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Zhang Z, Shan X, Li S, Chang J, Zhang Z, Dong Y, Wang L, Liang F. Retinal light damage: From mechanisms to protective strategies. Surv Ophthalmol 2024:S0039-6257(24)00079-1. [PMID: 39053594 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Visible light serves as a crucial medium for vision formation.;however, prolonged or excessive exposure to light is recognized as a significant etiological factor contributing to retinal degenerative diseases. The retina, with its unique structure and adaptability, relies on the homeostasis of cellular functions to maintain visual health. Under normal conditions, the retina can mount adaptive responses to various insults, including light-induced damage. Unfortunately, exposure to intense and excessive light triggers a cascade of pathological alterations in retinal photoreceptor cells, pigment epithelial cells, ganglion cells, and glial cells. These alterations encompass disruption of intracellular REDOX and Ca²⁺ homeostasis, pyroptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and the release of inflammatory cytokines, culminating in irreversible retinal damage. We first delineate the mechanisms of retinal light damage through 4 main avenues: mitochondria function, endoplasmic reticulum stress, cell autophagy, and inflammation. Subsequently, we discuss protective strategies against retinal light damage, aiming to guide research toward the prevention and treatment of light-induced retinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Shujiao Li
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Tongliang District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 402560, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Ji'nan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Fengming Liang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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2
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Bjornson KJ, Vanderplow AM, Bhasker AI, Cahill ME. Increased regional activity of a pro-autophagy pathway in schizophrenia as a contributor to sex differences in the disease pathology. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101652. [PMID: 39019008 PMCID: PMC11293356 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Based on recent genome-wide association studies, it is theorized that altered regulation of autophagy contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. As activity of autophagy-regulatory pathways is controlled by discrete phosphorylation sites on the relevant proteins, phospho-protein profiling is one of the few approaches available for enabling a quantitative assessment of autophagic activity in the brain. Despite this, a comprehensive phospho-protein assessment in the brains of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder subjects is currently lacking. Using this direction, our broad screening identifies an increase in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated phospho-activation of the pro-autophagy protein beclin-1 solely in the prefrontal cortex of female, but not male, schizophrenia subjects. Using a reverse translational approach, we surprisingly find that this increase in beclin-1 activity facilitates synapse formation and enhances cognition. These findings are interpreted in the context of human studies demonstrating that female schizophrenia subjects have a lower susceptibility to cognitive dysfunction than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Bjornson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Amanda M Vanderplow
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Aishwarya I Bhasker
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael E Cahill
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Zhang Z, Liang F, Chang J, Shan X, Yin Z, Wang L, Li S. Autophagy in dry AMD: A promising therapeutic strategy for retinal pigment epithelial cell damage. Exp Eye Res 2024; 242:109889. [PMID: 38593971 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent clinical condition that leads to permanent damage to central vision and poses a significant threat to patients' visual health. Although the pathogenesis of dry AMD remains unclear, there is consensus on the role of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are major contributors to RPE cell damage, and the NOD-like receptor thermoprotein structural domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome mediates the inflammatory response leading to apoptosis in RPE cells. Furthermore, lipofuscin accumulation results in oxidative stress, NLRP3 activation, and the development of vitelliform lesions, a hallmark of dry AMD, all of which may contribute to RPE dysfunction. The process of autophagy, involving the encapsulation, recognition, and transport of accumulated proteins and dead cells to the lysosome for degradation, is recognized as a significant pathway for cellular self-protection and homeostasis maintenance. Recently, RPE cell autophagy has been discovered to be closely linked to the development of macular degeneration, positioning autophagy as a cutting-edge research area in the realm of dry AMD. In this review, we present an overview of how lipofuscin, oxidative stress, and the NLRP3 inflammasome damage the RPE through their respective causal mechanisms. We summarized the connection between autophagy, oxidative stress, and NLRP3 inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that targeting autophagy improves RPE function and sustains visual health, offering new perspectives for understanding the pathogenesis and clinical management of dry AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Fengming Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Jun Chang
