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Jiang H, Nair V, Sun Y, Ding C. The diverse roles of peroxisomes in the interplay between viruses and mammalian cells. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105780. [PMID: 38092324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles found in eukaryotic cells that play a critical role in the oxidative metabolism of lipids and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, the role of peroxisomes in viral infections has been extensively studied. Although several studies have reported that peroxisomes exert antiviral activity, evidence indicates that viruses have also evolved diverse strategies to evade peroxisomal antiviral signals. In this review, we summarize the multiple roles of peroxisomes in the interplay between viruses and mammalian cells. Focus is given on the peroxisomal regulation of innate immune response, lipid metabolism, ROS production, and viral regulation of peroxisomal biosynthesis and degradation. Understanding the interactions between peroxisomes and viruses provides novel insights for the development of new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Avian Oncogenic Viruses Group, UK-China Centre of Excellence in Avian Disease Research, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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2
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Roczkowsky A, Doan MAL, Hlavay BA, Mamik MK, Branton WG, McKenzie BA, Saito LB, Schmitt L, Eitzen G, Di Cara F, Wuest M, Wuest F, Rachubinski R, Power C. Peroxisome Injury in Multiple Sclerosis: Protective Effects of 4-Phenylbutyrate in CNS-Associated Macrophages. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7152-7165. [PMID: 35940876 PMCID: PMC9480879 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0312-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive and inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Peroxisomes perform critical functions that contribute to CNS homeostasis. We investigated peroxisome injury and mitigating effects of peroxisome-restorative therapy on inflammatory demyelination in models of MS. Human autopsied CNS tissues (male and female), human cell cultures, and cuprizone-mediated demyelination mice (female) were examined by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunolabeling. The therapeutic peroxisome proliferator, 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) was investigated in vitro and in vivo White matter from MS patients showed reduced peroxisomal transcript and protein levels, including PMP70, compared with non-MS controls. Cultured human neural cells revealed that human microglia contained abundant peroxisomal proteins. TNF-α-exposed microglia displayed reduced immunolabeling of peroxisomal proteins, PMP70 and PEX11β, which was prevented with 4-PBA. In human myeloid cells exposed to TNF-α or nigericin, suppression of PEX11β and catalase protein levels were observed to be dependent on NLRP3 expression. Hindbrains from cuprizone-exposed mice showed reduced Abcd1, Cat, and Pex5l transcript levels, with concurrent increased Nlrp3 and Il1b transcript levels, which was abrogated by 4-PBA. In the central corpus callosum, Iba-1 in CNS-associated macrophages and peroxisomal thiolase immunostaining after cuprizone exposure was increased by 4-PBA. 4-PBA prevented decreased myelin basic protein and neurofilament heavy chain immunoreactivity caused by cuprizone exposure. Cuprizone-induced neurobehavioral deficits were improved by 4-PBA treatment. Peroxisome injury in CNS-associated macrophages contributed to neuroinflammation and demyelination that was prevented by 4-PBA treatment. A peroxisome-targeted therapy might be valuable for treating inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration in MS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common and disabling disorder of the CNS with no curative therapies for its progressive form. The present studies implicate peroxisome impairment in CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs), which include resident microglia and blood-derived macrophages, as an important contributor to inflammatory demyelination and neuroaxonal injury in MS. We also show that the inflammasome molecule NLRP3 is associated with peroxisome injury in vitro and in vivo, especially in CAMs. Treatment with the peroxisome proliferator 4-phenylbutyrate exerted protective effects with improved molecular, morphologic, and neurobehavioral outcomes that were associated with a neuroprotective CAM phenotype. These findings offer novel insights into the contribution of peroxisome injury in MS together with preclinical testing of a rational therapy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A L Doan
- The Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Power
- Departments of Medicine
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology
- The Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
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3
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Terabayashi T, Menezes LF, Zhou F, Cai H, Walter PJ, Garraffo HM, Germino GG. Pkd1 Mutation Has No Apparent Effects on Peroxisome Structure or Lipid Metabolism. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1576-1591. [PMID: 35372986 PMCID: PMC8785796 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000962021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Multiple studies of tissue and cell samples from patients and preclinical models of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease report abnormal mitochondrial function and morphology and suggest metabolic reprogramming is an intrinsic feature of this disease. Peroxisomes interact with mitochondria physically and functionally, and congenital peroxisome biogenesis disorders can cause various phenotypes, including mitochondrial defects, metabolic abnormalities, and renal cysts. We hypothesized that a peroxisomal defect might contribute to the metabolic and mitochondrial impairments observed in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Methods Using control and Pkd1-/- kidney epithelial cells, we investigated peroxisome abundance, biogenesis, and morphology by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and