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Li WX, Lu YF, Wang F, Ai B, Jin SB, Li S, Xu GH, Jin CH. Application of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid in the structural modification of natural products: a review. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10864-2. [PMID: 38683490 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is an oleane-type pentacyclic triterpene saponin obtained from glycyrrhizic acid by removing 2 glucuronic acid groups. GA and its analogues are active substances of glycyrrhiza aicd, with similar structure and important pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-tumor and anti-fibrosis. Although GA combined compounds are in the clinical trial stages, its application potential is severely restricted by its low bioavailability, water solubility and membrane permeability. In this article, synthetic methods and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of GA derivatives from 2018 to present are reviewed based on pharmacological activity. It is hoped that this review can provide reference for the future development of potential GA preclinical candidate compounds, and furnish ideas for the development of pentacyclic triterpenoid lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Ye-Fang Lu
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Function Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Bing Ai
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Sheng-Bo Jin
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Function Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Guang-Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Cheng-Hua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Function Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
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2
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Chen L, Gong J, Yong X, Li Y, Wang S. A review of typical biological activities of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6557-6597. [PMID: 38390501 PMCID: PMC10882267 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08025k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid, a triterpenoid compound primarily sourced from licorice root, exhibits noteworthy biological attributes, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. Despite these commendable effects, its further advancement and application, especially in clinical use, have been hindered by its limited druggability, including challenges such as low solubility and bioavailability. To enhance its biological activity and pharmaceutical efficacy, numerous research studies focus on the structural modification, associated biological activity data, and underlying mechanisms of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives. This review endeavors to systematically compile and organize glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives that have demonstrated outstanding biological activities over the preceding decade, delineating their molecular structures, biological effects, underlying mechanisms, and future prospects for assisting researchers in finding and designing novel glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives, foster the exploration of structure-activity relationships, and aid in the screening of potential candidate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University No. 3, XueYuan Road, LongHua District Haikou City Hainan Province 571199 China
| | - Jingwen Gong
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University No. 3, XueYuan Road, LongHua District Haikou City Hainan Province 571199 China
| | - Xu Yong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Youbin Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University No. 3, XueYuan Road, LongHua District Haikou City Hainan Province 571199 China
| | - Shuojin Wang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy Hainan Medical University No. 3, XueYuan Road, LongHua District Haikou City Hainan Province 571199 China
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3
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Song Y, Xing X, Shen J, Chen G, Zhao L, Tian L, Ying J, Yu Y. Anti-inflammatory effect of glycyrrhetinic acid in IL-1β-induced SW982 cells and adjuvant-induced arthritis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15588. [PMID: 37180904 PMCID: PMC10172753 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Influences of Glycyrrhetinic acid on expression of inflammatory factors in interleukin (IL)-1β-induced SW982 cells and its anti-inflammatory effects were discussed in this study. MTT results showed that Glycyrrhetinic acid (≤80 μmol·L-1) almost has no toxicity on SW982 cells. The results of ELISA and real-time PCR showed that Glycyrrhetinic acid (10, 20 and 40 μmol · L-1) can significantly inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). Western blot analysis showed that Glycyrrhetinic acid remarkably blocked the NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro. Molecule docking showed that Glycyrrhetinic acid could bind to the active site (NLS Polypeptide) of NF-κB p65. Furthermore, observation of rat foot swelling proved that Glycyrrhetinic acid had a significant therapeutic effect on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats in vivo. Collectively, all these findings suggested that Glycyrrhetinic acid might be a promising lead compound worthy of further pursuit as anti-inflammation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xinyu Xing
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Health Hospital, No. 15 Yimin Street, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Gynecology, Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Health Hospital, No. 15 Yimin Street, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Ying
- Department of Gynecology, Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Health Hospital, No. 15 Yimin Street, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Corresponding author.
