medical Center U Mass Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Since its legalization in Canada, cannabis use has expanded to include commercially available topical formations. Several scientifically unsupported claims regarding the therapeutic efficacy of topical cannabis are also being made. Developing an understanding of the consumer uses of topical cannabis is important for clinicians to provide appropriate counseling and inform potential areas of therapeutic development. We are examining the prevalence, purpose of use, and sources of information regarding topical cannabis in the Canadian population, with a focus on dermatologic uses. METHOD A cross-sectional, anonymous electronic, voluntary survey was developed to assess the use of topical cannabis amongst adults in Canada. RESULTS Cannabis was used topically at least once by 24.3% of respondents who started the survey. The commonest form of topical cannabis were creams (26.2%). The most common dermatologic conditions being treated with topical cannabis included atopic dermatitis (25%), acne (19%), and anti-aging (16%); for non-dermatologic conditions, common uses were for joint stiffness or tendonitis (30%) and headaches and migraines (27%). Topical cannabis was reported to be most effective for joint stiffness and tendonitis, general muscular soreness, headaches, eczema, pruritus, acne, and psoriasis. Most respondents obtained and received information about topical cannabis from dispensaries. CONCLUSION Canadians use topical cannabis for a broad range of systemic and dermatologic purposes, most of which have limited evidence. Future clinical studies are required to elucidate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of topical cannabis. Dermatologists should screen their patients for topical cannabis use and be aware of the limited evidence of therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Mahmood
- 12365 Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Megan M Lim
- 6363 Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital, ON, Canada
| | - Mark G Kirchhof
- 6363 Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital, ON, Canada
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21
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Abstract
The public and health care providers are increasingly curious about the potential medical benefits of Cannabis. In vitro and in vivo studies of Cannabis have suggested it has favorable effects on regulating pain, pruritus, and inflammation, making it a potentially attractive therapeutic agent for many dermatologic conditions. The body of literature reporting on the role of cannabinoids in dermatology is in its infancy but growing. We review the current research, possible cutaneous adverse effects, and future directions for cannabinoids and their use in skin cancer, acne, psoriasis, pruritus, dermatitis, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, cutaneous lupus erythematous, epidermolysis bullosa, pain, and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Shao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Campbell Stewart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jane M Grant-Kels
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
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22
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Sutaria N, Adawi W, Goldberg R, Roh YS, Choi J, Kwatra SG. Itch: Pathogenesis and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 86:17-34. [PMID: 34648873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Itch pathogenesis is broadly characterized into histaminergic and nonhistaminergic pathways and transmitted via 2 main receptor families: G protein-coupled receptors and transient receptor potential channels. In the skin, itch is primarily transmitted by unmyelinated type C and thinly myelinated type Aδ nerve fibers. Crosstalk between the immune and neural systems modulates itch transmission at the skin, spinal cord, and brain. Among the many known pruritogens, Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin-4, interleukin-13, interleukin-31, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, are particularly important mediators that signal through shared Janus kinase pathways, representing novel targets for novel itch therapeutics. Emerging evidence has also revealed that the opioidergic system is a potent modulator of itch transmission, with increased μ-opioid activity and decreased κ-opioid activity contributing to itch pathogenesis. Optimal management of itch requires that treatment approaches be tailored to specific etiologic itch subtypes. When the etiology is unknown and patients are given a diagnosis of chronic pruritus of unknown origin, treatment should be guided by the presence of Th2 polarization, often reflected by increased blood eosinophils. In the second article of this 2-part series, we outline our current understanding of itch pathogenesis and discuss available and emerging treatments for itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishadh Sutaria
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Waleed Adawi
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Goldberg
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Youkyung S Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Justin Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shawn G Kwatra
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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23
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Misery L, Brenaut E, Pierre O, Le Garrec R, Gouin O, Lebonvallet N, Abasq-Thomas C, Talagas M, Le Gall-Ianotto C, Besner-Morin C, Fluhr JW, Leven C. Chronic itch: emerging treatments following new research concepts. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4775-4791. [PMID: 34463358 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, itch pathophysiology was poorly understood and treatments were poorly effective in relieving itch. Current progress in our knowledge of the itch processing, the numerous mediators and receptors involved has led to a large variety of possible therapeutic pathways. Currently, inhibitors of IL-31, IL-4/13, NK1 receptors, opioids and cannabinoids, JAK, PDE4 or TRP are the main compounds involved in clinical trials. However, many new targets, such as Mas-related GPCRs and unexpected new pathways need to be also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Misery
- LIEN, Univ Brest, Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Emilie Brenaut
