1
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Li XF, Selli C, Zhou HL, Cao J, Wu S, Ma RY, Lu Y, Zhang CB, Xun B, Lam AD, Pang XC, Fernando A, Zhang Z, Unciti-Broceta A, Carragher NO, Ramachandran P, Henderson NC, Sun LL, Hu HY, Li GB, Sawyers C, Qian BZ. Macrophages promote anti-androgen resistance in prostate cancer bone disease. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213858. [PMID: 36749798 PMCID: PMC9948761 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PC) is the final stage of PC that acquires resistance to androgen deprivation therapies (ADT). Despite progresses in understanding of disease mechanisms, the specific contribution of the metastatic microenvironment to ADT resistance remains largely unknown. The current study identified that the macrophage is the major microenvironmental component of bone-metastatic PC in patients. Using a novel in vivo model, we demonstrated that macrophages were critical for enzalutamide resistance through induction of a wound-healing-like response of ECM-receptor gene expression. Mechanistically, macrophages drove resistance through cytokine activin A that induced fibronectin (FN1)-integrin alpha 5 (ITGA5)-tyrosine kinase Src (SRC) signaling cascade in PC cells. This novel mechanism was strongly supported by bioinformatics analysis of patient transcriptomics datasets. Furthermore, macrophage depletion or SRC inhibition using a novel specific inhibitor significantly inhibited resistant growth. Together, our findings elucidated a novel mechanism of macrophage-induced anti-androgen resistance of metastatic PC and a promising therapeutic approach to treat this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Li
- Centre for Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cigdem Selli
- Centre for Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Han-Lin Zhou
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Henan, BGI-Shenzhen, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Urology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuiqing Wu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Ma
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Lu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Henan, BGI-Shenzhen, Xinxiang, China
| | - Cheng-Bin Zhang
- Centre for Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bijie Xun
- Centre for Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alyson D. Lam
- Centre for Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xiao-Cong Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Anu Fernando
- Centre for Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zeda Zhang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil O. Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil C. Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ling-Ling Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yan Hu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Gui-Bo Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Henan, BGI-Shenzhen, Xinxiang, China
| | - Charles Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Charles Sawyers:
| | - Bin-Zhi Qian
- Centre for Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence to Bin-Zhi Qian:
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2
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The Overall Survival and Safety of Men with Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer Treated with Combination Therapy of Novel Androgen Receptor Antagonists and Androgen-Deprivation Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6211059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Several novel androgen receptor antagonists have been introduced into the treatment of metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the survival and safety of the combination therapy of novel androgen receptor antagonist and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with mHSPC. Methods. Electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of ADT combined with novel androgen receptor antagonists compared with ADT alone in men with mHSPC. Revman 5.4 and STATA 14.0 were used to performed the meta-analysis, and hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as the measurement indicators of outcome variables. Results. Six RCTs were eventually identified for meta-analysis. Compared with ADT alone, the combination therapy of novel androgen receptor antagonists and ADT can significantly improve the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), as the pooled HR were 0.66, 95%CI (0.60, 0.72),
and 0.43, 95%CI (0.34, 0.54),
, respectively, despite increasing the risk of any serious adverse events (OR: 1.18, 95%CI (1.04, 1.33),
). Discussion. This study showed that compared with ADT alone, the combination therapy of novel androgen receptor antagonists and ADT can significantly improve the survival status of mHSPC patients, while it increases the risk of serious adverse events.
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Shah YB, Shaver AL, Beiriger J, Mehta S, Nikita N, Kelly WK, Freedland SJ, Lu-Yao G. Outcomes Following Abiraterone versus Enzalutamide for Prostate Cancer: A Scoping Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153773. [PMID: 35954437 PMCID: PMC9367458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiraterone acetate (AA) and enzalutamide (ENZ) are commonly used for metastatic prostate cancer. It is unclear how their outcomes and toxicities vary with patient-specific factors because clinical trials typically exclude patients with significant comorbidities. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap and facilitate informed treatment decision making. A registered protocol utilizing PRISMA scoping review methodology was utilized to identify real-world studies. Of 433 non-duplicated publications, 23 were selected by three independent reviewers. ENZ offered a faster and more frequent biochemical response (30-50% vs. 70-75%), slowed progression (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.50-0.88), and improved overall survival versus AA. ENZ was associated with more fatigue and neurological adverse effects. Conversely, AA increased risk of cardiovascular- (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.09-3.05) and heart failure-related (HR 2.88; 95% CI 1.09-7.63) hospitalizations. Ultimately, AA was associated with increased length of hospital stay, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations (HR 1.26; 95% CI 1.04-1.53). Accordingly, total costs were higher for AA, although pharmacy costs alone were higher for ENZ. Existing data suggest that AA and ENZ have important differences in outcomes including toxicities, response, disease progression, and survival. Additionally, adherence, healthcare utilization, and costs differ. Further investigation is warranted to inform treatment decisions which optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash B. Shah
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (Y.B.S.); (J.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Amy L. Shaver
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (A.L.S.); (N.N.); (W.K.K.)
| | - Jacob Beiriger
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (Y.B.S.); (J.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Sagar Mehta
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (Y.B.S.); (J.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Nikita Nikita
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (A.L.S.); (N.N.); (W.K.K.)
| | - William Kevin Kelly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (A.L.S.); (N.N.); (W.K.K.)