live cell imaging of peroxisome-related proteins and assayed peroxisomal specific β-oxidation. We further analyzed fatty acid composition by mass spectrometry in kidneys of Pkd1fl/fl;Ksp-Cre mice. We also evaluated peroxisome lipid metabolism in published metabolomics datasets of Pkd1 mutant cells and kidneys. Lastly, we investigated if the C terminus or full-length polycystin-1 colocalize with peroxisome markers by imaging studies. Results Peroxisome abundance, morphology, and peroxisome-related protein expression in Pkd1-/- cells were normal, suggesting preserved peroxisome biogenesis. Peroxisomal β-oxidation was not impaired in Pkd1-/- cells, and there was no obvious accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids in kidneys of mutant mice. Reanalysis of published datasets provide little evidence of peroxisomal abnormalities in independent sets of Pkd1 mutant cells and cystic kidneys, and provide further evidence of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects. Imaging studies with either full-length polycystin-1 or its C terminus, a fragment previously shown to go to the mitochondria, showed minimal colocalization with peroxisome markers restricted to putative mitochondrion-peroxisome contact sites. Conclusions Our studies showed that loss of Pkd1 does not disrupt peroxisome biogenesis nor peroxisome-dependent fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Terabayashi
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Luis F. Menezes
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fang Zhou
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter J. Walter
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hugo M. Garraffo
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gregory G. Germino
- Kidney Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Liu Y, Weaver CM, Sen Y, Eitzen G, Simmonds AJ, Linchieh L, Lurette O, Hebert-Chatelain E, Rachubinski RA, Di Cara F. The Nitric Oxide Donor, S-Nitrosoglutathione, Rescues Peroxisome Number and Activity Defects in PEX1G843D Mild Zellweger Syndrome Fibroblasts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:714710. [PMID: 34434934 PMCID: PMC8382563 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.714710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are a group of metabolic developmental diseases caused by mutations in one or more genes encoding peroxisomal proteins. Zellweger syndrome spectrum (PBD-ZSS) results from metabolic dysfunction caused by damaged or non-functional peroxisomes and manifests as a multi-organ syndrome with significant morbidity and mortality for which there is no current drug therapy. Mild PBD-ZSS patients can exhibit a more progressive disease course and could benefit from the identification of drugs to improve the quality of life and extend the lifespan of affected individuals. Our study used a high-throughput screen of FDA-approved compounds to identify compounds that improve peroxisome function and biogenesis in human fibroblast cells carrying the mild PBD-ZSS variant, PEX1G843D. Our screen identified the nitrogen oxide donor, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), as a potential therapeutic for this mild form of PBD-ZSS. Further biochemical characterization showed that GSNO enhances both peroxisome number and function in PEX1G843D mutant fibroblasts and leads to increased survival and longer lifespan in an in vivo humanized Drosophila model carrying the PEX1G843D mutation. GSNO is therefore a strong candidate to be translated to clinical trials as a potential therapeutic for mild PBD-ZSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ceileigh M Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Yarina Sen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gary Eitzen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew J Simmonds
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lilliana Linchieh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Olivier Lurette
- Department of Biology, University of Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | | | | | - Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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5
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Miller DR, Thorburn A. Autophagy and organelle homeostasis in cancer. Dev Cell 2021; 56:906-918. [PMID: 33689692 PMCID: PMC8026727 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Beginning with the earliest studies of autophagy in cancer, there have been indications that autophagy can both promote and inhibit cancer growth and progression; autophagy regulation of organelle homeostasis is similarly complicated. In this review we discuss pro- and antitumor effects of organelle-targeted autophagy and how this contributes to several hallmarks of cancer, such as evading cell death, genomic instability, and altered metabolism. Typically, the removal of damaged or dysfunctional organelles prevents tumor development but can also aid in proliferation or drug resistance in established tumors. By better understanding how organelle-specific autophagy takes place and can be manipulated, it may be possible to go beyond the brute-force approach of trying to manipulate all autophagy in order to improve therapeutic targeting of this process in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannah R Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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6