- LIEN, Univ Brest, Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
| | | | | | - Olivier Gouin
- LIEN, Univ Brest, Brest, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Claire Abasq-Thomas
- LIEN, Univ Brest, Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Matthieu Talagas
- LIEN, Univ Brest, Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
| | | | - Catherine Besner-Morin
- LIEN, Univ Brest, Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France.,Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joachim W Fluhr
- LIEN, Univ Brest, Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cyril Leven
- LIEN, Univ Brest, Brest, France.,EA3878, FCRIN INNOVTE, groupe d'étude thrombose Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmaco-Toxicology, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
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24
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Gupta AK, Talukder M. Cannabinoids for skin diseases and hair regrowth. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:2703-2711. [PMID: 34363728 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of cannabis for skin diseases and hair regrowth is at the preliminary stage. LEGALIZATION Many countries have approved cannabis for medical use; however, four countries Canada, Uruguay, South Africa, and Georgia have legalized it for both medical and recreational purposes. THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM The endocannabinoid system may maintain skin homeostasis; two notable endocannabinoids include 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA). ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION AND PHARMACOKINETICS Topical cannabinoids can avoid the first-pass metabolism and reduce respiratory side effects; however, the high hydrophobicity of cannabinoids may hinder percutaneous absorption. SKIN DISORDERS AND HAIR GROWTH Human clinical studies suggest that cannabinoids may be used in eczema, acne, pruritus, and systemic sclerosis treatment. Cannabidiol (CBD) may enhance hair growth via multiple mechanisms. SAFETY Topical cannabis may cause mild side effects such as pruritus, burning, erythema, and stinging; they are relatively safer than inhalation and oral cannabis. Cannabis use may be associated with allergic symptoms and reduced immune response to live vaccination. CANNABINOIDS IN PRACTICE Despite growing interest, dermatologists should be cautious prescribing cannabinoids due to insufficient clinical data on both efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mediprobe Research Inc, London, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Chandan N, Rajkumar JR, Shi VY, Lio PA. A new era of moisturizers. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:2425-2430. [PMID: 33977643 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moisturizers traditionally function to replenish both the intercellular lipid lamella and natural moisturizing factors, and form a hydrolipid film on the skin surface to decrease transepidermal water loss and improve hydration. As we continue to identify epidermal lipid imbalance in patients with atopic dermatitis, we turn to the use of bioactive ingredients in moisturizers for improving barrier repair and function. METHODS This review aims to explore the modern use of moisturizers in targeting various components of the skin barrier, dampening immune response, and restoring microbial balance. We conducted a balanced and comprehensive narrative review of the literature. Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE and PubMed), focusing on studies and trials regarding moisturizers that include endocannabinoids, bioactive lipids, anti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants, and microbiome modulators. Only articles published in English language were included. RESULTS The aforementioned ingredients exert additional biological effects to improve skin function by upregulating lipid synthesis, decreasing neurosensory transmission of itch signals, reversing oxidative stress, decreasing inflammatory cell activity and cytokine release, and modulating skin microbiota. The shift from traditional moisturizers to those with bioactive ingredients, anti-inflammatory agents, and microbiome modulating effects opens a realm of possible therapeutic options for patients with barrier-defective cutaneous conditions. CONCLUSION Focusing on the disrupted skin barrier as a target for both prevention and treatment and incorporating a combined strategy that utilizes the aforementioned agents to tackle barrier dysfunction from different angles remains a promising area for clinical impact in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chandan
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Vivian Y Shi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Peter A Lio
- Medical Dermatology Associates of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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26
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Maghfour J, Rietcheck H, Szeto MD, Rundle CW, Sivesind TE, Dellavalle RP, Lio P, Dunnick CA, Fernandez J, Yardley H. Tolerability profile of topical cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide: a compilation of single-centre randomized evaluator-blinded clinical and in vitro studies in normal skin. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 46:1518-1529. [PMID: 34022073 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies have investigated the adverse effect profile of oral cannabinoids; however, few studies have provided sufficient data on the tolerability of topical cannabinoids in human participants. AIM To assess the tolerability profile of several commercial topical formulations containing cannabidiol (CBD) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) on the skin of healthy human participants. METHODS Three human clinical trials and one in vitro study were conducted. The potential for skin irritation, sensitization and phototoxicity of several products, were assessed via patch testing on healthy human skin. The products assessed included two formulations containing CBD and PEA, one containing hemp seed oil and four concentrations of CBD alone. Ocular toxicity was tested using a traditional hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane model with three CBD, PEA and hemp seed oil formulations. RESULTS There was no irritation or sensitization of the products evident via patch testing on healthy participants. Additionally, mild phototoxicity of a hemp seed oil product was found at the 48-h time point compared with the negative control. The in vitro experiment demonstrated comparable effects of cannabinoid products with historically nonirritating products. CONCLUSION These specific formulations of CBD- and PEA-containing products are nonirritating and nonsensitizing in healthy adults, and further encourage similar research assessing their long-term safety and efficacy in human participants with dermatological diseases. There are some limitations to the study: (i) external validity may be limited as formulations from a single manufacturer were used for this study, while vast heterogeneity exists across unregulated, commercial CBD products on the market; and (ii) products were assessed only on normal, nondiseased human skin, and therefore extrapolation to those with dermatological diseases cannot be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maghfour