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Chen J, Xu Y, Yang Y, Yao X, Fu Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang X. Evaluation of the Anticancer Activity and Mechanism Studies of Glycyrrhetic Acid Derivatives toward HeLa Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073164. [PMID: 37049928 PMCID: PMC10095686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a series of glycyrrhetic acid derivatives 3a–3f were synthesized via the esterification reaction. The cytotoxicity of these compounds against five tumor cells (SGC-7901, BEL-7402, A549, HeLa and B16) and normal LO2 cells was investigated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The results showed that compound 3a exhibited high antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells (IC50 = 11.4 ± 0.2 μM). The anticancer activity was studied through apoptosis, cloning, and scratching; the levels of the intracellular ROS, GSH, and Ca2+; and the change in the mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle arrest and RNA sequencing. Furthermore, the effects of compound 3a on gene expression levels and metabolic pathways in HeLa cells were investigated via transcriptomics. The experimental results showed that this compound can block the cell cycle in the S phase and inhibit cell migration by downregulating Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression. Moreover, the compound can reduce the intracellular glutathione (GSH) content, increase the Ca2+ level and the intracellular ROS content, and induce a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, further leading to cell death. In addition, it was also found that the mechanism of compounds inducing apoptosis was related to the regulation of the expression of mitochondria-related proteins B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-Associated X (Bax), and the activation of the caspase proteins. Taken together, this work provides a help for the development of glycyrrhetinic acid compounds as potential anticancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunran Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Xin Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiuzhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Langer D, Wicher B, Dutkiewicz Z, Bendzinska-Berus W, Bednarczyk-Cwynar B, Tykarska E. Polymorphism of Butyl Ester of Oleanolic Acid—The Dominance of Dispersive Interactions over Electrostatic. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076572. [PMID: 37047544 PMCID: PMC10095383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic (OA) and glycyrrhetinic acids (GE), as well as their derivatives, show a variety of pharmacological properties. Their crystal structures provide valuable information related to the assembly modes of these biologically active compounds. In the known-to-date crystals of OA esters, their 11-oxo derivatives, and GE ester crystals, triterpenes associate, forming different types of ribbons and layers whose construction is based mainly on van der Waals forces and weak C-H···O interactions. New crystal structures of 11-oxo OA methyl ester and the polymorph of OA butyl ester reveal an alternative aggregation mode. Supramolecular architectures consist of helical chains which are stabilized by hydrogen bonds of O-H···O type. It was found that two polymorphic forms of butyl OA ester (layered and helical) are related monotropically. In a structure of metastable form, O-H···O hydrogen bonds occur, while the thermodynamically preferred phase is governed mainly by van der Waals interactions. The intermolecular interaction energies calculated using CrystalExplorer, PIXEL, and Psi4 programs showed that even in motifs formed through O-H···O hydrogen bonds, the dispersive forces have a significant impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langer
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Wicher
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Dutkiewicz
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wioletta Bendzinska-Berus
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Bednarczyk-Cwynar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Tykarska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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6
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Langer D, Wicher B, Tykarska E. Single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transition of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid isopropyl ester. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2022; 78:450-458. [PMID: 35702962 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520622002517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the destruction of the integrity of the parent crystal, single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transition in organic compounds is still a relatively rare phenomenon. The phase transition in glycyrrhetinic acid isopropyl ester is triggered by temperature change. The increasing volume of the isopropyl substituent as a result of increasing temperature forces a remodelling of the structural motifs. These changes cause a single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transition. The low-temperature form is isostructural with glycyrrhetinic acid methanol solvate, while the high-temperature phase is isostructural with the ethyl ester of this acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langer
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwladzka 6, Poznan 60-780, Poland
| | - Barbara Wicher
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwladzka 6, Poznan 60-780, Poland
| | - Ewa Tykarska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwladzka 6, Poznan 60-780, Poland
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Feng LS, Cheng JB, Su WQ, Li HZ, Xiao T, Chen DA, Zhang ZL. Cinnamic acid hybrids as anticancer agents: A mini-review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200052. [PMID: 35419808 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, as a long-lasting and dramatic disease, affects almost one-third of human beings globally. Chemotherapeutics play an important role in cancer treatment, but multidrug resistance and severe adverse effects have already become the main causes of failure in tumor chemotherapy. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop novel chemotherapeutics. Cinnamic acid contains a ubiquitous α,β-unsaturated acid moiety presenting potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of cancer as these derivatives could act on cancer cells by diverse mechanisms of action. Accordingly, cinnamic acid derivatives are critical scaffolds in discovering novel anticancer agents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of cinnamic acid hybrids as anticancer agents. The structure-activity relationship, as well as the mechanisms of action, are also discussed, covering articles published from 2012 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Shun Feng