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Azadi AS, Carmichael RE, Kovacs WJ, Koster J, Kors S, Waterham HR, Schrader M. A Functional SMAD2/3 Binding Site in the PEX11β Promoter Identifies a Role for TGFβ in Peroxisome Proliferation in Humans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:577637. [PMID: 33195217 PMCID: PMC7644849 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.577637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, peroxisomes perform crucial functions in cellular metabolism, signaling and viral defense which are essential to the viability of the organism. Molecular cues triggered by changes in the cellular environment induce a dynamic response in peroxisomes, which manifests itself as a change in peroxisome number, altered enzyme levels and adaptations to the peroxisomal morphology. How the regulation of this process is integrated into the cell's response to different stimuli, including the signaling pathways and factors involved, remains unclear. Here, a cell-based peroxisome proliferation assay has been applied to investigate the ability of different stimuli to induce peroxisome proliferation. We determined that serum stimulation, long-chain fatty acid supplementation and TGFβ application all increase peroxisome elongation, a prerequisite for proliferation. Time-resolved mRNA expression during the peroxisome proliferation cycle revealed a number of peroxins whose expression correlated with peroxisome elongation, including the β isoform of PEX11, but not the α or γ isoforms. An initial map of putative regulatory motif sites in the respective promoters showed a difference between binding sites in PEX11α and PEX11β, suggesting that these genes may be regulated by distinct pathways. A functional SMAD2/3 binding site in PEX11β points to the involvement of the TGFβ signaling pathway in expression of this gene and thus peroxisome proliferation/dynamics in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoon S Azadi
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Carmichael
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Werner J Kovacs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janet Koster
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Suzan Kors
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Schrader
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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7
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Demaret T, Courtoy GE, Ravau J, Van Der Smissen P, Najimi M, Sokal EM. Accurate and live peroxisome biogenesis evaluation achieved by lentiviral expression of a green fluorescent protein fused to a peroxisome targeting signal 1. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 153:295-306. [PMID: 32124009 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles formed by peroxisome biogenesis (PB). During PB, peroxisomal matrix proteins harboring a peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) are imported inside peroxisomes by peroxins, encoded by PEX genes. Genetic alterations in PEX genes lead to a spectrum of incurable diseases called Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSD). In vitro drug screening is part of the quest for a cure in ZSD by restoring PB in ZSD cell models. In vitro PB evaluation is commonly achieved by immunofluorescent staining or transient peroxisome fluorescent reporter expression. Both techniques have several drawbacks (cost, time-consuming technique, etc.) which we overcame by developing a third-generation lentiviral transfer plasmid expressing an enhanced green fluorescent protein fused to PTS1 (eGFP-PTS1). By eGFP-PTS1 lentiviral transduction, we quantified PB and peroxisome motility in ZSD and control mouse and human fibroblasts. We confirmed the stable eGFP-PTS1 expression along cell passages. eGFP signal analysis distinguished ZSD from control eGFP-PTS1-transduced cells. Live eGFP-PTS1 transduced cells imaging quantified peroxisomes motility. In conclusion, we developed a lentiviral transfer plasmid allowing stable eGFP-PTS1 expression to study PB (deposited on Addgene: #133282). This tool meets the needs for in vitro PB evaluation and ZSD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Demaret
- Laboratoire d'Hépatologie Pédiatrique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Unité PEDI, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume E Courtoy
- IREC Imaging Platform (2IP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joachim Ravau
- Laboratoire d'Hépatologie Pédiatrique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Unité PEDI, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Der Smissen
- Platform for Imaging Cells and Tissues (PICT), de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratoire d'Hépatologie Pédiatrique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Unité PEDI, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne M Sokal
- Laboratoire d'Hépatologie Pédiatrique et Thérapie Cellulaire, Unité PEDI, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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8
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Cook KC, Moreno JA, Jean Beltran PM, Cristea IM. Peroxisome Plasticity at the Virus-Host Interface. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:906-914. [PMID: 31331665 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are multifunctional organelles with roles in cellular metabolism, cytotoxicity, and signaling. The plastic nature of these organelles allows them to respond to diverse biological processes, such as virus infections, by remodeling their biogenesis, morphology, and composition to enhance specific functions. During virus infections in humans, peroxisomes act as important immune signaling organelles, aiding the host by orchestrating antiviral signaling. However, more recently it was discovered that peroxisomes can also benefit the virus, facilitating virus-host interactions that rewire peroxisomes to support cellular processes for virus replication and spread. Here, we describe recent studies that uncovered this double-edged character of peroxisomes during infection, highlighting mechanisms that viruses have coevolved to take advantage of peroxisome plasticity. We also provide a perspective for future studies by comparing the established roles of peroxisomes in plant infections and discussing the promise of virology studies as a venue to reveal the uncharted biology of peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn C Cook
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jorge A Moreno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Pierre M Jean Beltran
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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9