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - H Rietcheck
- Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M D Szeto
- Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C W Rundle
- Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - T E Sivesind
- Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - P Lio
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C A Dunnick
- Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - H Yardley
- CQ Science, Denver, CO, USA.,Naturally Curious Consulting, Boulder, CO, USA
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Morris EM, Kitts-Morgan SE, Spangler DM, Gebert J, Vanzant ES, McLeod KR, Harmon DL. Feeding Cannabidiol (CBD)-Containing Treats Did Not Affect Canine Daily Voluntary Activity. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:645667. [PMID: 33996972 PMCID: PMC8118201 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.645667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing public interest in the use of cannabidiol (CBD) for companion animals has amplified the need to elucidate potential impacts. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of CBD on the daily activity of adult dogs. Twenty-four dogs (18.0 ± 3.4 kg, 9 months-4 years old) of various mixed breeds were utilized in a randomized complete block design with treatments targeted at 0 and 2.5 mg (LOW) and at 5.0 mg (HIGH) CBD/kg body weight (BW) per day split between two treats administered after twice-daily exercise (0700-0900 and 1,700-1,900 h). Four hours each day [1,000-1,200 h (a.m.) and 1,330-1,530 h (p.m.)] were designated as times when no people entered the kennels, with 2 h designated as Quiet time and the other 2 h as Music time, when calming music played over speakers. Quiet and Music sessions were randomly allotted to daily a.m. or p.m. times. Activity monitors were fitted to dogs' collars for continuous collection of activity data. Data were collected over a 14-day baseline period to establish the activity patterns and block dogs by activity level (high or low) before randomly assigning dogs within each block to treatments. After 7 days of treatment acclimation, activity data were collected for 14 days. Data were examined for differences using the MIXED procedure in SAS including effects of treatment, day, session (Quiet or Music), time of day (a.m. or p.m.), and accompanying interactions. CBD (LOW and HIGH) did not alter the total daily activity points (P = 0.985) or activity duration (P = 0.882). CBD tended (P = 0.071) to reduce total daily scratching compared with the control. Dogs were more active in p.m. sessions than in a.m. sessions (P < 0.001). During the p.m. session, dogs receiving HIGH tended (P = 0.091) to be less active than the control (CON). During the a.m. and p.m. sessions, CBD reduced scratching compared with CON (P = 0.030). CBD did not affect the activity duration during exercise periods (P = 0.143). These results indicate that, when supplemented with up to 4.5 mg CBD/kg BW/day, CBD does not impact the daily activity of adult dogs, but may exert an antipruritic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Morris
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Dawn M. Spangler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
| | - Jessica Gebert
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
| | - Eric S. Vanzant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kyle R. McLeod
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David L. Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Abstract
Cannabinoids (CBDs) represent a diverse class of chemicals that may be beneficial in the treatment of various skin diseases due to antipruritic, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive properties. Although the legal history of these compounds has previously restricted their use and study, it seems likely that CBDs will gain popularity as they become increasingly available. We examined the mechanisms in which CBDs may have potential in the field of dermatology and reviewed the existing literature. We suggest that dermatologists review the existing evidence for CBD use and be ready to discuss it with their patients. The current literature indicates that CBDs may be beneficial in skin disease, particularly in the treatment of acne, chronic pruritus, and atopic dermatitis. Although there is preliminary evidence to suggest that CBDs are beneficial in these conditions, existing studies tend to be small and lacking rigorous design. There is a clear need for high-quality randomized controlled trials to fully evaluate the efficacy and safety of these compounds before their use can be promoted in the treatment of dermatological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Nickles
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter A Lio
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Medical Dermatology Associates of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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29
