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Chen A, Wang K, Qi L, Hu W, Zhou B. Development of a novel prognostic signature for colorectal cancer based on angiogenesis-related genes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33662. [PMID: 39040272 PMCID: PMC11261139 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor worldwide. Angiogenesis is closely related to tumor metastasis, which is the main cause of cancer death. Although several angiogenesis signatures have been proposed in some cancer types, no angiogenic signature has been developed to predict the prognosis and efficacy of antiangiogenic bevacizumab in CRC patients. Methods We developed a novel CRC angiogenic signature by refining seven publicly available angiogenic gene sets using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). Immune and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment were compared between the high- and low-risk groups in more than 1000 CRC samples classified by calculating the risk score based on the customized angiogenic signature. The correlation of this new gene set with the efficacy of bevacizumab was also compared. Results A new prognostic-associated angiogenesis signature gene set was constructed that can divide CRC patients into two high- and low-risk groups. The high-risk angiogenic group was significantly associated with extracellular matrix organization, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and myogenesis. In addition, the high-risk group had higher infiltration of stromal and immune cells and was more resistant to bevacizumab than the low-risk group. Conclusion Briefly, we constructed a novel angiogenic signature that can predict the prognosis of CRC patients and the efficacy of bevacizumab in treating CRC. Our results provide new insights into the relationships among angiogenesis, metastasis, and medication for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Chen
- Department of Nursing, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Kailai Wang
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Lina Qi
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Wangxiong Hu
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Biting Zhou
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
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Cheng SH, Chiou HYC, Wang JW, Lin MH. Reciprocal Regulation of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Tumor Microenvironment in Gastrointestinal Cancer: Implications for Cancer Dormancy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092513. [PMID: 37173977 PMCID: PMC10177044 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers remain a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite the progress made in current treatments, patients with GI cancers still have high recurrence rates after initial treatment. Cancer dormancy, which involves the entry and escape of cancer cells from dormancy, is linked to treatment resistance, metastasis, and disease relapse. Recently, the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in disease progression and treatment has received increasing attention. The crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF)-secreted cytokines/chemokines and other TME components, for example, extracellular matrix remodeling and immunomodulatory functions, play crucial roles in tumorigenesis. While there is limited direct evidence of a relationship between CAFs and cancer cell dormancy, this review explores the potential of CAF-secreted cytokines/chemokines to either promote cancer cell dormancy or awaken dormant cancer cells under different conditions, and the therapeutic strategies that may be applicable. By understanding the interactions between cytokines/chemokines released by CAFs and the TME, and their impact on the entry/escape of cancer dormancy, researchers may develop new strategies to reduce the risk of therapeutic relapse in patients with GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Clair Chiou
- Teaching and Research Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
- Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wei Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Post Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Master of Science Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Bazzichetto C, Milella M, Zampiva I, Simionato F, Amoreo CA, Buglioni S, Pacelli C, Le Pera L, Colombo T, Bria E, Zeuli M, Del Bufalo D, Sperduti I, Conciatori F. Interleukin-8 in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Its Potential Role as a Prognostic Biomarker. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102631. [PMID: 36289899 PMCID: PMC9599846 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Among soluble actors that have emerged as druggable factors, the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) has emerged as a possible determinant of response to immunotherapy and targeted treatment in several cancer types; however, its prognostic/predictive role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains to be established. We: (i) conducted a systematic review of published literature on IL-8 expression in CRC; (ii) searched public transcriptomics databases; (iii) investigated IL-8 expression, by tumor and infiltrating cells, in a series of CRC samples; and (iv) carried out a meta-analysis of published literature correlating IL-8 expression and CRC prognosis. IL-8 possesses an important role as a mediator of the bidirectional crosstalk between tumor/stromal cells. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that specific IL-8 transcripts were significantly overexpressed in CRC compared to normal colon mucosa. Moreover, in our series we observed a statistically significant correlation between PTEN-loss and IL-8 expression by infiltrating mononuclear and tumor cells. In total, 12 papers met our meta-analysis inclusion criteria, demonstrating that high IL-8 levels significantly correlated with shorter overall survival and progression-free survival. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated a highly significant correlation with outcome for circulating, but not for tissue-detected, IL-8. IL-8 is overexpressed in CRC tissues and differentially produced by tumor or stromal components depending on CRC genetic background. Moreover, circulating IL-8 represents a strong prognostic factor in CRC, suggesting its use in the refining of prognostic CRC assessment and potentially the tailoring of therapeutic strategies in individual CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bazzichetto
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.M.); Tel.: +39-06-52665185 (C.B.)