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Grace Lu-Yao
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (Y.B.S.); (J.B.); (S.M.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (A.L.S.); (N.N.); (W.K.K.)
- Jefferson College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-503-1195
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Lara PC, Rodríguez-Melcón JI, Palacios-Eito A, Lozano A, Hervás-Morón A, Villafranca E, Gómez-Iturriaga A, Sancho G, Maldonado X. Phase II Study of ENZAlutamide Combined With Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy (ENZART) for Localized Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:891886. [PMID: 35912190 PMCID: PMC9329530 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.891886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundIntermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa) is usually treated by a combination of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and a short course of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT is associated with multiple side effects, including weight gain, loss of libido, and hot flashes. In contrast, anti-androgen monotherapy is generally better tolerated in spite of higher rates of gynecomastia.ObjectiveThis study assessed the effectiveness of enzalutamide monotherapy combined with hypofractionated EBRT (Hypo-EBRT) for treating intermediate risk prostate cancer.MethodThis trial was a multicenter, open-label phase II study of 6 months of enzalutamide monotherapy combined with Hypo-EBRT for intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Hypo-EBRT was initiated 8–12 weeks after initiating enzalutamide. The primary endpoint was PSA decline >80% measured at the 25th week of enzalutamide administration. Secondary end-points included assessment of toxicity, changes in anthropomorphic body measurements, sexual hormones, and metabolic changes.ResultsSixty-two patients were included in the study from January 2018 to February 2020. A PSA decline of >80% was observed in all evaluable patients at the end of enzalutamide treatment and 92% achieved PSA values under 0.1 ngr/ml. All patients remain in PSA response (<80% reduction of the initial values) 6 months after the end of enzalutamide treatment. The most frequent adverse events were hypertension, asthenia, and gynecomastia. There were no significant changes in bone density, body mass index (BMI), or patient-reported outcomes (PROs).ConclusionEnzalutamide monotherapy is very effective along with hEBRT in reducing PSA levels for patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Longer follow-up is needed to confirm the potential use of this combination in future randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro C. Lara
- Canarian Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Roque University Hospital, Fernando Pessoa Canarias University, Las Palmas, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pedro C. Lara,
| | | | - Amalia Palacios-Eito
- Radiation Oncology, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Lozano
- Radiation Oncology, Virgen de la Arriexaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Alfonso Gómez-Iturriaga
- Radiation Oncology, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Gemma Sancho
- Radiation Oncology, San Creu I San Pau University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Maldonado
- Radiation Oncology, Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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The natural compound atraric acid suppresses androgen-regulated neo-angiogenesis of castration-resistant prostate cancer through angiopoietin 2. Oncogene 2022; 41:3263-3277. [PMID: 35513564 PMCID: PMC9166678 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an aggressive lethal form of prostate cancer (PCa). Atraric acid (AA) not only inhibits the wild-type androgen receptor (AR) but also those AR mutants that confer therapy resistance to other clinically used AR antagonists, indicating a different mode of AR antagonism. AA induces cellular senescence and inhibits CRPC tumour growth in in vivo xenograft mouse model associated with reduced neo-angiogenesis suggesting the repression of intratumoural neo-angiogenesis by AA. In line with this, the secretome of CRPC cells mediates neo-angiogenesis in an androgen-dependent manner, which is counteracted by AA. This was confirmed by two in vitro models using primary human endothelial cells. Transcriptome sequencing revealed upregulated angiogenic pathways by androgen, being however VEGF-independent, and pointing to the pro-angiogenic factor angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2) as a key driver of neo-angiogenesis induced by androgens and repressed by AA. In agreement with this, AA treatment of native patient-derived PCa tumour samples ex vivo inhibits ANGPT2 expression. Mechanistically, in addition to AA, immune-depletion of ANGPT2 from secretome or blocking ANGPT2-receptors inhibits androgen-induced angiogenesis. Taken together, we reveal a VEGF-independent ANGPT2-mediated angiogenic pathway that is inhibited by AA leading to repression of androgen-regulated neo-angiogenesis.