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Practical Approach for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Pruritus. J Nurse Pract 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Correia-Sá I, Paiva A, Carvalho CM, Vieira-Coelho MA. Cutaneous endocannabinoid system: Does it have a role on skin wound healing bearing fibrosis? Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104862. [PMID: 32454223 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, the endocannabinoid system has been identified in skin and it has been linked with the formation of skin fibrosis and wound healing. We aimed to find and analyse reported data on compounds acting in the endocannabinoid system with significant effect in skin fibrosis. METHODS A literature search on PUBMED was conducted for studies published in English until February 2020 on cannabinoids and skin fibrosis. The initial search was performed with terms: "cannabinoid" AND "skin". This search retrieved 296 publications from which 18 directly related to skin fibrosis or wound healing process were included in this review. RESULTS CB1 receptor inactivation and CB2 receptor activation show anti-fibrotic effects on cellular and animal experimental models of cutaneous fibrosis. CB2 receptor activation also promotes re-epithelization. Other cannabinoid related receptors, like adenosine A2A receptors and PPAR-γ, are also involved. Their activation lead to a pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic effect, respectively. CONCLUSION Several molecular drug targets for endocannabinoid system were identified in skin. It may be a promising approach for the treatment of excessive skin fibrosis disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Correia-Sá
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery and Burn Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto and Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, EPE, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biomedicine - Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Anita Paiva
- Department of Biomedicine - Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia M Carvalho
- Department of Biomedicine - Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria A Vieira-Coelho
- Department of Biomedicine - Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Nisbet SJ, Targett D, Rawlings AV, Qian K, Wang X, Lin CB, Thompson MA, Bulsara PA, Moore DJ. Clinical and in vitro evaluation of new anti-redness cosmetic products in subjects with winter xerosis and sensitive skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 41:534-547. [PMID: 31309600 PMCID: PMC6899962 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To demonstrate the in vitro activities of panthenol, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and niacinamide (NAM) and determine the biophysical properties, clinical safety, tolerability together with efficacy of two developmental anti‐redness (AR) formulations containing these ingredients, in alleviating facial redness associated with winter xerosis in healthy volunteers with sensitive skin. Methods The anti‐inflammatory and skin protective properties of panthenol, PEA and NAM were evaluated in vitro. The physical properties of the AR formulations were analysed using measurement of water vapour transport rate (WVTR) and infrared spectroscopy. Clinical studies were performed between the months of December and April (2014–2015) with efficacy assessed during the winter. Facial redness, irritation, sensitization potential, photo‐irritation, and photo‐sensitization were evaluated. Self‐assessed adverse reactions were reported in diaries of use. Results Panthenol and PEA reduced prostaglandin E2, interleukin‐6, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels in vitro, while NAM induced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels and the keratinocyte differentiation markers: filaggrin (2‐fold increase, P < 0.001), loricrin (2‐fold increase, P < 0.05), involucrin (2 fold increase, P < 0.001) & peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor‐alpha (1.5 fold increase, P < 0.05). The two AR products exhibited low WVTR vs. no treatment (P < 0.001) and displayed an ordered lipid structure. The day cream formulation protected against ultraviolet B radiation in vitro. A total of 382 participants were included in clinical studies which showed the AR formulations significantly improved facial redness associated with winter xerosis (Day 29 mean change from baseline: AR day cream 0.77 (P < 0.001); AR serum 0.67 (P < 0.001)). No irritation, sensitization, photo‐irritation, photo‐sensitization or product‐related adverse reactions were observed or reported in the clinical studies. Conclusion The new products significantly improved skin redness associated with winter xerosis in participants with self‐perceived sensitive skin. Both products were well tolerated with a suitable safety profile for topical use in subjects with sensitive skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Nisbet
- Skin Health Research & Development at GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
| | - D Targett
- Primoris Contract Solutions Ltd., Ascot, Berkshire, UK
| | | | - K Qian
- Thomas J. Stephens & Associates, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - X Wang
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - C B Lin
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - M A Thompson
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Warren, NJ, USA
| | - P A Bulsara
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Warren, NJ, USA
| | - D J Moore
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Warren, NJ, USA
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Avila C, Massick S, Kaffenberger BH, Kwatra SG, Bechtel M. Cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pruritus: A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 82:1205-1212. [PMID: 31987788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Medical marijuana is becoming widely available to patients in the United States, and with recreational marijuana now legalized in many states, patient interest is on the rise. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in skin homeostasis in addition to broader effects on neurogenic responses such as pruritus and nociception, inflammation, and immune reactions. Numerous studies of in vitro and animal models have provided insight into the possible mechanisms of cannabinoid modulation on pruritus, with the most evidence behind neuronal modulation of peripheral itch fibers and centrally acting cannabinoid receptors. In addition, human studies, although limited due to differences in the cannabinoids used, disease models, and delivery method, have consistently shown significant reductions in both scratching and symptoms in chronic pruritus. Clinical studies have shown a reduction in pruritus in several dermatologic (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, asteatotic eczema, prurigo nodularis, and allergic contact dermatitis) and systemic (uremic pruritus and cholestatic pruritus) diseases. These preliminary human studies warrant controlled trials to confirm the benefit of cannabinoids for treatment of pruritus and to standardize treatment regimens and indications. In patients who have refractory chronic pruritus after standard therapies, cannabinoid formulations may be considered as an adjuvant therapy where it is legal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Avila