| | - Michele Milella
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona-School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.M.); Tel.: +39-06-52665185 (C.B.)
| | - Ilaria Zampiva
- Section of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona-School of Medicine and Verona University Hospital Trust, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Simonetta Buglioni
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Pacelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Le Pera
- Servizio Grandi Strumentazioni e Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Colombo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology-National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Bria
- Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Zeuli
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Sperduti
- Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Conciatori
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
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Deng LY, Zeng XF, Tang D, Deng W, Liu HF, Xie YK. Expression and prognostic significance of thrombospondin gene family in gastric cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:355-364. [PMID: 34012631 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombospondins (THBSs) are glycoproteins expressed in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and have critical roles in tumor development and metastasis. However, the diverse expression patterns and prognostic roles of distinct THBS genes in gastric cancer have not been fully elucidated. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the expression patterns of THBSs in gastric cancer (GC) and determine whether they are prognostic markers for this malignancy. Methods mRNA expression status and genetic mutations of THBS family members were performed by using ONCOMINE, UCSC Xena browser, GEPIA, and cBioPortal databases. Prognostic values and function enrichment analysis of the members were assessed via Kaplan-Meier plotter and Metascape. Results we found that the mRNA expression of THBS1, THBS2, THBS4, and COMP were higher in patients with GC tissues than those in normal gastric mucosa and there was no difference in the mRNA expression of THBS3 between GC and normal tissue. Survival analysis revealed that mRNA levels of THBSs were strongly related to worse OS in GC patients (P<0.05). Overexpression of THBSs indicated poor OS in stage III/IV GC and high expression of THBS1, THBS3, THBS4, and COMP were related to worse OS in stage II GC. Conclusions Bioinformatics analysis revealed a better understanding the value of THBS family members in GC and suggest that THBSs might serve as potential prognostic biomarkers for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ying Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Fu Zeng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Hong-Fu Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Kang Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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Her NG, Kesari S, Nurmemmedov E. Thrombospondin-1 counteracts the p97 inhibitor CB-5083 in colon carcinoma cells. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1590-1601. [PMID: 32423265 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1754584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p97 has recently emerged as a therapeutic target for cancer due to its essential functions in protein homeostasis. CB-5083 is a first-in-class, potent and selective ATP-competitive p97 inhibitor that induces proteotoxic stress in cancer cells. Potential mechanisms regulating the sensitivity of cells to p97 inhibition remain poorly studied. Here, we demonstrate that Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) is a CB-5083-upregulated gene that helps confer resistance of HCT116 cells to CB-5083. Our immunoblotting and immunofluorescence data showed that CB-5083 significantly increases the steady-state abundance of THBS1. Blockade of THBS1 induction sensitized cells to CB-5083-mediated growth inhibition. Suppression of THBS1 caused an increase of CB-5083-induced sub-G1 population and caspase 3/7 activity suggesting that its function is linked to the survival of cancer cells in response to p97 inhibition. Altogether our data provide new evidence that THBS1 is important for the susceptibility of cells to p97 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Gu Her
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuro-sciences and Neuro-therapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute and Pacific Neuroscience Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center , Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Current Address: Samsung Medical Center , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Elmar Nurmemmedov
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Current Address: Samsung Medical Center , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Expression of pro-angiogenic factors as potential biomarkers in experimental models of colon cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1427-1440. [PMID: 32300865 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE RAS mutational status in colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a predictive biomarker of response to anti-EGFR therapy, but to date it cannot be considered an appropriate biomarker of response to anti-VEGF therapy. To elucidate the function of K-Ras in promoting angiogenesis, the effect of conditioned media from KRAS mutated and wild type colon cancer cell lines on HUVECs tubule formation ability and the correspondent production of pro-angiogenic factors have been evaluated by a specific ELISA assay. METHODS Ras-activated signaling pathways were compared by western blot analysis and RTq-PCR. In addition, VEGF, IL-8, bFGF and HIF-1α expression was determined in K-RAS silenced cells. Furthermore, we conducted an observational study in a cohort of RAS mutated metastatic CRC patients, treated with first-line bevacizumab-based regimens, evaluating VEGF-A and IL-8 plasma levels at baseline, and during treatment. RESULTS K-RAS promotes VEGF production by cancer cell lines. At the transcriptional level, this is reflected to a K-RAS dependent HIF-1α over-expression. Moreover, the HIF-1α, VEGF and FGF expression inhibition in KRAS knocked cells confirmed these results. Within the clinical part, no statistically significant correlation has been found between progression-free survival (PFS) and VEGF-A/IL-8 levels, but we cannot exclude that these biomarkers could be further investigated as predictive or prognostic biomarkers in this setting. CONCLUSION Our study confirmed the direct involvement of K-Ras in promoting angiogenesis into colon cancer cell lines.