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6
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Wang T, Sarwar M, Whitchurch JB, Collins HM, Green T, Semenas J, Ali A, Roberts CJ, Morris RD, Hubert M, Chen S, El-Schich Z, Wingren AG, Grundström T, Lundmark R, Mongan NP, Gunhaga L, Heery DM, Persson JL. PIP5K1α is Required for Promoting Tumor Progression in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:798590. [PMID: 35386201 PMCID: PMC8979106 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.798590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PIP5K1α has emerged as a promising drug target for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), as it acts upstream of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to promote prostate cancer (PCa) growth, survival and invasion. However, little is known of the molecular actions of PIP5K1α in this process. Here, we show that siRNA-mediated knockdown of PIP5K1α and blockade of PIP5K1α action using its small molecule inhibitor ISA-2011B suppress growth and invasion of CRPC cells. We demonstrate that targeted deletion of the N-terminal domain of PIP5K1α in CRPC cells results in reduced growth and migratory ability of cancer cells. Further, the xenograft tumors lacking the N-terminal domain of PIP5K1α exhibited reduced tumor growth and aggressiveness in xenograft mice as compared to that of controls. The N-terminal domain of PIP5K1α is required for regulation of mRNA expression and protein stability of PIP5K1α. This suggests that the expression and oncogenic activity of PIP5K1α are in part dependent on its N-terminal domain. We further show that PIP5K1α acts as an upstream regulator of the androgen receptor (AR) and AR target genes including CDK1 and MMP9 that are key factors promoting growth, survival and invasion of PCa cells. ISA-2011B exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on AR target genes including CDK1 and MMP9 in CRPC cells with wild-type PIP5K1α and in CRPC cells lacking the N-terminal domain of PIP5K1α. These results indicate that the growth of PIP5K1α-dependent tumors is in part dependent on the integrity of the N-terminal sequence of this kinase. Our study identifies a novel functional mechanism involving PIP5K1α, confirming that PIP5K1α is an intriguing target for cancer treatment, especially for treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martuza Sarwar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Hilary M Collins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tami Green
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Julius Semenas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Ryan D Morris
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Madlen Hubert
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sa Chen
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Zahra El-Schich
- Department of Biomedical Science, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anette G Wingren
- Department of Biomedical Science, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Richard Lundmark
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lena Gunhaga
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David M Heery
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L Persson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Science, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre in Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Jenny L Persson,
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7
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Harris AE, Metzler VM, Lothion-Roy J, Varun D, Woodcock CL, Haigh DB, Endeley C, Haque M, Toss MS, Alsaleem M, Persson JL, Gudas LJ, Rakha E, Robinson BD, Khani F, Martin LM, Moyer JE, Brownlie J, Madhusudan S, Allegrucci C, James VH, Rutland CS, Fray RG, Ntekim A, de Brot S, Mongan NP, Jeyapalan JN. Exploring anti-androgen therapies in hormone dependent prostate cancer and new therapeutic routes for castration resistant prostate cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1006101. [PMID: 36263323 PMCID: PMC9575553 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1006101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs) are important treatments which inhibit androgen-induced prostate cancer (PCa) progression by either preventing androgen biosynthesis (e.g. abiraterone) or by antagonizing androgen receptor (AR) function (e.g. bicalutamide, enzalutamide, darolutamide). A major limitation of current ADTs is they often remain effective for limited durations after which patients commonly progress to a lethal and incurable form of PCa, called castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) where the AR continues to orchestrate pro-oncogenic signalling. Indeed, the increasing numbers of ADT-related treatment-emergent neuroendocrine-like prostate cancers (NePC), which lack AR and are thus insensitive to ADT, represents a major therapeutic challenge. There is therefore an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms of AR action in hormone dependent disease and the progression to CRPC, to enable the development of new approaches to prevent, reverse or delay ADT-resistance. Interestingly the AR regulates distinct transcriptional networks in hormone dependent and CRPC, and this appears to be related to the aberrant function of key AR-epigenetic coregulator enzymes including the lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A). In this review we summarize the current best status of anti-androgen clinical trials, the potential for novel combination therapies and we explore recent advances in the development of novel epigenetic targeted therapies that may be relevant to prevent or reverse disease progression in patients with advanced CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Harris
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Veronika M. Metzler
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Lothion-Roy
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dhruvika Varun
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne L. Woodcock
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy B. Haigh
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chantelle Endeley
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Haque
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Toss
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mansour Alsaleem
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Medical Science, Applied College, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jenny L. Persson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Malmö Universitet, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lorraine J. Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emad Rakha
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D. Robinson
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francesca Khani
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Laura M. Martin
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jenna E. Moyer
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juliette Brownlie
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Allegrucci
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria H. James
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catrin S. Rutland
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert G. Fray
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Atara Ntekim
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Jennie N. Jeyapalan, ; Nigel P. Mongan, ; ; Atara Ntekim,
| | - Simone de Brot
- Comparative Pathology Platform (COMPATH), Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nigel P. Mongan
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Jennie N. Jeyapalan, ; Nigel P. Mongan, ; ; Atara Ntekim,