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Jin-Bo Cheng
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi Su
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ze Li
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Tao Xiao
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - De-An Chen
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Liu Zhang
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Shanghai, Peoples' Republic of China
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8
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Liu Y, Sheng R, Fan J, Guo R. A Mini-Review on Structure-Activity Relationships of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives with Diverse Bioactivities. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2024-2066. [PMID: 35081889 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220126093033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids, consisting of six isoprene units, are a kind of natural active substance. At present, numerous pentacyclic triterpene have been observed and classified into four subgroups of oleanane, ursane, lupane, and xylene on the basis of the carbon skeleton. Among them, oleanane is the most popular due to its rich backbone and diverse bioactivities. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), an oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpene isolated from licorice roots, possesses diverse bioactivities including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitor, hepatoprotective and so on. It has received more attention in medicinal chemistry due to the advantages of easy-to-access and rich bioactivity. Thus, numerous novel lead compounds were synthesized using GA as a scaffold. Herein, we summarize the structure-activity relationship and synthetic methodologies of GA derivatives from 2010 to 2020 as well as the most active GA derivatives. Finally, we anticipate that this review can benefit future research on structural modifications of GA to enhance bioactivity and provide an example for developing pentacyclic triterpene-based novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebin Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ruilong Sheng
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Junting Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ruihua Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201306, China
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Gupta N. A Review on Recent Developments in the Anticancer Potential of Oleanolic acid and its analogs (2017-2020). Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:600-616. [PMID: 35135459 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210810153627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid class of natural product known to possess a broad range of biological activities, specifically, anticancer. Considering the anticancer potential of OA, a large number of analogs have been prepared by several researchers through modifications at C-3, C-12 and C-28 -COOH to develop the potent anticancer agents with improved cytotoxicity and pharmaceutical properties. Some of the synthesized derivatives have been assessed in clinical trials also. This review summarizes the most recent synthetic and biological efforts in the development of oleanolic acid and its analogs during the period 2017-2020. Reports published during this period revealed that both OA and its analogs possess a remarkable potential for the development of effective anticancer agents along with several others such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-microbial and anti-diabetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MM College of Pharmacy, M. M. University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana. India
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Hussain H, Ali I, Wang D, Hakkim FL, Westermann B, Ahmed I, Ashour AM, Khan A, Hussain A, Green IR, Shah STA. Glycyrrhetinic acid: a promising scaffold for the discovery of anticancer agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1497-1516. [PMID: 34294017 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1956901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenes named glycyrrhetinic acids (GAs) featuring a C-30 carboxylic acid group, are extracted from the licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis). Numerous biological properties of GA have been reported and have attracted researchers from all over the world in recent years due to the peculiar GA scaffold-based semisynthetic cytotoxic effects. AREAS COVERED This review represents the applications of semisynthetic derivatives of GA for the development of future cancer treatments. Included in the review are important structural features of the semisynthetic GAs crucial for cytotoxic effects. EXPERT OPINION Numerous semisynthetic GA derivatives illustrated excellent cytotoxic effects toward various cancer cells. Notably the C-3(OH) at ring A along with C30-CO2H at ring E as vital structural features, make GA very appealing as a lead scaffold for medicinal chemistry, since these two groups permit the creation of further chemical diversity geared toward improved cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, numerous GA derivatives have been synthesized and indicate that compounds featuring cyanoenone moieties in ring A, or compounds having the amino group or nitrogen comprising heterocycles and hybrids thereof, illustrate more potent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, GA has a great capability to be conjugated with other anticancer molecules to synergistically enhance their combined cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Daijie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | | | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ahmed M Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Ivan R Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
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11