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Zhixian Yin
- Hebei University of Technology, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Li Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Shujiao Li
- Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100040, China
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Anderson BD, Lee T, Bell B, Song Y, Dunaief JL. Low ceruloplasmin levels exacerbate retinal degeneration in a hereditary hemochromatosis model. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050226. [PMID: 37439255 PMCID: PMC10354715 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous report, a 39-year-old patient with high serum iron levels from hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) was diagnosed with a form of retinal degeneration called bull's eye maculopathy. This is atypical for patients with HH, so it was theorized that the low serum levels of ferroxidase ceruloplasmin (CP) of this patient coupled with the high iron levels led to the retinal degeneration. CP, by oxidizing iron from its ferrous to ferric form, helps prevent the oxidative damage caused by ferrous iron. To test this, a hepcidin knockout (KO) mouse model of HH was combined with Cp KO to test whether the combination would lead to more severe retinal degeneration. Monthly in vivo retinal images were acquired and, after 11 months, mice were euthanized for further analyses. Both heterozygous and homozygous Cp KO increased the rate and severity of retinal degeneration. These results demonstrate the protective role of CP, which is most likely owing to its ferroxidase activity. The findings suggest that CP levels may influence the severity of retinal degeneration, especially in individuals with high serum iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D. Anderson
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy Lee
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brent Bell
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ying Song
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua L. Dunaief
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Li X, Zhu S, Qi F. Blue light pollution causes retinal damage and degeneration by inducing ferroptosis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 238:112617. [PMID: 36495671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the development of technology and electronic products, the problem of light pollution is becoming more and more serious. Blue light, the most energetic light in visible light, is the main culprit of teenage vision problems in the modern environment. As the tissue with the highest oxygen consumption, the retina is vulnerable to oxidative stress. However, the exact way in which blue light-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause retinal cell death remains unclear. Ferroptosis is a newly defined cell death pathway, whose core molecular mechanism is cell death caused by excessive lipid peroxidation. In this study, the results indicated that blue light-triggered ROS burst in retinal cells, in the meantime, intracellular Fe2+ levels were also significantly up-regulated. Further, deferoxamine (DFO) significantly improved blue light-triggered lipid peroxidation and cell death in ARPE-19 cells, and ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) alleviated retinal oxidative stress and degeneration in rats. Furthermore, the GSH-GPX4 and FSP1-CoQ10-NADH systems served as key systems for cellular defense against ferroptosis, and interestingly, our results demonstrated that blue light triggered imbalance of the GSH-GPX4 and FSP1-CoQ10-NADH systems in retinal cells. Taken together, these pieces of evidence suggest that ferroptosis may be a crucial pathway for blue light-induced retinal damage and degeneration, which helps us to understand exactly why blue light pollution causes visual impairment in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sen Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China..
| | - Fujian Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Shi H, Yin Z, Koronyo Y, Fuchs DT, Sheyn J, Davis MR, Wilson JW, Margeta MA, Pitts KM, Herron S, Ikezu S, Ikezu T, Graham SL, Gupta VK, Black KL, Mirzaei M, Butovsky O, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Regulating microglial miR-155 transcriptional phenotype alleviates Alzheimer's-induced retinal vasculopathy by limiting Clec7a/Galectin-3 + neurodegenerative microglia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:136. [PMID: 36076283 PMCID: PMC9461176 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell RNA sequencing studies identified novel neurodegeneration-associated microglial (MGnD/DAM) subtypes activated around cerebral amyloid plaques. Micro-RNA (miR)-155 of the TREM2-APOE pathway was shown to be a key transcriptional regulator of MGnD microglial phenotype. Despite growing interest in studying manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the retina, a CNS organ accessible to noninvasive high-resolution imaging, to date MGnD microglia have not been studied in the AD retina. Here, we discovered the presence and increased populations of Clec7a+ and Galectin-3+ MGnD microglia in retinas of transgenic APPSWE/PS1L166P AD-model mice. Conditionally targeting MGnD microglia by miR-155 ablation via the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 system in APPSWE/PS1L166P mice diminished retinal Clec7a+ and Galectin-3+ microglial populations while increasing homeostatic P2ry12+ microglia. Retinal MGnD microglia were often adhering to microvessels; their depletion protected the inner blood-retina barrier and reduced vascular amyloidosis. Microglial miR-155 depletion further limits retinal inflammation. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed enhanced retinal PI3K-Akt signaling and predicted IL-8 and Spp1 decreases in mice with microglia-specific miR-155 knockout. Overall, this study identified MGnD microglia in APPSWE/PS1L166P mouse retina. Transcriptional regulation of these dysfunctional microglia mitigated retinal inflammation and vasculopathy. The protective effects of microglial miR-155 ablation should shed light on potential treatments for retinal inflammation and vascular damage during AD and other ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoshen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Zhuoran Yin
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Miyah R Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Jered W Wilson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Milica A Margeta
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M Pitts
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shawn Herron
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Department of Molecular Sciences and Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, A6212, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Downregulation of Inflammatory Response via Nrf2/Trx1/TXNIP Axis in Oxidative Stress-Induced ARPE-19 Cells and Mouse Model of AMD. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1497813. [PMID: 35993020 PMCID: PMC9391142 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1497813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aim Chronic inflammation is crucial for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis. However, the mechanism involved in activating inflammation remains unclear. This study is aimed at investigating whether nuclear factor erythrocyte-associated factor 2 (Nrf2) negatively regulated the Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes through the thioredoxin 1 (Trx1)/thioredoxin interaction protein (TXNIP) complex. Methods We determined the optimal hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, time, and changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. We also constructed animal models using blue LED irradiation. Then, the expression of Nrf2, TXNIP, Trx1, NLRP3, and inflammation-related factors and proteins, along with the changes in retinal thickness and functional status, was analyzed. Results The oxidative stress model was established after 1 h intervention with 100 μM H2O2. Nrf2 reduced ROS production, protected the ultrastructure of mitochondria, increased the thickness of the ONL layer, and increased the amplitude of a- and b-wave amplitudes in ERG. Trx1 knockdown increased the production of ROS, damaged the ultrastructure of mitochondria, reduced the thickness of the other ONL layer, and reduced the amplitudes of a- and b-waves in the electroretinogram (ERG). Thus, TXNIP in the cytoplasm activated the inflammasomes. Conclusions Nrf2 showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in the H2O2-induced cell stress model and blue LED-induced retinal light damage model. TXNIP transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, activated NLRP3, and aggravated the retinal injury in both the cell stress model and the animal blue LED model. In contrast, Trx1 knockout promoted this process. This study revealed the possible role of the thioredoxin system in developing AMD while also providing newer insights for the future treatment of AMD.
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Lu Y, Qi H. Evaluate the Protective Effect of Antioxidants on Retinal Pigment Cell Hazard Induced by Blue Light: A Mini-Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2098317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Hang Qi
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
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Zhou D, Leung J, Xu W, Ye S, Dong C, Huang W, Ye Q, Wang Y. Protective effect of estradiol copreservation against kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Artif Organs 2022; 46:219-228. [PMID: 34252214 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the major cause of delayed graft function (DGF) during the posttransplantation period. Estradiol (E2) prevents IRI-induced kidney dysfunction and tissue injury. However, many side effects limit E2's in vivo application. Recent evidence uncovers E2's expanded use in the field of transplantation. We aimed to study if and how E2 exerts protective activity during the period of kidney organ preservation. The autologous kidney transplant model in rats was first established. Rats were divided into 5 groups: normal group (N), sham group (sham), static cold storage (SCS) 4 hours group (control), SCS 4 hours + ethanol (1 µL/mL) group (solvent), and SCS 4 hours + ethanol (1 µL/mL) + E2 (1000 ng/mL) group (E2). ERα expression under hypothermia was measured by western blotting. Moreover, biochemical analyses of plasma levels of creatinine, BUN, estradiol, and testosterone were examined. Among all groups, kidney tissues were collected and processed for further western blot analysis about ERα, eNOS, Bcl-2, and Bax expression, histological analyses such as H&E staining to evaluate pathological severity. In addition, a TUNEL assay is performed to evaluate apoptosis. E2 copreservation upregulated ERα expression under hypothermia. Moreover, E2 copreservation reduced levels of creatinine and BUN in plasma but without affecting estradiol and testosterone. Further, E2 copreservation increased expression of eNOS and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and decreases expression of proapoptotic Bax. E2 copreservation significantly inhibited IRI-induced apoptosis and evidently improved pathological severity in the kidney of rats. E2 copreservation exerts protective activity against IRI-induced pro-inflammatory and proapoptotic effects in kidneys during organ preservation time and improves transplanted kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Junto Leung