| | - Jennie N. Jeyapalan
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jennie N. Jeyapalan, ; Nigel P. Mongan, ; ; Atara Ntekim,
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8
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Wright TC, Dunne VL, Alshehri AHD, Redmond KM, Cole AJ, Prise KM. Abiraterone In Vitro Is Superior to Enzalutamide in Response to Ionizing Radiation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:700543. [PMID: 34367984 PMCID: PMC8335570 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.700543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiraterone acetate and Enzalutamide are novel anti-androgens that are key treatments to improve both progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. In this study, we aimed to determine whether combinations of AR inhibitors with radiation are additive or synergistic, and investigated the underlying mechanisms governing this. This study also aimed to compare and investigate a biological rationale for the selection of Abiraterone versus Enzalutamide in combination with radiotherapy as currently selection is based on consideration of side effect profiles and clinical experience. We report that AR suppression with Enzalutamide produces a synergistic effect only in AR-sensitive prostate models. In contrast, Abiraterone displays synergistic effects in combination with radiation regardless of AR status, alluding to potential alternative mechanisms of action. The underlying mechanisms governing this AR-based synergy are based on the reduction of key AR linked DNA repair pathways such as NHEJ and HR, with changes in HR potentially the result of changes in cell cycle distribution, with these reductions ultimately resulting in increased cell death. These changes were also shown to be conserved in combination with radiation, with AR suppression 24 hours before radiation leading to the most significant differences. Comparison between Abiraterone and Enzalutamide highlighted Abiraterone from a mechanistic standpoint as being superior to Abiraterone for all endpoints measured. Therefore, this provides a potential rationale for the selection of Abiraterone over Enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Wright
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L Dunne
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ali H D Alshehri
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Department of Radiological Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kelly M Redmond
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan J Cole
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Department of Radiological Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia.,Northern Ireland Cancer Centre, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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9
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Semenas J, Wang T, Sajid Syed Khaja A, Firoj Mahmud AKM, Simoulis A, Grundström T, Fällman M, Persson JL. Targeted inhibition of ERα signaling and PIP5K1α/Akt pathways in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:968-986. [PMID: 33275817 PMCID: PMC8024724 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective ERα modulator, tamoxifen, is well tolerated in a heavily pretreated castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) patient cohort. However, its targeted gene network and whether expression of intratumor ERα due to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may play a role in PCa progression is unknown. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on castration-resistant PCa in vitro and in vivo. We found that tamoxifen is a potent compound that induced a high degree of apoptosis and significantly suppressed growth of xenograft tumors in mice, at a degree comparable to ISA-2011B, an inhibitor of PIP5K1α that acts upstream of PI3K/AKT survival signaling pathway. Moreover, depletion of tumor-associated macrophages using clodronate in combination with tamoxifen increased inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on aggressive prostate tumors. We showed that both tamoxifen and ISA-2011B exert their on-target effects on prostate cancer cells by targeting cyclin D1 and PIP5K1α/AKT network and the interlinked estrogen signaling. Combination treatment using tamoxifen together with ISA-2011B resulted in tumor regression and had superior inhibitory effect compared with that of tamoxifen or ISA-2011B alone. We have identified sets of genes that are specifically targeted by tamoxifen, ISA-2011B or combination of both agents by RNA-seq. We discovered that alterations in unique gene signatures, in particular estrogen-related marker genes are associated with poor patient disease-free survival. We further showed that ERα interacted with PIP5K1α through formation of protein complexes in the nucleus, suggesting a functional link. Our finding is the first to suggest a new therapeutic potential to inhibit or utilize the mechanisms related to ERα, PIP5K1α/AKT network, and MMP9/VEGF signaling axis, providing a strategy to treat castration-resistant ER-positive subtype of prostate cancer tumors with metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tianyan Wang
- Department of Molecular BiologyUmeå UniversitySweden
| | | | | | - Athanasios Simoulis
- Department of Clinical Pathology and CytologySkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | | | - Maria Fällman
- Department of Molecular BiologyUmeå UniversitySweden
| | - Jenny L. Persson
- Department of Molecular BiologyUmeå UniversitySweden
- Division of Experimental Cancer ResearchDepartment of Translational MedicineLund UniversityClinical Research Centre in MalmöSweden
- Department of Biomedical ScienceMalmö UniversitySweden
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10
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Dahl HC, Kanchwala M, Thomas-Jardin SE, Sandhu A, Kanumuri P, Nawas AF, Xing C, Lin C, Frigo DE, Delk NA. Chronic IL-1 exposure drives LNCaP cells to evolve androgen and AR independence. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242970. [PMID: 33326447 PMCID: PMC7743957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation promotes prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression. We previously reported that acute intereluekin-1 (IL-1) exposure represses androgen receptor (AR) accumulation and activity, providing a possible mechanism for IL-1-mediated development of androgen- and AR-independent PCa. Given that acute inflammation is quickly resolved, and chronic inflammation is, instead, co-opted by cancer cells to promote tumorigenicity, we set out to determine if chronic IL-1 exposure leads to similar repression of AR and AR activity observed for acute IL-1 exposure and to determine if chronic IL-1 exposure selects for androgen- and AR-independent PCa cells. We generated isogenic sublines from LNCaP cells chronically exposed to IL-1α or IL-1β. Cells were treated with IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα or HS-5 bone marrow stromal cells conditioned medium to assess cell viability in the presence of cytotoxic inflammatory cytokines. Cell viability was also assessed following serum starvation, AR siRNA silencing and enzalutamide treatment. Finally, RNA sequencing was performed for the IL-1 sublines. MTT, RT-qPCR and western blot analysis show that the sublines evolved resistance to inflammation-induced cytotoxicity and intracellular signaling and evolved reduced sensitivity to siRNA-mediated loss of AR, serum deprivation and enzalutamide. Differential gene expression reveals that canonical AR signaling is aberrant in the IL-1 sublines, where the cells show constitutive PSA repression and basally high KLK2 and NKX3.1 mRNA levels and bioinformatics analysis predicts that pro-survival and pro-tumorigenic pathways are activated in the sublines. Our data provide evidence that chronic IL-1 exposure promotes PCa cell androgen and AR independence and, thus, supports CRPCa development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley C. Dahl