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7
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Abstract
Thrombospondins are encoded in vertebrates by a family of 5 THBS genes. THBS1 is infrequently mutated in most cancers, but its expression is positively regulated by several tumor suppressor genes and negatively regulated by activated oncogenes and promoter hypermethylation. Consequently, thrombospondin-1 expression is frequently lost during oncogenesis and is correlated with a poor prognosis for some cancers. Thrombospondin-1 is a secreted protein that acts in the tumor microenvironment to inhibit angiogenesis, regulate antitumor immunity, stimulate tumor cell migration, and regulate the activities of extracellular proteases and growth factors. Differential effects of thrombospondin-1 on the sensitivity of normal versus malignant cells to ischemic and genotoxic stress also regulate the responses to tumors to therapeutic radiation and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David D Roberts
- Biochemical Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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8
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Okuda Y, Shimura T, Kato H, Yamada T, Hirata Y, Natsume M, Iwasaki H, Yamaguchi R, Sakamoto E, Takahashi S, Kataoka H. Pathological impact of transanal colorectal tube for obstructive colorectal cancer. Surg Endosc 2019; 34:4011-4018. [PMID: 31624940 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-019-07188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) with acute colorectal obstruction (ACO) is an emergency. Transanal colorectal tube (TCT) use can be a safe single-stage surgery with laparoscopy-assisted colectomy; it offers long-term outcomes equivalent to emergency surgery for stage-II/III CRC with ACO. Self-expanding metallic stent use, another alternative, may have detrimental pathological and molecular effects, whereas the pathological impact of TCT placement remains unclear. We hypothesized that TCT placement might exert little damage on primary tumor. Hence, the current study analyzed the pathological impact of TCT placement for CRC with ACO compared to emergency surgery. METHODS Data from consecutive patients with stage-II/III distal CRC with ACO who underwent surgery between January 2007 and December 2015 were retrospectively reviewed at two Japanese affiliate hospitals. Inflammatory and malignant potential-related parameters were analyzed by a single blinded pathologist. We extracted mRNA from tumor tissues to analyze inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Sixty-eight patients with stage-II/III distal CRC with ACO were identified (surgery: 25 patients; TCT: 43 patients). Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the two groups. TCT showed a significantly lower frequency of abscess (surgery vs TCT, 36.0% vs 11.6%; P = 0.017) and a lower tendency of pathological perforation (surgery vs TCT, 20.0% vs 4.7%, respectively; P = 0.091), compared to the surgery group. There were no significant intergroup differences in oncological factors, including perineural invasion (surgery vs TCT, 52.0% vs 62.8%; P = 0.383), microlymphatic involvement (surgery vs TCT, 52.0% vs 58.1%; P = 0.623), and microvascular involvement (surgery vs TCT, 32.0% vs 25.6%; P = 0.570). No significant intergroup differences were found in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, or IL-1β gene expression levels (P = 0.580, 0.250, 0.941). CONCLUSIONS TCT placement had no pathologically detrimental effects on the tumor or surrounding tissues and might be an attractive non-invasive strategy for cases of curative distal CRC with ACO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Okuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, 1-1-1 Takaghi-cho, Kasugai, 486-8510, Japan
| | - Takaya Shimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, 2-9 Myoken-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8650, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Hirata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, 1-1-1 Takaghi-cho, Kasugai, 486-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Natsume
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iwasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, 1-1-1 Takaghi-cho, Kasugai, 486-8510, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakamoto
- Department of Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, 2-9 Myoken-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8650, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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