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Weichen Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Caitao Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wanbin Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Department of Transplant Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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10
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Olchawa MM, Herrnreiter AM, Skumatz CMB, Krzysztynska-Kuleta OI, Mokrzynski KT, Burke JM, Sarna TJ. The Inhibitory Effect of Blue Light on Phagocytic Activity by ARPE-19 Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1110-1121. [PMID: 35067943 DOI: 10.1111/php.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure of the retina to short wavelength visible light is a risk factor in pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. The proper functioning and survival of photoreceptors depends on efficient phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) by retinal pigment epithelium. The purpose of this study was to analyze the phagocytic activity of blue light-treated ARPE-19 cells, and to examine whether the observed effects could be related to altered levels of POS phagocytosis receptor proteins and/or to oxidation of cellular proteins and lipids. POS phagocytosis was measured by flow cytometry. Phagocytosis receptor proteins αv and β5 integrin subunits and Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) were quantified by western blotting. The intact functional heterodimer αvβ5 was quantified by immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting. Cellular protein and lipid hydroperoxides were analyzed by coumarin boronic acid probe and iodometric assay, respectively. Cell irradiation induced reversible inhibition of specific phagocytosis and transient reductions in phagocytosis receptor proteins. Full recovery of functional heterodimer was apparent. Significant photooxidation of cellular proteins and lipids was observed. The results indicate that transient inhibition of specific phagocytosis by blue light could be related to the reduction in phagocytosis receptor proteins. Such changes may arise from oxidative modifications of cell phagocytic machinery components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Olchawa
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Anja M Herrnreiter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Christine M B Skumatz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Olga I Krzysztynska-Kuleta
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krystian T Mokrzynski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janice M Burke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology
| | - Tadeusz J Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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11
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MicroRNA-27a Promotes Oxidative-Induced RPE Cell Death through Targeting FOXO1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6666506. [PMID: 34761005 PMCID: PMC8575620 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6666506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactor disease, which is primarily characterized by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell loss. Since the retina is the most metabolically active tissue, RPE cells are exposed to consistent oxidative environment. So, oxidation-induced RPE cell death has long been considered a contributor to the onset of AMD. Here, we applied a retinal degeneration (RD) rat model induced by blue light-emitting diode (LED) and a cell model constructed by H2O2 stimulus to mimic the prooxidant environment of the retina. We detected that the expression of miR-27a was upregulated and the expression of FOXO1 was downregulated in both models. So, we furtherly investigated the role of miR-27a-FOXO1 axis in RPE in protesting against oxidants. Lentivirus-mediated RNA was injected intravitreally into rats to modulate the miR-27a-FOXO1 axis. Retinal function and histopathological changes were evaluated by electroretinography (ERG) analysis and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, respectively. Massive photoreceptor and RPE cell death were examined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The damage to the retina was aggravated in the FOXO1 gene-knockdown and miR-27a-overexpression groups after exposure to LED but was alleviated in the FOXO1 gene-overexpression or miR-27a-knockdown groups. Dual luciferase assay was used to detect the binding site of miR-27a and FOXO1. Upregulated miR-27a inhibited the expression of FOXO1 by directly binding to the FOXO1 mRNA 3′UTR and decreased the autophagy activity of ARPE-19 cells, resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease of cell viability. The results suggest that miR-27a is a negative regulator of FOXO1. Also, our data emphasize the prominent role of miR-27a/FOXO1 axis in modulating ROS accumulation and cell death in RPE cell model under oxidative stress and influencing the retinal function in the LED-induced RD rat model.