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Kim GJ, Lee KJ, Choi JW, An JH. Drug Evaluation Based on a Multi-Channel Cell Chip with a Horizontal Co-Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6997. [PMID: 34209790 PMCID: PMC8269340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a multi-channel cell chip containing a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold for horizontal co-culture and drug toxicity screening in multi-organ culture (human glioblastoma, cervical cancer, normal liver cells, and normal lung cells). The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) multi-channel cell chip (PMCCC) was based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. The architecture of the PMCCC was an open-type cell chip and did not require a pump or syringe. We investigated cell proliferation and cytotoxicity by conducting 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays and analysis of oleanolic acid (OA)-treated multi-channel cell chips. The results of the MTT and LDH assays showed that OA treatment in the multi-channel cell chip of four cell lines enhanced chemoresistance of cells compared with that in the 2D culture. Furthermore, we demonstrated the feasibility of the application of our multi-channel cell chip in various analysis methods through Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining, which is not used for conventional cell chips. Taken together, the results demonstrated that the PMCCC may be used as a new 3D platform because it enables simultaneous drug screening in multiple cells by single point injection and allows analysis of various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Ji Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, KC University, Seoul 07661, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Kwon-Jai Lee
- College of H-LAC, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea;
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Jeung Hee An
- Department of Food and Nutrition, KC University, Seoul 07661, Korea;
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12
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Zang L, Xu H, Huang C, Wang C, Wang R, Chen Y, Wang L, Wang H. A link between chemical structure and biological activity in triterpenoids. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 17:145-161. [PMID: 33982656 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210512031635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants with triterpenoid compounds in nature have various biological activities and are reported in many scientific works of literature. Triterpenoids are compounds that draw the attention of scientists because of their wide source, wide variety, high medicinal value, and anti-tumor properties. However, a lack of approach to understand their chemical structures has limited the fundamental comprehension of these compounds in cancer cell therapy. OBJECTIVE To seek anti-cancer activity of the structures of triterpenoid compounds and their derivatives, we summarized a number of plants and their derivatives that are a source of potential novel therapeutic anti-cancer agents. METHODS This work focuses on relevant 1036 patents and references that detail the structure of organic compounds and derivatives for the treatment of tumors. RESULT Compared to tetracyclic triterpenoid, pentacyclic triterpenoid has contributed more to improve the autophagic signaling pathways of cancer cells. CONCLUSION The heterogenous skeleton structure of triterpenoids impaired the programmed cell death signaling pathway in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zang
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Chao Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Cunqin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Rongbin Wang
- Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Hongting Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
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13
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14
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Meng X, Ma J, Kang AN, Kang SY, Jung HW, Park YK. A Novel Approach Based on Metabolomics Coupled With Intestinal Flora Analysis and Network Pharmacology to Explain the Mechanisms of Action of Bekhogainsam Decoction in the Improvement of Symptoms of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:633. [PMID: 32508632 PMCID: PMC7253635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bekhogainsam decoction (BHID), a representative prescription for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic complications in both traditional Korean and Chinese medicine, was examined for its ability to ameliorate diabetic nephropathy (DN), and its mechanism of action was evaluated by metabolomics, gut microbiota, and network pharmacology. In this study, male specific pathogen-free C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 100 mg/kg) once per day for 3 days consecutively, and were then orally administered BHID at 100 and 500 mg/kg, and metformin at 250 mg/kg once per day for 4 weeks. Our results showed that the administration of BHID to mice with STZ-induced DN prevented physiological and serological changes, structural damage, and kidney dysfunction. Based on a metabolomics test with serum, the profoundly altered metabolites in the BHID treatment group were identified. Thirty-six BHID-related proteins and four signaling pathways, including valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathways, were explored. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the gut microbiota revealed that BHID treatment significantly affected the flora composition. In addition, the network pharmacology analysis revealed that BHID acted through phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and MAPK-related protein targets. Our findings on the anti-DN effects of BHID and its mechanism of action, from the perspective of systems biology, have provided scientific evidence to support the clinical treatment of patients with diabetes, and implied that BHID has the potential to prevent the progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Meng
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea.,Experimental Teaching Center, College of Chinese Materia Medica and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Junnan Ma
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - An Na Kang
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Seok Yong Kang
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea.,Korean Medicine R&D Center, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Hyo Won Jung
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea.,Korean Medicine R&D Center, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Park
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea.,Korean Medicine R&D Center, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
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15
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Zheng QX, Wang R, Xu Y, He CX, Zhao CY, Wang ZF, Zhang R, Dehaen W, Li HJ, Huai QY. Design, Preparation and Studies Regarding Cytotoxic Properties of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:102-109. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Wang
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven
| | - Yan Xu
- Marine College, Shandong University
| | | | | | | | | | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven
| | - Hui-Jing Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai