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Susan Massick
- Division of Dermatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Shawn G Kwatra
- Division of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Bechtel
- Division of Dermatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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Yang EJ, Hendricks AJ, Beck KM, Shi VY. Bioactive: A new era of bioactive ingredients in topical formulations for inflammatory dermatoses. Dermatol Ther 2019; 32:e13101. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Yang
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of California San Francisco San Francisco California
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago Illinois
| | | | - Kristen M. Beck
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of California San Francisco San Francisco California
| | - Vivian Y. Shi
- Department of Medicine, Division of DermatologyUniversity of Arizona Tucson Arizona
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34
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Santos-Caetano JP, Vila R, Gfeller CF, Cargill M, Mahalingam H. Cosmetic use of three topical moisturizers following glycolic acid facial peels. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:660-670. [PMID: 31322804 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial chemical exfoliation (peeling) involves using a chemical agent to insult the skin and damage the cutaneous barrier, to reduce the signs of aging. The use of a moisturizer is advised postprocedure to promote repair of the epidermis. Biomimic moisturizer formulations may be effective treatment options for repair following facial peeling. AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the local tolerance and cosmetic efficacy of three topical moisturizers (Physiogel® moisturizing creams), used after a 70% glycolic acid facial peel. METHODS Three randomized, evaluator-blind, parallel group studies were performed. Subjects were healthy females aged 30-60 years with moderate to advanced photoaged skin (Glogau photoaging type II-III). All included a screening visit, a 7-day washout period, a 70% glycolic acid facial peeling procedure, and randomization to a 14-day treatment period with one of the three test products vs control. RESULTS The primary endpoint was reached in all three studies; all completed subjects in the test groups received a favorable dermatologist global assessment score for tolerance at Day 14 (postchemical peel). Secondary assessments of local tolerance based on dermatologist and subject self-assessment scores demonstrated improvements from baseline. No treatment-related adverse events were reported in any study. Benefits for the test products were also observed in secondary efficacy analyses of transepidermal water loss and moisturization. CONCLUSIONS These studies have demonstrated the local tolerance and cosmetic efficacy of three moisturizing skin care products, when used for skin recovery after superficial chemical peeling on the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Paulo Santos-Caetano
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Brazil - Medical Affairs and Clinical Operations, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vila
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Brazil - Medical Affairs and Clinical Operations, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christoph F Gfeller
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Research and Development - Skin Health, Weybridge, UK
| | - Matthew Cargill
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Research and Development - Skin Health, Weybridge, UK
| | - Harish Mahalingam
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Research and Development - Skin Health, Weybridge, UK
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35
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Tóth KF, Ádám D, Bíró T, Oláh A. Cannabinoid Signaling in the Skin: Therapeutic Potential of the "C(ut)annabinoid" System. Molecules 2019; 24:E918. [PMID: 30845666 PMCID: PMC6429381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has lately been proven to be an important, multifaceted homeostatic regulator, which influences a wide-variety of physiological processes all over the body. Its members, the endocannabinoids (eCBs; e.g., anandamide), the eCB-responsive receptors (e.g., CB₁, CB₂), as well as the complex enzyme and transporter apparatus involved in the metabolism of the ligands were shown to be expressed in several tissues, including the skin. Although the best studied functions over the ECS are related to the central nervous system and to immune processes, experimental efforts over the last two decades have unambiguously confirmed that cutaneous cannabinoid ("c[ut]annabinoid") signaling is deeply involved in the maintenance of skin homeostasis, barrier formation and regeneration, and its dysregulation was implicated to contribute to several highly prevalent diseases and disorders, e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, scleroderma, acne, hair growth and pigmentation disorders, keratin diseases, various tumors, and itch. The current review aims to give an overview of the available skin-relevant endo- and phytocannabinoid literature with a special emphasis on the putative translational potential, and to highlight promising future research directions as well as existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Fanni Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Dorottya Ádám
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
- HCEMM Nonprofit Ltd., 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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36