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Plasma Rich in Growth Factors Promotes Autophagy in ARPE19 Cells in Response to Oxidative Stress Induced by Blue Light. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070954. [PMID: 34203504 PMCID: PMC8301887 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes the degeneration of photoreceptors and retinal cells leading to vision loss in older subjects. Among possible exogenous risk factors, it has been recently proposed that long-term exposure to blue light could aggravate the course of AMD. In the search for therapeutic options, plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) has been shown to enhance cell antioxidant pathways and protect photoreceptors against the harm produced by blue light, although its mechanism of action remains unknown. One possible mechanism, autophagy, is one of the most conservative cell renewal systems used in eukaryotes to destroy cellular components that have been damaged by some kind of insult. The oxidative stress of exposure to blue light is known to induce cell autophagy. In this study, we examined the combined effects on autophagy of blue light and PRGF in a retinal cell line, ARPE19. In response to treatment with both PRGF and blue light, we detected the modulated expression of autophagy markers such as NF-kB, p62/sqstm1, Atg5, LC3 and Beclin1, and inflammatory markers such as IL1B and IL18. Our findings suggest that PRGF promotes cell autophagy in response to exposure to blue light.
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13
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The Role of Autophagy in Eye Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030189. [PMID: 33673657 PMCID: PMC7997177 DOI: 10.3390/life11030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that ensures homeostasis in the cells of our organism. It plays a crucial role in protecting eye cells against oxidative damage and external stress factors. Ocular pathologies of high incidence, such as age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy are of multifactorial origin and are associated with genetic, environmental factors, age, and oxidative stress, among others; the latter factor is one of the most influential in ocular diseases, directly affecting the processes of autophagy activity. Alteration of the normal functioning of autophagy processes can interrupt organelle turnover, leading to the accumulation of cellular debris and causing physiological dysfunction of the eye. The aim of this study is to review research on the role of autophagy processes in the main ocular pathologies, which have a high incidence and result in high costs for the health system. Considering the role of autophagy processes in cell homeostasis and cell viability, the control and modulation of autophagy processes in ocular pathologies could constitute a new therapeutic approach.
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Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Gencoglu H, Sahin E, Sahin N, Ozercan IH, Namjoshi T, Srivastava V, Morde A, Rai D, Padigaru M, Sahin K. Different Doses of β-Cryptoxanthin May Secure the Retina from Photooxidative Injury Resulted from Common LED Sources. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6672525. [PMID: 33628377 PMCID: PMC7895591 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6672525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinal damage associated with loss of photoreceptors is a hallmark of eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. Potent nutritional antioxidants were previously shown to abate the degenerative process in AMD. β-Cryptoxanthin (BCX) is an essential dietary carotenoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and provitamin A activity. It is a potential candidate for developing intervention strategies to delay the development/progression of AMD. In the current study, the effect of a novel, highly purified BCX oral formulation on the rat retinal damage model was evaluated. Rats were fed with BCX for four weeks at the doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight in the form of highly bioavailable oil suspension, followed by retinal damage by exposing to the bright light-emitting diode (LED) light (750 lux) for 48 hrs. Animals were sacrificed after 48 hours, and eyes and blood samples were collected and analyzed. BCX supplementations (2 and 4 mg/kg) showed improvements in the visual condition as demonstrated by histopathology of the retina and measured parameters such as total retinal thickness and outer nuclear layer thickness. BCX supplementation helped reduce the burden of oxidative stress as seen by decreased serum and retinal tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and restored the antioxidant enzyme activities in BCX groups. Further, BCX supplementation modulated inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB), apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase 3), growth proteins and factors (GAP43, VEGF), glial and neuronal proteins (GFAP, NCAM), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), along with the mitochondrial stress markers (ATF4, ATF6, Grp78, Grp94) in the rat retinal tissue. This study indicates that oral supplementation of BCX exerts a protective effect on light-induced retinal damage in the rats via reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, also protected against mitochondrial DNA damage and cellular death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Hasan Gencoglu