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16
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Markov AV, Kel AE, Salomatina OV, Salakhutdinov NF, Zenkova MA, Logashenko EB. Deep insights into the response of human cervical carcinoma cells to a new cyano enone-bearing triterpenoid soloxolone methyl: a transcriptome analysis. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5267-5297. [PMID: 31523389 PMCID: PMC6731101 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Semisynthetic triterpenoids, bearing cyano enone functionality in ring A, are considered now as novel promising anti-tumor agents. However, despite the large-scale studies, their effects on cervical carcinoma cells and, moreover, mechanisms underlying cell death activation by such compounds in this cell type have not been fully elucidated. In this work, we attempted to reconstitute the key pathways and master regulators involved in the response of human cervical carcinoma KB-3-1 cells to the novel glycyrrhetinic acid derivative soloxolone methyl (SM) by a transcriptomic approach. Functional annotation of differentially expressed genes, analysis of their cis- regulatory sequences and protein-protein interaction network clearly indicated that stress of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the central event triggered by SM in the cells. A range of key ER stress sensors and transcription factor AP-1 were identified as upstream transcriptional regulators, controlling the response of the cells to SM. Additionally, by using Gene Expression Omnibus data, we showed the ability of SM to modulate the expression of key genes involved in regulation of the high proliferative rate of cervical carcinoma cells. Further Connectivity Map analysis revealed similarity of SM's effects with known ER stress inducers thapsigargin and geldanamycin, targeting SERCA and Grp94, respectively. According to the molecular docking study, SM could snugly fit into the active sites of these proteins in the positions very close to that of both inhibitors. Taken together, our findings provide a basis for the better understanding of the intracellular processes in tumor cells switched on in response to cyano enone-bearing triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Markov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander E Kel
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.,geneXplain GmbH, Wolfenbüttel 38302, Germany
| | - Oksana V Salomatina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.,N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Marina A Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniya B Logashenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
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17
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Alho DPS, Salvador JAR, Cascante M, Marin S. Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Novel A-Ring Cleaved Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:E2938. [PMID: 31416117 PMCID: PMC6721064 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives was synthesized via the opening of its ring A along with the coupling of an amino acid. The antiproliferative activity of the derivatives was evaluated against a panel of nine human cancer cell lines. Compound 17 was the most active compound, with an IC50 of 6.1 µM on Jurkat cells, which is 17-fold more potent than that of glycyrrhetinic acid, and was up to 10 times more selective toward that cancer cell line. Further biological investigation in Jurkat cells showed that the antiproliferative activity of compound 17 was due to cell cycle arrest at the S phase and induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P S Alho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3000-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Wang R, Yang W, Fan Y, Dehaen W, Li Y, Li H, Wang W, Zheng Q, Huai Q. Design and synthesis of the novel oleanolic acid-cinnamic acid ester derivatives and glycyrrhetinic acid-cinnamic acid ester derivatives with cytotoxic properties. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102951. [PMID: 31054427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) are natural products with anticancer effects. Cinnamic acid (CA) and its derivatives also exhibited certain anticancer activity. In order to improve the anticancer activity of OA and GA, we designed and synthesized a series of novel OA-CA ester derivatives and GA-CA ester derivatives by using molecular hybridization approach. The 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to assess their in vitro cytotoxicity on three cell lines (HeLa (cervical cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and L-O2 (a normal hepatic cell)). Among the evaluated compounds, 3o presented the strongest selective cytotoxicity on HeLa cells (IC50 = 1.35 μM) and showed no inhibitory activity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 > 100 μM) and L-O2 cells (IC50 > 100 μM), and 3e presented the strongest selective inhibition of the MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 1.79 μM). What's more, compound 2d also showed very strong selective inhibitory activity against HeLa cells (IC50 = 1.55 μM). The further research using Hoechst 33342, AO/EB dual-staining, flow cytometric analysis and DCFH-DA fluorescent dye staining assay presented that 2d and 3o could induce HeLa cells apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Wei Yang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yiqing Fan
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Yang Li
- Zhong Yuan Academy of Biological Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Huijing Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Qingxuan Zheng
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Qiyong Huai
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
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19
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Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Novel Heterocyclic Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040766. [PMID: 30791593 PMCID: PMC6412232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives has been synthesized via the introduction of different heterocyclic rings conjugated with an α,β-unsaturated ketone in its ring A. These new compounds were screened for their antiproliferative activity in a panel of nine human cancer cell lines. Compound 10 was the most active derivative, with an IC50 of 1.1 µM on Jurkat cells, which is 96-fold more potent than that of glycyrrhetinic acid, and was 4-fold more selective toward that cancer cell line. Further biological studies performed in Jurkat cells showed that compound 10 is a potent inducer of apoptosis that activates both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
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