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Kanchwala
- McDermott Center of Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Shayna E. Thomas-Jardin
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America
| | - Amrit Sandhu
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America
| | - Preethi Kanumuri
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America
| | - Afshan F. Nawas
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America
| | - Chao Xing
- McDermott Center of Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Chenchu Lin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nikki A. Delk
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States of America
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11
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Majolo F, Caye B, Stoll SN, Leipelt J, Abujamra AL, Goettert MI. Prevention and Therapy of Prostate Cancer: An Update on Alternatives for Treatment and Future Perspectives. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666190917150635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancer types in men worldwide. With the
progression of the disease to independent stimulation by androgen hormones, it becomes more difficult
to control its progress. In addition, several studies have shown that chronic inflammation is
directly related to the onset and progression of this cancer. For many decades, conventional chemotherapeutic
drugs have not made significant progress in the treatment of prostate cancer. However,
the discovery of docetaxel yielded the first satisfactory responses of increased survival of
patients. In addition, alternative therapies using biomolecules derived from secondary metabolites
of natural products are promising in the search for new treatments. Despite the advances in the
treatment of this disease in the last two decades, the results are still insufficient and conventional
therapies do not present the expected results they once promised. Thus, a revision and
(re)establishment of prostate cancer therapeutic strategies are necessary. In this review, we also
approach suggested treatments for molecular biomarkers in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Majolo
- Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (InsCer), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Caye
- Laboratatório de Cultura de Células, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – UNIVATES, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Stefani Natali Stoll
- Laboratatório de Cultura de Células, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – UNIVATES, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Juliano Leipelt
- Laboratatório de Cultura de Células, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – UNIVATES, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Abujamra
- Laboratatório de Cultura de Células, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – UNIVATES, Lajeado, Brazil
| | - Márcia Inês Goettert
- Laboratatório de Cultura de Células, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – UNIVATES, Lajeado, Brazil
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12
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Han J, Zhang J, Zhang W, Zhang D, Li Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Diao T, Cui L, Li W, Xiao F, Liu M, Zou L. Abiraterone and MDV3100 inhibits the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells through mitophagy. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:332. [PMID: 31827406 PMCID: PMC6902535 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abiraterone and MDV3100 are two effective anticancer agents for prostate cancer, however, the mechanism of their downstream action remains undefined. METHODS A dual fluorescent biosensor plasmid was transfected in LNCaP cells to measure mitophagy. The DNA of LNCaP cells was extracted and performed with quantitative real-time PCR to detect mitochondrial DNA copy number. JC-1 staining was utilized to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential and electron microscope was performed to analyze mitochondrial morphology. Moreover, the protein levels of mitochondrial markers and apoptotic markers were detected by western blot. At last, the proliferation and apoptosis of LNCaP cells were analyzed with CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry after abiraterone or MDV3100 treatment. RESULTS Mitophagy was induced by abiraterone and MDV3100 in LNCaP cells. The low expression level of mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial depolarization were further identified in the abiraterone or MDV3100 treatment groups compared with the control group. Besides, severe mitochondria swelling and substantial autophagy-lysosomes were observed in abiraterone- and MDV3100-treated LNCaP cells. The expression of mitochondria-related proteins, frataxin, ACO2 and Tom20 were significantly downregulated in abiraterone and MDV3100 treated LNCaP cells, whereas the expression level of inner membrane protein of mitochondria (Tim23) was significantly upregulated in the same condition. Moreover, the proliferation of LNCaP cells were drastically inhibited, and the apoptosis of LNCaP cells was increased in abiraterone or MDV3100 treatment groups. Meanwhile, the addition of mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1 (mitochondrial division inhibitor 1) could conversely elevate proliferation and constrain apoptosis of LNCaP cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results prove that both abiraterone and MDV3100 inhibit the proliferation, promote the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells through regulating mitophagy. The promotion of mitophagy might enhance the efficacy of abiraterone and MDV3100, which could be a potential strategy to improve chemotherapy with these two reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Han
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dalei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongxiang Diao
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Luwei Cui
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Li
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Xiao
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Biobank, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihui Zou
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
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13
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Drivers of AR indifferent anti-androgen resistance in prostate cancer cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13786. [PMID: 31551480 PMCID: PMC6760229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the androgen receptor (AR) by second-generation anti-androgens is a standard treatment for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but it inevitably leads to the development of resistance. Since the introduction of highly efficient AR signalling inhibitors, approximately 20% of mCRPC patients develop disease with AR independent resistance mechanisms. In this study, we generated two anti-androgen and castration resistant prostate cancer cell models that do not rely on AR activity for growth despite robust AR expression (AR indifferent). They are thus resistant against all modern AR signalling inhibitors. Both cell lines display cross-resistance against the chemotherapeutic drug docetaxel due to MCL1 upregulation but remain sensitive to the PARP inhibitor olaparib and the pan-BCL inhibitor obatoclax. RNA-seq analysis of the anti-androgen resistant cell lines identified hyper-activation of the E2F cell-cycle master regulator as driver of AR indifferent growth, which was caused by deregulation of cyclin D/E, E2F1, RB1, and increased Myc activity. Importantly, mCRPC tissue samples with low AR activity displayed the same alterations and increased E2F activity. In conclusion, we describe two cellular models that faithfully mimic the acquisition of a treatment induced AR independent phenotype that is cross-resistant against chemotherapy and driven by E2F hyper-activation.