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Emre Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | | | - Tejas Namjoshi
- OmniActive Health Technologies, Biotechnology Park, Pune 411057, India
| | | | - Abhijeet Morde
- OmniActive Health Technologies, Wagle Estate, Thane 400604, India
| | - Deshanie Rai
- OmniActive Health Technologies Inc, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | | | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
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Yasuda M, Sato H, Hashimoto K, Osada U, Hariya T, Nakayama H, Asano T, Suzuki N, Okabe T, Yamazaki M, Uematsu M, Munakata M, Nakazawa T. Carotid artery intima-media thickness, HDL cholesterol levels, and gender associated with poor visual acuity in patients with branch retinal artery occlusion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240977. [PMID: 33091078 PMCID: PMC7580897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate factors associated with poor visual acuity (VA) in branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO). METHODS This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of 72 eyes with BRAO of 72 patients. For statistical comparison, we divided the patients into worse-VA (decimal VA < 0.5) and better-VA (decimal VA > = 0.5) groups. We examined the association of clinical findings, including blood biochemical test data and carotid artery ultrasound parameters, with poor VA. RESULTS Median age, hematocrit, hemoglobin and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) differed significantly between the groups (P = 0.018, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P = 0.025). There was a tendency towards higher median IMT-Bmax in the worse-VA group (worse-VA vs. better-VA: 2.70 mm vs. 1.60 mm, P = 0.152). Spearman's rank correlation test revealed that logMAR VA was significantly correlated to IMT-Bmax (rs = 0.31, P < 0.01) and IMT-Cmax (rs = 0.24, P = 0.035). Furthermore, logMAR VA was significantly correlated to HDL level (rs = -0.33, P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that IMT-Bmax (odds ratio [OR] = 2.70, P = 0.049), HDL level (OR = 0.91, P = 0.032), and female gender (OR = 15.63, P = 0.032) were independently associated with worse VA in BRAO. CONCLUSIONS We found that increased IMT-Bmax, decreased HDL, and female sex were associated with poor VA in BRAO patients. Our findings might suggest novel risk factors for visual dysfunction in BRAO and may provide new insights into the pathomechanisms underlying BRAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yasuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hajime Sato
- Yaotome Sato Hajime Eye Clinic, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hashimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Urara Osada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takehiro Hariya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, JR Sendai Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Asano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tatsu Okabe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku Rosai Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mai Yamazaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Seiryo Eye Clinic, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Megumi Uematsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku Rosai Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masanori Munakata
- Division of Hypertension & Research Center for Lifestyle-Related Disease, Tohoku Rosai Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Reinehr S, Buschhorn V, Mueller-Buehl AM, Goldmann T, Grus FH, Wolfrum U, Dick HB, Joachim SC. Occurrence of Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss via Autophagy and Apoptotic Pathways in an Autoimmune Glaucoma Model. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:1124-1135. [PMID: 31935132 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1716987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In glaucoma, an apoptotic death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has been shown. However, little is known about other cell death mechanisms, like autophagy or necrosis. Therefore, we investigated these mechanisms in addition to antibody deposits in an experimental autoimmune glaucoma model. METHODS Rats were immunized with a retinal ganglion cell-layer homogenate (RGA), while controls received sodium chloride. Untreated rats served as natїve group. After seven weeks, retinal cross-sections were stained with antibodies against RGCs (Brn-3a), apoptosis (cleaved caspase 2, cleaved caspase 3 as well as caspase 3, 8, and 9), autophagy (LC3BII and LAMP1), and necrosis (RIPK3) followed by cell counts. Autophagy was additionally visualized via transmission electron microscopy on retinal sections. Antibody deposits were also analyzed. RESULTS We noted a RGC loss after RGA immunization compared to both control groups. Also, significantly more cleaved caspase 2+ RGCs were observed in RGA animals. More caspase 3 and 8 signals were noted in RGA retinas compared to both controls, while no changes were seen in regard to caspase 9. Furthermore, significantly more cleaved caspase 3+ cells were detected in RGA animals. We noted an increase of LC3BII+ and LAMP1+ autophagic cells in the RGA group, while no alterations were seen regarding necrotic RIPK3+ cells. Autophagic vesicles were observed via transmission electron microscopy. IgG staining revealed significant differences between the RGA group and controls concerning IgG deposits in the ganglion cell layer. CONCLUSIONS Due to the novel results from this study, we conclude that IgG antibodies are involved in RGC loss in this model leading to apoptotic and autophagic cell loss. These results could help to develop new therapy strategies for glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Reinehr