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Bhagat HA, Compton SA, Musso DL, Laudeman CP, Jackson KMP, Yi NY, Nierobisz LS, Forsberg L, Brenman JE, Sexton JZ. N-substituted phenylbenzamides of the niclosamide chemotype attenuate obesity related changes in high fat diet fed mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204605. [PMID: 30359371 PMCID: PMC6201879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are primary risk factors for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is generally exhibited by non-progressive simple steatosis. However, a significant subset of patient’s progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that is defined by the presence of steatosis, inflammation and hepatocyte injury with fibrosis. Unfortunately, there are no approved therapies for NAFLD or NASH and therefore therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Niclosamide is an U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anthelmintic drug that mediates its effect by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Niclosamide and its salt forms, Niclosamide Ethanolamine (NEN), and Niclosamide Piperazine (NPP) have shown efficacy in murine models of diet induced obesity characterized by attenuation of the prominent fatty liver disease phenotype and improved glucose metabolism. While the exact mechanism(s) underlying these changes remains unclear, the ability to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation leading to increased energy expenditure and lipid metabolism or attenuation of PKA mediated glucagon signaling in the liver have been proposed. Unfortunately, niclosamide has very poor water solubility, leading to low oral bioavailability. This, in addition to mitochondrial uncoupling activity and potential genotoxicity have reduced enthusiasm for its clinical use. More recently, salt forms of niclosamide, NEN and NPP, have demonstrated improved oral bioavailability while retaining activity. This suggests that development of safer more effective niclosamide derivatives for the treatment of NAFLD and Type 2 Diabetes may be possible. Herein we explored the ability of a series of N-substituted phenylbenzamide derivatives of the niclosamide salicylanilide chemotype to attenuate hepatic steatosis using a novel phenotypic in vitro model of fatty liver and the high fat diet-fed mouse model of diet induced obesity. These studies identified novel compounds with improved pre-clinical properties that attenuate hepatic steatosis in vitro and in vivo. These compounds with improved drug properties may be useful in alleviating symptoms and protection against disease progression in patients with metabolic syndrome and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiral A. Bhagat
- Curl Bio LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - David L. Musso
- Curl Bio LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | - Na Young Yi
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lidia S. Nierobisz
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Forsberg
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jay E. Brenman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Curl Bio LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Vijayan V, Srinu T, Karnati S, Garikapati V, Linke M, Kamalyan L, Mali SR, Sudan K, Kollas A, Schmid T, Schulz S, Spengler B, Weichhart T, Immenschuh S, Baumgart-Vogt E. A New Immunomodulatory Role for Peroxisomes in Macrophages Activated by the TLR4 Ligand Lipopolysaccharide. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2414-2425. [PMID: 28179495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are proposed to play an important role in the regulation of systemic inflammation; however, the functional role of these organelles in inflammatory responses of myeloid immune cells is largely unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that the nonclassical peroxisome proliferator 4-phenyl butyric acid is an efficient inducer of peroxisomes in various models of murine macrophages, such as primary alveolar and peritoneal macrophages and the macrophage cell line RAW264.7, but not in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages. Further, proliferation of peroxisomes blocked the TLR4 ligand LPS-induced proinflammatory response, as detected by the reduced induction of the proinflammatory protein cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12. In contrast, disturbing peroxisome function by knockdown of peroxisomal gene Pex14 or Mfp2 markedly increased the LPS-dependent upregulation of the proinflammatory proteins COX-2 and TNF-α. Specifically, induction of peroxisomes did not affect the upregulation of COX-2 at the mRNA level, but it reduced the half-life of COX-2 protein, which was restored by COX-2 enzyme inhibitors but not by proteasomal and lysosomal inhibitors. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that various anti-inflammatory lipid mediators (e.g., docosahexaenoic acid) were increased in the conditioned medium from peroxisome-induced macrophages, which blocked LPS-induced COX-2 upregulation in naive RAW264.7 cells and human primary peripheral blood-derived macrophages. Importantly, LPS itself induced peroxisomes that correlated with the regulation of COX-2 during the late phase of LPS activation in macrophages. In conclusion, our findings identify a previously unidentified role for peroxisomes in macrophage inflammatory responses and suggest that peroxisomes are involved in the physiological cessation of macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijith Vijayan
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tumpara Srinu
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vannuruswamy Garikapati
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Monika Linke
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Lilit Kamalyan
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Srihari Reddy Mali
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kritika Sudan
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kollas
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Stephan Immenschuh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
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11
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Daniela D'Agostino
- McGill University Department of Human Genetics and McGill University Health Center, Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Braverman