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14
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Liu Y, Wu M, Wang T, Xie Y, Cui X, He L, He Y, Li X, Liu M, Hu L, Cen S, Zhou J. Structural Based Screening of Antiandrogen Targeting Activation Function-2 Binding Site. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1419. [PMID: 30555332 PMCID: PMC6284051 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Current antiandrogen therapies induce resistant mutations at the hormone binding pocket (HBP) that convert the activity of these agents from antagonist to agonist. Thus, there is a high unmet medical need for the development of novel antiandrogens which circumvent mutation-based resistance. Herein, through the analysis of AR structures with ligands binding to the activation function-2 (AF2) site, we built a combined pharmacophore model. In silico screening and the subsequent biological evaluation lead to the discovery of the novel lead compound IMB-A6 that binds to the AF2 site, which inhibits the activity of either wild-type (WT) or resistance mutated ARs. Our work demonstrates structure-based drug design is an efficient strategy to discover new antiandrogens, and provides a new class of small molecular antiandrogens for the development of novel treatment agents against PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Xie
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangling Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liujun He
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang He
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingliang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Laixing Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Geng H, Xue C, Mendonca J, Sun XX, Liu Q, Reardon PN, Chen Y, Qian K, Hua V, Chen A, Pan F, Yuan J, Dang S, Beer TM, Dai MS, Kachhap SK, Qian DZ. Interplay between hypoxia and androgen controls a metabolic switch conferring resistance to androgen/AR-targeted therapy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4972. [PMID: 30478344 PMCID: PMC6255907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances, the efficacy of androgen/androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapy remains limited for many patients with metastatic prostate cancer. This is in part because prostate cancers adaptively switch to the androgen/AR-independent pathway for survival and growth, thereby conferring therapy resistance. Tumor hypoxia is considered as a major cause of treatment resistance. However, the exact mechanism is largely unclear. Here we report that chronic-androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the condition of hypoxia induces adaptive androgen/AR-independence, and therefore confers resistance to androgen/AR-targeted therapy, e.g., enzalutamide. Mechanistically, this is mediated by glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), which is transcriptionally repressed by AR in hypoxia, but restored and increased by AR inhibition. In turn, GPI maintains glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis in hypoxia by redirecting the glucose flux from androgen/AR-dependent pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to hypoxia-induced glycolysis pathway, thereby reducing the growth inhibitory effect of enzalutamide. Inhibiting GPI overcomes the therapy resistance in hypoxia in vitro and increases enzalutamide efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Geng
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Changhui Xue
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Janet Mendonca
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, 401 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Sun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Qiong Liu
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Patrick N Reardon
- NMR Core facility, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Yingxiao Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kendrick Qian
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Vivian Hua
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Alice Chen
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Freddy Pan
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Julia Yuan
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sang Dang
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tomasz M Beer
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Mu-Shui Dai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sushant K Kachhap
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, 401 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - David Z Qian
- OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Prostate Cancer Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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16
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Preclinical testing of 5-amino-1-((1R,2S,3S,4R)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclopentyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide: a potent protein kinase C-ι inhibitor as a potential prostate carcinoma therapeutic. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 30:65-71. [PMID: 30204596 PMCID: PMC6287896 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-iota (PKC-ι) is an oncogene overexpressed in many cancer cells including prostate, breast, ovarian, melanoma, and glioma. Previous in-vitro studies have shown that 5-amino-1-((1R,2S,3S,4R)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclopentyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide (ICA-1s), a PKC-ι specific inhibitor, is effective against some cancer cell lines by decreasing cell growth and inducing apoptosis. To assess ICA-1s as a possible therapeutic, in-vivo studies using a murine model were performed. ICA-1s was tested for stability in blood serum and results demonstrated that ICA-1s was stable in human plasma at 25 and 37°C over a course of 2 h. Toxicity of ICA-1s was tested for both acute and subacute exposure. The acute exposure showed patient surviving after 48 h of doses ranging from 5 to 5000 mg/kg. Subacute tests exposed the patients to 14 days of treatment and were followed by serum and tissue collection. Aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, troponin, and C-reactive protein serum levels were measured to assess organ function. ICA-1s in plasma serum was measured over the course of 24 h for both oral and intravenous treatments. Heart, liver, kidney, and brain tissues were analyzed for accumulation of ICA-1s. Finally, athymic nude mice were xenografted with DU-145 prostate cancer cells. After tumors reached ~0.2 cm2, they were either treated with ICA-1s or left as control and measured for 30 days or until the tumor reached 2 cm2. Results showed tumors in treated mice grew at almost half the rate as untreated tumors, showing a significant reduction in growth. In conclusion, ICA-1s is stable, shows low toxicity, and is a potential therapeutic for prostate carcinoma tumors.