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - Verena Buschhorn
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - Ana M Mueller-Buehl
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Goldmann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz , Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz , Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
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Autophagy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Regulatory Mechanism of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2896036. [PMID: 32831993 PMCID: PMC7429811 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2896036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of severe visual loss and irreversible blindness in the elderly population worldwide. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are the major site of pathological alterations in AMD. They are responsible for the phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer segments (POSs) and clearance of cellular waste under physiological conditions. Age-related, cumulative oxidative stimuli contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD. Excessive oxidative stress induces RPE cell degeneration and incomplete digestion of POSs, leading to the continuous accumulation of cellular waste (such as lipofuscin). Autophagy is a major system of degradation of damaged or unnecessary proteins. However, degenerative RPE cells in AMD patients cannot perform autophagy sufficiently to resist oxidative damage. Increasing evidence supports the idea that enhancing the autophagic process can properly alleviate oxidative injury in AMD and protect RPE and photoreceptor cells from degeneration and death, although overactivated autophagy may lead to cell death at early stages of retinal degenerative diseases. The crosstalk among the NFE2L2, PGC-1, p62, AMPK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways may play a crucial role in improving disturbed autophagy and mitigating the progression of AMD. In this review, we discuss how autophagy prevents oxidative damage in AMD, summarize potential neuroprotective strategies for therapeutic interventions, and provide an overview of these neuroprotective mechanisms.
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18
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Ouyang X, Yang J, Hong Z, Wu Y, Xie Y, Wang G. Mechanisms of blue light-induced eye hazard and protective measures: a review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110577. [PMID: 32763817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of blue light exposure to human health has attracted increased research attention. Blue light, with relatively high energy, can cause irreversible photochemical damage to eye tissue. Excessive exposure of the eye to blue light tends to cause a series of alterations, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial apoptosis, inflammatory apoptosis, mitochondrial apoptosis and DNA damage, resulting in the development of dry eye disease, glaucoma, and keratitis. Accordingly, physical protection, chemical and pharmaceutical protective measures, gene therapy, and other methods are widely used in the clinical treatment of blue light hazard. We reviewed the studies on possible blue light-induced signaling pathways and mechanisms in the eye and summarized the therapeutic approaches to addressing blue light hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Zexin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yide Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yongfang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
| | - Guohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Medicines in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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19
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Xie C, Zhu H, Chen S, Wen Y, Jin L, Zhang L, Tong J, Shen Y. Chronic retinal injury induced by white LED light with different correlated color temperatures as determined by microarray analyses of genome-wide expression patterns in mice. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 210:111977. [PMID: 32738749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Widely used white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) currently deliver higher levels of blue light than conventional domestic light sources. The high intensity of the blue component is the main source of concern regarding possible health risks of LED to chronic light toxicity to the retina. Therefore, we analyzed retinal injury and genome-wide changes in gene expression induced by white LED light with different correlated color temperatures (CCTs) in a mouse model. Balb/c mice (10 weeks old) were exposed to LED light with CCTs of 2954, 5624, and 7378 K, at different illuminance levels (250, 500, 1000, and 3000 lx) and for different exposure times (7, 14, and 28 days). Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that exposure to 7378 K light at 250 lx for 28 days resulted in a significant reduction of outer nuclear layer (ONL) nuclei, whereas 2954 K light at <3000 lx led to only a mild reduction in the number of ONL nuclei. In addition, 5624 and 7378 K light at 3000 lx resulted in a significant increase in TUNEL-positive apoptotic nuclei, which was not found at an illuminance of 1000 lx. Genome-wide expression analyses showed that, compared to a control group, there were 121 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 458 downregulated DEGs found in the 7378 K group, and 59 upregulated and only 4 downregulated DEGs in the 2954 K group. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses showed that the DEGs were involved in 341 GO terms and 16 related pathways for the 7378 K group and in 12 GO terms and 7 related pathways for the 2954 K group. Signal pathways related to ubiquitin potentially played an important role in light-induced retinal degeneration. Furthermore, retinal immunohistochemistry (IHC) indicated downregulation of ubiquitin and autophagy function caused by 7378 K light. Taken together, these results indicate that retinal injury in the mice induced by white LED light occurred in a CCT-dependent manner, and that light with a higher CCT was more likely to reduce ONL nuclei; however, the apoptosis pathway may not be the only mechanism involved. Based on genome-wide expression analyses and retinal IHC, the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis signal pathway may have participated in the induction retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuyang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, TONGDE, Hospital of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yingying Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Le Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liyue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Cytoprotective Effects of Natural Highly Bio-Available Vegetable Derivatives on Human-Derived Retinal Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030879. [PMID: 32214021 PMCID: PMC7146218 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial cells are crucial for retina maintenance, making their cytoprotection an excellent way to prevent or slow down retinal degeneration. In addition, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, neovascularization, and/or autophagy are key pathways involved in degenerative mechanisms. Therefore, here we studied the effects of curcumin, lutein, and/or resveratrol on human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). Cells were incubated with individual or combined agent(s) before induction of (a) H2O2-induced oxidative stress, (b) staurosporin-induced apoptosis, (c) CoCl2-induced hypoxia, or (d) a LED-autophagy perturbator. Metabolic activity, cellular survival, caspase 3/7 activity (casp3/7), cell morphology, VEGF levels, and autophagy process were assessed. H2O2 provoked a reduction in cell survival, whereas curcumin reduced metabolic activity which was not associated with cell death. Cell death induced by H2O2 was significantly reduced after pre-treatment with curcumin and lutein, but not resveratrol. Staurosporin increased caspase-3/7 activity (689%) and decreased cell survival by 32%. Curcumin or lutein protected cells from death induced by staurosporin. Curcumin, lutein, and resveratrol were ineffective on the increase of caspase 3/7 induced by staurosporin. Pre-treatment with curcumin or lutein prevented LED-induced blockage of autophagy flux. Basal-VEGF release was significantly reduced by lutein. Therefore, lutein and curcumin showed beneficial protective effects on human-derived retinal cells against several insults.
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21
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Azcoitia I, Barreto GE, Garcia-Segura LM. Molecular mechanisms and cellular events involved in the neuroprotective actions of estradiol. Analysis of sex differences. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 55:100787. [PMID: 31513774 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol, either from peripheral or central origin, activates multiple molecular neuroprotective and neuroreparative responses that, being mediated by estrogen receptors or by estrogen receptor independent mechanisms, are initiated at the membrane, the cytoplasm or the cell nucleus of neural cells. Estrogen-dependent signaling regulates a variety of cellular events, such as intracellular Ca2+ levels, mitochondrial respiratory capacity, ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, autophagy and apoptosis. In turn, these molecular and cellular actions of estradiol are integrated by neurons and non-neuronal cells to generate different tissue protective responses, decreasing blood-brain barrier permeability, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity and promoting synaptic plasticity, axonal growth, neurogenesis, remyelination and neuroregeneration. Recent findings indicate that the neuroprotective and neuroreparative actions of estradiol are different in males and females and further research is necessary to fully elucidate the causes for this sex difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Azcoitia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludables (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludables (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
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