- McGill University Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Roberts JL, He B, Erickson A, Moreau R. Improvement of mTORC1-driven overproduction of apoB-containing triacylglyceride-rich lipoproteins by short-chain fatty acids, 4-phenylbutyric acid and (R)-α-lipoic acid, in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:166-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Schrader M, Costello JL, Godinho LF, Azadi AS, Islinger M. Proliferation and fission of peroxisomes - An update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:971-83. [PMID: 26409486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, peroxisomes perform crucial functions in cellular metabolism, signalling and viral defense which are essential to the health and viability of the organism. In order to achieve this functional versatility peroxisomes dynamically respond to molecular cues triggered by changes in the cellular environment. Such changes elicit a corresponding response in peroxisomes, which manifests itself as a change in peroxisome number, altered enzyme levels and adaptations to the peroxisomal structure. In mammals the generation of new peroxisomes is a complex process which has clear analogies to mitochondria, with both sharing the same division machinery and undergoing a similar division process. How the regulation of this division process is integrated into the cell's response to different stimuli, the signalling pathways and factors involved, remains somewhat unclear. Here, we discuss the mechanism of peroxisomal fission, the contributions of the various division factors and examine the potential impact of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, on the proliferation process. We also summarize the signalling process and highlight the most recent data linking signalling pathways with peroxisome proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ, Exeter Devon, UK; Centre for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joseph L Costello
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ, Exeter Devon, UK
| | - Luis F Godinho
- Centre for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Afsoon S Azadi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ, Exeter Devon, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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14
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Gough AH, Chen N, Shun TY, Lezon TR, Boltz RC, Reese CE, Wagner J, Vernetti LA, Grandis JR, Lee AV, Stern AM, Schurdak ME, Taylor DL. Identifying and quantifying heterogeneity in high content analysis: application of heterogeneity indices to drug discovery. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102678. [PMID: 25036749 PMCID: PMC4103836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in biomedical research, drug discovery and diagnostics is understanding how seemingly identical cells can respond differently to perturbagens including drugs for disease treatment. Although heterogeneity has become an accepted characteristic of a population of cells, in drug discovery it is not routinely evaluated or reported. The standard practice for cell-based, high content assays has been to assume a normal distribution and to report a well-to-well average value with a standard deviation. To address this important issue we sought to define a method that could be readily implemented to identify, quantify and characterize heterogeneity in cellular and small organism assays to guide decisions during drug discovery and experimental cell/tissue profiling. Our study revealed that heterogeneity can be effectively identified and quantified with three indices that indicate diversity, non-normality and percent outliers. The indices were evaluated using the induction and inhibition of STAT3 activation in five cell lines where the systems response including sample preparation and instrument performance were well characterized and controlled. These heterogeneity indices provide a standardized method that can easily be integrated into small and large scale screening or profiling projects to guide interpretation of the biology, as well as the development of therapeutics and diagnostics. Understanding the heterogeneity in the response to perturbagens will become a critical factor in designing strategies for the development of therapeutics including targeted polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert H. Gough
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ning Chen
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tong Ying Shun
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy R. Lezon
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Boltz
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Celeste E. Reese
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jacob Wagner
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lawrence A. Vernetti
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Grandis
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adrian V. Lee
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Stern
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Schurdak
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - D. Lansing Taylor
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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15
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Singh S, Carpenter AE, Genovesio A. Increasing the Content of High-Content Screening: An Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:640-50. [PMID: 24710339 PMCID: PMC4230961 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114528537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Target-based high-throughput screening (HTS) has recently been critiqued for its relatively poor yield compared to phenotypic screening approaches. One type of phenotypic screening, image-based high-content screening (HCS), has been seen as particularly promising. In this article, we assess whether HCS is as high content as it can be. We analyze HCS publications and find that although the number of HCS experiments published each year continues to grow steadily, the information content lags behind. We find that a majority of high-content screens published so far (60−80%) made use of only one or two image-based features measured from each sample and disregarded the distribution of those features among each cell population. We discuss several potential explanations, focusing on the hypothesis that data analysis traditions are to blame. This includes practical problems related to managing large and multidimensional HCS data sets as well as the adoption of assay quality statistics from HTS to HCS. Both may have led to the simplification or systematic rejection of assays carrying complex and valuable phenotypic information. We predict that advanced data analysis methods that enable full multiparametric data to be harvested for entire cell populations will enable HCS to finally reach its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Singh