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17
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Szczurek J, Rams-Baron M, Knapik-Kowalczuk J, Antosik A, Szafraniec J, Jamróz W, Dulski M, Jachowicz R, Paluch M. Molecular Dynamics, Recrystallization Behavior, and Water Solubility of the Amorphous Anticancer Agent Bicalutamide and Its Polyvinylpyrrolidone Mixtures. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1071-1081. [PMID: 28231007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the molecular mobility and physical stability of amorphous bicalutamide, a poorly water-soluble drug widely used in prostate cancer treatment. Our broadband dielectric spectroscopy measurements and differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed that amorphous BIC is a moderately fragile material with a strong tendency to recrystallize from the amorphous state. However, mixing the drug with polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone results in a substantial improvement of physical stability attributed to the antiplasticizing effect governed by the polymer additive. Furthermore, IR study demonstrated the existence of specific interactions between the drug and excipient. We found out that preparation of bicalutamide-polyvinylpyrrolidone mixture in a 2-1 weight ratio completely hinder material recrystallization. Moreover, we determined the time-scale of structural relaxation in the glassy state for investigated materials. Because molecular mobility is considered an important factor governing crystallization behavior, such information was used to approximate the long-term physical stability of an amorphous drug and drug-polymer systems upon their storage at room temperature. Moreover, we found that such systems have distinctly higher water solubility and dissolution rate in comparison to the pure amorphous form, indicating the genuine formulation potential of the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Szczurek
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia , Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research , 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Marzena Rams-Baron
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia , Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research , 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Justyna Knapik-Kowalczuk
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia , Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research , 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Agata Antosik
- Jagiellonian University , Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Szafraniec
- Jagiellonian University , Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Witold Jamróz
- Jagiellonian University , Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research , 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.,Institute of Materials Science, University of Silesia , 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Renata Jachowicz
- Jagiellonian University , Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia , Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.,Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research , 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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Duan M, Liu N, Zhou W, Li D, Yang M, Hou T. Structural Diversity of Ligand-Binding Androgen Receptors Revealed by Microsecond Long Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Enhanced Sampling. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:4611-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojie Duan
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wenfang Zhou
- College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key
Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
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19
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Tian X, He Y, Zhou J. Progress in antiandrogen design targeting hormone binding pocket to circumvent mutation based resistance. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:57. [PMID: 25852559 PMCID: PMC4371693 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Current clinically used antiandrogens such as flutamide, bicalutamide, and newly approved enzalutamide mainly target the hormone binding pocket (HBP) of AR. However, over time, drug resistance invariably develops and switches these antiandrogens from antagonist to agonist of the AR. Accumulated evidence indicates that AR mutation is an important cause for the drug resistance. This review will give an overview of the mutation based resistance of the current clinically used antiandrogens and the rational drug design to overcome the resistance, provides a promising strategy for the development of the new generation of antiandrogens targeting HBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Tian
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Mcgill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yang He
- Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Science Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Medical Science Beijing, China
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20