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Nisbet S, Mahalingam H, Gfeller CF, Biggs E, Lucas S, Thompson M, Cargill MR, Moore D, Bielfeldt S. Cosmetic benefit of a biomimetic lamellar cream formulation on barrier function or the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles in randomized proof-of-concept clinical studies. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:1-11. [PMID: 30414275 PMCID: PMC6849859 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective Two studies were designed to evaluate the potential cosmetic benefit of a biomimetic, niacinamide‐containing moisturizing cream for the first time in humans. Methods In both studies, healthy women were randomized to use two treatments, one for the left side of the body and one for the right, from three options: the test cream, a positive control or no treatment (use of standard cleanser only). Treatments were applied twice daily for 4 weeks to the face and forearms (Study 1) or the face only (Study 2). Instrumental and clinical skin assessments were performed by trained technicians. Study 1 involved tape stripping and a 5‐day no‐treatment (‘regression’) period at the end of the 4 weeks. Independent lay graders were asked to grade the skin texture of subjects in Study 2 from high‐resolution photographs. Results In Study 1 (n = 66), the test cream significantly decreased the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) values on the forearm, and in the cheek area of the face, relative to baseline and compared to no treatment, and increased skin Corneometer values. The improvements were partially retained during a subsequent 5‐day period of no treatment. Increases in TEWL values on skin subjected to tape stripping were significantly lower after 4 weeks of using the test cream compared to no treatment. In Study 2 (n = 72 subjects with visible signs of ageing), there was a favourable trend in the change from baseline of a skin roughness parameter, Ra, for the test cream compared to no treatment. There were statistically significant improvements in the Fitzpatrick wrinkle score compared to no treatment, decreases in TEWL and increased Corneometer values and Cutometer values (R5 elasticity parameter). Grading of high‐resolution images failed to detect the improvements in skin texture (defined as pores, smoothness and unevenness) for the test cream vs. no treatment. No treatment‐related serious or severe adverse events were reported. Conclusion Twice daily application of the test cream over 4 weeks had beneficial effects on skin barrier function, moisturization, wrinkle dimensions and elasticity compared to no treatment. These studies provide proof‐of‐concept evidence and highlight the cosmetic benefit of the biomimetic lamellar cream formulation. Study registration: NCT03216265, NCT03180645.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nisbet
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Medical Affairs - Skin Health, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, KT13 0DE, U.K
| | - H Mahalingam
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Medical Affairs - Skin Health, 184 Liberty Corner Road, Warren, NJ 07059, U.S.A
| | - C F Gfeller
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Medical Affairs - Skin Health, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, KT13 0DE, U.K
| | - E Biggs
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Research and Development - Skin Health, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, KT13 0DE, U.K
| | - S Lucas
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Research and Development - Skin Health, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, KT13 0DE, U.K
| | - M Thompson
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Research and Development - Skin Health, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, KT13 0DE, U.K
| | - M R Cargill
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Research and Development - Skin Health, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, KT13 0DE, U.K
| | - D Moore
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Research and Development - Skin Health, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, KT13 0DE, U.K
| | - S Bielfeldt
- proDERM Institute for Applied Dermatological Research, Kiebitzweg 2, Schenefeld/Hamburg, 22869, Germany
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Abstract
Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa/indica), also known as marijuana, has been used for medicinal and recreational purposes for millennia. There has been a recent trend to legalize the use of cannabis, as illustrated by the recent legalization votes in numerous states in the United States and legislation in Canada to allow recreational cannabis use. With this increasing consumption of cannabis, dermatologists will see increased pressure to prescribe cannabis and will see the side effects of cannabis use with greater frequency. There are several approved medical indications for cannabis use, including psoriasis, lupus, nail-patella syndrome, and severe pain. In addition, very preliminary studies have suggested cannabis and its derivatives might have use in acne, dermatitis, pruritus, wound healing, and skin cancer. Further well-controlled studies are required to explore these potential uses. Conversely, the side effects of cannabis use are relatively well documented, and dermatologists should be aware of these presentations. Side effects of cannabis use include cannabis allergy manifesting as urticaria and pruritus, cannabis arteritis presenting with necrosis and ulcers, and oral cancers from cannabis smoke. In this review, we summarize some of the studies and reports regarding the medicinal uses of cannabis in the dermatology clinic and some of the side effects that might present more often to dermatologists as the use of cannabis increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurbir Dhadwal
- 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark G Kirchhof
- 2 Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Khalaj M, Saghazadeh A, Shirazi E, Shalbafan MR, Alavi K, Shooshtari MH, Laksari FY, Hosseini M, Mohammadi MR, Akhondzadeh S. Palmitoylethanolamide as adjunctive therapy for autism: Efficacy and safety results from a randomized controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 103:104-111. [PMID: 29807317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation as well as glutamate excitotoxicity have been proposed to participate in the propagation of autism. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endocannabinoid proven to prevent glutamatergic toxicity and inhibit inflammatory responses simultaneously. The present randomized, parallel group, double-blind placebo-controlled trial is the first study depicted to probe the efficacy of co-treatment with risperidone and PEA over 10 weeks in children with autism. Seventy children (aged 4-12 years) with autism and moderate to severe symptoms of irritability were randomly assigned to two treatment regimens. The study outcomes were measured using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community Edition (ABC-C). At trial endpoint (week 10), combination of PEA and risperidone had superior efficacy in ameliorating the ABC-irritability and hyperactivity/noncompliance symptoms (Cohen's d, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.94, 0.41 to 1.46, p = 0.001) compared with a risperidone plus placebo regimen. Interestingly, effect of combination treatment on hyperactivity symptoms was also observed at trial midpoint (week 5) but with a smaller effect size (d = 0.53, p = 0.04) than that at the endpoint (d = 0.94, p = 0.001). Meanwhile, there was a trend toward significance for superior effect of risperidone plus PEA over risperidone plus placebo on inappropriate speech at trial endpoint (d = 0.51, p = 0.051). No significant differences existed between the two treatment groups for the other two ABC-C subscales (lethargy/social withdrawal and stereotypic behavior). The findings suggest that PEA may augment therapeutic effects of risperidone on autism-related irritability and hyperactivity. Future studies are warranted to investigate whether PEA can serve as a stand-alone treatment for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Khalaj
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Shirazi
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Shalbafan
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Alavi
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitera Hakim Shooshtari
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefi Laksari
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryamalsadat Hosseini
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mohammadi
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Agrawal K, Sivamani RK, Newman JW. Noninvasive profiling of sweat-derived lipid mediators for cutaneous research. Skin Res Technol 2018; 25:3-11. [PMID: 30030941 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Recent increases in the use of noninvasive matrices for biomedical analysis has led to interest in the evaluation of sweat for both clinical and research applications. However, despite being one of the two main cutaneous secretions, until very recently, only one study actually analyzed sweat in the context of cutaneous disease. This review attempts to make the case for increased use of sweat in cutaneous research, and discusses lipid mediators as potential analytical targets in sweat. METHODS Sweat composition and its relationship with the skin and systemic circulation are discussed, as are practical considerations for sweat sampling and analysis. Previous analyses of lipid mediators in skin biopsies are provided to show that lipid mediators can regulate cutaneous processes and disease pathways. Summaries of recent studies involving the analysis of sweat lipid mediators are provided to demonstrate the utility of sweat lipid mediator testing to support future cutaneous research studies. RESULTS Sweat has the potential to reflect both local and systemic biochemical changes in response to disease or intervention, and two recent studies of sweat lipid mediators confirm this ability. Additionally, sweat lipid mediators appear to be temporally stable with individual variability comparable to other matrices, suggesting that these analytes could be useful biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Sweat metabolites may be capable of reporting changes in cutaneous biochemical pathways, thereby providing insight into the immunomodulatory biochemistry of the skin. Lipid mediator analysis of sweat appears to be a non invasive approach that could enhance existing cutaneous research and diagnostic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Agrawal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.,West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, Davis, California
| | - Raja K Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California.,Department of Biological Sciences, California State University-Sacramento, Sacramento, California
| | - John W Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.,West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, Davis, California.,United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
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Vaia M, Petrosino S, De Filippis D, Negro L, Guarino A, Carnuccio R, Di Marzo V, Iuvone T. Palmitoylethanolamide reduces inflammation and itch in a mouse model of contact allergic dermatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:669-674. [PMID: 27720681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In mice, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) induces contact allergic dermatitis (CAD), which, in a late phase, is characterized by mast cell (MC) infiltration and angiogenesis. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous anti-inflammatory molecule, acts by down-modulating MCs following activation of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α). We have previously reported the anti-inflammatory effect of PEA in the early stage of CAD. Here, we examined whether PEA reduces the features of the late stage of CAD including MC activation, angiogenesis and itching. After sensitization to DNFB, female C57BL/6J mice underwent to three DNFB challenges at days 5, 12 and 19 and treatments were given at each challenge and for two more days. CAD was expressed as Δ increase in ear thickness between challenged and un-challenged mice. PEA (5mg/kg/i.p.) reduced: i) the DNFB-induced Δ increase; ii) the number of MCs per tissue area; iii) the expression of VEGF and its receptor Flk-1. These effects were reversed by co-administration of AM630 (1mg/kg/i.p.), a CB2 antagonist, but not GW6471 (1mg/kg/i.p.), a PPAR-α antagonist. Finally, PEA reduced the number of ear scratchings 48h after DNFB challenge and this effect was reversed by both CB2 and PPAR-α antagonists, suggesting the involvement of both receptors. PEA, by reducing the features of late stage CAD in mice, may be beneficial in this pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Vaia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy; Epitech Group S.p.A., Via Luigi Einaudi 13, 35030 Saccolongo, PD, Italy
| | - Daniele De Filippis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luana Negro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Guarino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosa Carnuccio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy.