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne E Carpenter
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Auguste Genovesio
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA École Normale Supérieure, 45, Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris
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16
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Braverman NE, D'Agostino MD, MacLean GE. Peroxisome biogenesis disorders: Biological, clinical and pathophysiological perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 17:187-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Nordgren M, Wang B, Apanasets O, Fransen M. Peroxisome degradation in mammals: mechanisms of action, recent advances, and perspectives. Front Physiol 2013; 4:145. [PMID: 23785334 PMCID: PMC3682127 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are remarkably dynamic organelles that participate in a diverse array of cellular processes, including the metabolism of lipids and reactive oxygen species. In order to regulate peroxisome function in response to changing nutritional and environmental stimuli, new organelles need to be formed and superfluous and dysfunctional organelles have to be selectively removed. Disturbances in any of these processes have been associated with the etiology and progression of various congenital neurodegenerative and age-related human disorders. The aim of this review is to critically explore our current knowledge of how peroxisomes are degraded in mammalian cells and how defects in this process may contribute to human disease. Some of the key issues highlighted include the current concepts of peroxisome removal, the peroxisome quality control mechanisms, the initial triggers for peroxisome degradation, the factors for dysfunctional peroxisome recognition, and the regulation of peroxisome homeostasis. We also dissect the functional and mechanistic relationship between different forms of selective organelle degradation and consider how lysosomal dysfunction may lead to defects in peroxisome turnover. In addition, we draw lessons from studies on other organisms and extrapolate this knowledge to mammals. Finally, we discuss the potential pathological implications of dysfunctional peroxisome degradation for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Nordgren
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant, Belgium
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18
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Pexophagy: the selective degradation of peroxisomes. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:512721. [PMID: 22536249 PMCID: PMC3320016 DOI: 10.1155/2012/512721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are single-membrane-bounded organelles present in the majority of eukaryotic cells. Despite the existence of great diversity among different species, cell types, and under different environmental conditions, peroxisomes contain enzymes involved in β-oxidation of fatty acids and the generation, as well as detoxification, of hydrogen peroxide. The exigency of all eukaryotic cells to quickly adapt to different environmental factors requires the ability to precisely and efficiently control peroxisome number and functionality. Peroxisome homeostasis is achieved by the counterbalance between organelle biogenesis and degradation. The selective degradation of superfluous or damaged peroxisomes is facilitated by several tightly regulated pathways. The most prominent peroxisome degradation system uses components of the general autophagy core machinery and is therefore referred to as “pexophagy.” In this paper we focus on recent developments in pexophagy and provide an overview of current knowledge and future challenges in the field. We compare different modes of pexophagy and mention shared and distinct features of pexophagy in yeast model systems, mammalian cells, and other organisms.
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Sexton JZ, Danshina PV, Lamson DR, Hughes M, House AJ, Yeh LA, O'Brien DA, Williams KP. Development and Implementation of a High Throughput Screen for the Human Sperm-Specific Isoform of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDHS). CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2011; 5:30-41. [PMID: 21760877 PMCID: PMC3134944 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301105010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycolytic isozymes that are restricted to the male germline are potential targets for the development of reversible, non-hormonal male contraceptives. GAPDHS, the sperm-specific isoform of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is an essential enzyme for glycolysis making it an attractive target for rational drug design. Toward this goal, we have optimized and validated a high-throughput spectrophotometric assay for GAPDHS in 384-well format. The assay was stable over time and tolerant to DMSO. Whole plate validation experiments yielded Z’ values >0.8 indicating a robust assay for HTS. Two compounds were identified and confirmed from a test screen of the Prestwick collection. This assay was used to screen a diverse chemical library and identified fourteen small molecules that modulated the activity of recombinant purified GAPDHS with confirmed IC50 values ranging from 1.8 to 42 µM. These compounds may provide useful scaffolds as molecular tools to probe the role of GAPDHS in sperm motility and long term to develop potent and selective GAPDHS inhibitors leading to novel contraceptive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Sexton
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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