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Gomez L, Kovac JR, Lamb DJ. CYP17A1 inhibitors in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Steroids 2015; 95:80-7. [PMID: 25560485 PMCID: PMC4323677 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The majority of prostate cancer (PCa) cases are diagnosed as a localized disease. Definitive treatment, active surveillance or watchful waiting are employed as therapeutic paradigms. The current standard of care for the treatment of metastatic PCa is either medical or surgical castration. Once PCa progresses in spite of castrate androgen levels it is termed 'castration-resistant prostate cancer' (CRPC). Patients may even exhibit rising PSA levels with possible bone, lymph node or solid organ metastases. In 2010, the only agent approved for the treatment of CRPC was docetaxel, a chemotherapeutic agent. It is now known that cells from patients with CRPC express androgen receptors (AR) and remain continuously influenced by androgens. As such, treatments with novel hormonal agents that specifically target the biochemical conversion of cholesterol to testosterone have come to the forefront. The use of cytochrome P450c17 (CYP17A1) inhibitor underlies one of the most recent advances in the treatment of CRPC. Abiraterone acetate (AA) was the first CYP17A1 inhibitor approved in the United States. This review will discuss CRPC in general with a specific focus on AA and novel CYP17A1 inhibitors. AA clinical trials will be reviewed along with other novel adjunct treatments that may enhance the effectiveness of abiraterone therapy. Furthermore, the most recently identified CYP17A1 inhibitors Orteronel, Galeterone, VT-464, and CFG920 will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette Gomez
- Scott Department of Urology and The Center for Reproductive Medicine, and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason R Kovac
- Urology of Indiana, Male Reproductive Endocrinology and Surgery, Carmel, IN, United States
| | - Dolores J Lamb
- Scott Department of Urology and The Center for Reproductive Medicine, and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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21
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Kregel S, Szmulewitz RZ, Vander Griend DJ. The pluripotency factor Nanog is directly upregulated by the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2014; 74:1530-43. [PMID: 25175748 PMCID: PMC4174985 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Androgen Receptor (AR) is a nuclear hormone receptor that functions as a critical oncogene in all stages of prostate cancer progression, including progression to castration-resistance following androgen-deprivation therapy. Thus, identifying and targeting critical AR-regulated genes is one potential method to block castration-resistant cancer proliferation. Of particular importance are transcription factors that regulate stem cell pluripotency; many of these genes are emerging as critical oncogenes in numerous tumor cell types. Of these, Nanog has been previously shown to increase the self-renewal and stem-like properties of prostate cancer cells. Thus, we hypothesized that Nanog is a candidate AR target gene that may impart castration-resistance. METHODS We modulated AR signaling in LNCaP prostate cancer cells and assayed for Nanog expression. Direct AR binding to the NANOG promoter was tested using AR Chromatin Immunoprecipation (ChIP) and analyses of publically available AR ChIP-sequencing data-sets. Nanog over-expressing cells were analyzed for cell growth and cytotoxicity in response to the AR antagonist enzalutamide and the microtubule stabilizing agent docetaxel. RESULTS AR signaling upregulates Nanog mRNA and protein. AR binds directly to the NANOG promoter, and was not identified within 75 kb of the NANOGP8 pseudogene, suggesting the NANOG gene locus was preferentially activated. Nanog overexpression in LNCaP cells increases overall growth, but does not increase resistance to enzalutamide or docetaxel. CONCLUSIONS Nanog is a novel oncogenic AR target gene in prostate cancer cells, and stable expression of Nanog increases proliferation and growth of prostate cancer cells, but not resistance to enzalutamide or docetaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kregel
- Committee on Cancer Biology; The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology; The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Russell Z. Szmulewitz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology; The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Donald J. Vander Griend
- Committee on Cancer Biology; The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology; The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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22
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The role of PI3K/AKT-related PIP5K1α and the discovery of its selective inhibitor for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3689-98. [PMID: 25071204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405801111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds are an important class of molecules that are commonly used for the synthesis of candidate drugs. Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase-α (PIP5Kα) is a lipid kinase, similar to PI3K. However, the role of PIP5K1α in oncogenic processes and the development of inhibitors that selectively target PIP5K1α have not been reported. In the present study we report that overexpression of PIP5K1α is associated with poor prognosis in prostate cancer and correlates with an elevated level of the androgen receptor. Overexpression of PIP5K1α in PNT1A nonmalignant cells results in an increased AKT activity and an increased survival, as well as invasive malignant phenotype, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of PIP5K1α in aggressive PC-3 cells leads to a reduced AKT activity and an inhibition in tumor growth in xenograft mice. We further report a previously unidentified role for PIP5K1α as a druggable target for our newly developed compound ISA-2011B using a high-throughput KINOMEscan platform. ISA-2011B was discovered during our synthetic studies of C-1 indol-3-yl substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines via a Pictet-Spengler approach. ISA-2011B significantly inhibits growth of tumor cells in xenograft mice, and we show that this is mediated by targeting PIP5K1α-associated PI3K/AKT and the downstream survival, proliferation, and invasion pathways. Further, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PIP5K1α exerts similar effects on PC3 cells as ISA-2011B treatment, significantly inhibiting AKT activity, increasing apoptosis and reducing invasion. Thus, PIP5K1α has high potential as a drug target, and compound ISA-2011B is interesting for further development of targeted cancer therapy.
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