| | - Teresa Iuvone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy
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41
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Kendall AC, Pilkington SM, Sassano G, Rhodes LE, Nicolaou A. N-Acyl ethanolamide and eicosanoid involvement in irritant dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:163-71. [PMID: 26947140 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are two commonly encountered cutaneous inflammatory stimuli. Differing histopathological and clinical features implicate involvement of alternative inflammatory pathways; bioactive lipid mediators (eicosanoids, endocannabinoids and sphingolipids) are likely candidates for regulation of the divergent inflammatory responses. OBJECTIVES To assess comprehensively bioactive lipid involvement in SLS- and UVR-induced inflammatory responses, to provide a better understanding of bioactive lipid mediator pathways in irritant inflammation. METHODS Buttock skin from 10 healthy volunteers was treated with two minimal erythema doses of UVR (275-380 nm, peak 305 nm) or an SLS dose optimized for each individual, to produce a comparable, moderate erythema. Punch biopsies were taken 24 h postchallenge and from untreated skin, and separated into dermis and epidermis. Lipids [including 15 prostanoids, 15 hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs), nine endocannabinoids and related N-acyl ethanolamides (NAE), and 21 sphingolipids] were extracted and quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Increased epidermal NAE and HFA expression was observed in response to SLS but not UVR-induced low-level inflammation. Significant changes following SLS treatment included augmented levels of NAE, possessing proinflammatory and some reported anti-inflammatory properties, with 3·7-fold (P = 0·02) and threefold (P = 0·01) increased expression of palmitoyl and stearoyl ethanolamides, respectively, in addition to 1·9-fold (P = 0·02) increased expression of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. CONCLUSIONS The differential bioactive lipid upregulation implicates their involvement in skin irritant responses, potentially reflecting roles in inflammatory cell recruitment and subsequent resolution of inflammation, giving scope for new treatment approaches to irritant dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kendall
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - S M Pilkington
- Dermatology Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.,Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K
| | - G Sassano
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - L E Rhodes
- Dermatology Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.,Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, U.K
| | - A Nicolaou
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
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Mitchell CA, Donaldson M, Francese S, Clench MR. MALDI MSI analysis of lipid changes in living skin equivalents in response to emollient creams containing palmitoylethanolamide. Methods 2016; 104:93-100. [PMID: 26845462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful tool for the study of intact tissue sections. The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) MSI for the study of the distribution and effect of emollient treatment on sections of reconstructed living skin equivalents during their development and maturation is described. Living skin equivalent (LSE) samples were obtained at 14days development, re-suspended in maintenance medium and incubated for 24h after delivery. The medium was changed, the LSE treated with either Physiogel A.I.® or Oilatum Junior® emollients and then re-incubated and samples taken at 4, 6 and 24h time points. Mass spectra and mass spectral images were recorded from 12μm sections of the LSE taken at each time point for comparison using MALDI mass spectrometry (MS). It was possible to detect ions characteristic of each emollient in the LSE. In addition a number of lipid species previously reported as being significant in the maturation of the LSE were observable. At the 24h time point, the images revealed what appeared to be differences in the organisation of the skin cells observed across the Physiogel A.I.® treatment group tissue sections when directly compared to the untreated tissue group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Mitchell
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Donaldson
- Stiefel A GSK Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Stockley Park West, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB1 1BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Simona Francese
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom.
| | - Malcolm R Clench
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom.
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